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Parseghian MH, Hobson ST, Richieri RA. Targeted heat shock protein 72 for pulmonary cytoprotection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1374:78-85. [PMID: 27152638 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) is perhaps the most important member of the HSP70 family of proteins, given that it is induced in a wide variety of tissues and cells to combat stress, particularly oxidative stress. Here, we review independent observations of the critical role this protein plays as a pulmonary cytoprotectant and discuss the merits of developing HSP72 as a therapeutic for rapid delivery to cells and tissues after a traumatic event. We also discuss the fusion of HSP72 to a cell-penetrating single-chain Fv antibody fragment derived from mAb 3E10, referred to as Fv-HSP70. This fusion construct has been validated in vivo in a cerebral infarction model and is currently in testing as a clinical therapeutic to treat ischemic events and as a fieldable medical countermeasure to treat inhalation of toxicants caused by terrorist actions or industrial accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen T Hobson
- Rubicon Biotechnology, Lake Forest, California.,Seacoast Science, Inc, Carlsbad, California
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Cervicovaginal microbiome dysbiosis is associated with proteome changes related to alterations of the cervicovaginal mucosal barrier. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:621-33. [PMID: 26349657 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaginal microbiome (VMB) dysbiosis is associated with increased acquisition of HIV. Cervicovaginal inflammation and other changes to the mucosal barrier are thought to have important roles but human data are scarce. We compared the human cervicovaginal proteome by mass spectrometry of 50 Rwandan female sex workers who had previously been clustered into four VMB groups using a 16S phylogenetic microarray; in order of increasing bacterial diversity: Lactobacillus crispatus-dominated VMB (group 1), Lactobacillus iners-dominated VMB (group 2), moderate dysbiosis (group 3), and severe dysbiosis (group 4). We compared relative protein abundances among these VMB groups using targeted (abundance of pre-defined mucosal barrier proteins) and untargeted (differentially abundant proteins among all human proteins identified) approaches. With increasing bacterial diversity, we found: mucus alterations (increasing mucin 5B and 5AC), cytoskeleton alterations (increasing actin-organizing proteins; decreasing keratins and cornified envelope proteins), increasing lactate dehydrogenase A/B as markers of cell death, increasing proteolytic activity (increasing proteasome core complex proteins/proteases; decreasing antiproteases), altered antimicrobial peptide balance (increasing psoriasin, calprotectin, and histones; decreasing lysozyme and ubiquitin), increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and decreasing immunoglobulins immunoglobulin G1/2. Although temporal relationships cannot be derived, our findings support the hypothesis that dysbiosis causes cervicovaginal inflammation and other detrimental changes to the mucosal barrier.
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53
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Fadini GP, Menegazzo L, Scattolini V, Gintoli M, Albiero M, Avogaro A. A perspective on NETosis in diabetes and cardiometabolic disorders. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:1-8. [PMID: 26719220 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To review the significance of a new type of neutrophil cell death (NETosis) in diabetes and cardiometabolic diseases. DATA SYNTHESIS Diabetes and the metabolic syndrome are characterized by activation of the innate immune system. In this framework, neutrophils are front line defences against infections, but can also turn deleterious if abnormally stimulated. NETosis refers to a type of cell death whereby neutrophils release nuclear material and granule enzymes that together form the NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps). As NETs entrap bacteria, NETosis is instrumental to the clearance of microorganisms, but an exaggerated NETosis response can also lead to tissue damage in several pathological conditions. In diabetes, the finely tuned balance of NETosis required to protect the human body from microorganisms yet avoiding self-damage seems to be lost. In fact, in vitro induction of NETosis and circulating concentrations of NET-associated proteins appear to be enhanced in diabetic patients. Furthermore, NETs contribute to endothelial damage, thrombosis, and ischemia/reperfusion injury, making it a novel player in the pathobiology of cardiovascular disease. Though the cellular events taking place during NETosis have been described and directly visualized, its molecular machinery is still incompletely understood. Protein kinase C (PKC) and NADPH oxidase (NOX) are two important targets to counter NETosis in the setting of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS NETosis appears to be part of an abnormal response to damage in diabetes that, in turn, can promote or aggravate end-organ complications. We suggest that this will be a hot topic of investigation in diabetology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Fadini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy.
| | - L Menegazzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - V Scattolini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - M Gintoli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "G. Galilei", University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Albiero
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - A Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
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Chen B, Fan DQ, Zhu KX, Shan ZG, Chen FY, Hou L, Cai L, Wang KJ. Mechanism study on a new antimicrobial peptide Sphistin derived from the N-terminus of crab histone H2A identified in haemolymphs of Scylla paramamosain. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:833-846. [PMID: 26475366 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Histone H2A is known to participate in host immune defense through generating special antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), for which it has been an interesting research focus to characterize this kind of peptides in vertebrates and invertebrates. Although thousands of AMPs have been reported in variety of life species, only several AMPs are known in crabs and in particular no H2A-derived AMP has yet been reported. In the present study, a 38-amino acid peptide with antimicrobial activity was determined based on the sequence analysis of a histone H2A identified from the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. The histone H2A derived peptide was an AMP-like molecule and designated as Sphistin. Sphistin showed typical features of AMPs such as amphiphilic α-helical second structrue and positive charge net. The synthetic Sphistin exerted high antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and yeast, among which Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas stutzeri are important aquatic pathogens. Leakage of the cell content and disruption of the cell surface were observed in bacterial cells treated with Sphistin using scanning electron microscopy. It was proved that the increasing cytoplasmic membrane permeability of Escherichia coli was caused by Sphistin. Further observation under confocal microscopy showed that Sphistin could combine onto the membrane of Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli MC1061 and Pichia pastoris but not translocate into the cytoplasm. Moreover, the affinity of Sphistin with either LPS or LTA was also testified that there was an interaction between Sphistin and cell membrane. Thus, the antimicrobial mechanism of this peptide likely exerted via adsorption and subsequently permeabilization of the bacterial cell membranes other than penetrating cell membrane. In addition, synthetic Sphistin exhibited no cytotoxicity to primary cultured crab haemolymphs and mammalian cells even at a high concentration of 100 μg/mL for 24 h. This is the first report of a histone-derived Sphistin identified from S. paramamosain with a specific antimicrobial activity and mechanism, which could be a new candidate for future application in aquaculture and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Dan-Qing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Ke-Xin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Zhong-Guo Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Fang-Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Lin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Ling Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China
| | - Ke-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China; Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, PR China.
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55
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Parseghian MH. What is the role of histone H1 heterogeneity? A functional model emerges from a 50 year mystery. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2015; 2:724-772. [PMID: 31289748 PMCID: PMC6615755 DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2015.4.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For the past 50 years, understanding the function of histone H1 heterogeneity has been mired in confusion and contradiction. Part of the reason for this is the lack of a working model that tries to explain the large body of data that has been collected about the H1 subtypes so far. In this review, a global model is described largely based on published data from the author and other researchers over the past 20 years. The intrinsic disorder built into H1 protein structure is discussed to help the reader understand that these histones are multi-conformational and adaptable to interactions with different targets. We discuss the role of each structural section of H1 (as we currently understand it), but we focus on the H1's C-terminal domain and its effect on each subtype's affinity, mobility and compaction of chromatin. We review the multiple ways these characteristics have been measured from circular dichroism to FRAP analysis, which has added to the sometimes contradictory assumptions made about each subtype. Based on a tabulation of these measurements, we then organize the H1 variants according to their ability to condense chromatin and produce nucleosome repeat lengths amenable to that compaction. This subtype variation generates a continuum of different chromatin states allowing for fine regulatory control and some overlap in the event one or two subtypes are lost to mutation. We also review the myriad of disparate observations made about each subtype, both somatic and germline specific ones, that lend support to the proposed model. Finally, to demonstrate its adaptability as new data further refines our understanding of H1 subtypes, we show how the model can be applied to experimental observations of telomeric heterochromatin in aging cells.
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Muñoz-Caro T, Lendner M, Daugschies A, Hermosilla C, Taubert A. NADPH oxidase, MPO, NE, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and Ca2+ influx are essential for Cryptosporidium parvum-induced NET formation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 52:245-254. [PMID: 26026247 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum causes a zoonotic infection with worldwide distribution. Besides humans, cryptosporidiosis affects a wide range of animals leading to significant economic losses due to severe enteritis in neonatal livestock. Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation has been demonstrated as an important host effector mechanism of PMN acting against several invading pathogens. In the present study, C. parvum-mediated NET formation was investigated in human and bovine PMN in vitro. We here demonstrate that C. parvum sporozoites indeed trigger NET formation in a time-dependent manner. Thereby, the classical characteristics of NETs were demonstrated by co-localization of extracellular DNA with histones, neutrophil elastase (NE) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). A significant reduction of NET formation was measured following treatments of PMN with NADPH oxidase-, NE- and MPO-inhibitors, confirming the key role of these enzymes in C. parvum-induced NETs. Additionally, sporozoite-triggered NETosis revealed as dependent on intracellular Ca(++) concentration and the ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK-mediated signaling pathway. Moreover, sporozoite-triggered NET formation led to significant parasite entrapment since 15% of the parasites were immobilized in NET structures. Consequently, PMN-pre-exposed sporozoites showed significantly reduced infectivity for epithelial host cells confirming the capability of NETs to prevent active parasite invasion. Besides NETs, we here show that C. parvum significantly up-regulated CXCL8, IL6, TNF-α and of GM-CSF gene transcription upon sporozoite confrontation, indicating a pivotal role of PMN not only in the bovine and human system but most probably in other final hosts for C. parvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Muñoz-Caro
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Lendner
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Arwid Daugschies
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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57
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Roque A, Ponte I, Suau P. Interplay between histone H1 structure and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1859:444-54. [PMID: 26415976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
H1 linker histones are involved both in the maintenance of higher-order chromatin structure and in gene regulation. Histone H1 exists in multiple isoforms, is evolutionarily variable and undergoes a large variety of post-translational modifications. We review recent progress in the understanding of the folding and structure of histone H1 domains with an emphasis on the interactions with DNA. The importance of intrinsic disorder and hydrophobic interactions in the folding and function of the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) is discussed. The induction of a molten globule-state in the CTD by macromolecular crowding is also considered. The effects of phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinases on the structure of the CTD, as well as on chromatin condensation and oligomerization, are described. We also address the extranuclear functions of histone H1, including the interaction with the β-amyloid peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Roque
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inma Ponte
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Suau
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain.
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58
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Zhou P, Wu E, Alam HB, Li Y. Histone cleavage as a mechanism for epigenetic regulation: current insights and perspectives. Curr Mol Med 2015; 14:1164-72. [PMID: 25323999 DOI: 10.2174/1566524014666141015155630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Discovered over a century ago, histones constitute one of the oldest families of proteins and have been remarkably conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution. However, only for the past 30 years have histones demonstrated that their influence extends far beyond packaging DNA. To create the various chromatin structures that are necessary for DNA function in higher eukaryotes, histones undergo posttranslational modifications. While many such modifications are well documented, others, such as histone tail cleavage are less understood. Recent studies have discovered several proteases that cleave histones and have suggested roles for clipped histones in stem cell differentiation and aging in addition to infection and inflammation; the underlying mechanisms, however, are uncertain. One histone class in particular, histone H3, has received outstanding interest due to its numerous N-terminal modification sites and prevalence in regulating homeostatic processes. Here, with special consideration of H3, we will discuss the novel findings regarding histone proteolytic cleavage as well as their significance in the studies of immunology and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Y Li
- University of Michigan Medical School, Section of General Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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59
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Heparan Sulfate Modulates Neutrophil and Endothelial Function in Antibacterial Innate Immunity. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3648-56. [PMID: 26150541 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00545-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we showed that endothelial heparan sulfate facilitates entry of a bacterial pathogen into the central nervous system. Here, we show that normal bactericidal activity of neutrophils is influenced by the sulfation pattern of heparan sulfate. Inactivation of heparan sulfate uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (Hs2st) in neutrophils substantially reduced their bactericidal activity, and Hs2st deficiency rendered mice more susceptible to systemic infection with the pathogenic bacterium group B Streptococcus. Specifically, altered sulfation of heparan sulfate in mutant neutrophils affected formation of neutrophil extracellular traps while not influencing phagocytosis, production of reactive oxygen species, or secretion of granular proteases. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan(s) is present in neutrophil extracellular traps, modulates histone affinity, and modulates their microbial activity. Hs2st-deficient brain endothelial cells show enhanced binding to group B Streptococcus and are more susceptible to apoptosis, likely contributing to the observed increase in dissemination of group B Streptococcus into the brain of Hs2st-deficient mice following intravenous challenge. Taken together, our data provide strong evidence that heparan sulfate from both neutrophils and the endothelium plays important roles in modulating innate immunity.
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60
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Stoiber W, Obermayer A, Steinbacher P, Krautgartner WD. The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the Formation of Extracellular Traps (ETs) in Humans. Biomolecules 2015; 5:702-23. [PMID: 25946076 PMCID: PMC4496692 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular traps (ETs) are reticulate structures of extracellular DNA associated with antimicrobial molecules. Their formation by phagocytes (mainly by neutrophils: NETs) has been identified as an essential element of vertebrate innate immune defense. However, as ETs are also toxic to host cells and potent triggers of autoimmunity, their role between pathogen defense and human pathogenesis is ambiguous, and they contribute to a variety of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Since the discovery of ET formation (ETosis) a decade ago, evidence has accumulated that most reaction cascades leading to ET release involve ROS. An important new facet was added when it became apparent that ETosis might be directly linked to, or be a variant of, the autophagy cell death pathway. The present review analyzes the evidence to date on the interplay between ROS, autophagy and ETosis, and highlights and discusses several further aspects of the ROS-ET relationship that are incompletely understood. These aspects include the role of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS, the molecular requirements of NADPH oxidase-dependent ETosis, the roles of NADPH oxidase subtypes, extracellular ROS and of ROS from sources other than NADPH oxidase, and the present evidence for ROS-independent ETosis. We conclude that ROS interact with ETosis in a multidimensional manner, with influence on whether ETosis shows beneficial or detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Stoiber
- Biomedical Ultrastructure Research Group, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg A-5020, Austria.
| | - Astrid Obermayer
- Biomedical Ultrastructure Research Group, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg A-5020, Austria.
| | - Peter Steinbacher
- Biomedical Ultrastructure Research Group, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg A-5020, Austria.
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Krautgartner
- Biomedical Ultrastructure Research Group, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg A-5020, Austria.
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Sandiford SL, Dong Y, Pike A, Blumberg BJ, Bahia AC, Dimopoulos G. Cytoplasmic actin is an extracellular insect immune factor which is secreted upon immune challenge and mediates phagocytosis and direct killing of bacteria, and is a Plasmodium Antagonist. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004631. [PMID: 25658622 PMCID: PMC4450071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin is a highly versatile, abundant, and conserved protein, with functions in a variety of intracellular processes. Here, we describe a novel role for insect cytoplasmic actin as an extracellular pathogen recognition factor that mediates antibacterial defense. Insect actins are secreted from cells upon immune challenge through an exosome-independent pathway. Anopheles gambiae actin interacts with the extracellular MD2-like immune factor AgMDL1, and binds to the surfaces of bacteria, mediating their phagocytosis and direct killing. Globular and filamentous actins display distinct functions as extracellular immune factors, and mosquito actin is a Plasmodium infection antagonist. Actin is one of the best studied, evolutionary conserved and most abundant intracellular proteins. Actin can exists in globular and filamentous functionally distinct forms, and is involved in a variety of biological processes, such as muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division, vesicle and organelle movement, endocytosis, and cell signaling. Here we show a novel function of insect cytoplasmic actin, as an extracellular immune factor. Actin is externalized by insect immune competent cells upon immune challenge with bacteria or bacterial surface components, and once externalized, actin binds with high affinity to the surface of bacteria. A functional role of actin’s interaction with bacteria is to mediate their killing through either phagocytosis or direct antibacterial action. The globular and filamentous forms of actins appear to play distinct functions as extracellular immune factors. Actin also plays a role as a Plasmodium antagonist as it limits parasite infection of the mosquito gut tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone L. Sandiford
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yuemei Dong
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew Pike
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Blumberg
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ana C. Bahia
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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62
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Halverson TW, Wilton M, Poon KKH, Petri B, Lewenza S. DNA is an antimicrobial component of neutrophil extracellular traps. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004593. [PMID: 25590621 PMCID: PMC4295883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) comprise an ejected lattice of chromatin enmeshed with granular and nuclear proteins that are capable of capturing and killing microbial invaders. Although widely employed to combat infection, the antimicrobial mechanism of NETs remains enigmatic. Efforts to elucidate the bactericidal component of NETs have focused on the role of NET-bound proteins including histones, calprotectin and cathepsin G protease; however, exogenous and microbial derived deoxyribonuclease (DNase) remains the most potent inhibitor of NET function. DNA possesses a rapid bactericidal activity due to its ability to sequester surface bound cations, disrupt membrane integrity and lyse bacterial cells. Here we demonstrate that direct contact and the phosphodiester backbone are required for the cation chelating, antimicrobial property of DNA. By treating NETs with excess cations or phosphatase enzyme, the antimicrobial activity of NETs is neutralized, but NET structure, including the localization and function of NET-bound proteins, is maintained. Using intravital microscopy, we visualized NET-like structures in the skin of a mouse during infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Relative to other bacteria, P. aeruginosa is a weak inducer of NETosis and is more resistant to NETs. During NET exposure, we demonstrate that P. aeruginosa responds by inducing the expression of surface modifications to defend against DNA-induced membrane destabilization and NET-mediated killing. Further, we show induction of this bacterial response to NETs is largely due to the bacterial detection of DNA. Therefore, we conclude that the DNA backbone contributes both to the antibacterial nature of NETs and as a signal perceived by microbes to elicit host-resistance strategies. Comprising the first line of the innate immune response, neutrophils combat infectious microorganisms through the release of toxic molecules, phagocytosis of invaders and the production of the recently characterized neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The antimicrobial activity of NETs has been attributed to proteins bound to the DNA backbone. Our results demonstrate that the DNA lattice of each NET is potently antibacterial and elicits upregulation of protective surface modifications by the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These modifications, previously shown to protect bacteria from antimicrobial peptides, confer greater bacterial tolerance to DNA and NET-mediated antibacterial activity. Treatments that quench the cation chelating capacity of DNA restore bacterial viability and suppress the expression of surface modifications even in the presence of intact NETs. These observations highlight the dual function of DNA as an antibacterial component of NETs, but also a signal perceived by bacteria to induce broad host resistance strategies. Therefore, the ability of P. aeruginosa to sense and defend against the antibacterial activity of neutrophil extracellular traps may contribute to long-term survival in chronic infection sites including the Cystic Fibrosis lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W.R. Halverson
- University of Calgary, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mike Wilton
- University of Calgary, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karen K. H. Poon
- University of Calgary, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Björn Petri
- University of Calgary, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shawn Lewenza
- University of Calgary, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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63
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Burke MC, Oei MS, Edwards N, Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Fenselau C. Ubiquitinated proteins in exosomes secreted by myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:5965-72. [PMID: 25285581 PMCID: PMC4261954 DOI: 10.1021/pr500854x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We provide evidence at the molecular level that ubiquitinated proteins are present in exosomes shed by myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Ubiquitin was selected as a post-translational modification of interest because it is known to play a determinant role in the endosomal trafficking that culminates in exosome release. Enrichment was achieved by two immunoprecipitations, first at the protein level and subsequently at the peptide level. Fifty ubiquitinated proteins were identified by tandem mass spectrometry filtering at a 5% spectral false discovery rate and using the conservative requirement that glycinylglycine-modified lysine residues were observed in tryptic peptides. Thirty five of these proteins have not previously been reported to be ubiquitinated. The ubiquitinated cohort spans a range of protein sizes and favors basic pI values and hydrophobicity. Five proteins associated with endosomal trafficking were identified as ubiquitinated, along with pro-inflammatory high mobility group protein B1 and proinflammatory histones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C. Burke
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Maria S. Oei
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Nathan
J. Edwards
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Suzanne Ostrand-Rosenberg
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland,
Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Catherine Fenselau
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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64
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Gagnon P, Nian R, Tan L, Cheong J, Yeo V, Yang Y, Gan HT. Chromatin-mediated depression of fractionation performance on electronegative multimodal chromatography media, its prevention, and ramifications for purification of immunoglobulin G. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1374:145-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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65
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Nikapitiya C, McDowell IC, Villamil L, Muñoz P, Sohn S, Gomez-Chiarri M. Identification of potential general markers of disease resistance in American oysters, Crassostrea virginica through gene expression studies. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:27-36. [PMID: 24973516 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several diseases have a significant impact on American oyster populations in the Atlantic coasts of North America. Knowledge about the responses of oysters to pathogenic challenge could help in identifying potential markers of disease resistance and biomarkers of the health status of an oyster population. A previous analysis of the transcriptome of resistant and susceptible American oysters in response to challenge with the bacterial pathogen Roseovarius crassostreae, as well as sequencing of suppression subtractive hybridization libraries from oysters challenged with the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus, provided a list of genes potentially involved in disease resistance or susceptibility. We investigated the patterns of inducible gene expression of several of these genes in response to experimental challenge with the oyster pathogens R. crassostreae, Vibrio tubiashii, and P. marinus. Oysters showing differential susceptibility to R. crassostreae demonstrated differential patterns of expression of genes coding for immune (serine protease inhibitor-1, SPI1) and stress-related (heat shock protein 70, HSP70; arginine kinase) proteins 30 days after challenge with this bacterial pathogen. Differential patterns of expression of immune (spi1, galectin and a matrix metalloproteinase) and stress-related (hsp70, histone H4, and arginine kinase) genes was observed in hemocytes from adult oysters challenged with P. marinus, but not with V. tubiashii. While levels of spi1 expression in hemocytes collected 8 and 21 days after P. marinus challenge were negatively correlated with parasite load in oysters tissues at the end of the challenge (62 days), levels of expression of hsp70 in hemocytes collected 1-day after challenge were positively correlated with oyster parasite load at 62 days. Our results confirm previous research on the role of serine protease inhibitor-1 in immunity and disease resistance in oysters. They also suggest that HSP70 and histone H4 could be used as a markers of health status or disease susceptibility in oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamilani Nikapitiya
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, CBLS169, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Ian C McDowell
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, CBLS169, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Luisa Villamil
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, CBLS169, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Pilar Muñoz
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, CBLS169, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - SaeBom Sohn
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, CBLS169, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Marta Gomez-Chiarri
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, CBLS169, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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66
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Poirier AC, Schmitt P, Rosa RD, Vanhove AS, Kieffer-Jaquinod S, Rubio TP, Charrière GM, Destoumieux-Garzón D. Antimicrobial histones and DNA traps in invertebrate immunity: evidences in Crassostrea gigas. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24821-31. [PMID: 25037219 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.576546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antimicrobial histones have been isolated from multiple metazoan species, their role in host defense has long remained unanswered. We found here that the hemocytes of the oyster Crassostrea gigas release antimicrobial H1-like and H5-like histones in response to tissue damage and infection. These antimicrobial histones were shown to be associated with extracellular DNA networks released by hemocytes, the circulating immune cells of invertebrates, in response to immune challenge. The hemocyte-released DNA was found to surround and entangle vibrios. This defense mechanism is reminiscent of the neutrophil extracellular traps (ETs) recently described in vertebrates. Importantly, oyster ETs were evidenced in vivo in hemocyte-infiltrated interstitial tissues surrounding wounds, whereas they were absent from tissues of unchallenged oysters. Consistently, antimicrobial histones were found to accumulate in oyster tissues following injury or infection with vibrios. Finally, oyster ET formation was highly dependent on the production of reactive oxygen species by hemocytes. This shows that ET formation relies on common cellular and molecular mechanisms from vertebrates to invertebrates. Altogether, our data reveal that ET formation is a defense mechanism triggered by infection and tissue damage, which is shared by relatively distant species suggesting either evolutionary conservation or convergent evolution within Bilateria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore C Poirier
- From Laboratory of Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, CNRS UMR 5119, University of Montpellier 2, Ifremer, University of Montpellier 1, and IRD, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- From Laboratory of Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, CNRS UMR 5119, University of Montpellier 2, Ifremer, University of Montpellier 1, and IRD, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier, France, the Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile, and
| | - Rafael D Rosa
- From Laboratory of Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, CNRS UMR 5119, University of Montpellier 2, Ifremer, University of Montpellier 1, and IRD, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Audrey S Vanhove
- From Laboratory of Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, CNRS UMR 5119, University of Montpellier 2, Ifremer, University of Montpellier 1, and IRD, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Kieffer-Jaquinod
- INSERM, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Joseph Fourier, U1038, Etude de la Dynamique des Protéomes, Laboratoire Biologie à Grande Echelle, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Tristan P Rubio
- From Laboratory of Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, CNRS UMR 5119, University of Montpellier 2, Ifremer, University of Montpellier 1, and IRD, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume M Charrière
- From Laboratory of Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, CNRS UMR 5119, University of Montpellier 2, Ifremer, University of Montpellier 1, and IRD, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier, France,
| | - Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón
- From Laboratory of Ecology of Coastal Marine Systems, CNRS UMR 5119, University of Montpellier 2, Ifremer, University of Montpellier 1, and IRD, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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67
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Klein B, Lütz-Meindl U, Kerschbaum HH. From the nucleus to the plasma membrane: translocation of the nuclear proteins histone H3 and lamin B1 in apoptotic microglia. Apoptosis 2014; 19:759-75. [PMID: 24558118 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-0970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear autoantibodies have been found in patients with autoimmune diseases. One possible source for nuclear antigens are apoptotic cells. However, the mechanism of how apoptotic cells make nuclear factors accessible to the immune system is still elusive. In the present study, we investigated the redistribution of nuclear components after UV irradiation in the microglial cell line BV-2 and in primary mouse microglia at the ultrastructural level. We used transmission electron microscopy-coupled electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to measure phosphorus as an indicator for nucleic acids and immunogold labeling to detect histone H3 and lamin B1 in apoptotic cells. EELS revealed elevated concentrations of phosphorus in nuclear and cytoplasmic condensed chromatin compared to the remaining cytoplasm. Furthermore, immunolabeling of lamin B1 and histone H3 was detected in apoptotic microglia not only in the nucleus, but also in the cytoplasm, and even at the plasma membrane. Confocal images of apoptotic microglia, which were not previously permeabilized, showed patches of histone H3 and lamin B1 labeling at the cell surface. The pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]-fluoromethylketone) prevented the occurrence of cytoplasmic condensed chromatin in apoptotic microglia. Our findings indicate that nuclear components leak from the nucleus into the cytoplasm in apoptotic microglia. At least histone H3 and lamin B1 reach the cell surface, this may promote autoreactive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Klein
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria,
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68
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Gagnon P, Nian R, Lee J, Tan L, Latiff SMA, Lim CL, Chuah C, Bi X, Yang Y, Zhang W, Gan HT. Nonspecific interactions of chromatin with immunoglobulin G and protein A, and their impact on purification performance. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1340:68-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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69
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Bustillo ME, Fischer AL, LaBouyer MA, Klaips JA, Webb AC, Elmore DE. Modular analysis of hipposin, a histone-derived antimicrobial peptide consisting of membrane translocating and membrane permeabilizing fragments. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2228-2233. [PMID: 24747525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides continue to garner attention as potential alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Hipposin is a histone-derived antimicrobial peptide (HDAP) previously isolated from Atlantic halibut. Though potent against bacteria, its antibacterial mechanism had not been characterized. The mechanism of this peptide is particularly interesting to consider since the full hipposin sequence contains the sequences of parasin and buforin II (BF2), two other known antimicrobial peptides that act via different antibacterial mechanisms. While parasin kills bacteria by inducing membrane permeabilization, buforin II enters cells without causing significant membrane disruption, harming bacteria through interactions with intracellular nucleic acids. In this study, we used a modular approach to characterize hipposin and determine the role of the parasin and buforin II fragments in the overall hipposin mechanism. Our results show that hipposin kills bacteria by inducing membrane permeabilization, and this membrane permeabilization is promoted by the presence of the N-terminal domain. Portions of hipposin lacking the N-terminal sequence do not cause membrane permeabilization and function more similarly to buforin II. We also determined that the C-terminal portion of hipposin, HipC, is a cell-penetrating peptide that readily enters bacterial cells but has no measurable antimicrobial activity. HipC is the first membrane active histone fragment identified that does not kill bacterial or eukaryotic cells. Together, these results characterize hipposin and provide a useful starting point for considering the activity of chimeric peptides made by combining peptides with different antimicrobial mechanisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Interfacially Active Peptides and Proteins. Guest Editors: William C. Wimley and Kalina Hristova.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Bustillo
- Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481
| | | | - Maria A LaBouyer
- Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481
| | - Julia A Klaips
- Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481
| | - Andrew C Webb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481
| | - Donald E Elmore
- Department of Chemistry, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481
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70
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Copolovici DM, Langel K, Eriste E, Langel Ü. Cell-penetrating peptides: design, synthesis, and applications. ACS NANO 2014; 8:1972-94. [PMID: 24559246 DOI: 10.1021/nn4057269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 678] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic property of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) to deliver therapeutic molecules (nucleic acids, drugs, imaging agents) to cells and tissues in a nontoxic manner has indicated that they may be potential components of future drugs and disease diagnostic agents. These versatile peptides are simple to synthesize, functionalize, and characterize yet are able to deliver covalently or noncovalently conjugated bioactive cargos (from small chemical drugs to large plasmid DNA) inside cells, primarily via endocytosis, in order to obtain high levels of gene expression, gene silencing, or tumor targeting. Typically, CPPs are often passive and nonselective yet must be functionalized or chemically modified to create effective delivery vectors that succeed in targeting specific cells or tissues. Furthermore, the design of clinically effective systemic delivery systems requires the same amount of attention to detail in both design of the delivered cargo and the cell-penetrating peptide used to deliver it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Maria Copolovici
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Technology, Tartu University , 504 11 Tartu, Estonia
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71
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Masso-Silva JA, Diamond G. Antimicrobial peptides from fish. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:265-310. [PMID: 24594555 PMCID: PMC3978493 DOI: 10.3390/ph7030265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are found widely distributed through Nature, and participate in the innate host defense of each species. Fish are a great source of these peptides, as they express all of the major classes of AMPs, including defensins, cathelicidins, hepcidins, histone-derived peptides, and a fish-specific class of the cecropin family, called piscidins. As with other species, the fish peptides exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, killing both fish and human pathogens. They are also immunomodulatory, and their genes are highly responsive to microbes and innate immuno-stimulatory molecules. Recent research has demonstrated that some of the unique properties of fish peptides, including their ability to act even in very high salt concentrations, make them good potential targets for development as therapeutic antimicrobials. Further, the stimulation of their gene expression by exogenous factors could be useful in preventing pathogenic microbes in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Masso-Silva
- Department of Pediatrics and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA.
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Box 100424, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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72
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Jaso-Friedmann L, Leary JH, Camus AC, Evans DL. The teleost acute-phase inflammatory response and caspase activation by a novel alarmin-like ligand. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:785-796. [PMID: 24399841 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0313171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that NCAMP-1 has alarmin-like properties and activates the caspase-1-binding site in cells of the teleost bone marrow (equivalent). In mammals, alarmins have been studied extensively; however, in teleosts, little is known about their identity and functions. Similar to alarmins, NCAMP-1 has a broad spectrum of bacteriolytic activity. NCAMP-1 is constitutively present in CF serum, and levels were increased following infection with Edwardsiella ictaluri Binding to AK cells was determined with rNCAMP-1 and an anti-His-tag antibody. In vitro treatment of AK (bone marrow equivalent) or spleen cells with rNCAMP-1 increased the IL-1β message three- to fivefold at 3 h, 6 h, and 9 h post-treatment. The association of NCAMP-1 with the activities of alarmin ATP and the acute inflammatory response was demonstrated by NCAMP-1-induced P2X7R pore opening and YO-PRO-1 cellular influx. The association of NCAMP-1 binding with inflammasome activation was demonstrated by NCAMP-1 activation of the caspase-1-binding site for tetrapeptide Z-YVAD-FMK. In competition assays, this tetrapeptide competitively inhibited subsequent binding by the pan-caspase substrate tripeptide FAM-VAD-FMK. Lymphocyte-like cells from the spleen were 16%+, and epithelial cells were also positive for NCAMP-1. IHC staining and confocal microscopy confirmed the cytosolic existence of NCAMP-1 in lymphoreticular tissue and IL-1β in AK cells. CF T cell lines G14D and 28S.3 expressed NCAMP-1 in the cytosol and in storage granules. These studies strongly suggested that NCAMP-1 is an alarmin-like ligand with similar but distinct activities to those of ATP and HMGB-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A C Camus
- Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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73
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Dráb T, Kračmerová J, Hanzlíková E, Černá T, Litváková R, Pohlová A, Tichá M, Přikryl P, Liberda J. The antimicrobial action of histones in the reproductive tract of cow. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 443:987-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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74
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Attia AS, Cassat JE, Aranmolate SO, Zimmerman LJ, Boyd KL, Skaar EP. Analysis of the Staphylococcus aureus abscess proteome identifies antimicrobial host proteins and bacterial stress responses at the host-pathogen interface. Pathog Dis 2013; 69:36-48. [PMID: 23847107 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscesses are a hallmark of invasive staphylococcal infections and the site of a dynamic struggle between pathogen and host. However, the precise host and bacterial factors that contribute to abscess formation and maintenance have not been completely described. In this work, we define the Staphylococcus aureus abscess proteome from both wild-type and neutropenic mice to elucidate the host response to staphylococcal infection and uncover novel S. aureus virulence factors. Among the proteins identified, the mouse protein histone H4 was enriched in the abscesses of wild-type compared with neutropenic animals. Histone H4 inhibits staphylococcal growth in vitro demonstrating a role for this protein in the innate immune response to staphylococcal infection. These analyses also identified staphylococcal proteins within the abscess, including known virulence factors and proteins with previously unrecognized roles in pathogenesis. Within the latter group was the universal stress protein Usp2, which was enriched in kidney lesions from neutropenic mice and required for the S. aureus response to stringent stress. Taken together, these data describe the S. aureus abscess proteome and lay the foundation for the identification of contributors to innate immunity and bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Attia
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - James E Cassat
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sheg O Aranmolate
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lisa J Zimmerman
- Department of Biochemistry, Jim Ayers Institute for Precancer Detection and Diagnosis, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelli L Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Animal Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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75
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Chaput C, Spindler E, Gill RT, Zychlinsky A. O-antigen protects gram-negative bacteria from histone killing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71097. [PMID: 23951089 PMCID: PMC3738592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond their traditional role of wrapping DNA, histones display antibacterial activity to Gram-negative and -positive bacteria. To identify bacterial components that allow survival to a histone challenge, we selected resistant bacteria from homologous Escherichia coli libraries that harbor plasmids carrying pieces of the chromosome in different sizes. We identified genes required for exopolysaccharide production and for the synthesis of the polysaccharide domain of the lipopolysaccharide, called O-antigen. Indeed, O-antigen and exopolysaccharide conferred further resistance to histones. Notably, O-antigen also conferred resistance to histones in the pathogens Shigella flexneri and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Chaput
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (CC); (AZ)
| | - Eileen Spindler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ryan T. Gill
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Arturo Zychlinsky
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (CC); (AZ)
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76
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Gilthorpe JD, Oozeer F, Nash J, Calvo M, Bennett DL, Lumsden A, Pini A. Extracellular histone H1 is neurotoxic and drives a pro-inflammatory response in microglia. F1000Res 2013; 2:148. [PMID: 24358859 PMCID: PMC3782347 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.2-148.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In neurodegenerative conditions and following brain trauma it is not understood why neurons die while astrocytes and microglia survive and adopt pro-inflammatory phenotypes. We show here that the damaged adult brain releases diffusible factors that can kill cortical neurons and we have identified histone H1 as a major extracellular candidate that causes neurotoxicity and activation of the innate immune system. Extracellular core histones H2A, H2B H3 and H4 were not neurotoxic. Innate immunity in the central nervous system is mediated through microglial cells and we show here for the first time that histone H1 promotes their survival, up-regulates MHC class II antigen expression and is a powerful microglial chemoattractant. We propose that when the central nervous system is degenerating, histone H1 drives a positive feedback loop that drives further degeneration and activation of immune defences which can themselves be damaging. We suggest that histone H1 acts as an antimicrobial peptide and kills neurons through mitochondrial damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Gilthorpe
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK ; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, S-901 87, Sweden
| | - Fazal Oozeer
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Julia Nash
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Margarita Calvo
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - David Lh Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Andrew Lumsden
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Adrian Pini
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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77
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Gan HT, Lee J, Latiff SMA, Chuah C, Toh P, Lee WY, Gagnon P. Characterization and removal of aggregates formed by nonspecific interaction of IgM monoclonal antibodies with chromatin catabolites during cell culture production. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1291:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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78
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Brinkmann V, Zychlinsky A. Neutrophil extracellular traps: is immunity the second function of chromatin? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 198:773-83. [PMID: 22945932 PMCID: PMC3432757 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201203170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 698] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are made of processed chromatin bound to granular and selected cytoplasmic proteins. NETs are released by white blood cells called neutrophils, maybe as a last resort, to control microbial infections. This release of chromatin is the result of a unique form of cell death, dubbed “NETosis.” Here we review our understanding of how NETs are made, their function in infections and as danger signals, and their emerging importance in autoimmunity and coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Brinkmann
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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79
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Talati M, Seeley E, Ihida-Stansbury K, Delisser H, McDonald H, Ye F, Zhang X, Shyr Y, Caprioli R, Meyrick B. Altered expression of nuclear and cytoplasmic histone H1 in pulmonary artery and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in patients with IPAH. Pulm Circ 2012; 2:340-51. [PMID: 23130102 PMCID: PMC3487302 DOI: 10.4103/2045-8932.101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension is poorly understood. This paper utilized histology-based Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI MS) to identify as-yet unknown proteins that may be associated with the structural changes in the pulmonary arterial walls of patients with IPAH. The technology identified significant increases in two fragments of histone H1 in the IPAH cases compared to controls. This finding was further examined using immunofluorescence techniques applied to sections from IPAH and control pulmonary arteries. In addition, cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) were utilized for Western analysis of histone H1 and importin β and importin 7, immunoprecipitation and assessment of nucleosomal repeat length (NRL). Immunofluorescence techniques revealed that nuclear expression of histone H1 was decreased and the chromatin was less compact in the IPAH cases than in the controls; furthermore, some cases showed a marked increase in cytoplasmic histone H1 expression. Using nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of cultured PASMCs, we confirmed the reduction in histone H1 in the nucleus and an increase in the cytoplasm in IPAH cells compared to controls. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated a decreased association of histone H1 with importin β while importin 7 was unchanged in the IPAH cells compared to controls. The assessment of NRL revealed that the distance between nucleosomes was increased by ~20 bp in IPAH compared to controls. We conclude that at least two factors contribute to the reduction in nuclear histone H1-fragmentation of the protein and decreased import of histone H1 into the nucleus by importins. We further suggest that the decreased nuclear H1 contributes the less compact nucleosomal pattern in IPAH and this, in turn, contributes to the increase in NRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Talati
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennesse, USA
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80
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Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases, or PADs, convert arginine residues to the non-ribosomally encoded amino acid citrulline in a variety of protein substrates. PAD4 is expressed in granulocytes and is essential for the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) via PAD4-mediated histone citrullination. Citrullination of histones is thought to promote NET formation by inducing chromatin decondensation and facilitating the expulsion of chromosomal DNA that is coated with antimicrobial molecules. Numerous stimuli have been reported to lead to PAD4 activation and NET formation. However, how this signaling process proceeds and how PAD4 becomes activated in cells is largely unknown. Herein, we describe the various stimuli and signaling pathways that have been implicated in PAD4 activation and NET formation, including the role of reactive oxygen species generation. To provide a foundation for the above discussion, we first describe PAD4 structure and function, and how these studies led to the development of PAD-specific inhibitors. A comprehensive survey of the receptors and signaling pathways that regulate PAD4 activation will be important for our understanding of innate immunity, and the identification of signaling intermediates in PAD4 activation may also lead to the generation of pharmaceuticals to target NET-related pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. Rohrbach
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J. Slade
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kerri A. Mowen
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research InstituteLa Jolla, CA, USA
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81
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Anand P, Cermelli S, Li Z, Kassan A, Bosch M, Sigua R, Huang L, Ouellette AJ, Pol A, Welte MA, Gross SP. A novel role for lipid droplets in the organismal antibacterial response. eLife 2012; 1:e00003. [PMID: 23150794 PMCID: PMC3491588 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously discovered histones bound to cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs); here we show that this forms a cellular antibacterial defense system. Sequestered on droplets under normal conditions, in the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA), histones are released from the droplets and kill bacteria efficiently in vitro. Droplet-bound histones also function in vivo: when injected into Drosophila embryos lacking droplet-bound histones, bacteria grow rapidly. In contrast, bacteria injected into embryos with droplet-bound histones die. Embryos with droplet-bound histones displayed more than a fourfold survival advantage when challenged with four different bacterial species. Our data suggests that this intracellular antibacterial defense system may function in adult flies, and also potentially in mice.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00003.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Anand
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Silvia Cermelli
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Zhihuan Li
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, United States
| | - Adam Kassan
- Equip de Proliferació i Senyalització Cel.lular, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Bosch
- Equip de Proliferació i Senyalització Cel.lular, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robilyn Sigua
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Andre J Ouellette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Albert Pol
- Equip de Proliferació i Senyalització Cel.lular, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael A Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, United States
| | - Steven P Gross
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, United States
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82
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Hsu LW, Goto S, Nakano T, Chen KD, Wang CC, Lai CY, Hou CH, Chang YC, Cheng YF, Chiu KW, Chen CC, Chen SH, Chen CL. The effect of exogenous histone H1 on rat adipose-derived stem cell proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation in vitro. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3417-25. [PMID: 22223405 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are of great interest for the development of novel cell therapies due to their ease of isolation and expansion, immunosuppressive activity, and multilineage differentiation potential. However, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic potential of ASCs remain to be elucidated. Others and we have shown that nuclear proteins such as histone H1 and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) play important roles in the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). Furthermore, we previously demonstrated translocation of histone H1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in DCs. In the present study, we confirmed that histone H1 does not alter the immunophenotype and immunosuppression potential of ASCs, but that histone H1 enhanced wound healing and increased interleukin (IL)-6 expression. Moreover, histone H1 treated-ASCs showed up-regulation of MAPKs extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and sequential NF-κB translocation. Finally, we found that culture in differentiation media supplemented with histone H1 enhanced ASC osteogenesis. In contrast, inhibition of histone H1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced osteogenic differentiation markers including ALP. These results suggest that histone H1 may be useful for induction of mesenchymal stem cells in tissue engineering and future potential ASC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wen Hsu
- Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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83
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Nakano T, Lai CY, Goto S, Hsu LW, Kawamoto S, Ono K, Chen KD, Lin CC, Chiu KW, Wang CC, Cheng YF, Chen CL. Immunological and regenerative aspects of hepatic mast cells in liver allograft rejection and tolerance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37202. [PMID: 22615941 PMCID: PMC3352886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise roles of mast cells in liver allograft rejection and tolerance are still unknown. This study aimed to explore the roles of mast cells in immune regulation and liver regeneration for tolerance induction by using rat models of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Stem cell factor (SCF) and its receptor c-Kit, which are critical to the migration and development of not only stem cells but also mast cells, significantly increased in the tolerogenic livers as compared with rejected livers. The significant elevation of mast cell tryptase, high-affinity IgE receptor, and histamine suggested the activation of mast cells in liver allografts at the tolerogenic phase after OLT. Immunohistochemical analysis using confocal microscope clearly showed colocalization of mast cells, Foxp3+ Tregs, γδ T cells, and recipient-derived hepatic progenitor cells with higher expression of SCF, IL-9, IL-10, TGF-β1, and IL-17 related to immunoregulation and liver regeneration in the donor grafts of a tolerogenic OLT model. Cross-talk among mast cells and other cells was evaluated by in vitro studies demonstrating that syngeneic bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) co-cultured with naïve splenocytes or primary hepatocytes significantly increased the population of splenic γδ T cells by mitogen stimulation or by mast cell degranulation, and also significantly induced the hepatocyte proliferation, respectively. Our results suggested that mast cells in the donor grafts may play important roles in the induction/maintenance of immune tolerance and liver regeneration resulting in the replacement of hepatic cells from donor to recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Nakano
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niao-Sung, Taiwan
- Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (TN); (CLC)
| | - Chia-Yun Lai
- Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shigeru Goto
- Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Iwao Hospital, Kawakami, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Li-Wen Hsu
- Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Seiji Kawamoto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ono
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kuang-Den Chen
- Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Che Lin
- Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - King-Wah Chiu
- Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chi Wang
- Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Cheng
- Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Long Chen
- Liver Transplantation Program, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Center for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (TN); (CLC)
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84
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Tang CS, Ferreira MAR. A gene-based test of association using canonical correlation analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 28:845-50. [PMID: 22296789 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) measures the association between two sets of multidimensional variables. We reasoned that CCA could provide an efficient and powerful approach for both univariate and multivariate gene-based tests of association without the need for permutation testing. RESULTS Compared with a commonly used permutation-based approach, CCA (i) is faster; (ii) has appropriate type-I error rate for normally distributed quantitative traits; (iii) provides comparable power for small to medium-sized genes (<100 kb); (iv) provides greater power when the causal variants are uncommon; (v) provides considerably less power for larger genes (≥100 kb) when the causal variants have a broad minor allele frequency (MAF) spectrum. Application to a GWAS of leukocyte levels identified SAFB and a histone gene cluster as novel putative loci harboring multiple independent variants regulating lymphocyte and neutrophil counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara S Tang
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
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85
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Tagai C, Morita S, Shiraishi T, Miyaji K, Iwamuro S. Antimicrobial properties of arginine- and lysine-rich histones and involvement of bacterial outer membrane protease T in their differential mode of actions. Peptides 2011; 32:2003-9. [PMID: 21930170 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence of the antimicrobial properties of histones and histone-derived peptides; however, most of them are specific to lysine (Lys)-rich histones (H1, H2A, and H2B). In the present study, we focused on arginine (Arg)-rich histones (H3 and H4) and investigated their antimicrobial properties in comparison with those of histone H2B. In a standard microdilution assay, calf thymus histones H2B, H3, and H4 showed growth inhibitory activity against the bacterial outer membrane protease T (OmpT) gene-expressing Escherichia coli strain JCM5491 with calculated 50% growth inhibitory concentrations of 3.8, 10, and 12.7 μM, respectively. A lysate prepared from the JCM5491 cells was capable of strongly, moderately, and slightly fragmenting histones H2B, H3, and H4, respectively. While the lysate prepared from the cells of the ompT-deleted E. coli strain BL21(DE3) did not digest these histones, the ompT-transformed BL21(DE3), termed BL21/OmpT(+), cell lysate digested the histones more strongly than the JCM5491 cell lysate. Laser confocal and scanning electron microscopic analyses demonstrated that while histone H2B penetrated the cell membrane of JCM5491 or BL21/OmpT(+) cells, histones H3 and H4 remained on the cell surface and subsequently disrupted the cell membrane structure with bleb formation in a manner similar to general antimicrobial peptides. The BL21(DE3) cells treated with each histone showed no bleb formation, but cell integrity was affected and the cell surface was corrugated. Consequently, it is suggested that OmpT is involved in the antimicrobial properties of Arg- and Lys-rich histones and that the modes of antimicrobial action of these histones are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Tagai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
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86
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Reynolds F, Panneer N, Tutino CM, Wu M, Skrabal WR, Moskaluk C, Kelly KA. A functional proteomic method for biomarker discovery. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22471. [PMID: 21811618 PMCID: PMC3139652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequencing of the human genome holds out the hope for personalized medicine, but it is clear that analysis of DNA or RNA content alone is not sufficient to understand most disease processes. Proteomic strategies that allow unbiased identification of proteins and their post-transcriptional and -translation modifications are an essential complement to genomic strategies. However, the enormity of the proteome and limitations in proteomic methods make it difficult to determine the targets that are particularly relevant to human disease. Methods are therefore needed that allow rational identification of targets based on function and relevance to disease. Screening methodologies such as phage display, SELEX, and small-molecule combinatorial chemistry have been widely used to discover specific ligands for cells or tissues of interest, such as tumors. Those ligands can be used in turn as affinity probes to identify their cognate molecular targets when they are not known in advance. Here we report an easy, robust and generally applicable approach in which phage particles bearing cell- or tissue-specific peptides serve directly as the affinity probes for their molecular targets. For proof of principle, the method successfully identified molecular binding partners, three of them novel, for 15 peptides specific for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Reynolds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Nivedha Panneer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Tutino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - William R. Skrabal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christopher Moskaluk
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A. Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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87
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De Lucca AJ, Heden LO, Ingber B, Bhatnagar D. Antifungal properties of wheat histones (H1-H4) and purified wheat histone H1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:6933-6939. [PMID: 21595494 DOI: 10.1021/jf201646x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Wheat ( Triticum spp.) histones H1, H2, H3, and H4 were extracted, and H1 was further purified. The effect of these histones on specific fungi that may or may not be pathogenic to wheat was determined. These fungi included Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillus niger , Fusarium oxysporum , Fusarium verticillioides , Fusarium solani , Fusarium graminearum , Penicillium digitatum , Penicillium italicum , and Greeneria uvicola . Non-germinated and germinating conidia of these fungi were bioassayed separately. The non-germinated and germinating conidia of all Fusarium species were highly susceptible to the mixture (H1-H4) as well as pure H1, with viability losses of 99-100% found to be significant (p < 0.001) at ≤10 μM or less for the histone mixture and pure H1. F. graminearum was the most sensitive to histone activity. The histones were inactive against all of the non-germinated Penicillium spp. conidia. However, they significantly reduced the viability of the germinating conidia of the Penicillium spp. conidia, with 95% loss at 2.5 μM. Non-germinated and germinating conidia viability of the Aspergillus spp. and G. uvicola were unaffected when exposed to histones up to 10 μM. Results indicate that Fusarium spp. pathogenic to wheat are susceptible to wheat histones, indicating that these proteins may be a resistance mechanism in wheat against fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J De Lucca
- Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
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88
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Ahmad W, Shabbiri K, Nazar N, Nazar S, Qaiser S, Shabbir Mughal MA. Human linker histones: interplay between phosphorylation and O-β-GlcNAc to mediate chromatin structural modifications. Cell Div 2011; 6:15. [PMID: 21749719 PMCID: PMC3149562 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-6-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic chromatin is a combination of DNA and histone proteins. It is established fact that epigenetic mechanisms are associated with DNA and histones. Initial studies emphasize on core histones association with DNA, however later studies prove the importance of linker histone H1 epigenetic. There are many types of linker histone H1 found in mammals. These subtypes are cell specific and their amount in different types of cells varies as the cell functions. Many types of post-translational modifications which occur on different residues in each subtype of linker histone H1 induce conformational changes and allow the different subtypes of linker histone H1 to interact with chromatin at different stages during cell cycle which results in the regulation of transcription and gene expression. Proposed O-glycosylation of linker histone H1 promotes condensation of chromatin while phosphorylation of linker histone H1 is known to activate transcription and gene regulation by decondensation of chromatin. Interplay between phosphorylation and O-β-GlcNAc modification on Ser and Thr residues in each subtype of linker histone H1 in Homo sapiens during cell cycle may result in diverse functional regulation of proteins. This in silico study describes the potential phosphorylation, o-glycosylation and their possible interplay sites on conserved Ser/Thr residues in various subtypes of linker histone H1 in Homo sapiens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmad
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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89
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Nguyen LT, Haney EF, Vogel HJ. The expanding scope of antimicrobial peptide structures and their modes of action. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:464-72. [PMID: 21680034 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1053] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an integral part of the innate immune system that protect a host from invading pathogenic bacteria. To help overcome the problem of antimicrobial resistance, cationic AMPs are currently being considered as potential alternatives for antibiotics. Although extremely variable in length, amino acid composition and secondary structure, all peptides can adopt a distinct membrane-bound amphipathic conformation. Recent studies demonstrate that they achieve their antimicrobial activity by disrupting various key cellular processes. Some peptides can even use multiple mechanisms. Moreover, several intact proteins or protein fragments are now being shown to have inherent antimicrobial activity. A better understanding of the structure-activity relationships of AMPs is required to facilitate the rational design of novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard T Nguyen
- Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4
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90
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Son J, Lee SE, Park BS, Jung J, Park HS, Bang JY, Kang GY, Cho K. Biomarker discovery and proteomic evaluation of cadmium toxicity on a collembolan species, Paronychiurus kimi (Lee). Proteomics 2011; 11:2294-307. [PMID: 21548089 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify promising new biomarkers of cadmium by identifying differentially expressed proteins in Paronychiurus kimi after exposure to cadmium. Through proteomic analysis of P. kimi using 1-D PAGE and nano-LC-MS/MS, 36 downregulated proteins and 40 upregulated proteins were found. Some of the downregulated and upregulated proteins were verified by LC-MS/MS analysis after 2-D PAGE. Downregulated proteins in response to cadmium exposure were involved in glycolysis and energy metabolism, chaperones, transcription, reproduction, and neuron growth. In contrast, proteins involved in glycolysis and energy production, neurogenesis, defense systems response to bacteria, and protein biosynthesis were upregulated in cadmium-treated collembolans. Cubulin may be a potential biomarker for the detection of cadmium in P. kimi since this biomarker was able to low levels (3.5 mg/kg) of cadmium. The 14-3-3 ζ was also found to be a potential biomarker for the detection of medium levels (14 mg/kg) of cadmium. Collembolans may be an alternative tool to humans because many collembolans proteins show a high homology to human proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jino Son
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Delbosc S, Alsac JM, Journe C, Louedec L, Castier Y, Bonnaure-Mallet M, Ruimy R, Rossignol P, Bouchard P, Michel JB, Meilhac O. Porphyromonas gingivalis participates in pathogenesis of human abdominal aortic aneurysm by neutrophil activation. Proof of concept in rats. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18679. [PMID: 21533243 PMCID: PMC3076426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAAs) represent a particular form of atherothrombosis where neutrophil proteolytic activity plays a major role. We postulated that neutrophil recruitment and activation participating in AAA growth may originate in part from repeated episodes of periodontal bacteremia. Methods and Findings Our results show that neutrophil activation in human AAA was associated with Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) formation in the IntraLuminal Thrombus, leading to the release of cell-free DNA. Human AAA samples were shown to contain bacterial DNA with high frequency (11/16), and in particular that of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), the most prevalent pathogen involved in chronic periodontitis, a common form of periodontal disease. Both DNA reflecting the presence of NETs and antibodies to Pg were found to be increased in plasma of patients with AAA. Using a rat model of AAA, we demonstrated that repeated injection of Pg fostered aneurysm development, associated with pathological characteristics similar to those observed in humans, such as the persistence of a neutrophil-rich luminal thrombus, not observed in saline-injected rats in which a healing process was observed. Conclusions Thus, the control of periodontal disease may represent a therapeutic target to limit human AAA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Delbosc
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U698, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Alsac
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U698, Paris, France
- Service de chirurgie cardiovasculaire, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP (Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris), Paris, France
| | - Clement Journe
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U698, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Liliane Louedec
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U698, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Yves Castier
- Service de chirurgie thoracique et vasculaire, Hôpital Xavier Bichat-Claude Bernard, APHP (Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris), Paris, France
| | - Martine Bonnaure-Mallet
- Equipe de Microbiologie, UPRES-EA (Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Superieur-Equipe d'Accueil) 1254, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Rennes I, Rennes, France
| | - Raymond Ruimy
- Service de bactériologie et virologie, Hôpital Xavier Bichat-Claude Bernard, APHP (Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris), Paris, France
| | - Patrick Rossignol
- CHU (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire) de Nancy, CIC (Centre d'Investigation Clinique); CIC9501; Université Nancy, Faculté de Médecine; Inserm, U961, Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France; Service de médecine vasculaire et hypertension, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bouchard
- Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France
- Département de Parodontologie, Service d'odontologie, Hôpital Garancière Rothschild, APHP (Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Michel
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U698, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) U698, Paris, France
- Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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92
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Noga EJ, Ullal AJ, Corrales J, Fernandes JM. Application of antimicrobial polypeptide host defenses to aquaculture: Exploitation of downregulation and upregulation responses. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2011; 6:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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93
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Seo JK, Stephenson J, Noga EJ. Multiple antibacterial histone H2B proteins are expressed in tissues of American oyster. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 158:223-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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94
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Noga EJ, Borron PJ, Hinshaw J, Gordon WC, Gordon LJ, Seo JK. Identification of histones as endogenous antibiotics in fish and quantification in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skin and gill. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 37:135-152. [PMID: 20711849 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-010-9422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial polypeptides (AMPPs) are increasingly recognized as a critical component of innate host defense. Among the AMPPs, polypeptides related to histones have been identified from many animals. Using peptide mapping, we further confirm the identity of two histone-like proteins from fish as members of the H2B (sunshine bass) and H1 (rainbow trout) histone groups. We optimized the conditions for measuring rainbow trout HLP-1/H2B via sandwich ELISA. We used two antibodies, one to the amino terminus and one to the carboxyl terminus, of trout histone H2B, as the capture antibodies, and we used peroxidase-labeled antibody raised to calf histone H2B as the secondary antibody. Specificity of the detecting antibody was confirmed by specific reactivity with histone H2B in tissue extracts via western blotting. The test was reproducible and capable of detecting as little as 5 ng of histone H2B (0.05 μg/ml). Histone H2B levels expressed in gill tissue of juvenile, healthy rainbow trout were well within concentrations that are lethal to important fish pathogens. However, there was a significant, age (size)-dependent decline in histone H2B concentrations as fish matured, until levels became virtually undetectable in market-size fish. In contrast, levels in skin appeared to remain high and unchanged in small versus large fish. Antibacterial activity in skin and gill tissues was closely correlated with histone H2B concentration measured via ELISA, which supports our previous finding that histones are the major AMPPs in rainbow trout skin and gill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Noga
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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95
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Remijsen Q, Kuijpers TW, Wirawan E, Lippens S, Vandenabeele P, Vanden Berghe T. Dying for a cause: NETosis, mechanisms behind an antimicrobial cell death modality. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:581-8. [PMID: 21293492 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are chromatin structures loaded with antimicrobial molecules. They can trap and kill various bacterial, fungal and protozoal pathogens, and their release is one of the first lines of defense against pathogens. In vivo, NETs are released during a form of pathogen-induced cell death, which was recently named NETosis. Ex vivo, both dead and viable neutrophils can be stimulated to release NETs composed of either nuclear or mitochondrial chromatin, respectively. In certain pathological conditions, NETs are associated with severe tissue damage or certain auto-immune diseases. This review describes the recent progress made in the identification of the mechanisms involved in NETosis and discusses its interplay with autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Remijsen
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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96
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Sallum UW, Chen TT. Molecular cloning of cecropin B responsive endonucleases in Yersinia ruckeri. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:56-65. [PMID: 20352273 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that Yersinia ruckeri resists cecropin B in an inducible manner. In this study, we sought to identify the molecular changes responsible for the inducible cecropin B resistance of Y. ruckeri. Differences in gene expression associated with the inducible resistance were investigated. Cultures of Y. ruckeri were exposed to a sublethal concentration of cecropin B and resultant changes in the messenger RNA population of the bacteria were assayed using the differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DD-RT-PCR). A single band was consistently increased in intensity in all repeats of the experiment. The band was excised, cloned, sequenced, and used to screen a Y. ruckeri genomic DNA library. The DD-RT-PCR fragment shared 100% identity to the cDNA sequence of an ATP-dependent endonuclease of the overcome lysogenization defect (OLD) family of Y. ruckeri 29473. The genomic clone that was recovered was not identical to the DD-RT-PCR clone, but harbored a gene for a secreted endonuclease 1 (nucM) homologue. It was determined that transcription of the gene was upregulated following exposure to cecropin B via RT-PCR. Furthermore, an increase in the nuclease activity of culture supernatants of Y. ruckeri following exposure to cecropin B was demonstrated. These findings demonstrate that cecropin B exposure increases the expression of at least two endonucleases in Y. ruckeri. The production and secretion of an endonuclease by Y. ruckeri in response to an antimicrobial peptide indicates the involvement of both intracellular and extracellular DNA in the toxic effects of cecropin B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulysses W Sallum
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 N. Eagleville Rd., U-3125, Storrs, CT 06269-3125, USA
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97
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Neutrophil extracellular trap cell death requires both autophagy and superoxide generation. Cell Res 2010; 21:290-304. [PMID: 21060338 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2010.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are extracellular chromatin structures that can trap and degrade microbes. They arise from neutrophils that have activated a cell death program called NET cell death, or NETosis. Activation of NETosis has been shown to involve NADPH oxidase activity, disintegration of the nuclear envelope and most granule membranes, decondensation of nuclear chromatin and formation of NETs. We report that in phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated neutrophils, intracellular chromatin decondensation and NET formation follow autophagy and superoxide production, both of which are required to mediate PMA-induced NETosis and occur independently of each other. Neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease, which lack NADPH oxidase activity, still exhibit PMA-induced autophagy. Conversely, PMA-induced NADPH oxidase activity is not affected by pharmacological inhibition of autophagy. Interestingly, inhibition of either autophagy or NADPH oxidase prevents intracellular chromatin decondensation, which is essential for NETosis and NET formation, and results in cell death characterized by hallmarks of apoptosis. These results indicate that apoptosis might function as a backup program for NETosis when autophagy or NADPH oxidase activity is prevented.
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98
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Seo JK, Stephenson J, Crawford JM, Stone KL, Noga EJ. American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, expresses a potent antibacterial histone H2B protein. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 12:543-551. [PMID: 19949827 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-009-9240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An antibacterial protein was purified from acidified gill extract of a bivalve mollusk, the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Protein isolation was best accomplished by briefly boiling the tissues in a weak acetic acid solution. Adding protease inhibitors while boiling did not have a major effect on activity recovery. In contrast, use of only protease inhibitors (without boiling) resulted in virtually no recovery of this activity. The amino acid sequence of this antibacterial protein was identified as a histone H2B and was designated cvH2B. cvH2B had potent activity against gram-negative bacteria, including the human pathogens Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, which commonly reside in oyster tissues. We estimated that the concentration of this protein was well within the concentration that was inhibitory to these bacterial pathogens in vitro. This is the first report of the antimicrobial function of histone H2B from any mollusk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Kil Seo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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99
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Mishra B, von der Ohe M, Schulze C, Bian S, Makhina T, Loers G, Kleene R, Schachner M. Functional role of the interaction between polysialic acid and extracellular histone H1. J Neurosci 2010; 30:12400-13. [PMID: 20844135 PMCID: PMC6633434 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6407-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (PSA) is a large and highly negatively charged glycan that plays crucial roles in nervous system development and function in the adult. It has been suggested to facilitate cell migration, neurite outgrowth, and synaptic plasticity because its hydration volume could enhance flexibility of cell interactions. Evidence for receptors of PSA has so far been elusive. We now identified histone H1 as binding partner of PSA via a single-chain variable fragment antibody using an anti-idiotypic approach. Histone H1 directly binds to PSA as shown by ELISA. Surface biotinylation of cultured cerebellar neurons indicated an extracellular localization of histone H1. Immunostaining of live cerebellar neurons and Schwann cells confirmed that an extracellular pool of histone H1 colocalizes with PSA at the cell surface. Histone H1 was also detected in detergent-insoluble synaptosomal membrane subfractions and postsynaptic densities. When applied in vitro, histone H1 stimulated neuritogenesis, process formation and proliferation of Schwann cells, and migration of neural precursor cells via a PSA-dependent mechanism, further indicating that histone H1 is active extracellularly. These in vitro observations suggested an important functional role for the interaction between histone H1 and PSA not only for nervous system development but also for regeneration in the adult. Indeed, histone H1 improved functional recovery, axon regrowth, and precision of reinnervation of the motor branch in adult mice with femoral nerve injury. Our findings encourage investigations on the therapeutic potential of histone H1 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhudatta Mishra
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg–Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, and
| | - Maren von der Ohe
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg–Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, and
| | - Christian Schulze
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg–Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, and
| | - Shan Bian
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg–Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, and
| | - Tatjana Makhina
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg–Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, and
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg–Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, and
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg–Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, and
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg–Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, and
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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100
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Fernández-Reyes M, Díaz D, de la Torre BG, Cabrales-Rico A, Vallès-Miret M, Jiménez-Barbero J, Andreu D, Rivas L. Lysine N(epsilon)-trimethylation, a tool for improving the selectivity of antimicrobial peptides. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5587-96. [PMID: 20617807 DOI: 10.1021/jm100261r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of lysine N(epsilon)-trimethylation at selected positions of the antimicrobial cecropin A-melittin hybrid peptide KWKLFKKIGAVLKVL-amide have been studied. All five monotrimethylated, four bis-trimethylated plus the per-trimethylated analogues have been synthesized and tested for antimicrobial activity on Leishmania parasites and on Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, as well as for hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes as a measure of cytotoxicity. The impact of trimethylation on the solution conformation of selected analogues has been evaluated by NMR, which indicates a slight decrease in the alpha-helical content of the modified peptides, particularly in the N-terminal region. Trimethylation also enhances the proteolytic stability of mono- and bis-trimethylated analogues by 2-3-fold. Although it tends to lower antimicrobial activity in absolute terms, trimethylation causes an even higher decrease in hemolytic activity and therefore results in improved selectivity for several analogues. The monotrimethylated analogue at position 6 shows the overall best selectivity against both the Leishmania donovani protozoan and Acinetobacter baumannii, a Gram-negative bacterium of increasing clinical concern.
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