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Carbone C, Di Gennaro E, Piro G, Milone MR, Pucci B, Caraglia M, Budillon A. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is involved in the resistance of cancer cells to the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor vorinostat. Amino Acids 2016; 49:517-528. [PMID: 27761756 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vorinostat demonstrated preclinical and clinical efficacy in human cancers and is the first histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) approved for cancer treatment. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes a Ca2+ dependent transamidating reaction resulting in covalent cross-links between proteins. TG2 acts also as G-protein in trans-membrane signaling and as a cell surface adhesion mediator. TG2 up-regulation has been demonstrated in several cancers and its expression levels correlate with resistance to chemotherapy and metastatic potential. We demonstrated that the anti-proliferative effect of the HDACi vorinostat is paralleled by the induction of TG2 mRNA and protein expression in cancer cells but not in ex vivo treated peripheral blood lymphocytes. This effect was also shared by other pan-HDACi and resulted in increased TG2 transamidating activity. Notably, high TG2 basal levels in a panel of cancer cell lines correlated with lower vorinostat antiproliferative activity. Notably, in TG2-knockdown cancer cells vorinostat anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects were enhanced, whereas in TG2-full-length transfected cells were impaired, suggesting that TG2 could represent a mechanism of intrinsic or acquired resistance to vorinostat. In fact, co-treatment of tumor cells with inhibitors of TG2 transamidating activity potentiated the antitumor effect of vorinostat. Moreover, vorinostat-resistant MCF7 cells selected by stepwise increasing concentrations of the drug, significantly overexpressed TG2 protein compared to parental cells, and co-treatment of these cells with TG2 inhibitors reversed vorinostat-resistance. Taken together, our data demonstrated that TG2 is involved in the resistance of cancer cells to vorinostat, as well as to other HDACi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Carbone
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy.,Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Di Gennaro
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Geny Piro
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, Naples, Italy.,Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Milone
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Pucci
- Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy. .,Centro Ricerche Oncologiche Mercogliano, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale-IRCCS, Naples, Italy.
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52
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The Anti-Cancer Effect of Polyphenols against Breast Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells: Molecular Mechanisms. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8090581. [PMID: 27657126 PMCID: PMC5037565 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of breast cancer in developed and developing countries, and its correlation to cancer-related deaths, has prompted concerned scientists to discover novel alternatives to deal with this challenge. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of polyphenol structures and classifications, as well as on the carcinogenic process. The biology of breast cancer cells will also be discussed. The molecular mechanisms involved in the anti-cancer activities of numerous polyphenols, against a wide range of breast cancer cells, in vitro and in vivo, will be explained in detail. The interplay between autophagy and apoptosis in the anti-cancer activity of polyphenols will also be highlighted. In addition, the potential of polyphenols to target cancer stem cells (CSCs) via various mechanisms will be explained. Recently, the use of natural products as chemotherapeutics and chemopreventive drugs to overcome the side effects and resistance that arise from using chemical-based agents has garnered the attention of the scientific community. Polyphenol research is considered a promising field in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer.
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Oh K, Lee OY, Park Y, Seo MW, Lee DS. IL-1β induces IL-6 production and increases invasiveness and estrogen-independent growth in a TG2-dependent manner in human breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:724. [PMID: 27609180 PMCID: PMC5017052 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported that IL-6 and transglutaminase 2 (TG2) were expressed in more aggressive basal-like breast cancer cells, and TG2 and IL-6 expression gave these cells stem-cell-like phenotypes, increased invasive ability, and increased metastatic potential. In the present study, the underlying mechanism by which IL-6 production is induced in luminal-type breast cancer cells was evaluated, and TG2 overexpression, IL-1β stimulation, and IL-6 expression were found to give cancerous cells a hormone-independent phenotype. Methods Luminal-type breast cancer cells (MCF7 cells) were stably transfected with TG2. To evaluate the requirement for IL-6 neogenesis, MCF7 cells were stimulated with various cytokines. To evaluate tumorigenesis, cancer cells were grown in a three-dimensional culture system and grafted into the mammary fat pads of NOD/scid/IL-2Rγ−/− mice. Results IL-1β induced IL-6 production in TG2-expressing MCF7 cells through an NF-kB-, PI3K-, and JNK-dependent mechanism. IL-1β increased stem-cell-like phenotypes, invasiveness, survival in a three-dimensional culture model, and estrogen-independent tumor growth of TG2-expressing MCF7 cells, which was attenuated by either anti-IL-6 or anti-IL-1β antibody treatment. Conclusion Within the inflammatory tumor microenvironment, IL-1β increases luminal-type breast cancer cell aggressiveness by stimulating IL-6 production through a TG2-dependent mechanism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2746-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunhee Oh
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cancer Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea. .,PharmAbcine, Inc., #461-8, DaejeonBioventure Town, Jeonmin-dong, Yusung-gu, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Ok-Young Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cancer Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonju Park
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cancer Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Won Seo
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cancer Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Sup Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cancer Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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54
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Agnihotri N, Mehta K. Transglutaminase-2: evolution from pedestrian protein to a promising therapeutic target. Amino Acids 2016; 49:425-439. [PMID: 27562794 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to metastasize represents the most devastating feature of cancer. Currently, there are no specific biomarkers or therapeutic targets that can be used to predict the risk or to treat metastatic cancer. Many recent reports have demonstrated elevated expression of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in multiple drug-resistant and metastatic cancer cells. TG2 is a multifunctional protein mostly known for catalyzing Ca2+-dependent -acyl transferase reaction to form protein crosslinks. Besides this transamidase activity, many Ca2+-independent and non-enzymatic activities of TG2 have been identified. Both, the enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities of TG2 have been implicated in diverse pathophysiological processes such as wound healing, cell growth, cell survival, extracellular matrix modification, apoptosis, and autophagy. Tumors have been frequently referred to as 'wounds that never heal'. Based on the observation that TG2 plays an important role in wound healing and inflammation is known to facilitate cancer growth and progression, we discuss the evidence that TG2 can reprogram inflammatory signaling networks that play fundamental roles in cancer progression. TG2-regulated signaling bestows on cancer cells the ability to proliferate, to resist cell death, to invade, to reprogram glucose metabolism and to metastasize, the attributes that are considered important hallmarks of cancer. Therefore, inhibiting TG2 may offer a novel therapeutic approach for managing and treatment of metastatic cancer. Strategies to inhibit TG2-regulated pathways will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Agnihotri
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1901 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, 110 014, India.
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1901 East Road, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,MolQ Personalized Medicine, 4505 Maple Street, Bellaire, TX, 77401, USA.
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55
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Lai TS, Lin CJ, Greenberg CS. Role of tissue transglutaminase-2 (TG2)-mediated aminylation in biological processes. Amino Acids 2016; 49:501-515. [PMID: 27270573 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification (PTM) is an important mechanism in modulating a protein's structure and can lead to substantial diversity in biological function. Compared to other forms of PTMs such as phosphorylation, acetylation and glycosylation, the physiological significance of aminylation is limited. Aminylation refers to the covalent incorporation of biogenic/polyamines into target protein by calcium-dependent transglutaminases (TGs). The development of novel and more sensitive techniques has led to more proteins identified as tissue transglutaminase (TG2) substrates and potential targets for aminylation. Many of these substrate proteins play a role in cell signaling, cytoskeleton organization, muscle contraction, and inflammation. TG2 is well studied and widely expressed in a variety of tissues and will be the primary focus of this review on recent advance in transglutaminase-mediated aminylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thung-S Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Mackay Medical College, No. 46, Sec. 3, Jhong-Jheng Rd., Sanzhi Dist, New Taipei City, 25200, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Cheng-Jui Lin
- Nephrology/Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Nursing and Management, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Charles S Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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56
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Diaz-Hidalgo L, Altuntas S, Rossin F, D'Eletto M, Marsella C, Farrace MG, Falasca L, Antonioli M, Fimia GM, Piacentini M. Transglutaminase type 2-dependent selective recruitment of proteins into exosomes under stressful cellular conditions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2084-92. [PMID: 27169926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies are revealing a role of exosomes in intercellular communication, and growing evidence indicates an important function for these vesicles in the progression and pathogenesis of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the biogenesis process of exosomes is still unclear. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme with different subcellular localizations. Particularly, under stressful conditions, the enzyme has been also detected in the extracellular matrix, but the mechanism(s) by which TG2 is released outside the cells requires further investigation. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to determine whether exosomes might be a vehicle for TG2 to reach the extracellular space, and whether TG2 could be involved in exosomes biogenesis. To address this issue, we isolated and characterized exosomes derived from cells either expressing or not TG2, under stressful conditions (i.e. proteasome impairment or expressing a mutated form of huntingtin (mHtt) containing 84 polyglutamine repeats). Our results show that TG2 is present in the exosomes only upon proteasome blockade, a condition in which TG2 interacts with TSG101 and ALIX, two key proteins involved in exosome biogenesis. Interestingly, we found that TG2 favours the assembly of a protein complex including mHtt, ALIX, TSG101 and BAG3, a co-chaperone involved in the clearance of mHtt. The formation of this complex is paralleled by the selective recruitment of mHtt and BAG3 in the exosomes derived from TG2 proficient cells only. Overall, our data indicate that TG2 is an important player in the biogenesis of exosomes controlling the selectivity of their cargo under stressful cellular conditions. In addition, these vesicles represent the way by which cells can release TG2 into the extracellular space under proteostasis impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Altuntas
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Marsella
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Falasca
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Antonioli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy; Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy.
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Yeo SY, Itahana Y, Guo AK, Han R, Iwamoto K, Nguyen HT, Bao Y, Kleiber K, Wu YJ, Bay BH, Voorhoeve M, Itahana K. Transglutaminase 2 contributes to a TP53-induced autophagy program to prevent oncogenic transformation. eLife 2016; 5:e07101. [PMID: 26956429 PMCID: PMC4798945 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations which impair the function of the TP53 signaling pathway in TP53 wild-type human tumors remain elusive. To identify new components of this pathway, we performed a screen for genes whose loss-of-function debilitated TP53 signaling and enabled oncogenic transformation of human mammary epithelial cells. We identified transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) as a putative tumor suppressor in the TP53 pathway. TGM2 suppressed colony formation in soft agar and tumor formation in a xenograft mouse model. The depletion of growth supplements induced both TGM2 expression and autophagy in a TP53-dependent manner, and TGM2 promoted autophagic flux by enhancing autophagic protein degradation and autolysosome clearance. Reduced expression of both CDKN1A, which regulates the cell cycle downstream of TP53, and TGM2 synergized to promote oncogenic transformation. Our findings suggest that TGM2-mediated autophagy and CDKN1A-mediated cell cycle arrest are two important barriers in the TP53 pathway that prevent oncogenic transformation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07101.001 Cancers grow from rogue cells that manage to defy the strict rules that normally stop a cell from dividing when it should not. Each cell contains many proteins that are responsible for implementing these rules, and thus help to prevent tumors from forming. One of these proteins – p53 (which is also called TP53) – plays a central role in this process. Information about many processes within and around a cell filters through the p53 protein, before being passed on to a range of different proteins. The proteins that are alerted by p53 are commonly referred to as its 'downstream effectors', and it is these proteins that stop cells from dividing too much. For example, the protein p21 (also called CDKN1A) – which is the best understood of p53’s downstream effectors – hinders the machinery that causes cells to divide. Other p53 effectors can cause cells to kill themselves to prevent cancer growth. However, recent experiments with mice predicted that there may be other p53’s effectors that are important too. Yeo, Itahana et al. have now depleted the proteins that potentially work in p53’s network, one by one, in human cells called mammary epithelial cells, to test if these cells can become cancerous in the laboratory. The experiments showed that another downstream effector protein of p53 – an enzyme called transglutaminase 2 – contributes to prevent these mammary epithelial cells from becoming cancerous. Transglutaminase 2 promotes a process known as autophagy, which recycles damaged and old components of the cell, and therefore normally helps to keep cells healthy. Yeo, Itahana et al. also demonstrated that the effects of both p21 and transglutaminase 2 are critical to stop human mammary epithelial cells grown in the laboratory from dividing too much and from forming tumors when injected into mice. These experiments provide a deeper understanding of how most cells manage to remain healthy rather than becoming cancerous and reveal a potential new target for the early detection of cancer. Further investigations could now explore whether therapies could re-activate this enzyme to prevent or treat cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07101.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yun Yeo
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Yoko Itahana
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Alvin Kunyao Guo
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Rachel Han
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Kozue Iwamoto
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Hung Thanh Nguyen
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Yi Bao
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Kai Kleiber
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Ya Jun Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, , Singapore
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, , Singapore
| | - Mathijs Voorhoeve
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Koji Itahana
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
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Heo JC, Jung TH, Lee S, Kim HY, Choi G, Jung M, Jung D, Lee HK, Lee JO, Park JH, Hwang D, Seol HJ, Cho H. Effect of bexarotene on differentiation of glioblastoma multiforme compared with ATRA. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 33:417-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-016-9786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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59
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Cao J, Huang W. Compensatory Increase of Transglutaminase 2 Is Responsible for Resistance to mTOR Inhibitor Treatment. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149388. [PMID: 26872016 PMCID: PMC4752276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) plays a crucial role in controlling cell growth and homeostasis. Deregulation of mTOR signaling is frequently observed in some cancers, making it an attractive drug target for cancer therapy. Although mTORC1 inhibitor rapalog-based therapy has shown positive results in various pre-clinical animal cancer studies, tumors rebound upon treatment discontinuation. Moreover, several recent clinical trials showed that the mTORC1 inhibitors rapamycin and rapalog only reduce the capacity for cell proliferation without promoting cell death, consistent with the concept that rapamycin is cytostatic and reduces disease progression but is not cytotoxic. It is imperative that rapamycin-regulated events and additional targets for more effective drug combinations be identified. Here, we report that rapamycin treatment promotes a compensatory increase in transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) levels in mTORC1-driven tumors. TGM2 inhibition potently sensitizes mTORC1-hyperactive cancer cells to rapamycin treatment, and a rapamycin-induced autophagy blockade inhibits the compensatory TGM2 upregulation. More importantly, tumor regression was observed in MCF-7-xenograft tumor-bearing mice treated with both mTORC1 and TGM2 inhibitors compared with those treated with either a single inhibitor or the vehicle control. These results demonstrate a critical role for the compensatory increase in transglutaminase 2 levels in promoting mTORC1 inhibitor resistance and suggest that rational combination therapy may potentially suppress cancer therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Cao
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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60
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Bigaud E, Corrales FJ. Methylthioadenosine (MTA) Regulates Liver Cells Proteome and Methylproteome: Implications in Liver Biology and Disease. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1498-510. [PMID: 26819315 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.055772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), a key enzyme in the adenine and methionine salvage pathways, catalyzes the hydrolysis of methylthioadenosine (MTA), a compound suggested to affect pivotal cellular processes in part through the regulation of protein methylation. MTAP is expressed in a wide range of cell types and tissues, and its deletion is common to cancer cells and in liver injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the proteome and methyl proteome alterations triggered by MTAP deficiency in liver cells to define novel regulatory mechanisms that may explain the pathogenic processes of liver diseases. iTRAQ analysis resulted in the identification of 216 differential proteins (p < 0.05) that suggest deregulation of cellular pathways as those mediated by ERK or NFκB. R-methyl proteome analysis led to the identification of 74 differentially methylated proteins between SK-Hep1 and SK-Hep1+ cells, including 116 new methylation sites. Restoring normal MTA levels in SK-Hep1+ cells parallels the specific methylation of 56 proteins, including KRT8, TGF, and CTF8A, which provides a novel regulatory mechanism of their activity with potential implications in carcinogenesis. Inhibition of RNA-binding proteins methylation is especially relevant upon accumulation of MTA. As an example, methylation of quaking protein in Arg(242) and Arg(256) in SK-Hep1+ cells may play a pivotal role in the regulation of its activity as indicated by the up-regulation of its target protein p27(kip1) The phenotype associated with a MTAP deficiency was further verified in the liver of MTAP± mice. Our data support that MTAP deficiency leads to MTA accumulation and deregulation of central cellular pathways, increasing proliferation and decreasing the susceptibility to chemotherapeutic drugs, which involves differential protein methylation. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002957 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD002957).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bigaud
- From the §Department of Hepatology, Proteomics Laboratory, CIMA, University of Navarra; CIBERehd; IDISNA, Pamplona, 31008 Spain
| | - Fernando J Corrales
- From the §Department of Hepatology, Proteomics Laboratory, CIMA, University of Navarra; CIBERehd; IDISNA, Pamplona, 31008 Spain
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61
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Tissue transglutaminase-interleukin-6 axis facilitates peritoneal tumor spreading and metastasis of human ovarian cancer cells. Lab Anim Res 2015; 31:188-97. [PMID: 26755922 PMCID: PMC4707147 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2015.31.4.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has recently been implicated in cancer formation and progression. As tissue transglutaminase (TG2) has been associated with both inflammatory signaling and tumor cell behavior, we propose that TG2 may be an important link inducing interleukin-6 (IL-6)-mediated cancer cell aggressiveness, including cancer stem cell-like characteristics and distant hematogenous metastasis. We evaluated the effect of differential TG2 and IL-6 expression on in vivo distant metastasis of human ovarian cancer cells. IL-6 production in human ovarian cancer cells was dependent on their TG2 expression levels. The size and efficiency of tumor sphere formation were correlated with TG2 expression levels and were dependent on TG2-mediated IL-6 secretion in human ovarian cancer cells. Primary tumor growth and propagation in the peritoneum and distant hematogenous metastasis into the liver and lung were also dependent on TG2 and downstream IL-6 expression levels in human ovarian cancer cells. In this report, we provide evidence that TG2 is an important link in IL-6-mediated tumor cell aggressiveness, and that TG2 and downstream IL-6 could be important mediators of distant hematogenous metastasis of human ovarian cancer cells. Intervention specific to TG2 and/or downstream IL-6 in ovarian cancer cells could provide a promising means to control tumor metastasis.
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62
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Shrestha R, Tatsukawa H, Shrestha R, Ishibashi N, Matsuura T, Kagechika H, Kose S, Hitomi K, Imamoto N, Kojima S. Molecular mechanism by which acyclic retinoid induces nuclear localization of transglutaminase 2 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e2002. [PMID: 26633708 PMCID: PMC4720877 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear accumulation of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an important step in TG2-dependent cell death. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for nuclear translocation of TG2 are still poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that acyclic retinoid (ACR) induced nuclear accumulation of TG2 in JHH-7 cells, a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) leading to their apoptosis. We further demonstrated molecular mechanism in nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of TG2 and an effect of ACR on it. We identified a novel 14-amino acid nuclear localization signal (NLS) (466)AEKEETGMAMRIRV(479) in the 'C' domain and a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) (657)LHMGLHKL(664) in the 'D' domain that allowed TG2 to shuttle between the nuclear and cytosolic milieu. Increased nuclear import of GAPDH myc-HIS fused with the identified NLS was observed, confirming its nuclear import ability. Leptomycin B, an inhibitor of exportin-1 as well as point mutation of all leucine residues to glutamine residues in the NES of TG2 demolished its nuclear export. TG2 formed a trimeric complex with importin-α and importin-β independently from transamidase activity which strongly suggested the involvement of a NLS-based translocation of TG2 to the nucleus. ACR accelerated the formation of the trimeric complex and that may be at least in part responsible for enhanced nuclear localization of TG2 in HCC cells treated with ACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shrestha
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Tatsukawa
- Department of Basic Medicinal Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - R Shrestha
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - N Ishibashi
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, KOWA Company, Ltd., Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Matsuura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Kagechika
- Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Kose
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - K Hitomi
- Department of Basic Medicinal Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - N Imamoto
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - S Kojima
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, Division of Bio-Function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Kopp S, Warnke E, Wehland M, Aleshcheva G, Magnusson NE, Hemmersbach R, Corydon TJ, Bauer J, Infanger M, Grimm D. Mechanisms of three-dimensional growth of thyroid cells during long-term simulated microgravity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16691. [PMID: 26576504 PMCID: PMC4649336 DOI: 10.1038/srep16691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional multicellular spheroids (MCS) of human cells are important in cancer research. We investigated possible mechanisms of MCS formation of thyroid cells. Both, normal Nthy-ori 3–1 thyroid cells and the poorly differentiated follicular thyroid cancer cells FTC-133 formed MCS within 7 and 14 days of culturing on a Random Positioning Machine (RPM), while a part of the cells continued to grow adherently in each culture. The FTC-133 cancer cells formed larger and numerous MCS than the normal cells. In order to explain the different behaviour, we analyzed the gene expression of IL6, IL7, IL8, IL17, OPN, NGAL, VEGFA and enzymes associated cytoskeletal or membrane proteins (ACTB, TUBB, PFN1, CPNE1, TGM2, CD44, FLT1, FLK1, PKB, PKC, ERK1/2, Casp9, Col1A1) as well as the amount of secreted proteins (IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-17, OPN, NGAL, VEGFA). Several of these components changed during RPM-exposure in each cell line. Striking differences between normal and malignant cells were observed in regards to the expression of genes of NGAL, VEGFA, OPN, IL6 and IL17 and to the secretion of VEGFA, IL-17, and IL-6. These results suggest several gravi-sensitive growth or angiogenesis factors being involved in 3D formation of thyroid cells cultured under simulated microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Kopp
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Warnke
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ganna Aleshcheva
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nils E Magnusson
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ruth Hemmersbach
- DLR German Aerospace Centre, Department of Gravitational Biology, 51147 Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | | | - Johann Bauer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry Martinsried, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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64
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Min KW, Lee SH, Baek SJ. Moonlighting proteins in cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 370:108-16. [PMID: 26499805 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1980s, growing evidence suggested that the cellular localization of proteins determined their activity and biological functions. In a classical view, a protein is characterized by the single cellular compartment where it primarily resides and functions. It is now believed that when proteins appear in different subcellular locations, the cells surpass the expected activity of proteins given the same genomic information to fulfill complex biological behavior. Many proteins are recognized for having the potential to exist in multiple locations in cells. Dysregulation of translocation may cause cancer or contribute to poorer cancer prognosis. Thus, quantitative and comprehensive assessment of dynamic proteins and associated protein movements could be a promising indicator in determining cancer prognosis and efficiency of cancer treatment and therapy. This review will summarize these so-called moonlighting proteins, in terms of a coupled intracellular cancer signaling pathway. Determination of the detailed biological intracellular and extracellular transit and regulatory activity of moonlighting proteins permits a better understanding of cancer and identification of potential means of molecular intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Won Min
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Seong-Ho Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Seung Joon Baek
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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65
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Eckert RL, Fisher ML, Grun D, Adhikary G, Xu W, Kerr C. Transglutaminase is a tumor cell and cancer stem cell survival factor. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54:947-58. [PMID: 26258961 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that cancer cells express elevated levels of type II transglutaminase (TG2), and that expression is further highly enriched in cancer stem cells derived from these cancers. Moreover, elevated TG2 expression is associated with enhanced cancer stem cell marker expression, survival signaling, proliferation, migration, invasion, integrin-mediated adhesion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and drug resistance. TG2 expression is also associated with formation of aggressive and metastatic tumors that are resistant to conventional therapeutic intervention. This review summarizes the role of TG2 as a cancer cell survival factor in a range of tumor types, and as a target for preventive and therapeutic intervention. The literature supports the idea that TG2, in the closed/GTP-binding/signaling conformation, drives cancer cell and cancer stem cell survival, and that TG2, in the open/crosslinking conformation, is associated with cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew L Fisher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dan Grun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Candace Kerr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,The Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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66
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Kanchan K, Fuxreiter M, Fésüs L. Physiological, pathological, and structural implications of non-enzymatic protein-protein interactions of the multifunctional human transglutaminase 2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3009-35. [PMID: 25943306 PMCID: PMC11113818 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed member of an enzyme family catalyzing Ca(2+)-dependent transamidation of proteins. It is a multifunctional protein having several well-defined enzymatic (GTP binding and hydrolysis, protein disulfide isomerase, and protein kinase activities) and non-enzymatic (multiple interactions in protein scaffolds) functions. Unlike its enzymatic interactions, the significance of TG2's non-enzymatic regulation of its activities has recently gained importance. In this review, we summarize all the partners that directly interact with TG2 in a non-enzymatic manner and analyze how these interactions could modulate the crosslinking activity and cellular functions of TG2 in different cell compartments. We have found that TG2 mostly acts as a scaffold to bridge various proteins, leading to different functional outcomes. We have also studied how specific structural features, such as intrinsically disordered regions and embedded short linear motifs contribute to multifunctionality of TG2. Conformational diversity of intrinsically disordered regions enables them to interact with multiple partners, which can result in different biological outcomes. Indeed, ID regions in TG2 were identified in functionally relevant locations, indicating that they could facilitate conformational transitions towards the catalytically competent form. We reason that these structural features contribute to modulating the physiological and pathological functions of TG2 and could provide a new direction for detecting unique regulatory partners. Additionally, we have assembled all known anti-TG2 antibodies and have discussed their significance as a toolbox for identifying and confirming novel TG2 regulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Kanchan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4010 Hungary
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mónika Fuxreiter
- MTA-DE Momentum Laboratory of Protein Dynamics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Fésüs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4010 Hungary
- MTA-DE Apoptosis, Genomics and Stem Cell Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
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67
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Bijli KM, Kanter BG, Minhajuddin M, Leonard A, Xu L, Fazal F, Rahman A. Regulation of endothelial cell inflammation and lung polymorphonuclear lymphocyte infiltration by transglutaminase 2. Shock 2015; 42:562-9. [PMID: 25057925 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We addressed the role of transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a calcium-dependent enzyme that catalyzes cross-linking of proteins, in the mechanism of endothelial cell (EC) inflammation and lung polymorphonuclear lymphocyte (PMN) infiltration. Exposure of EC to thrombin, a procoagulant and proinflammatory mediator, resulted in activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and its target genes, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and interleukin 6. RNAi knockdown of TG2 inhibited these responses. Analysis of NF-κB activation pathway showed that TG2 knockdown was associated with inhibition of thrombin-induced DNA binding as well as serine phosphorylation of RelA/p65, a crucial event that controls transcriptional capacity of the DNA-bound RelA/p65. These results implicate an important role for TG2 in mediating EC inflammation by promoting DNA-binding and transcriptional activity of RelA/p65. Because thrombin is released in high amounts during sepsis, and its concentration is elevated in plasma and lavage fluids of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, we determined the in vivo relevance of TG2 in a mouse model of sepsis-induced lung PMN recruitment. A marked reduction in NF-κB activation, adhesion molecule expression, and lung PMN sequestration was observed in TG2 knockout mice compared with wild-type mice exposed to endotoxemia. Together, these results identify TG2 as an important mediator of EC inflammation and lung PMN sequestration associated with intravascular coagulation and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiser M Bijli
- Departments of *Pediatrics and †Biomedical Genetics, Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
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Fisher ML, Keillor JW, Xu W, Eckert RL, Kerr C. Transglutaminase Is Required for Epidermal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stem Cell Survival. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:1083-94. [PMID: 25934691 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0685-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cancer stem cells are thought to be responsible for rapid tumor growth, metastasis, and enhanced tumor survival following drug treatment. For this reason, there is a major emphasis on identifying proteins that can be targeted to kill cancer stem cells or control their growth, and transglutaminase type II (TGM2/TG2) is such a target in epidermal squamous cell carcinoma. TG2 was originally described as a transamidase in the extracellular matrix that crosslinks proteins by catalyzing ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine bonds. However, subsequent studies have shown that TG2 is a GTP-binding protein that plays an important role in cell signaling and survival. In the present study, TG2 shows promise as a target for anticancer stem cell therapy in human squamous cell carcinoma. TG2 was determined to be highly elevated in epidermal cancer stem cells (ECS cells), and TG2 knockdown or suppression of TG2 function with inhibitors reduced ECS cell survival, spheroid formation, Matrigel invasion, and migration. The reduction in survival is associated with activation of apoptosis. Mechanistic studies, using TG2 mutants, revealed that the GTP-binding activity is required for maintenance of ECS cell growth and survival, and that the action of TG2 in ECS cells is not mediated by NF-κB signaling. IMPLICATIONS This study suggests that TG2 has an important role in maintaining cancer stem cell survival, invasive, and metastatic behavior and is an important therapeutic target to reduce survival of cancer stem cells in epidermal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Fisher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Candace Kerr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Cellura D, Pickard K, Quaratino S, Parker H, Strefford JC, Thomas GJ, Mitter R, Mirnezami AH, Peake NJ. miR-19-Mediated Inhibition of Transglutaminase-2 Leads to Enhanced Invasion and Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:1095-1105. [PMID: 25934693 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Transglutaminase-2 (TG2) is a critical cross-linking enzyme in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and tumor microenvironment (TME). Although its expression has been linked to colorectal cancer, its functional role in the processes that drive disease appears to be context dependent. There is now considerable evidence of a role for microRNAs (miRNA) in the development and progression of cancer, including metastasis. A cell model of metastatic colon adenocarcinoma was used to investigate the contribution of miRNAs to the differential expression of TG2, and functional effects on inflammatory and invasive behavior. The impact of TG2 in colorectal cancer was analyzed in human colorectal tumor specimens and by manipulations in SW480 and SW620 cells. Effects on invasive behavior were measured using Transwell invasion assays, and cytokine production was assessed by ELISA. TG2 was identified as a target for miR-19 by in silico analysis, which was confirmed experimentally. Functional effects were evaluated by overexpression of pre-miR-19a in SW480 cells. Expression of TG2 correlated inversely with invasive behavior, with knockdown in SW480 cells leading to enhanced invasion, and overexpression in SW620 cells the opposite. TG2 expression was observed in colorectal cancer primary tumors but lost in liver metastases. Finally, miR-19 overexpression and subsequent decreased TG2 expression was linked to chromosome-13 amplification events, leading to altered invasive behavior in colorectal cancer cells. IMPLICATIONS Chromosome-13 amplification in advanced colorectal cancer contributes to invasion and metastasis by upregulating miR-19, which targets TG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cellura
- Molecular mechanisms research unit, Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton Cancer Sciences Division, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton University Hospital NHS Trust, Tremona road, Southampton, SO16 6YD
| | - K Pickard
- Molecular mechanisms research unit, Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton Cancer Sciences Division, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton University Hospital NHS Trust, Tremona road, Southampton, SO16 6YD
| | - S Quaratino
- Molecular mechanisms research unit, Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton Cancer Sciences Division, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton University Hospital NHS Trust, Tremona road, Southampton, SO16 6YD
| | - H Parker
- Cancer Genomics, Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD
| | - J C Strefford
- Cancer Genomics, Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD
| | - G J Thomas
- Molecular mechanisms research unit, Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton Cancer Sciences Division, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton University Hospital NHS Trust, Tremona road, Southampton, SO16 6YD
| | - R Mitter
- Bioinformatics Unit, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3TL
| | - A H Mirnezami
- Molecular mechanisms research unit, Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton Cancer Sciences Division, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton University Hospital NHS Trust, Tremona road, Southampton, SO16 6YD.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Southampton University Hospital NHS Trust, Tremona road, Southampton, UK
| | - N J Peake
- Molecular mechanisms research unit, Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton Cancer Sciences Division, Somers Cancer Research Building, Southampton University Hospital NHS Trust, Tremona road, Southampton, SO16 6YD
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70
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Oxidative stress shapes breast cancer phenotype through chronic activation of ATM-dependent signaling. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 151:75-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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71
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Yen JH, Lin LC, Chen MC, Sarang Z, Leong PY, Chang IC, Hsu JD, Chen JH, Hsieh YF, Pallai A, Köröskényi K, Szondy Z, Tsay GJ. The metastatic tumor antigen 1-transglutaminase-2 pathway is involved in self-limitation of monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation by upregulating TGF-β1. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:65. [PMID: 25889736 PMCID: PMC4422600 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a protein crosslinking enzyme with multiple biochemical functions, has been connected to various inflammatory processes. In this study, the involvement of TG2 in monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced inflammation was studied. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed to detect TG2 expression in synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs) and synovial tissue from patients with gouty arthritis. MSU crystal-exposed RAW264.7 mouse macrophages were analyzed for interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and TG2 expression by RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TG2 small interfering (si)-RNA-mediated silencing and overexpression in RAW264.7 cells were used to evaluate the involvement of TG2 in resolving MSU crystal-induced inflammation. The role of metastatic tumor antigen 1 (MTA1), a master chromatin modifier, was investigated by MTA1 si-RNA-mediated knockdown. In addition, the inflammatory responses were followed in wild type and TG2 null mice after being challenged with MSU crystals in an in vivo peritonitis model. RESULTS TG2 expression was up-regulated in the synovium tissue and SFMCs from patients with gouty arthritis. The levels of MTA1, TG2, TGF-β1, IL-1β and TNF-α mRNAs were consistently increased in MSU crystal-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. si-MTA1 impaired the basal, as well as the MSU crystal-induced expression of TG2 and TGF-β1, but increased that of IL-1β and TNF-α. TG2 overexpression dramatically suppressed MSU crystal-induced IL-1β and TNF-α, but significantly enhanced the TGF-β1 production. Neutralizing TGF-β antibodies or inhibition of the crosslinking activity of TG2 attenuated these effects. On the contrary, loss of TG2 resulted in a reduced TGF-β, but in an increased IL-1β and TNF-α production in MSU crystal-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). MSU crystal-stimulated IL-1β production was Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signaling dependent and TG2-induced TGF-β suppressed the activity of it. Finally, TG2-deficient mice exhibited hyper inflammatory responses after being challenged with MSU crystals in an in vivo peritonitis model. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal an inherent regulatory role of the MTA1-TG2 pathway in the self-limitation of MSU crystal-induced inflammation via positively regulating the levels of active TGF-β1 in macrophages that opposes the MSU crystal-induced JAK2-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hau Yen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ling-Chung Lin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Chi Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Pui-Ying Leong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - I-Chang Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Jeng-Dong Hsu
- Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Jiunn-Horng Chen
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Fan Hsieh
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Anna Pallai
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Krisztina Köröskényi
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsa Szondy
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gregory J Tsay
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
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72
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Hasima N, Ozpolat B. Regulation of autophagy by polyphenolic compounds as a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1509. [PMID: 25375374 PMCID: PMC4260725 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, a lysosomal degradation pathway for cellular constituents and organelles, is an adaptive and essential process required for cellular homeostasis. Although autophagy functions as a survival mechanism in response to cellular stressors such as nutrient or growth factor deprivation, it can also lead to a non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death (PCD) called autophagy-induced cell death or autophagy-associated cell death (type II PCD). Current evidence suggests that cell death through autophagy can be induced as an alternative to apoptosis (type I PCD), with therapeutic purpose in cancer cells that are resistant to apoptosis. Thus, modulating autophagy is of great interest in cancer research and therapy. Natural polyphenolic compounds that are present in our diet, such as rottlerin, genistein, quercetin, curcumin, and resveratrol, can trigger type II PCD via various mechanisms through the canonical (Beclin-1 dependent) and non-canonical (Beclin-1 independent) routes of autophagy. The capacity of these compounds to provide a means of cancer cell death that enhances the effects of standard therapies should be taken into consideration for designing novel therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on the autophagy- and cell death-inducing effects of these polyphenolic compounds in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hasima
- 1] Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX 77030, USA [2] Institute Science Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia [3] Center for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - B Ozpolat
- 1] Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX 77030, USA [2] Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs - Red and Charline McCombs Institute for the Early Detection and Treatment of Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 422, Houston, TX, USA
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Piacentini M, D'Eletto M, Farrace MG, Rodolfo C, Del Nonno F, Ippolito G, Falasca L. Characterization of distinct sub-cellular location of transglutaminase type II: changes in intracellular distribution in physiological and pathological states. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:793-805. [PMID: 25209703 PMCID: PMC4233112 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase type II (TG2) is a pleiotropic enzyme that exhibits various activities unrelated to its originally identified functions. Apart from post-translational modifications of proteins (peculiar to the transglutaminase family enzymes), TG2 is involved in diverse biological functions, including cell death, signaling, cytoskeleton rearrangements, displaying enzymatic activities, G-protein and non-enzymatic biological functions. It is involved in a variety of human diseases such as celiac disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory disorders and cancer. Regulatory mechanisms might exist through which cells control multifunctional protein expression as a function of their sub-cellular localization. The definition of the tissue and cellular distribution of such proteins is important for the determination of their function(s). We investigate the sub-cellular localization of TG2 by confocal and immunoelectron microscopy techniques in order to gain an understanding of its properties. The culture conditions of human sarcoma cells (2fTGH cells), human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293TG) and human neuroblastoma cells (SK-n-BE(2)) are modulated to induce various stimuli. Human tissue samples of myocardium and gut mucosa (diseased and healthy) are also analyzed. Immuno-gold labeling indicates that TG2 is localized in the nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum under physiological conditions but that this is not a stable association, since different locations or different amounts of TG2 can be observed depending on stress stimuli or the state of activity of the cell. We describe a possible unrecognized location of TG2. Our findings thus provide useful insights regarding the functions and regulation of this pleiotropic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
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Gurbuz N, Ashour AA, Alpay SN, Ozpolat B. Down-regulation of 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors inhibits proliferation, clonogenicity and invasion of human pancreatic cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105245. [PMID: 25170871 PMCID: PMC4149367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is characterized by extensive local tumor invasion, metastasis and early systemic dissemination. The vast majority of pancreatic cancer (PaCa) patients already have metastatic complications at the time of diagnosis, and the death rate of this lethal type of cancer has increased over the past decades. Thus, efforts at identifying novel molecularly targeted therapies are priorities. Recent studies have suggested that serotonin (5-HT) contributes to the tumor growth in a variety of cancers including prostate, colon, bladder and liver cancer. However, there is lack of evidence about the impact of 5-HT receptors on promoting pancreatic cancer. Having considered the role of 5-HT-1 receptors, especially 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D subtypes in different types of malignancies, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors in PaCa growth and progression and analyze their potential as cytotoxic targets. We found that knockdown of 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors expression, using specific small interfering RNA (siRNA), induced significant inhibition of proliferation and clonogenicity of PaCa cells. Also, it significantly suppressed PaCa cells invasion and reduced the activity of uPAR/MMP-2 signaling and Integrin/Src/Fak-mediated signaling, as integral tumor cell pathways associated with invasion, migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Moreover, targeting 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors down-regulates zinc finger ZEB1 and Snail proteins, the hallmarks transcription factors regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), concomitantly with up-regulating of claudin-1 and E-Cadherin. In conclusion, our data suggests that 5-HT1B– and 5-HT1D–mediated signaling play an important role in the regulation of the proliferative and invasive phenotype of PaCa. It also highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting of 5-HT1B/1D receptors in the treatment of PaCa, and opens a new avenue for biomarkers identification, and valuable new therapeutic targets for managing pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgun Gurbuz
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ahmed A Ashour
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Neslihan Alpay
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America; Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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75
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Pal S, Bhattacharjee A, Ali A, Mandal NC, Mandal SC, Pal M. Chronic inflammation and cancer: potential chemoprevention through nuclear factor kappa B and p53 mutual antagonism. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2014; 11:23. [PMID: 25152696 PMCID: PMC4142057 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF- κB) as a mechanism of host defense against infection and stress is the central mediator of inflammatory responses. A normal (acute) inflammatory response is activated on urgent basis and is auto-regulated. Chronic inflammation that results due to failure in the regulatory mechanism, however, is largely considered as a critical determinant in the initiation and progression of various forms of cancer. Mechanistically, NF- κB favors this process by inducing various genes responsible for cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion while at the same time antagonizing growth regulators including tumor suppressor p53. It has been shown by various independent investigations that a down regulation of NF- κB activity directly, or indirectly through the activation of the p53 pathway reduces tumor growth substantially. Therefore, there is a huge effort driven by many laboratories to understand the NF- κB signaling pathways to intervene the function of this crucial player in inflammation and tumorigenesis in order to find an effective inhibitor directly, or through the p53 tumor suppressor. We discuss here on the role of NF- κB in chronic inflammation and cancer, highlighting mutual antagonism between NF- κB and p53 pathways in the process. We also discuss prospective pharmacological modulators of these two pathways, including those that were already tested to affect this mutual antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabani Pal
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy laboratory, Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ashish Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur-713209, India
| | - Asif Ali
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
| | | | - Subhash C Mandal
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy laboratory, Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Mahadeb Pal
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata 700054, India
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76
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Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (transglutaminase 2) is a multifunctional enzyme with many interesting properties resulting in versatile roles in both physiology and pathophysiology. Herein, the particular involvement of the enzyme in human diseases will be outlined with special emphasis on its role in cancer and in tissue interactions with biomaterials. Despite recent progress in unraveling the different cellular functions of transglutaminase 2, several questions remain. Transglutaminase 2 features in both confirmed and some still ambiguous roles within pathological conditions, raising interest in developing inhibitors and imaging probes which target this enzyme. One important prerequisite for identifying and characterizing such molecular tools are reliable assay methods to measure the enzymatic activity. This digest Letter will provide clarification about the various assay methods described to date, accompanied by a discussion of recent progress in the development of inhibitors and imaging probes targeting transglutaminase 2.
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77
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De Antonellis P, Carotenuto M, Vandenbussche J, De Vita G, Ferrucci V, Medaglia C, Boffa I, Galiero A, Di Somma S, Magliulo D, Aiese N, Alonzi A, Spano D, Liguori L, Chiarolla C, Verrico A, Schulte JH, Mestdagh P, Vandesompele J, Gevaert K, Zollo M. Early targets of miR-34a in neuroblastoma. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:2114-31. [PMID: 24912852 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.035808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genes encoding for proteins involved in proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis are known to be direct miR-34a targets. Here, we used proteomics to screen for targets of miR-34a in neuroblastoma (NBL), a childhood cancer that originates from precursor cells of the sympathetic nervous system. We examined the effect of miR-34a overexpression using a tetracycline inducible system in two NBL cell lines (SHEP and SH-SY5Y) at early time points of expression (6, 12, and 24 h). Proteome analysis using post-metabolic labeling led to the identification of 2,082 proteins, and among these 186 were regulated (112 proteins down-regulated and 74 up-regulated). Prediction of miR-34a targets via bioinformatics showed that 32 transcripts held miR-34a seed sequences in their 3'-UTR. By combining the proteomics data with Kaplan Meier gene-expression studies, we identified seven new gene products (ALG13, TIMM13, TGM2, ABCF2, CTCF, Ki67, and LYAR) that were correlated with worse clinical outcomes. These were further validated in vitro by 3'-UTR seed sequence regulation. In addition, Michigan Molecular Interactions searches indicated that together these proteins affect signaling pathways that regulate cell cycle and proliferation, focal adhesions, and other cellular properties that overall enhance tumor progression (including signaling pathways such as TGF-β, WNT, MAPK, and FAK). In conclusion, proteome analysis has here identified early targets of miR-34a with relevance to NBL tumorigenesis. Along with the results of previous studies, our data strongly suggest miR-34a as a useful tool for improving the chance of therapeutic success with NBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqualino De Antonellis
- From the ‡Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), 80145 Naples, Italy; §Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marianeve Carotenuto
- From the ‡Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), 80145 Naples, Italy; §Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Jonathan Vandenbussche
- ‖Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; **Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gennaro De Vita
- From the ‡Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), 80145 Naples, Italy; §Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Ferrucci
- From the ‡Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), 80145 Naples, Italy; §Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Medaglia
- From the ‡Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), 80145 Naples, Italy; §Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Iolanda Boffa
- From the ‡Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), 80145 Naples, Italy; §Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Galiero
- From the ‡Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), 80145 Naples, Italy; §Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sarah Di Somma
- From the ‡Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), 80145 Naples, Italy; §Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Magliulo
- From the ‡Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), 80145 Naples, Italy; §Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Aiese
- From the ‡Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), 80145 Naples, Italy; §Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Alonzi
- From the ‡Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), 80145 Naples, Italy; §Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Spano
- From the ‡Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), 80145 Naples, Italy; §Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Liguori
- From the ‡Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), 80145 Naples, Italy; §Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Chiarolla
- From the ‡Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), 80145 Naples, Italy; §Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Verrico
- From the ‡Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), 80145 Naples, Italy; §Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; ‡‡Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Pieter Mestdagh
- ¶¶Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Vandesompele
- ¶¶Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- ‖Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; **Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Massimo Zollo
- From the ‡Centro di Ingegneria Genetica e Biotecnologie Avanzate (CEINGE), 80145 Naples, Italy; §Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; ‖‖Centro di Medicina Trasfusionale, Azienda Ospedaliera Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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78
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Eckert RL, Kaartinen MT, Nurminskaya M, Belkin AM, Colak G, Johnson GVW, Mehta K. Transglutaminase regulation of cell function. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:383-417. [PMID: 24692352 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are multifunctional proteins having enzymatic and scaffolding functions that participate in regulation of cell fate in a wide range of cellular systems and are implicated to have roles in development of disease. This review highlights the mechanism of action of these proteins with respect to their structure, impact on cell differentiation and survival, role in cancer development and progression, and function in signal transduction. We also discuss the mechanisms whereby TG level is controlled and how TGs control downstream targets. The studies described herein begin to clarify the physiological roles of TGs in both normal biology and disease states.
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79
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Willis WL, Hariharan S, David JJ, Strauch AR. Transglutaminase-2 mediates calcium-regulated crosslinking of the Y-box 1 (YB-1) translation-regulatory protein in TGFβ1-activated myofibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2014; 114:2753-69. [PMID: 23804301 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Myofibroblast differentiation is required for wound healing and accompanied by activation of smooth muscle α-actin (SMαA) gene expression. The stress-response protein, Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) binds SMαA mRNA and regulates its translational activity. Activation of SMαA gene expression in human pulmonary myofibroblasts by TGFβ1 was associated with formation of denaturation-resistant YB-1 oligomers with selective affinity for a known translation-silencer sequence in SMαA mRNA. We have determined that YB-1 is a substrate for the protein-crosslinking enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) that catalyzes calcium-dependent formation of covalent γ-glutamyl-isopeptide linkages in response to reactive oxygen signaling. TG2 transamidation reactions using intact cells, cell lysates, and recombinant YB-1 revealed covalent crosslinking of the 50 kDa YB-1 polypeptide into protein oligomers that were distributed during SDS-PAGE over a 75-250 kDa size range. In vitro YB-1 transamidation required nanomolar levels of calcium and was enhanced by the presence of SMαA mRNA. In human pulmonary fibroblasts, YB-1 crosslinking was inhibited by (a) anti-oxidant cystamine, (b) the reactive-oxygen antagonist, diphenyleneiodonium, (c) competitive inhibition of TG2 transamidation using the aminyl-surrogate substrate, monodansylcadaverine, and (d) transfection with small-interfering RNA specific for human TG2 mRNA. YB-1 crosslinking was partially reversible as a function of oligomer-substrate availability and TG2 enzyme concentration. Intracellular calcium accumulation and peroxidative stress in injury-activated myofibroblasts may govern SMαA mRNA translational activity during wound healing via TG2-mediated crosslinking of the YB-1 mRNA-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Willis
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and the Ohio State Biochemistry Program, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
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80
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Transglutaminase 2 is essential for adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis to host cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:5355-60. [PMID: 24706840 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402740111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is the major causative agent of periodontitis, and it may also be involved in the development of systemic diseases (atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis). P. gingivalis is found on and within oral and gingival epithelial cells following binding to surface components of host cells, which serve as receptors for the bacterium. Evidence is presented in this study that shows that transglutaminase 2 (TG2) plays a critical role in the adherence of P. gingivalis to host cells. Studies of confocal microscopy indicate colocalization of P. gingivalis with TG2 on the surface of HEp-2 epithelial cells, with clusters of TG2 seen at bacterial attachment sites. By silencing the expression of TG2 with siRNA in HEp-2 cells, P. gingivalis association was greatly diminished. The bacterium does not bind well to a mouse fibroblast cell line that produces low amounts of surface TG2, but binding can be restored by introduction of TG2 expressed on a plasmid. TG2 can form very tight complexes with fibronectin (FN), and the complementary binding sites of the two proteins are known. A synthetic peptide that mimics the main FN-binding sequence of TG2 blocks the formation of TG2-FN complexes and is highly effective in inhibiting adherence of P. gingivalis to host cells. These findings provide evidence of a role for cell-surface TG2 in bacterial attachment and subsequent internalization.
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81
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Han AL, Kumar S, Fok JY, Tyagi AK, Mehta K. Tissue transglutaminase expression promotes castration-resistant phenotype and transcriptional repression of androgen receptor. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:1685-96. [PMID: 24656569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have supported a role for inflammation in prostate tumour growth. However, the contribution of inflammation to the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer remains largely unknown. Based on observations that aberrant expression of the proinflammatory protein tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is associated with development of drug resistance and metastatic phenotype in multiple cancer types, we determined TG2 expression in prostate cancer cells. Herein we report that human prostate cancer cell lines with low expression of androgen receptor (AR) had high basal levels of TG2 expression. Also, overexpression of TG2 negatively regulated AR mRNA and protein expression and attenuated androgen sensitivity of prostate cancer cells. TG2 expression in prostate cancer cells was associated with increased invasion and resistance to chemotherapy. Mechanistically, TG2 activated nuclear factor (NF)-κB and induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. TG2/NF-κB-mediated decrease in AR expression resulted from transcriptional repression involving cis-interaction of NF-κB in a complex with TG2 with the 5'-untranslated region of AR. Negative regulation of AR could be partially abrogated by repression of TG2 or NF-κB (p65/RelA) by gene-specific small interfering RNA. These results suggested that a novel pathway links androgen dependence with TG2-regulated inflammatory signalling and hence may make TG2 a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Lee Han
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jansina Y Fok
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Amit K Tyagi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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82
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Boroughs LK, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. A novel mechanism by which tissue transglutaminase activates signaling events that promote cell survival. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10115-25. [PMID: 24569994 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.464693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) functions as a GTPase and an acyl transferase that catalyzes the formation of protein cross-links. tTG expression is frequently up-regulated in human cancer, where it has been implicated in various aspects of cancer progression, including cell survival and chemo-resistance. However, the extent to which tTG cooperates with other proteins within the context of a cancer cell, versus its intrinsic ability to confer transformed characteristics to cells, is poorly understood. To address this question, we asked what effect the ectopic expression of tTG in a non-transformed cellular background would have on the behavior of the cells. Using NIH3T3 fibroblasts stably expressing a Myc-tagged form of tTG, we found that tTG strongly protected these cells from serum starvation-induced apoptosis and triggered the activation of the PI3-kinase/mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1)/p70 S6-kinase pathway. We determined that tTG forms a complex with the non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Src and PI3-kinase, and that treating cells with inhibitors to block tTG function (monodansylcadaverine; MDC) or c-Src kinase activity (PP2) disrupted the formation of this complex, and prevented tTG from activating the PI3-kinase pathway. Moreover, treatment of fibroblasts over-expressing tTG with PP2, or with inhibitors that inactivate components of the PI3-kinase pathway, including PI3-kinase (LY294002) and mTORC1 (rapamycin), ablated the tTG-promoted survival of the cells. These findings demonstrate that tTG has an intrinsic capability to stimulate cell survival through a novel mechanism that activates PI3-kinase signaling events, thus highlighting tTG as a potential target for the treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey K Boroughs
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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83
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Yakubov B, Chen L, Belkin AM, Zhang S, Chelladurai B, Zhang ZY, Matei D. Small molecule inhibitors target the tissue transglutaminase and fibronectin interaction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89285. [PMID: 24586660 PMCID: PMC3930694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) mediates protein crosslinking through generation of ε-(γ-glutamyl) lysine isopeptide bonds and promotes cell adhesion through interaction with fibronectin (FN) and integrins. Cell adhesion to the peritoneal matrix regulated by TG2 facilitates ovarian cancer dissemination. Therefore, disruption of the TG2-FN complex by small molecules may inhibit cell adhesion and metastasis. A novel high throughput screening (HTS) assay based on AlphaLISA™ technology was developed to measure the formation of a complex between His-TG2 and the biotinylated FN fragment that binds TG2 and to discover small molecules that inhibit this protein-protein interaction. Several hits were identified from 10,000 compounds screened. The top candidates selected based on >70% inhibition of the TG2/FN complex formation were confirmed by using ELISA and bioassays measuring cell adhesion, migration, invasion, and proliferation. In conclusion, the AlphaLISA bead format assay measuring the TG2-FN interaction is robust and suitable for HTS of small molecules. One compound identified from the screen (TG53) potently inhibited ovarian cancer cell adhesion to FN, cell migration, and invasion and could be further developed as a potential inhibitor for ovarian cancer dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakhtiyor Yakubov
- Indiana University Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DM); (BY)
| | - Lan Chen
- Chemical Genomics Core Facility, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alexey M. Belkin
- University of Maryland Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Chemical Genomics Core Facility, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bhadrani Chelladurai
- Indiana University Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Daniela Matei
- Indiana University Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- VA Roudebush Hospital, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DM); (BY)
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84
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Kumar S, Donti TR, Agnihotri N, Mehta K. Transglutaminase 2 reprogramming of glucose metabolism in mammary epithelial cells via activation of inflammatory signaling pathways. Int J Cancer 2014; 134:2798-807. [PMID: 24477458 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant glucose metabolism characterized by high levels of glycolysis, even in the presence of oxygen, is an important hallmark of cancer. This metabolic reprogramming referred to as the Warburg effect is essential to the survival of tumor cells and provides them with substrates required for biomass generation. Molecular mechanisms responsible for this shift in glucose metabolism remain elusive. As described herein, we found that aberrant expression of the proinflammatory protein transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an important regulator of the Warburg effect in mammary epithelial cells. Mechanistically, TG2 regulated metabolic reprogramming by constitutively activating nuclear factor (NF)-κB, which binds to the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α promoter and induces its expression even under normoxic conditions. TG2/NF-κB-induced increase in HIF-1α expression was associated with increased glucose uptake, increased lactate production and decreased oxygen consumption by mitochondria. Experimental suppression of TG2 attenuated HIF-1α expression and reversed downstream events in mammary epithelial cells. Moreover, downregulation of p65/RelA or HIF-1α expression in these cells restored normal glucose uptake, lactate production, mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic protein expression. Our results suggest that aberrant expression of TG2 is a master regulator of metabolic reprogramming and facilitates metabolic alterations in epithelial cells even under normoxic conditions. A TG2-induced shift in glucose metabolism helps breast cancer cells to survive under stressful conditions and promotes their metastatic competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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85
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Extracellular tissue transglutaminase activates noncanonical NF-κB signaling and promotes metastasis in ovarian cancer. Neoplasia 2014; 15:609-19. [PMID: 23730209 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that binds to fibronectin and exerts protein transamidating activity in the presence of Ca(2+). We previously reported that TG2 is upregulated in ovarian tumors and enhances intraperitoneal (i.p.) metastasis. TG2 is secreted abundantly in ovarian cancer (OC) ascites as an active enzyme, yet its function in the extracellular compartment remains unknown. To study the distinct functions of secreted TG2, we used recombinant His6-tagged TG2 and catalytically inactive enzyme in vitro and in vivo. By using i.p. and orthotopic ovarian xenografts, we show that extracellular transglutaminase promoted OC peritoneal metastasis. The main pathway activated by extracellular TG2 was noncanonical nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, and the enzymatic function of the protein was required to induce phosphorylation of IκB kinase α and processing of the precursor protein p100 into the active p52 subunit. A specific target of TG2-activated p52/RelB complex is the hyaluronan receptor, CD44. Noncanonical NF-κB activation by extracellular TG2 induced CD44 up-regulation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, contributing to increased cancer cell invasiveness and OC peritoneal dissemination. Taken together, our data support that noncanonical NF-κB activation is the pathway through which extracellular TG2 promotes OC metastasis.
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Anti-tumor effect of paeonol via regulating NF-κB, AKT and MAPKs activation: A quick review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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87
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Sileno S, D'Oria V, Stucchi R, Alessio M, Petrini S, Bonetto V, Maechler P, Bertuzzi F, Grasso V, Paolella K, Barbetti F, Massa O. A possible role of transglutaminase 2 in the nucleus of INS-1E and of cells of human pancreatic islets. J Proteomics 2013; 96:314-27. [PMID: 24291354 PMCID: PMC3919173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional protein with Ca2 +-dependent transamidating and G protein activity. Previously we reported that the role of TG2 in insulin secretion may involve cytoplasmic actin remodeling and a regulative action on other proteins during granule movement. The aim of this study was to gain a better insight into the role of TG2 transamidating activity in mitochondria and in the nucleus of INS-1E rat insulinoma cell line (INS-1E) during insulin secretion. To this end we labeled INS-1E with an artificial donor (biotinylated peptide), in basal condition and after stimulus with glucose for 2, 5, and 8 min. Biotinylated proteins of the nuclear/mitochondrial-enriched fraction were analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Many mitochondrial proteins involved in Ca2 + homeostasis (e.g. voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein, prohibitin and different ATP synthase subunits) and many nuclear proteins involved in gene regulation (e.g. histone H3, barrier to autointegration factor and various heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein) were identified among a number of transamidating substrates of TG2 in INS-1E. The combined results provide evidence that a temporal link exists between glucose-stimulation, first phase insulin secretion and the action of TG on histone H3 both in INS-1E and human pancreatic islets. Biological significance Research into the role of transglutaminase 2 during insulin secretion in INS-1E rat insulinoma cellular model is depicting a complex role for this enzyme. Transglutaminase 2 acts in the different INS-1E compartments in the same way: catalyzing a post-translational modification event of its substrates. In this work we identify some mitochondrial and nuclear substrates of INS-1E during first phase insulin secretion. The finding that TG2 interacts with nuclear proteins that include BAF and histone H3 immediately after (2–5 min) glucose stimulus of INS-1E suggests that TG2 may be involved not only in insulin secretion, as suggested by our previous studies in cytoplasmic INS-1E fraction, but also in the regulation of glucose-induced gene transcription. Transglutaminase 2 localizes in the nucleus and in the mitochondrion of INS-1E. TG2 acts as a modifying enzyme in both compartments during FPIS. TG2 may contribute to Ca2 + sensing in mitochondrion through its substrates. TG2 may contribute to chromatin condensation in nucleus through its substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sileno
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina D'Oria
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Alessio
- Proteome Biochemistry Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Bonetto
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Pierre Maechler
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva University Medical Centre, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Valeria Grasso
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Paolella
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Barbetti
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ornella Massa
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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Assi J, Srivastava G, Matta A, Chang MC, Walfish PG, Ralhan R. Transglutaminase 2 overexpression in tumor stroma identifies invasive ductal carcinomas of breast at high risk of recurrence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74437. [PMID: 24058567 PMCID: PMC3772876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Molecular markers for predicting breast cancer patients at high risk of recurrence are urgently needed for more effective disease management. The impact of alterations in extracellular matrix components on tumor aggressiveness is under intense investigation. Overexpression of Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a multifunctional enzyme, in cancer cells impacts epithelial mesenchymal transition, growth, invasion and interactions with tumor microenvironment. The objective of our study is to determine the clinical relevance of stromal TG2 overexpression and explore its potential to identify breast cancers at high risk of recurrence. Methods This retrospective study is based on immunohistochemical analysis of TG2 expression in normal breast tissues (n = 40) and breast cancers (n = 253) with clinical, pathological and follow-up data available for up to 12 years. TG2 expression was correlated with clinical and pathological parameters as well as disease free survival (DFS) of breast cancer patients. Results Stromal TG2 overexpression was observed in 114/253 (45.0%) breast cancer tissues as compared to breast normal tissues. Among invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) of the breast, 97/168 (57.7%) showed strong TG2 expression in tumor stroma. Importantly, IDC patients showing stromal TG2 accumulation had significantly reduced DFS (mean DFS = 110 months) in comparison with patients showing low expression (mean DFS = 130 months) in Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (p<0.001). In Cox multivariate regression analysis, stromal TG2 accumulation was an independent risk factor for recurrence (p = 0.006, Hazard’s ratio, H.R. = 3.79). Notably, these breast cancer patients also showed immunostaining of N-epsilon gamma-glutamyl lysine amino residues in tumor stroma demonstrating the transamidating activity of TG2. Conclusions Accumulation of TG2 in tumor stroma is an independent risk factor for identifying breast cancer patients at high risk of recurrence. TG2 overexpression in tumor stroma may serve as a predictor of poor prognosis for IDC of the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Assi
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gunjan Srivastava
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ajay Matta
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin C. Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul G. Walfish
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Joseph and Mildred Sonshine Family Centre for Head and Neck Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Division, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (PGW); (RR)
| | - Ranju Ralhan
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Joseph and Mildred Sonshine Family Centre for Head and Neck Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (PGW); (RR)
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Fu J, Yang QY, Sai K, Chen FR, Pang JCS, Ng HK, Kwan AL, Chen ZP. TGM2 inhibition attenuates ID1 expression in CD44-high glioma-initiating cells. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1353-65. [PMID: 23877317 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD44 is a molecular marker associated with cancer stem cell populations and treatment resistance in glioma. More effective therapies will result from approaches aimed at targeting glioma cells high in CD44. METHODS Glioma-initiating cell lines were derived from fresh surgical glioblastoma samples. Expression of tissue transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) was attenuated through lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA knockdown. MTT assay [(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] was used to evaluate the growth inhibition induced by TGM2 inhibitor. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling was used to evaluate cell apoptosis following TGM2 inhibition. CD44(+) glioma stem cells were sorted by flow cytometry. A nude mice orthotopic xenograft model was used to evaluate the in vivo effect of TGM2 inhibitor. RESULTS TGM2 was highly expressed in CD44-high glioblastoma tissues and tumor-derived glioma-initiating cell lines. TGM2 knockdown impaired cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in CD44-high glioma-initiating cell lines. Further studies indicated that expression of inhibitor of DNA binding 1 protein (ID1) is regulated by TGM2 and might be an important mediator for TGM2-regulated cell proliferation in CD44-high glioma-initiating cell lines. TGM2 inhibitor reduces ID1 expression, suppresses cell proliferation, and induces apoptosis in CD44-high glioma-initiating cell lines. Furthermore, TGM2 is highly expressed in CD44(+) glioma stem cells, while pharmacological inhibition of TGM2 activity preferentially eliminates CD44(+) glioma stem cells. Consistently, TGM2 inhibitor treatment reduced ID1 expression and induced apoptosis in our orthotopic mice xenograft model, which can be translated into prolonged median survival in tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS TGM2 regulates ID1 expression in glioma-initiating cell lines high in CD44. Targeting TGM2 could be an effective strategy to treat gliomas with high CD44 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fu
- Corresponding Author: Zhong-ping Chen, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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Condello S, Cao L, Matei D. Tissue transglutaminase regulates β-catenin signaling through a c-Src-dependent mechanism. FASEB J 2013; 27:3100-12. [PMID: 23640056 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-222620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme involved in protein cross-linking and cell adhesion to fibronectin (FN). In cancer, TG2 induces an epithelial to mesenchymal transition, contributing to metastasis. Because cadherins bind β-catenin at cell-cell junctions, disruption of adherens junctions destabilizes cadherin-catenin complexes. The goal of the present study was to analyze whether and how TG2 interacts with and regulates β-catenin signaling in ovarian cancer (OC) cells. We observed a significant correlation between TG2 and β-catenin expression levels in OC cells and tumors. TG2 augmented Wnt/β-catenin signaling, as evidenced by enhanced β-catenin transcriptional activity, inducing transcription of target genes cyclin D1 and c-Myc. By promoting integrin-mediated cell adhesion to FN, TG2 physically associates with and recruits c-Src, which in turn phosphorylates β-catenin at Tyr(654), releasing it from E-cadherin and rendering it available for transcriptional regulation. By interacting with FN and enhancing β-catenin signaling, complexed TG2 stimulates OC cell proliferation. In summary, our data demonstrate that TG2 regulates β-catenin expression and function in OC cells and define the c-Src-dependent mechanism through which this occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Condello
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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Anti-cancer effect of a quinoxaline derivative GK13 as a transglutaminase 2 inhibitor. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:1279-94. [PMID: 23604466 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1433-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2), a cross-linking enzyme, plays an important role in both pro-survival and anti-apoptosis during oncogenesis. For instance, TGase 2 induces NF-κB activation through I-κBα polymerization, which leads to the increase of pro-survival factors such as BCl-2. TGase 2 also suppresses apoptosis via depletion of caspase 3 and cathepsin D. Therefore, a specific TGase 2 inhibitor may become a very useful treatment for cancer showing high levels of TGase 2 expression. METHODS By small-molecule library screening, we managed to locate a competitive TGase 2 inhibiting quinoxaline compound (GK13) from 50 other quinoxaline derivatives. The 50 compounds that were screened represent a thousand structurally diverse, potentially pharmaceutical heterocyclic compound libraries, including benzopyrans, oxadiazoles, thiadiazoles, and quinoxalines. By measuring GI50, TGI, and LC50 using SRB assay, GK13 was selected. RESULTS In vitro enzyme kinetics using guinea pig liver TGase 2 showed that IC50 value was about 16.4 E-6 M. GK13 inhibits TGase 2-mediated I-κBα polymerization in a dose-dependent manner. LC50 of GK13 showed greater efficacy as 4.3E-4 M than LC50 of doxorubicin that showed efficacy as 3.87E-3 M in NCC72 composing 11 tissue origins and 72 cancer cell lines. CONCLUSION GK13 showed a possibility that quinoxaline derivatives may be effective for anti-cancer activity via TGase 2 inhibition.
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92
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Fan Y, Mao R, Yang J. NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways collaboratively link inflammation to cancer. Protein Cell 2013; 4:176-85. [PMID: 23483479 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-2084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although links between cancer and inflammation were firstly proposed in the nineteenth century, the molecular mechanism has not yet been clearly understood. Epidemiological studies have identified chronic infections and inflammation as major risk factors for various types of cancer. NF-κB transcription factors and the signaling pathways are central coordinators in innate and adaptive immune responses. STAT3 regulates the expression of a variety of genes in response to cellular stimuli, and thus plays a key role in cell growth and apoptosis. Recently, roles of NF-κB and STAT3 in colon, gastric and liver cancers have been extensively investigated. The activation and interaction between STAT3 and NF-κB play vital roles in control of the communication between cancer cells and inflammatory cells. NF-κB and STAT3 are two major factors controlling the ability of pre-neoplastic and malignant cells to resist apoptosis-based tumor-surveillance and regulating tumor angiogenesis and invasiveness. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of NF-κB and STAT3 cooperation in cancer will offer opportunities for the design of new chemo-preventive and chemotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Fan
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Transglutaminase 2 and NF-κB: an odd couple that shapes breast cancer phenotype. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 137:329-36. [PMID: 23224146 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Owing to numerous pro-survival target genes, aberrant activation of the NF-κB transcription factor is associated with a drug-resistant phenotype and aggressive breast tumor behavior. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a ubiquitously expressed protein cross-linking enzyme, activates NF-κB through a non-conventional mechanism that disables the IκBα inhibitor. Our group has recently documented that the TG2 gene (termed TGM2) is a direct transcriptional target of NF-κB. These developments uncover a novel self-reinforcing molecular feedback loop where TG2 activates NF-κB and, in turn, NF-κB directly upregulates the transcription of TGM2. This manuscript reviews the literature that supports the existence of the TG2/NF-κB signaling loop, the nature of the signal transduction that activates this loop, and the phenotypic consequences stemming from the aberrant activation of this novel signaling mechanism in breast cancer.
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94
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Kumar S, Mehta K. Tissue transglutaminase constitutively activates HIF-1α promoter and nuclear factor-κB via a non-canonical pathway. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185316 PMCID: PMC3501523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) has been linked with carcinogenesis and cancer progression, including metastasis, chemoresistance, and radiation resistance. However, the molecular mechanisms that result in constitutive activation of NF-κB are poorly understood. Here we show that chronic expression of the pro-inflammatory protein tissue transglutaminase (TG2) reprograms the transcription regulatory network in epithelial cells via constitutive activation of NF-κB. TG2-induced NF-κB binds the functional NF-κB binding site in hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) promoter and results in its increased expression at transcription and protein levels even under normoxic conditions. TG2/NF-κB-induced HIF-1 was deemed essential for increased expression of some transcription repressors, like Zeb1, Zeb2, Snail, and Twist. Unlike tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), TG2 did not require IκB kinase (IKK) for NF-κB activation. Our data suggest that TG2 binds with IκBα and results in its rapid degradation via a non-proteasomal pathway. Importantly, the catalytically inactive (C277S) mutant form of TG2 was as effective as was wild-type TG2 in activating NF-κB and inducing HIF-1 expression. We also found that TG2 interacted with p65/RelA protein, both in the cytosolic and the nuclear compartment. The TG2/p65(NF-κB) complex binds to the HIF-1 promoter and induced its transcriptional regulation. Inhibition of TG2 or p65/RelA also inhibited the HIF-1α expression and attenuated Zeb1, Zeb2, and Twist expression. To our knowledge, these findings show for the first time a direct link between TG2, NF-κB, and HIF-1α, demonstrating TG2's important role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gundemir S, Colak G, Feola J, Blouin R, Johnson GVW. Transglutaminase 2 facilitates or ameliorates HIF signaling and ischemic cell death depending on its conformation and localization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:1-10. [PMID: 23085038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a widely expressed and multifunctional protein that modulates cell death/survival processes. We have previously shown that TG2 binds to hypoxia inducible factor 1β (HIF1β) and decreases the upregulation of HIF responsive genes; however, the relationship between these observations was not investigated. In this study, we investigated whether endogenous TG2 is sufficient to suppress HIF activity and whether the interaction between TG2 and HIF1β is required for this suppression. shRNA-mediated silencing of TG2 significantly enhanced HIF activation in response to hypoxia. In addition, nuclear localization of TG2 is required for its suppressive effect on HIF activity, with TG2 being recruited to HIF responsive promoters in hypoxic conditions. These observations suggest that TG2 directly regulates hypoxic transcriptional machinery; however, its interaction with HIF1β was not required for this regulation. We also examined whether TG2's effect on cell death/survival processes in ischemia is due to its effects on HIF signaling. Our results indicate that TG2 mediated HIF suppression can be separated from TG2's effect on cell survival in hypoxic/hypoglycemic conditions. Lastly, here we show that nuclear TG2 in the closed conformation and non-nuclear TG2 in the open conformation have opposing effects on hypoxic/hypoglycemic cell death, which could explain previous controversial results. Overall, our results further clarify the role of TG2 in mediating the cellular response to ischemia and suggest that manipulating the conformation of TG2 might be of pharmacological interest as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemia-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soner Gundemir
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Okuwa H, Kanno T, Fujita Y, Gotoh A, Tabata C, Fukuoka K, Nakano T, Nishizaki T. Sphingosine suppresses mesothelioma cell proliferation by inhibiting PKC-δ and inducing cell cycle arrest at the G(0)/G(1) phase. Cell Physiol Biochem 2012; 30:995-1004. [PMID: 23221613 DOI: 10.1159/000341476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Sphingosine regulates cellular differentiation, cell growth, and apoptosis. The present study aimed at understanding sphingosine-regulated mesothelioma cell proliferation. METHODS Human malignant mesothelioma cells such as NCI-H28, NCI-H2052, NCI-H2452, and MSTO-211H cells were cultured. The siRNA to silence the protein kinase C (PKC)-δ-targeted gene was constructed and transfected into cells. MTT assay, cell cycle analysis using a flow cytometry, and cell-free PKC-δ assay were carried out. RESULTS For all the cell types sphingosine inhibited cell growth in a concentration (1-100 µM)-dependent manner. The sphingosine effect was not prevented by rottlerin, an inhibitor of protein kinase C-δ (PKC-δ); conversely, rottlerin further enhanced the sphingosine effect or rottlerin suppressed mesothelioma cell growth without sphingosine. In the cell-free PKC assay, sphingosine attenuated PKC-δ activity. Knocking-down PKC-δ induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and inhibited cell growth. CONCLUSION The results of the present study show that sphingosine suppressed mesothelioma cell proliferation by inhibiting PKC-δ, to induce cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaya Okuwa
- Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Japan.
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Matlung HL, Neele AE, Groen HC, van Gaalen K, Tuna BG, van Weert A, de Vos J, Wentzel JJ, Hoogenboezem M, van Buul JD, VanBavel E, Bakker ENTP. Transglutaminase activity regulates atherosclerotic plaque composition at locations exposed to oscillatory shear stress. Atherosclerosis 2012; 224:355-62. [PMID: 22921425 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis preferentially develops at sites of disturbed blood flow. We tested the hypothesis that transglutaminase activity plays a role in plaque development at these locations. METHODS AND RESULTS Exposure of endothelial cells to steady flow (7 dynes/cm(2)) was associated with relatively low transglutaminase activity, whereas under low oscillatory flow (1.3 ± 2.6 dynes/cm(2)) endothelial cells showed a >4-fold higher level of transglutaminase activity. Under oscillatory flow, transglutaminase activity increased the expression of the chemokine MCP-1 (CCL2). In vivo, oscillatory flow was induced by placement of a tapered perivascular cast around the carotid artery of type 2 transglutaminase (TGM2) knockout mice and WT counterparts. After 2 days, significantly less monocytes adhered to the endothelium in TGM2 knockout mice as compared to WT. In a more chronic setting, ApoE knockout mice that were equipped with the flow-modifying cast developed lesions proximal to the cast (low shear stress), and distal to the cast (oscillatory shear stress). Inhibition of transglutaminase induced a marked reduction in macrophage and fat content in distal lesions only. In addition, lesion size was increased in this area, which was attributed to an increase in smooth muscle content. CONCLUSION Oscillatory shear stress increases endothelial transglutaminase activity. In turn, transglutaminase activity affects the expression of MCP-1 in vitro and monocyte recruitment in vivo. In a mouse model of atherosclerosis, transglutaminase activity has a major effect on plaque composition under oscillatory shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanke L Matlung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang Y, Ande SR, Mishra S. Phosphorylation of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) at serine-216 has a role in TG2 mediated activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and in the downregulation of PTEN. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:277. [PMID: 22759359 PMCID: PMC3492171 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) and its phosphorylation have been consistently found to be upregulated in a number of cancer cell types. At the molecular level, TG2 has been associated with the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) and in the downregulation of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). However, the underlying mechanism involved is not known. We have reported that protein kinase A (PKA) induced phosphorylation of TG2 at serine-216 (Ser216) regulates TG2 function and facilitates protein-protein interaction. However, the role of TG2 phosphorylation in the modulation of NF-κB, Akt and PTEN is not explored. Methods In this study we have investigated the effect of TG2 phosphorylation on NF-κB, Akt and PTEN using embryonic fibroblasts derived from TG2 null mice (MEFtg2-/-) overexpressing native TG2 or mutant-TG2 (m-TG2) lacking Ser216 phosphorylation site with and without dibutyryl cyclic-AMP (db-cAMP) stimulation. Functional consequences on cell cycle and cell motility were determined by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and cell migration assay respectively. Results PKA activation in TG2 overexpressing MEFtg2-/- cells resulted in an increased activation of NF-κB and Akt phosphorylation in comparison to empty vector transfected control cells as determined by the reporter-gene assay and immunoblot analysis respectively. These effects were not observed in MEFtg2-/- cells overexpressing m-TG2. Similarly, a significant downregulation of PTEN at both, the mRNA and protein levels were found in cells overexpressing TG2 in comparison to empty vector control and m-TG2 transfected cells. Furthermore, Akt activation correlated with the simultaneous activation of NF-κB and a decrease in PTEN suggesting that the facilitatory effect of TG2 on Akt activation occurs in a PTEN-dependent manner. Similar results were found with MCF-7 and T-47D breast cancer cells overexpressing TG2 and m-TG2 further supporting the role of TG2 phosphorylation in NF-κB activation and in the downregulation of PTEN. Conclusions Collectively, these data suggest that phosphorylation of TG2 at Ser216 plays a role in TG2 mediated activation of NF-κB, Akt and in the downregulation of PTEN. Blocking TG2 phosphorylation may provide a novel strategy to attenuate NF-κB activation and downregulation of PTEN in TG2 overexpressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, 843 JBRC/715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
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Ai L, Skehan RR, Saydi J, Lin T, Brown KD. Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Mutated (ATM)/Nuclear Factor κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) signaling controls basal and DNA damage-induced transglutaminase 2 expression. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:18330-41. [PMID: 22493284 PMCID: PMC3365769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.339317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that cross-links proteins and its overexpression, linked to a drug resistant phenotype, is commonly observed in cancer cells. Further, up-regulation of TG2 expression occurs during response to various forms of cell stress; however, the molecular mechanisms that drive inducible expression of the TG2 gene (TGM2) require elucidation. Here we show that genotoxic stress induces TG2 expression through the Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Mutated (ATM)/Nuclear Factor κ light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) signaling pathway. We further document that NFκB is both necessary and sufficient to drive constitutive TG2 expression in cultured cell lines. Additionally, shRNA-mediated knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of the ATM kinase results in reduced constitutive TG2 expression and NFκB transcriptional activity. We document that the NFκB subunit p65 (RelA) interacts with two independent consensus NFκB binding sites within the TGM2 promoter, that mutation of either site or pharmacological inhibition of NFκB reduces TGM2 promoter activity, and genotoxic stress drives heightened association of p65 with the TGM2 promoter. Finally, we observed that knockdown of either p65 or ATM in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells expressing recombinant TG2 partially reduces resistance to doxorubicin, indicating that the drug resistance linked to overexpression of TG2 functions, in part, through p65 and ATM. This work establishes a novel ATM-dependent signaling loop where TG2 and NFκB activate each other resulting in sustained activation of NFκB and acquisition of a drug-resistant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbao Ai
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the UF-Shands Cancer Center University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Ryan R. Skehan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the UF-Shands Cancer Center University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - John Saydi
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the UF-Shands Cancer Center University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Tong Lin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the UF-Shands Cancer Center University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Kevin D. Brown
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the UF-Shands Cancer Center University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
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Jin T, Lin HX, Lin H, Guo LB, Ge N, Cai XY, Sun R, Chen WK, Li QL, Hu WH. Expression TGM2 and BNIP3 have prognostic significance in laryngeal cancer patients receiving surgery and postoperative radiotherapy: a retrospective study. J Transl Med 2012; 10:64. [PMID: 22458929 PMCID: PMC3362769 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was designed to determine the pattern and correlation between expression of the HIF-1α transcriptional targets TGM2 and BNIP3 in laryngeal cancer, and investigate the association of BNIP3 and TGM2 with clinical outcome in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients receiving postoperative radiotherapy. Methods Immunostaining with antibodies specific to BNIP3 and TGM2 was performed in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens from 148 laryngeal SCC patients. BNIP3 and TGM2 expression was scored as high or low, based on the number of tumor cells stained and the staining intensity. All patients received postoperative radiotherapy. Patient follow up and clinicopathological data were compared using the Chi-squared test, univariate and multivariate analyses, and survival curves were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Results The 3, 5 and 10-year overall survival rates (OS) for all patients were 77.7%, 71.6%, 56.4%, respectively. Primary tumor site, T stage, overall stage, lymph-node metastasis, BNIP3 expression and TGM2 expression were significant prognostic factors for OS in univariate analysis. Negative cervical lymph nodes, high BNIP3 expression and low TGM2 expression were independent prognostic factors of improved OS in multivariate analysis. BNIP3 expression correlates with TGM2 expression in laryngeal SCC (P = 0.012). Conclusions This study indicates that lymph-node metastasis, BNIP3 expression and TGM2 expression are independent prognostic factors in laryngeal SCC patients receiving postoperative radiotherapy. Further studies are required to investigate how BNIP3 and/or TGM2 influence the prognosis of laryngeal SCC patients treated with postoperative radiotherapy, and to determine how TGM2 and BNIP3 expression are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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