51
|
Yegutkin GG. Adenosine metabolism in the vascular system. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114373. [PMID: 33340515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The concept of extracellular purinergic signaling was first proposed by Geoffrey Burnstock in the early 1970s. Since then, extracellular ATP and its metabolites ADP and adenosine have attracted an enormous amount of attention in terms of their involvement in a wide range of immunomodulatory, thromboregulatory, angiogenic, vasoactive and other pathophysiological activities in different organs and tissues, including the vascular system. In addition to significant progress in understanding the properties of nucleotide- and adenosine-selective receptors, recent studies have begun to uncover the complexity of regulatory mechanisms governing the duration and magnitude of the purinergic signaling cascade. This knowledge has led to the development of new paradigms in understanding the entire purinome by taking into account the multitude of signaling and metabolic pathways involved in biological effects of ATP and adenosine and compartmentalization of the adenosine system. Along with the "canonical route" of ATP breakdown to adenosine via sequential ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1/CD39) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 activities, it has now become clear that purine metabolism is the result of concerted effort between ATP release, its metabolism through redundant nucleotide-inactivating and counteracting ATP-regenerating ectoenzymatic pathways, as well as cellular nucleoside uptake and phosphorylation of adenosine to ATP through complex phosphotransfer reactions. In this review I provide an overview of key enzymes involved in adenosine metabolic network, with special emphasis on the emerging roles of purine-converting ectoenzymes as novel targets for cancer and vascular therapies.
Collapse
|
52
|
Jones VM, Suarez-Martinez AD, Hodges NA, Murfee WL, Llull R, Katz AJ. A clinical perspective on adipose-derived cell therapy for enhancing microvascular health and function: Implications and applications for reconstructive surgery. Microcirculation 2020; 28:e12672. [PMID: 33174272 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of form and function requires apposition of tissues in the form of flaps to reconstitute local perfusion. Successful reconstruction relies on flap survival and its integration with the recipient bed. The flap's precariously perfused hypoxic areas undergo adaptive microvascular changes both internally and in connection with the recipient bed. A cell-mediated, coordinated response to hypoxia drives these adaptive processes, restoring a tissue's normoxic homeostasis via de novo vasculogenesis, sprouting angiogenesis, and stabilizing arterialization. As cells exert prolonged and coordinated effects on site, their use as biological agents merit translational consideration of sourcing angio-competent cells and delivering them to territories enduring microcirculatory acclimatization. Angio-competent cells abound in adipose tissue: a reliable, accessible, and expendable source of adipose-derived cells (ADC). When subject to enzymatic digestion and centrifugation, adipose tissue separates its various ADC: A subset of buoyant oil-dense adipocytes (the tissue's parenchymal component) accumulates on a supra-natant layer, whereas the mesenchymal component remains in the infra-natant sediment, containing the tissue's stromal vascular fraction (SVF), where angio-component cells abound. The SVF can be further manipulated, selected, or culture expanded into more specific stromal subsets (herein defined as adipose stromal cells, ASC). While promising clinical applications for ADC await clinical proof and regulatory authorization, basic science investigation is needed to elucidate the specific ADC mechanisms that influence microvascular growth, remodeling, and function following flap surgery. The objective of this article is to share the clinical perspectives of reconstructive plastic surgeons regarding the use of ADC-based therapies to help with flap tissue integration, revascularization, and wound healing. Specifically, the focus will be on considering the potential for ADC as therapeutic agents and how their clinical application motivates basic science opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Morgan Jones
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ariana D Suarez-Martinez
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas A Hodges
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Walter L Murfee
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ramon Llull
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital Quiron Salud PalmaPlanas, Palma, Spain
| | - Adam J Katz
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
The efficacy of in vivo administration of Apremilast on mesenchymal stem cells derived from psoriatic patients. Inflamm Res 2020; 70:79-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
54
|
Mannino G, Gennuso F, Giurdanella G, Conti F, Drago F, Salomone S, Furno DL, Bucolo C, Giuffrida R. Pericyte-like differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: An in vitro study. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:1152-1170. [PMID: 33178398 PMCID: PMC7596446 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i10.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are characterized by long-term self-renewal and a high proliferation rate. Under adequate conditions, they may differentiate into cells belonging to mesodermal, endodermal or ectodermal lineages. Pericytes support endothelial cells and play an important role in stabilizing the vessel wall at the microcirculation level. The loss of pericytes, as occurs in diabetic retinopathy, results in a breakdown of the blood-retina barrier (BRB) and infiltration of inflammatory cells. In this context, the use of pericyte-like differentiated ASCs may represent a valuable therapeutic strategy for restoring BRB damage.
AIM To test in vitro strategies to obtain pericyte-like differentiation of human ASCs (hASCs).
METHODS Different culture conditions were tested: hASCs cultured in a basal medium supplemented with transforming growth factor β1; and hASCs cultured in a specific pericyte medium (PM-hASCs). In a further sample, pericyte growth supplement was omitted from the PM. In addition, cultures of human retinal pericytes (hRPCs) were used for comparison. Pericyte-like differentiation of hASCs was tested by immunocytochemical staining and western blotting to evaluate the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2). Interactions between human retinal endothelial cells (hRECs) and different groups of hASCs were investigated in co-culture experiments. In these cases, the expression of typical junctional proteins such as vascular endothelial-Cadherin, zonula occludens-1 and Occludin were assessed in hRECs. In an in vitro model of the BRB, values of trans-endothelial electrical resistance were measured when hRECs were co-cultured with various groups of pretreated hASCs. The values observed were compared with co-cultures of hRECs and hRPCs as well as with cultures of hRECs alone. Three-dimensional co-cultures of hRECs and hRPCs or pericyte-like hASCs in Matrigel were designed to assess their reciprocal localization.
RESULTS After 3-6 d of culture, α-SMA and NG2 immunocytochemistry showed that the closest pericyte-like phenotype was observed when hASCs were cultured in Pericyte Medium (PM-hASCs). In particular, α-SMA immunoreactivity, already visible at the basal level in pericytes and ASCs, was strongly increased only when transforming growth factor was added to the culture medium. NG2 expression, almost undetectable in most conditions, was substantially increased only in PM-hASCs. Immunocytochemical results were confirmed by western blot analysis. The presence of pericyte growth supplement seems to increase NG2 expression rather than α-SMA, in agreement with its role in maintaining pericytes in the proliferative state. In co-culture experiments, immunoreactivity of vascular endothelial-Cadherin, zonula occludens-1 and Occludin was considerably increased in hRECs when hRPCs or PM-hASCs were also present. Supporting results were found by trans-endothelial electrical resistance measurements, gathered at 3 and 6 d of co-culture. The highest resistance values were obtained when hRECs were co-cultured with hRPCs or PM-hASCs. The pericyte-like phenotype of PM-hASCs was also confirmed in three-dimensional co-cultures in Matrigel, where PM-hASCs and hRPCs similarly localized around the tubular formations made by hRECs.
CONCLUSION PM-hASCs seem able to strengthen the intercellular junctions between hRECs, likely reinforcing the BRB; thus, hASC-based therapeutic approaches may be developed to restore the integrity of retinal microcirculation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Mannino
- Physiology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Florinda Gennuso
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Giovanni Giurdanella
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Federica Conti
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Salvatore Salomone
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Debora Lo Furno
- Physiology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Rosario Giuffrida
- Physiology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Hodges NA, Barr RW, Murfee WL. The maintenance of adult peripheral adult nerve and microvascular networks in the rat mesentery culture model. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 346:108923. [PMID: 32888964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurovascular patterning is an emerging area of microvascular research. While overlapping molecular signals highlight links between angiogenesis and neurogenesis, advancing our understanding is limited by a lack of in vitro models containing both systems. One potential model is the rat mesentery culture model, which our laboratory has recently introduced as an ex vivo tool to investigate cellular dynamics during angiogenesis in a microvascular network scenario. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the use of the rat mesentery culture model as an ex vivo platform for maintaining the spatiotemporal relationship between blood vessels and peripheral nerves during angiogenesis in adult microvascular networks. METHODS Adult male Wistar rat mesenteric tissue windows were harvested, rinsed in sterile DPBS and medium and then cultured per group: 1) MEM alone and 2) NBM with NGF and 20 % FBS (nerve culture medium). On day 3 post culture tissues were labeled for endothelial (PECAM) and neural (class III β-tubulin, NG2, tyrosine hydroxylase, CGRP) markers. RESULTS In MEM alone tissues nerve segment degeneration was supported by discontinuous nerve or absence of nerve marker labeling. Nerve presence at the arteriole level and capillary level was maintained for the nerve culture medium group compared to day 0, non-cultured control group (unstimulated). COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS AND CONCLUSIONS The results support the use of specific medium types to maintain nerve presence across cultured microvascular networks and implicates the rat mesentery culture model as a novel ex vivo tool for investigating neurovascular patterning in adult tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Hodges
- Tulane University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Orleans, LA, 70118, United States; University of Florida, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Ryan W Barr
- Tulane University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Orleans, LA, 70118, United States
| | - Walter L Murfee
- Tulane University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Orleans, LA, 70118, United States; University of Florida, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Linville RM, Arevalo D, Maressa JC, Zhao N, Searson PC. Three-dimensional induced pluripotent stem-cell models of human brain angiogenesis. Microvasc Res 2020; 132:104042. [PMID: 32673611 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2020.104042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During brain development, chemical cues released by developing neurons, cellular signaling with pericytes, and mechanical cues within the brain extracellular matrix (ECM) promote angiogenesis of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Angiogenesis is also associated with diseases of the brain due to pathological chemical, cellular, and mechanical signaling. Existing in vitro and in vivo models of brain angiogenesis have key limitations. Here, we develop a high-throughput in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) bead assay of brain angiogenesis utilizing 150 μm diameter beads coated with induced pluripotent stem-cell (iPSC)-derived human BMECs (dhBMECs). After embedding the beads within a 3D matrix, we introduce various chemical cues and extracellular matrix components to explore their effects on angiogenic behavior. Based on the results from the bead assay, we generate a multi-scale model of the human cerebrovasculature within perfusable three-dimensional tissue-engineered blood-brain barrier microvessels. A sprouting phenotype is optimized in confluent monolayers of dhBMECs using chemical treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and wnt ligands, and the inclusion of pro-angiogenic ECM components. As a proof-of-principle that the bead angiogenesis assay can be applied to study pathological angiogenesis, we show that oxidative stress can exert concentration-dependent effects on angiogenesis. Finally, we demonstrate the formation of a hierarchical microvascular model of the human blood-brain barrier displaying key structural hallmarks. We develop two in vitro models of brain angiogenesis: the BBB bead assay and the tissue-engineered BBB microvessel model. These platforms provide a tool kit for studies of physiological and pathological brain angiogenesis, with key advantages over existing two-dimensional models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raleigh M Linville
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Diego Arevalo
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Joanna C Maressa
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Nan Zhao
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Peter C Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Coronary vessel formation in development and disease: mechanisms and insights for therapy. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17:790-806. [PMID: 32587347 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-020-0400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The formation of new blood vessels after myocardial infarction (MI) is essential for the survival of existing and regenerated cardiac tissue. However, the extent of endogenous revascularization after MI is insufficient, and MI can often result in ventricular remodelling, progression to heart failure and premature death. The neutral results of numerous clinical trials that have evaluated the efficacy of angiogenic therapy to revascularize the infarcted heart reflect our poor understanding of the processes required to form a functional coronary vasculature. In this Review, we describe the latest advances in our understanding of the processes involved in coronary vessel formation, with mechanistic insights taken from developmental studies. Coronary vessels originate from multiple cellular sources during development and form through a number of distinct and carefully orchestrated processes. The ectopic reactivation of developmental programmes has been proposed as a new paradigm for regenerative medicine, therefore, a complete understanding of these processes is crucial. Furthermore, knowledge of how these processes differ between the embryonic and adult heart, and how they might be more closely recapitulated after injury are critical for our understanding of regenerative biology, and might facilitate the identification of tractable molecular targets to therapeutically promote neovascularization and regeneration of the infarcted heart.
Collapse
|
58
|
Schmitt BM, Boewe AS, Becker V, Nalbach L, Gu Y, Götz C, Menger MD, Laschke MW, Ampofo E. Protein Kinase CK2 Regulates Nerve/Glial Antigen (NG)2-Mediated Angiogenic Activity of Human Pericytes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061546. [PMID: 32630438 PMCID: PMC7348826 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is a crucial regulator of endothelial cell proliferation, migration and sprouting during angiogenesis. However, it is still unknown whether this kinase additionally affects the angiogenic activity of other vessel-associated cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of CK2 inhibition on primary human pericytes. We found that CK2 inhibition reduces the expression of nerve/glial antigen (NG)2, a crucial factor which is involved in angiogenic processes. Reporter gene assays revealed a 114 bp transcriptional active region of the human NG2 promoter, whose activity was decreased after CK2 inhibition. Functional analyses demonstrated that the pharmacological inhibition of CK2 by CX-4945 suppresses pericyte proliferation, migration, spheroid sprouting and the stabilization of endothelial tubes. Moreover, aortic rings of NG2−/− mice showed a significantly reduced vascular sprouting when compared to rings of NG2+/+ mice, indicating that NG2 is an important regulator of the angiogenic activity of pericytes. In vivo, implanted Matrigel plugs containing CX-4945-treated pericytes exhibited a lower microvessel density when compared to controls. These findings demonstrate that CK2 regulates the angiogenic activity of pericytes through NG2 gene expression. Hence, the inhibition of CK2 represents a promising anti-angiogenic strategy, because it does not only target endothelial cells, but also vessel-associated pericytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beate M. Schmitt
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (B.M.S.); (A.S.B.); (V.B.); (L.N.); (Y.G.); (M.D.M.); (M.W.L.)
| | - Anne S. Boewe
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (B.M.S.); (A.S.B.); (V.B.); (L.N.); (Y.G.); (M.D.M.); (M.W.L.)
| | - Vivien Becker
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (B.M.S.); (A.S.B.); (V.B.); (L.N.); (Y.G.); (M.D.M.); (M.W.L.)
| | - Lisa Nalbach
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (B.M.S.); (A.S.B.); (V.B.); (L.N.); (Y.G.); (M.D.M.); (M.W.L.)
| | - Yuan Gu
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (B.M.S.); (A.S.B.); (V.B.); (L.N.); (Y.G.); (M.D.M.); (M.W.L.)
| | - Claudia Götz
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Michael D. Menger
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (B.M.S.); (A.S.B.); (V.B.); (L.N.); (Y.G.); (M.D.M.); (M.W.L.)
| | - Matthias W. Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (B.M.S.); (A.S.B.); (V.B.); (L.N.); (Y.G.); (M.D.M.); (M.W.L.)
| | - Emmanuel Ampofo
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (B.M.S.); (A.S.B.); (V.B.); (L.N.); (Y.G.); (M.D.M.); (M.W.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6841-16-26561; Fax: +49-6841-16-26553
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
He P, Talukder MAH, Gao F. Oxidative Stress and Microvessel Barrier Dysfunction. Front Physiol 2020; 11:472. [PMID: 32536875 PMCID: PMC7268512 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental evidence indicate that increased vascular permeability contributes to many disease-associated vascular complications. Oxidative stress with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in a wide variety of pathological conditions, including inflammation and many cardiovascular diseases. It is thus important to identify the role of ROS and their mechanistic significance in microvessel barrier dysfunction under pathological conditions. The role of specific ROS and their cross talk in pathological processes is complex. The mechanisms of ROS-induced increases in vascular permeability remain poorly understood. The sources of ROS in diseases have been extensively reviewed at enzyme levels. This review will instead focus on the underlying mechanisms of ROS release by leukocytes, the differentiate effects and signaling mechanisms of individual ROS on endothelial cells, pericytes and microvessel barrier function, as well as the interplay of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and nitrogen species in ROS-mediated vascular barrier dysfunction. As a counter balance of excessive ROS, nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), a redox-sensitive cell-protective transcription factor, will be highlighted as a potential therapeutic target for antioxidant defenses. The advantages and limitations of different experimental approaches used for the study of ROS-induced endothelial barrier function are also discussed. This article will outline the advances emerged mainly from in vivo and ex vivo studies and attempt to consolidate some of the opposing views in the field, and hence provide a better understanding of ROS-mediated microvessel barrier dysfunction and benefit the development of therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingnian He
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - M A Hassan Talukder
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Angioni R, Liboni C, Herkenne S, Sánchez-Rodríguez R, Borile G, Marcuzzi E, Calì B, Muraca M, Viola A. CD73 + extracellular vesicles inhibit angiogenesis through adenosine A 2B receptor signalling. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1757900. [PMID: 32489531 PMCID: PMC7241475 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1757900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological angiogenesis is a hallmark of several conditions including eye diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Stromal cells play a crucial role in regulating angiogenesis through the release of soluble factors or direct contact with endothelial cells. Here, we analysed the properties of the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and explored the possibility of using them to therapeutically target angiogenesis. We demonstrated that in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines, MSCs produce EVs that are enriched in TIMP-1, CD39 and CD73 and inhibit angiogenesis targeting both extracellular matrix remodelling and endothelial cell migration. We identified a novel anti-angiogenic mechanism based on adenosine production, triggering of A2B adenosine receptors, and induction of NOX2-dependent oxidative stress within endothelial cells. Finally, in pilot experiments, we exploited the anti-angiogenic EVs to inhibit tumour progression in vivo. Our results identify novel pathways involved in the crosstalk between endothelial and stromal cell and suggest new therapeutic strategies to target pathological angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Angioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Fondazione Città della Speranza, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padua, Italy
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Liboni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Fondazione Città della Speranza, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ricardo Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Fondazione Città della Speranza, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Borile
- Fondazione Città della Speranza, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Marcuzzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Fondazione Città della Speranza, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padua, Italy
| | - Bianca Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Fondazione Città della Speranza, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padua, Italy
| | - Maurizio Muraca
- Fondazione Città della Speranza, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padua, Italy
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Fondazione Città della Speranza, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Wu Q, Yuan X, Li B, Han R, Zhang H, Xiu R. Salvianolic Acid Alleviated Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats by Inhibiting Apoptosis in Pericytes via P53 and the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK Pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1523-1534. [PMID: 32368011 PMCID: PMC7170553 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s245959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of salvianolic acid A (SA) on the permeability of blood–brain barrier (BBB) and brain microvascular pericyte apoptosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods Evans Blue was used to determine the BBB permeability in control rats and SHR. Western blotting was used to evaluate the expression levels of relevant proteins in the pericytes isolated from the differentially treated animals. An in vitro model of hypertension was established by stimulating pericytes with angiopoietin-2 (Ang2). MTT assay was used to assess cell viability, and apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results SA attenuated BBB permeability in SHR in a dose-dependent manner. It downregulated pro-apoptotic proteins including p53, p21, Fas, FasL, cleaved-caspase 3/caspase 3 and Bax in the pericytes of SHR and upregulated CDK6, cyclin D1, CDK2, cyclin E and Bcl2. In addition, SA activated the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in a dose-dependent manner by increasing the levels of Ras, Raf, p-MEK1, p-MEK2, p-ERK1 and p-ERK2. Finally, SA reduced Ang2-induced apoptosis of cerebral microvessels pericytes and decreased the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle by inhibiting the p53 pathway and activating the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Conclusion SA reduced BBB permeability in spontaneously hypertensive rats, possibly by inhibiting Ang2-induced apoptosis of pericytes by activating the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Wu
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical College
| | - Xiaochen Yuan
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical College
| | - Bingwei Li
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical College
| | - Ruiqin Han
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Honggang Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical College
| | - Ruijuan Xiu
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical College
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Uemura MT, Maki T, Ihara M, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ. Brain Microvascular Pericytes in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:80. [PMID: 32317958 PMCID: PMC7171590 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are unique, multi-functional mural cells localized at the abluminal side of the perivascular space in microvessels. Originally discovered in 19th century, pericytes had drawn less attention until decades ago mainly due to lack of specific markers. Recently, however, a growing body of evidence has revealed that pericytes play various important roles: development and maintenance of blood–brain barrier (BBB), regulation of the neurovascular system (e.g., vascular stability, vessel formation, cerebral blood flow, etc.), trafficking of inflammatory cells, clearance of toxic waste products from the brain, and acquisition of stem cell-like properties. In the neurovascular unit, pericytes perform these functions through coordinated crosstalk with neighboring cells including endothelial, glial, and neuronal cells. Dysfunction of pericytes contribute to a wide variety of diseases that lead to cognitive impairments such as cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), acute stroke, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and other neurological disorders. For instance, in SVDs, pericyte degeneration leads to microvessel instability and demyelination while in stroke, pericyte constriction after ischemia causes a no-reflow phenomenon in brain capillaries. In AD, which shares some common risk factors with vascular dementia, reduction in pericyte coverage and subsequent microvascular impairments are observed in association with white matter attenuation and contribute to impaired cognition. Pericyte loss causes BBB-breakdown, which stagnates amyloid β clearance and the leakage of neurotoxic molecules into the brain parenchyma. In this review, we first summarize the characteristics of brain microvessel pericytes, and their roles in the central nervous system. Then, we focus on how dysfunctional pericytes contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment including cerebral ‘small vessel’ and ‘large vessel’ diseases, as well as AD. Finally, we discuss therapeutic implications for these disorders by targeting pericytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maiko T Uemura
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,JSPS Overseas Research Fellowship Program, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takakuni Maki
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Virginia M Y Lee
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Kovács-Öller T, Ivanova E, Szarka G, Tengölics ÁJ, Völgyi B, Sagdullaev BT. Imatinib Sets Pericyte Mosaic in the Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2522. [PMID: 32260484 PMCID: PMC7177598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system demands an adequate oxygen and metabolite exchange, making pericytes (PCs), the only vasoactive cells on the capillaries, essential to neural function. Loss of PCs is a hallmark of multiple diseases, including diabetes, Alzheimer's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson's. Platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) have been shown to be critical to PC function and survival. However, how PDGFR-mediated PC activity affects vascular homeostasis is not fully understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that imatinib, a chemotherapeutic agent and a potent PDGFR inhibitor, alters PC distribution and thus induces vascular atrophy. We performed a morphometric analysis of the vascular elements in sham control and imatinib-treated NG2-DsRed mice. Vascular morphology and the integrity of the blood-retina barrier (BRB) were evaluated using blood albumin labeling. We found that imatinib decreased the number of PCs and blood vessel (BV) coverage in all retinal vascular layers; this was accompanied by a shrinkage of BV diameters. Surprisingly, the total length of capillaries was not altered, suggesting a preferential effect of imatinib on PCs. Furthermore, blood-retina barrier disruption was not evident. In conclusion, our data suggest that imatinib could help in treating neurovascular diseases and serve as a model for PC loss, without BRB disruption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Kovács-Öller
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, National Brain Research Program (NAP 2.0), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1051 Budapest, Hungary
- Burke Neurological Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Elena Ivanova
- Burke Neurological Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
| | - Gergely Szarka
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, National Brain Research Program (NAP 2.0), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1051 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám J Tengölics
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, National Brain Research Program (NAP 2.0), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1051 Budapest, Hungary
- Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Béla Völgyi
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Retinal Electrical Synapses Research Group, National Brain Research Program (NAP 2.0), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1051 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Botir T Sagdullaev
- Burke Neurological Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Azimi MS, Motherwell JM, Dutreil M, Fishel RL, Nice M, Hodges NA, Bunnell BA, Katz A, Murfee WL. A novel tissue culture model for evaluating the effect of aging on stem cell fate in adult microvascular networks. GeroScience 2020; 42:515-526. [PMID: 32206968 PMCID: PMC7205973 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro models of angiogenesis are valuable tools for understanding the underlying mechanisms of pathological conditions and for the preclinical evaluation of therapies. Our laboratory developed the rat mesentery culture model as a new tool for investigating mechanistic cell-cell interactions at specific locations across intact blood and lymphatic microvascular networks ex vivo. The objective of this study was to report a method for evaluating the effect of aging on human stem cell differentiation into pericytes during angiogenesis in cultured microvascular networks. DiI labeled exogenous stem cells were seeded onto harvested adult Wistar rat mesenteric tissues and cultured in alpha-MEM + 1% serum for up to 5 days according to four experimental groups: (1) adult human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs), (2) aged hASCs, (3) adult human bone marrow-derived stem cells (hBMSCs), and (4) aged hBMSCs. Angiogenesis per experimental group was supported by observation of increased vessel density and capillary sprouting. For each tissue per experimental group, a subset of cells was observed in typical pericyte location wrapped along blood vessels. Stem cell differentiation into pericytes was supported by the adoption of elongated pericyte morphology along endothelial cells and positive NG2 labeling. The percentage of cells in pericyte locations was not significantly different across the experimental groups, suggesting that aged mesenchymal stem cells are able to retain their differentiation capacity. Our results showcase an application of the rat mesentery culture model for aging research and the evaluation of stem cell fate within intact microvascular networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad S Azimi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Jessica M Motherwell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Maria Dutreil
- Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research & Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Ryan L Fishel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Matthew Nice
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Nicholas A Hodges
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research & Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Adam Katz
- Depart of Surgery, University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Walter L Murfee
- J. Crayton Pruitt Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Thangaraj A, Sil S, Tripathi A, Chivero ET, Periyasamy P, Buch S. Targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy as therapeutic approaches for neurological diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 350:285-325. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
66
|
Qiu B, Tan A, Veluchamy AB, Li Y, Murray H, Cheng W, Liu C, Busoy JM, Chen QY, Sistla S, Hunziker W, Cheung CMG, Wong TY, Hong W, Luesch H, Wang X. Apratoxin S4 Inspired by a Marine Natural Product, a New Treatment Option for Ocular Angiogenic Diseases. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:3254-3263. [PMID: 31361305 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-26936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Abnormal blood vessel formation is a defining feature of many blinding eye diseases. Targeting abnormal angiogenesis by inhibiting VEGF has revolutionized the treatment of many ocular angiogenic diseases over the last decade. However, a substantial number of patients are refractory to anti-VEGF treatment or may develop resistance over time. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and the mechanism of action of Apratoxin S4 in ocular angiogenesis. Methods Retinal vascular cell proliferation, migration, and the ability to form tube-like structure were studied in vitro. Ex vivo aortic ring, choroid, and metatarsal assays were used to study Apratoxin S4's impact on vessel outgrowth in a multicellular environment. Apratoxin S4 was also tested in mouse models of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and in a rabbit model of persistent retinal neovascularization (PRNV). Western blot and ELISA were used to determine the expression of key angiogenic regulators after Apratoxin S4 treatment. Results Apratoxin S4 strongly inhibits retinal vascular cell activation by suppressing multiple angiogenic pathways. VEGF-activated vascular cells and angiogenic vessels are more susceptible to Apratoxin S4 treatment than quiescent vascular cells and vessels. Both intraperitoneal and intravitreal delivery of Apratoxin S4 are able to impede ocular neovascularization in vivo. Apratoxin S4 specifically attenuates pathological ocular angiogenesis and exhibits a combinatorial inhibitory effect with standard-of-care VEGF inhibitor drug (aflibercept). Conclusions Apratoxin S4 is a potent antiangiogenic drug that inhibits the activation of retinal endothelial cells and pericytes through mediating multiple angiogenic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beiying Qiu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research, Singapore
| | - Alison Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research, Singapore
| | - Amutha Barathi Veluchamy
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Yong Li
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
| | - Hannah Murray
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research, Singapore
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research, Singapore
| | - Chenghao Liu
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joanna Marie Busoy
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
| | - Qi-Yin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Srivani Sistla
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research, Singapore
| | - Walter Hunziker
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research, Singapore
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States.,Oceanyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Woburn, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology & Research, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Baltazar T, Merola J, Catarino C, Xie CB, Kirkiles-Smith NC, Lee V, Hotta S, Dai G, Xu X, Ferreira FC, Saltzman WM, Pober JS, Karande P. Three Dimensional Bioprinting of a Vascularized and Perfusable Skin Graft Using Human Keratinocytes, Fibroblasts, Pericytes, and Endothelial Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 26:227-238. [PMID: 31672103 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multilayered skin substitutes comprising allogeneic cells have been tested for the treatment of nonhealing cutaneous ulcers. However, such nonnative skin grafts fail to permanently engraft because they lack dermal vascular networks important for integration with the host tissue. In this study, we describe the fabrication of an implantable multilayered vascularized bioengineered skin graft using 3D bioprinting. The graft is formed using one bioink containing human foreskin dermal fibroblasts (FBs), human endothelial cells (ECs) derived from cord blood human endothelial colony-forming cells (HECFCs), and human placental pericytes (PCs) suspended in rat tail type I collagen to form a dermis followed by printing with a second bioink containing human foreskin keratinocytes (KCs) to form an epidermis. In vitro, KCs replicate and mature to form a multilayered barrier, while the ECs and PCs self-assemble into interconnected microvascular networks. The PCs in the dermal bioink associate with EC-lined vascular structures and appear to improve KC maturation. When these 3D printed grafts are implanted on the dorsum of immunodeficient mice, the human EC-lined structures inosculate with mouse microvessels arising from the wound bed and become perfused within 4 weeks after implantation. The presence of PCs in the printed dermis enhances the invasion of the graft by host microvessels and the formation of an epidermal rete. Impact Statement Three Dimensional printing can be used to generate multilayered vascularized human skin grafts that can potentially overcome the limitations of graft survival observed in current avascular skin substitutes. Inclusion of human pericytes in the dermal bioink appears to improve both dermal and epidermal maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Baltazar
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jonathan Merola
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Carolina Catarino
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York.,Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Catherine B Xie
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Vivian Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie Hotta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Guohao Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Frederico C Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - W Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Pankaj Karande
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York.,Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Haase K, Gillrie MR, Hajal C, Kamm RD. Pericytes Contribute to Dysfunction in a Human 3D Model of Placental Microvasculature through VEGF-Ang-Tie2 Signaling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900878. [PMID: 31832308 PMCID: PMC6891921 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Placental vasculopathies are associated with a number of pregnancy-related diseases, including pre-eclampsia (PE)-a leading cause of maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Placental presentations of PE are associated with endothelial dysfunction, reduced vessel perfusion, white blood cell infiltration, and altered production of angiogenic factors within the placenta (a candidate mechanism). Despite maintaining vascular quiescence in other tissues, how pericytes contribute to vascular growth and signaling in the placenta remains unknown. Here, pericytes are hypothesized to play a detrimental role in the pathogenesis of placental vascular growth. A perfusable triculture model is developed, consisting of human endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and pericytes, capable of recapitulating growth and remodeling in a system that mimics inflamed placental microvessels. Placental pericytes are shown to contribute to growth restriction of microvessels over time, an effect that is strongly regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor and Angiopoietin/Tie2 signaling. Furthermore, this model is capable of recapitulating essential processes including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-mediated vascular leakage and leukocyte infiltration, both important aspects associated with placental PE. This placental vascular model highlights that an imbalance in endothelial-pericyte crosstalk can play a critical role in the development of vascular pathology and associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Haase
- Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
- Present address:
EMBL BarcelonaCarrer del Dr. Aiguader, 88BarcelonaSpain08003
| | - Mark R. Gillrie
- Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Cynthia Hajal
- Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Saw PE, Song EW. Phage display screening of therapeutic peptide for cancer targeting and therapy. Protein Cell 2019; 10:787-807. [PMID: 31140150 PMCID: PMC6834755 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-019-0639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, phage display technology has been announced as the recipient of Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018. Phage display technique allows high affinity target-binding peptides to be selected from a complex mixture pool of billions of displayed peptides on phage in a combinatorial library and could be further enriched through the biopanning process; proving to be a powerful technique in the screening of peptide with high affinity and selectivity. In this review, we will first discuss the modifications in phage display techniques used to isolate various cancer-specific ligands by in situ, in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo screening methods. We will then discuss prominent examples of solid tumor targeting-peptides; namely peptide targeting tumor vasculature, tumor microenvironment (TME) and over-expressed receptors on cancer cells identified through phage display screening. We will also discuss the current challenges and future outlook for targeting peptide-based therapeutics in the clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phei Er Saw
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Er-Wei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Wu Q, Yuan X, Li B, Han R, Zhang H, Xiu R. Integrated exosomal miRNA and transcriptome analysis of brain microvascular endothelial cells in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2019; 43:90-98. [PMID: 31628439 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells, which regulate arterial stiffness via endothelial-derived substances, are independently and strongly associated with hypertension. However, the exact roles of exosome miRNAs from brain endothelial cells in the development of hypertension are still not fully explored. Here, we investigated the miRNA functions systematically by examining both exosomal small RNA and mRNA of endothelial cells in Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats versus spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Our findings revealed that miRNAs, representing ~60-70%, account for the majority of small RNAs. Moreover, we found 159 novel miRNAs in total from the unannotated reads across the diverse samples. Afterwards, 76 differentially expressed miRNAs (37 upregulated, 39 downregulated) and 1709 differentially expressed mRNAs (775 upregulated, 934 downregulated) were identified between SHRs and WKY rats, respectively. Finally, 647 genes targeted by 36 miRNAs came to our attention via identification of the target genes of those abnormal miRNAs. The differentially expressed target genes induced by miRNA changes were mapped to a number of genes involved in various gene functions and pathways. These changes lead to dysregulation of angiogenesis, axonogenesis, neuron-to-neuron synapses, focal adhesion, axon guidance, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), adherens junction, and ECM-receptor interaction pathways. Together, our study revealed that the miRNAs are changed and contribute to the dysregulated functions and pathways of their target genes and provided more insights into their regulation mechanisms during mammalian hypertension development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Microcirculation, Ministry of Health; Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochen Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Microcirculation, Ministry of Health; Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Bingwei Li
- Key Laboratory for Microcirculation, Ministry of Health; Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqin Han
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Honggang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Microcirculation, Ministry of Health; Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Ruijuan Xiu
- Key Laboratory for Microcirculation, Ministry of Health; Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Da Silva AC, Jammal MP, Crispim PCA, Murta EFC, Nomelini RS. The Role of Stroma in Ovarian Cancer. Immunol Invest 2019; 49:406-424. [PMID: 32264761 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1658770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Ovarian cancer is one of the gynecological malignancies responsible for thousands of deaths in women worldwide. Malignant solid tumors are formed by malignant cells and stroma that influence each other, where different types of cells in the stromal environment can be recruited by malignant cells to promote tumor growth and facilitate metastasis. The chronic inflammatory response is increasingly accepted in its relation to the pathophysiology of the onset and development of tumors, sustained cell proliferation in an environment rich in inflammatory cells, growth factors, activated stroma and DNA damage agents may increase the risk to develop a neoplasm.Methods: A search for the following keywords was performed in the PubMed database; "Ovarian cancer", "stroma", "tumor-associated macrophages", "cancer-associated fibroblasts", "cytokines", "angiogenesis", "epithelial-mesenchymal transition", and "extracellular matrix".Results: The articles identified were published in English between 1971 and 2018. A total of 154 articles were selected for further analysis. Conclusion: We consider ovarian cancer as a heterogeneous disease, not only in the sense that different histological or molecular subtypes may be behind the same clinical result, but also that multiple cell types besides cancer cells, like other non-cellular components, need to be mobilized and coordinated to support tumor survival, growth, invasion and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolinne Da Silva
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON)/Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Millena Prata Jammal
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON)/Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula Carolina Arvelos Crispim
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON)/Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eddie Fernando Candido Murta
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON)/Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rosekeila Simões Nomelini
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON)/Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Wu Q, Yuan X, Han R, Zhang H, Xiu R. Epitranscriptomic mechanisms of N6-methyladenosine methylation regulating mammalian hypertension development by determined spontaneously hypertensive rats pericytes. Epigenomics 2019; 11:1359-1370. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2019-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Pericytes maintain homeostatic functions in the blood–brain barrier. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is critical for various biological processes, but the role of mRNA m6A methylation in hypertension has not been fully elucidated. Methods: The m6A methylation levels of Wistar Kyoto rat pericytes and spontaneously hypertensive rat pericytes were detected via m6A high-throughput sequencing. Results: The m6A methylations were more enriched in the coding sequence region, 3′UTR and 5′UTR of mRNAs, with the m6A motifs being relatively conserved across the different conditions investigated. The average m6A abundance of spontaneously hypertensive rat pericytes exhibited global reductions in the pericytes. Conclusion: This study revealed the m6A landscapes and identified an epitranscriptomic mechanism during the development of mammalian hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Microcirculation, Ministry of Health; Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, PR China
| | - Xiaochen Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Microcirculation, Ministry of Health; Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, PR China
| | - Ruiqin Han
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, PR China
| | - Honggang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Microcirculation, Ministry of Health; Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Xiu
- Key Laboratory for Microcirculation, Ministry of Health; Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Abstract
Ageing is the main risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. A central mechanism by which ageing promotes vascular pathologies is compromising endothelial health. The age-related attenuation of endothelium-dependent dilator responses (endothelial dysfunction) associated with impairment of angiogenic processes and the subsequent pathological remodelling of the microcirculation contribute to compromised tissue perfusion and exacerbate functional decline in older individuals. This Review focuses on cellular, molecular, and functional changes that occur in the endothelium during ageing. We explore the links between oxidative and nitrative stress and the conserved molecular pathways affecting endothelial dysfunction and impaired angiogenesis during ageing. We also speculate on how these pathological processes could be therapeutically targeted. An improved understanding of endothelial biology in older patients is crucial for all cardiologists because maintenance of a competently functioning endothelium is critical for adequate tissue perfusion and long-term cardiac health.
Collapse
|
74
|
Pieterse Z, Sinha D, Kaur P. Pericytes in Metastasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1147:125-135. [PMID: 31147875 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16908-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes have long been known to contribute indirectly to tumour growth by regulating angiogenesis. Thus, remodelling tumour blood vessels to maintain blood supply is critical for continued tumour growth. A role for pericytes in restricting leakage of tumour cells through blood vessels has also become evident given that adequate pericyte coverage of these blood vessels is critical for maintaining vascular permeability. Interestingly, the relocation of pericytes from blood vessels to the tumour microenvironment results in the emergence of different properties in these cells that actively promote tumour growth and metastasis-functions not associated with their well-studied role in vascular stability and permeability. These form the focus of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zalitha Pieterse
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Devbarna Sinha
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pritinder Kaur
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Abstract
This review chapter describes the current knowledge about the nature of pericytes in the gut, their interaction with endothelial cells in blood vessels, and their pathophysiological functions in the setting of chronic liver disease. In particular, it focuses on the role of these vascular cell types and related molecular signaling pathways in pathological angiogenesis associated with liver disease and in the establishment of the gut-vascular barrier and the potential implications in liver disease through the gut-liver axis.
Collapse
|
76
|
Min S, Ko IK, Yoo JJ. State-of-the-Art Strategies for the Vascularization of Three-Dimensional Engineered Organs. Vasc Specialist Int 2019; 35:77-89. [PMID: 31297357 PMCID: PMC6609020 DOI: 10.5758/vsi.2019.35.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering three-dimensional (3D) implantable tissue constructs is a promising strategy for replacing damaged or diseased tissues and organs with functional replacements. However, the efficient vascularization of new 3D organs is a major scientific and technical challenge since large tissue constructs or organs require a constant blood supply to survive in vivo. Current approaches to solving this problem generally fall into the following three major categories: (a) cell-based, (b) angiogenic factor-based, and (c) scaffold-based. In this review, we summarize state-of-the-art technologies that are used to develop complex, stable, and functional vasculature for engineered 3D tissue constructs and organs; additionally, we have suggested directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangil Min
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Kap Ko
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - James J Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Santos GSP, Magno LAV, Romano-Silva MA, Mintz A, Birbrair A. Pericyte Plasticity in the Brain. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:551-560. [PMID: 30367336 PMCID: PMC6527663 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0296-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral pericytes are perivascular cells that stabilize blood vessels. Little is known about the plasticity of pericytes in the adult brain in vivo. Recently, using state-of-the-art technologies, including two-photon microscopy in combination with sophisticated Cre/loxP in vivo tracing techniques, a novel role of pericytes was revealed in vascular remodeling in the adult brain. Strikingly, after pericyte ablation, neighboring pericytes expand their processes and prevent vascular dilatation. This new knowledge provides insights into pericyte plasticity in the adult brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabryella S P Santos
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz A V Magno
- Department of Mental Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Marco A Romano-Silva
- Department of Mental Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Sil S, Niu F, Tom E, Liao K, Periyasamy P, Buch S. Cocaine Mediated Neuroinflammation: Role of Dysregulated Autophagy in Pericytes. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:3576-3590. [PMID: 30151726 PMCID: PMC6393223 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine, a known psychostimulant, results in oxidative stress and inflammation. Recent studies from our group have shown that cocaine induces inflammation in glial cells. Our current study was aimed at investigating whether cocaine exposure could also induce inflammation in non-glial cells such as the pericytes with a focus on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/autophagy axis. Our in vitro findings demonstrated that exposure of pericytes to cocaine resulted in upregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in both the intracellular as well as extracellular compartments, thus underpinning pericytes as yet another source of neuroinflammation. Cocaine exposure of pericytes resulted in increased formation of autophagosomes as demonstrated by a time-dependent increase of autophagy markers, with a concomitant defect in the fusion of the autophagosome with the lysosomes. Pharmacological blocking of the sigma 1 receptor underscored its role in cocaine-mediated activation of pericytes. Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that cocaine-mediated dysregulation of autophagy involved upstream activation of the ER stress pathways, with a subsequent downstream production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in pericytes. These findings were also validated in an in vivo model wherein pericytes in the isolated brain microvessels of cocaine injected mice (7 days) exhibited increased expression of both the autophagy marker-LC3 as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6. This is the first report describing the role of pericytes in cocaine-mediated neuroinflammation. Interventions aimed at blocking either the sigma-1 receptor or the upstream ER stress mediators could likely be envisioned as promising therapeutic targets for abrogating cocaine-mediated inflammation in pericytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sil
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Fang Niu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Eric Tom
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Ke Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5880, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Delle Monache S, Martellucci S, Clementi L, Pulcini F, Santilli F, Mei C, Piccoli L, Angelucci A, Mattei V. In Vitro Conditioning Determines the Capacity of Dental Pulp Stem Cells to Function as Pericyte-Like Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:695-706. [PMID: 30887879 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp has been revealed as an accessible and a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and its biological potential is currently under intense investigation. MSCs from dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have been indicated as a heterogeneous population oriented not only in repairing dentine but also in maintaining vascular and nervous homeostasis of the teeth. We sought to verify the phenotype of cells isolated from dental pulp of young donors and to investigate in vitro their role as pericyte-like cells. Specifically, we evaluated how culture conditions can modulate expression of pericyte markers in DPSCs and their capacity to stabilize endothelial tubes in vitro. DPSCs cultured in standard conditions expressed MSC markers and demonstrated to contain a population expressing the pericyte marker NG2. These DPSCs were associated with low sprouting capacity in extra-cellular (EC) Matrix and limited ability in retaining tubes formed by endothelial cells in a coculture angiogenesis model. When cultured in endothelial growth medium (EGM)-2, DPSCs significantly upregulated NG2, and partially alpha-smooth muscle actin. The resulting population conserved the stem marker CD73, but was negative for calponin and endothelial markers. EGM-2-conditioned DPSCs showed a higher sprouting ability in EC Matrix and efficient association with human umbilical vein endothelial cells allowing the partial retention of endothelial tubes for several days. Among growth factors contained in EGM-2 we identified basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) as mainly responsible for NG2 upregulation and long-term stabilization of endothelial tubes. According to the in vitro analysis, DPSCs represent an effective source of pericytes and the appropriate culture conditions could result in a population with a promising ability to stabilize vessels and promote vascular maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Delle Monache
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefano Martellucci
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,2 Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Environmental Pathology, Rieti University Hub "Sabina Universitas," Rieti, Italy.,3 Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Letizia Clementi
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Fanny Pulcini
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Santilli
- 2 Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Environmental Pathology, Rieti University Hub "Sabina Universitas," Rieti, Italy
| | - Cecilia Mei
- 2 Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Environmental Pathology, Rieti University Hub "Sabina Universitas," Rieti, Italy
| | - Luca Piccoli
- 4 Department of Science Dentistry and Maxillofacial, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Angelucci
- 1 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mattei
- 2 Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Environmental Pathology, Rieti University Hub "Sabina Universitas," Rieti, Italy.,3 Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Sommerville LJ, Gorman KL, Snyder SA, Monroe DM, Hoffman M. A unique protein kinase C-dependent pathway for tissue factor downregulation in pericytes. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:670-680. [PMID: 30698330 PMCID: PMC6813842 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Many mediators increase tissue factor (TF) expression in a wide variety of cell types. The only known example of TF downregulation is by pericytes during wound healing angiogenesis. Downregulation of TF mRNA and protein in cultured pericytes is Protein Kinase C (PKC) dependent. Pericyte TF regulation is unique, since PKC mediates increased TF in all other cell types tested. SUMMARY: Background Embryonic and tumor-associated angiogenesis are linked to elevated expression of the procoagulant transmembrane receptor tissue factor (TF). In contrast, we have reported that high baseline TF expression by perivascular cells (pericytes) is dramatically reduced during angiogenesis at sites of wound healing. This is the only setting in which active TF downregulation has been reported, thus revealing a novel mechanism of TF regulation. Objectives To define the mechanisms underlying the unique pattern of TF expression in pericytes. Methods TF expression in primary cultures of human pericytes is not altered by angiogenic cytokines or growth factors, but is actively downregulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). We characterized TF transcription, protein stability and trafficking in response to PMA. Results Exposure to PMA reduced TF mRNA synthesis and shortened the half-life of TF protein from 11 h to 4.5 h. Addition of PMA rapidly triggered endocytosis of cell surface TF, followed by degradation in lysosomes. Cell surface TF coagulant activity was maintained until internal stores were depleted. Reduction of TF transcription, TF endocytosis and enhanced degradation of TF protein were all blocked by broad-spectrum inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC). This was a surprising finding, because PKC activation increases TF expression in other cell types that have been tested. Conclusions The unique PKC-dependent pathway of TF downregulation in pericytes suggests that TF downregulation may play a functional role in angiogenesis. Distinct pathways regulating pathological and physiological TF expression could be utilized to modulate TF expression for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Sommerville
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristen L. Gorman
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stacey A. Snyder
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dougald M. Monroe
- Department of Medicine-Hematology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maureane Hoffman
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Berthiaume AA, Grant RI, McDowell KP, Underly RG, Hartmann DA, Levy M, Bhat NR, Shih AY. Dynamic Remodeling of Pericytes In Vivo Maintains Capillary Coverage in the Adult Mouse Brain. Cell Rep 2019; 22:8-16. [PMID: 29298435 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct contact and communication between pericytes and endothelial cells is critical for maintenance of cerebrovascular stability and blood-brain barrier function. Capillary pericytes have thin processes that reach hundreds of micrometers along the capillary bed. The processes of adjacent pericytes come in close proximity but do not overlap, yielding a cellular chain with discrete territories occupied by individual pericytes. Little is known about whether this pericyte chain is structurally dynamic in the adult brain. Using in vivo two-photon imaging in adult mouse cortex, we show that while pericyte somata were immobile, the tips of their processes underwent extensions and/or retractions over days. The selective ablation of single pericytes provoked exuberant extension of processes from neighboring pericytes to contact uncovered regions of the endothelium. Uncovered capillary regions had normal barrier function but were dilated until pericyte contact was regained. Pericyte structural plasticity may be critical for cerebrovascular health and warrants detailed investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrée-Anne Berthiaume
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Roger I Grant
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Konnor P McDowell
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Robert G Underly
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - David A Hartmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Manuel Levy
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Narayan R Bhat
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Andy Y Shih
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Alcendor DJ. Human Vascular Pericytes and Cytomegalovirus Pathobiology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1456. [PMID: 30909422 PMCID: PMC6471229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are multipotent cells of the vascular system with cytoplasmic extensions proximal to endothelial cells that occur along the abluminal surface of the endothelium. The interactions between endothelial cells and pericytes are essential for proper microvascular formation, development, stabilization, and maintenance. Pericytes are essential for the regulation of paracellular flow between cells, transendothelial fluid transport, angiogenesis, and vascular immunosurveillance. They also influence the chemical composition of the surrounding microenvironment to protect endothelial cells from potential harm. Dysregulation or loss of pericyte function can result in microvascular instability and pathological consequences. Human pericytes have been shown to be targets for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and lytic replication that likely contribute to vascular inflammation. This review focuses on human vascular pericytes and their permissiveness for HCMV infection. It also discusses their implication in pathogenesis in the blood⁻brain barrier (BBB), the inner blood⁻retinal barrier (IBRB), the placenta⁻blood barrier, and the renal glomerulus as well as their potential role in subclinical vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Alcendor
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Hubbard Hospital, 5th Floor, Rm. 5025, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Ross CL, Ang DC, Almeida-Porada G. Targeting Mesenchymal Stromal Cells/Pericytes (MSCs) With Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) Has the Potential to Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:266. [PMID: 30886614 PMCID: PMC6409305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of synovium (synovitis), with inflammatory/immune cells and resident fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) acting as major players in the pathogenesis of this disease. The resulting inflammatory response poses considerable risks as loss of bone and cartilage progresses, destroying the joint surface, causing joint damage, joint failure, articular dysfunction, and pre-mature death if left untreated. At the cellular level, early changes in RA synovium include inflammatory cell infiltration, synovial hyperplasia, and stimulation of angiogenesis to the site of injury. Different angiogenic factors promote this disease, making the role of anti-angiogenic therapy a focus of RA treatment. To control angiogenesis, mesenchymal stromal cells/pericytes (MSCs) in synovial tissue play a vital role in tissue repair. While recent evidence reports that MSCs found in joint tissues can differentiate to repair damaged tissue, this repair function can be repressed by the inflammatory milieu. Extremely-low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF), a biophysical form of stimulation, has an anti-inflammatory effect by causing differentiation of MSCs. PEMF has also been reported to increase the functional activity of MSCs to improve differentiation to chondrocytes and osteocytes. Moreover, PEMF has been demonstrated to accelerate cell differentiation, increase deposition of collagen, and potentially return vascular dysfunction back to homeostasis. The aim of this report is to review the effects of PEMF on MSC modulation of cytokines, growth factors, and angiogenesis, and describe its effect on MSC regeneration of synovial tissue to further understand its potential role in the treatment of RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Ross
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.,Wake Forest Center for Integrative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Dennis C Ang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Graça Almeida-Porada
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Maamoun H, Benameur T, Pintus G, Munusamy S, Agouni A. Crosstalk Between Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress in Endothelial Dysfunction and Aberrant Angiogenesis Associated With Diabetes: A Focus on the Protective Roles of Heme Oxygenase (HO)-1. Front Physiol 2019; 10:70. [PMID: 30804804 PMCID: PMC6378556 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes prevalence is continuing to rise worldwide due to physical inactivity and obesity epidemic. Diabetes and fluctuations of blood sugar are related to multiple micro- and macrovascular complications, that are attributed to oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activation and inflammatory processes, which lead to endothelial dysfunction characterized, among other features, by reduced availability of nitric oxide (NO) and aberrant angiogenic capacity. Several enzymatic anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents have been found to play protective roles against oxidative stress and its downstream signaling pathways. Of particular interest, heme oxygenase (HO) isoforms, specifically HO-1, have attracted much attention as major cytoprotective players in conditions associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. HO operates as a key rate-limiting enzyme in the process of degradation of the iron-containing molecule, heme, yielding the following byproducts: carbon monoxide (CO), iron, and biliverdin. Because HO-1 induction was linked to pro-oxidant states, it has been regarded as a marker of oxidative stress; however, accumulating evidence has established multiple cytoprotective roles of the enzyme in metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. The cytoprotective effects of HO-1 depend on several cellular mechanisms including the generation of bilirubin, an anti-oxidant molecule, from the degradation of heme; the induction of ferritin, a strong chelator of free iron; and the release of CO, that displays multiple anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic actions. The current review article describes the major molecular mechanisms contributing to endothelial dysfunction and altered angiogenesis in diabetes with a special focus on the interplay between oxidative stress and ER stress response. The review summarizes the key cytoprotective roles of HO-1 against hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and aberrant angiogenesis and discusses the major underlying cellular mechanisms associated with its protective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Maamoun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek Benameur
- College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shankar Munusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, United States
| | - Abdelali Agouni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Salmina AB, Komleva YK, Lopatina OL, Birbrair A. Pericytes in Alzheimer's Disease: Novel Clues to Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Pathogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1147:147-166. [PMID: 31147877 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16908-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pericytes in the central nervous system attract growing attention of neurobiologists because of obvious opportunities to use them as target cells in numerous brain diseases. Functional activity of pericytes includes control of integrity of the endothelial cell layer, regeneration of vascular cells, and regulation of microcirculation. Pericytes are well integrated in the so-called neurovascular unit (NVU) serving as a platform for effective communications of neurons, astrocytes, endothelial cells, and pericytes. Contribution of pericytes to the establishment and maintaining the structural and functional integrity of blood-brain barrier is confirmed in numerous experimental and clinical studies. The review covers current understandings on the role of pericytes in molecular pathogenesis of NVU/BBB dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease with the special focus on the development of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, deregulation of cerebral angiogenesis, and progression of BBB breakdown seen in Alzheimer's type neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alla B Salmina
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia. .,Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
| | - Yulia K Komleva
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.,Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Olga L Lopatina
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.,Research Institute of Molecular Medicine & Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Galaris G, Thalgott JH, Lebrin FPG. Pericytes in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1147:215-246. [PMID: 31147880 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16908-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a genetic disorder characterized by multi-systemic vascular dysplasia affecting 1 in 5000 people worldwide. Individuals with HHT suffer from many complications including nose and gastrointestinal bleeding, anemia, iron deficiency, stroke, abscess, and high-output heart failure. Identification of the causative gene mutations and the generation of animal models have revealed that decreased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling activity in endothelial cells are responsible for the development of the vascular malformations in HHT. Perturbations in these key pathways are thought to lead to endothelial cell activation resulting in mural cell disengagement from the endothelium. This initial instability state causes the blood vessels to response inadequately when they are exposed to angiogenic triggers resulting in excessive blood vessel growth and the formation of vascular abnormalities that are prone to bleeding. Drugs promoting blood vessel stability have been reported as effective in preclinical models and in clinical trials indicating possible interventional targets based on a normalization approach for treating HHT. Here, we will review how disturbed TGF-β and VEGF signaling relates to blood vessel destabilization and HHT development and will discuss therapeutic opportunities based on the concept of vessel normalization to treat HHT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Galaris
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jérémy H Thalgott
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Franck P G Lebrin
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Physics for Medicine, ESPCI, INSERM U1273, CNRS, Paris, France.
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and PSL Research University, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Lee LL, Chintalgattu V. Pericytes in the Heart. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1122:187-210. [PMID: 30937870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11093-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mural cells known as pericytes envelop the endothelial layer of microvessels throughout the body and have been described to have tissue-specific functions. Cardiac pericytes are abundantly found in the heart, but they are relatively understudied. Currently, their importance is emerging in cardiovascular homeostasis and dysfunction due to their pleiotropism. They are known to play key roles in vascular tone and vascular integrity as well as angiogenesis. However, their dysfunctional presence and/or absence is critical in the mechanisms that lead to cardiac pathologies such as myocardial infarction, fibrosis, and thrombosis. Moreover, they are targeted as a therapeutic potential due to their mesenchymal properties that could allow them to repair and regenerate a damaged heart. They are also sought after as a cell-based therapy based on their healing potential in preclinical studies of animal models of myocardial infarction. Therefore, recognizing the importance of cardiac pericytes and understanding their biology will lead to new therapeutic concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Lee
- Department of CardioMetabolic Disorders, Amgen Research and Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vishnu Chintalgattu
- Department of CardioMetabolic Disorders, Amgen Research and Discovery, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Edwards DN, Bix GJ. Roles of blood-brain barrier integrins and extracellular matrix in stroke. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 316:C252-C263. [PMID: 30462535 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00151.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischemicstroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States, but recent advances in treatments [i.e., endovascular thrombectomy and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)] that target the stroke-causing blood clot, while improving overall stroke mortality rates, have had much less of an impact on overall stroke morbidity. This may in part be attributed to the lack of therapeutics targeting reperfusion-induced injury after the blood clot has been removed, which, if left unchecked, can expand injury from its core into the surrounding at risk tissue (penumbra). This occurs in two phases of increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, a physical barrier that under physiologic conditions regulates brain influx and efflux of substances and consists of tight junction forming endothelial cells (and transporter proteins), astrocytes, pericytes, extracellular matrix, and their integrin cellular receptors. During, embryonic development, maturity, and following stroke reperfusion, cerebral vasculature undergoes significant changes including changes in expression of integrins and degradation of surrounding extracellular matrix. Integrins, heterodimers with α and β subunits, and their extracellular matrix ligands, a collection of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagens, have been modestly studied in the context of stroke compared with other diseases (e.g., cancer). In this review, we describe the effect that various integrins and extracellular matrix components have in embryonic brain development, and how this changes in both maturity and in the poststroke environment. Particular focus will be on how these changes in integrins and the extracellular matrix affect blood-brain barrier components and their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Edwards
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Gregory J Bix
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Fernandes C, Suares D, Yergeri MC. Tumor Microenvironment Targeted Nanotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1230. [PMID: 30429787 PMCID: PMC6220447 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in nanotechnology have brought new approaches to cancer diagnosis and therapy. While enhanced permeability and retention effect promotes nano-chemotherapeutics extravasation, the abnormal tumor vasculature, high interstitial pressure and dense stroma structure limit homogeneous intratumoral distribution of nano-chemotherapeutics and compromise their imaging and therapeutic effect. Moreover, heterogeneous distribution of nano-chemotherapeutics in non-tumor-stroma cells damages the non-tumor cells, and interferes with tumor-stroma crosstalk. This can lead not only to inhibition of tumor progression, but can also paradoxically induce acquired resistance and facilitate tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Overall, the tumor microenvironment plays a vital role in regulating nano-chemotherapeutics distribution and their biological effects. In this review, the barriers in tumor microenvironment, its consequential effects on nano-chemotherapeutics, considerations to improve nano-chemotherapeutics delivery and combinatory strategies to overcome acquired resistance induced by tumor microenvironment have been summarized. The various strategies viz., nanotechnology based approach as well as ligand-mediated, redox-responsive, and enzyme-mediated based combinatorial nanoapproaches have been discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mayur C Yergeri
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies - NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Errede M, Mangieri D, Longo G, Girolamo F, de Trizio I, Vimercati A, Serio G, Frei K, Perris R, Virgintino D. Tunneling nanotubes evoke pericyte/endothelial communication during normal and tumoral angiogenesis. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:28. [PMID: 30290761 PMCID: PMC6173884 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanotubular structures, denoted tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) have been described in recent times as involved in cell-to-cell communication between distant cells. Nevertheless, TNT-like, long filopodial processes had already been described in the last century as connecting facing, growing microvessels during the process of cerebral cortex vascularization and collateralization. Here we have investigated the possible presence and the cellular origin of TNTs during normal brain vascularization and also in highly vascularized brain tumors. METHODS We searched for TNTs by high-resolution immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, applied to the analysis of 20-µm, thick sections from lightly fixed, unembedded samples of both developing cerebral cortex and human glioblastoma (GB), immunolabeled for endothelial, pericyte, and astrocyte markers, and vessel basal lamina molecules. RESULTS The results revealed the existence of pericyte-derived TNTs, labeled by proteoglycan NG2/CSPG4 and CD146. In agreement with the described heterogeneity of these nanostructures, ultra-long (> 300 µm) and very thin (< 0.8 µm) TNTs were observed to bridge the gap between the wall of distant vessels, or were detected as short (< 300 µm) bridging cables connecting a vessel sprout with its facing vessel or two apposed vessel sprouts. The pericyte origin of TNTs ex vivo in fetal cortex and GB was confirmed by in vitro analysis of brain pericytes, which were able to form and remained connected by typical TNT structures. CONCLUSIONS None of the multiple roles described for TNTs can be excluded from a possible involvement during the processes of both normal and pathological vessel growth. A possible function, suggested by the pioneering studies made during cerebral cortex vascularization, is in cell searching and cell-to-cell recognition during the processes of vessel collateralization and vascular network formation. According to our results, it is definitely the pericyte-derived TNTs that seem to actively explore the surrounding microenvironment, searching for (site-to-site recognition), and connecting with (pericyte-to-pericyte and/or pericyte-to-endothelial cell communication), the targeted vessels. This idea implies that TNTs may have a primary role in the very early phases of both physiological and tumor angiogenesis in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Errede
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenica Mangieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Biomedical Unit 'E. Altomare', University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Longo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Girolamo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Ignazio de Trizio
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy.,Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Antonella Vimercati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Serio
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Division of Pathology, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Karl Frei
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Perris
- COMT-Centre for Molecular and Translational Oncology & Department of Chemical and Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy and Histology Unit, University of Bari School of Medicine, Bari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Cheng J, Korte N, Nortley R, Sethi H, Tang Y, Attwell D. Targeting pericytes for therapeutic approaches to neurological disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:507-523. [PMID: 30097696 PMCID: PMC6132947 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1893-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many central nervous system diseases currently lack effective treatment and are often associated with defects in microvascular function, including a failure to match the energy supplied by the blood to the energy used on neuronal computation, or a breakdown of the blood–brain barrier. Pericytes, an under-studied cell type located on capillaries, are of crucial importance in regulating diverse microvascular functions, such as angiogenesis, the blood–brain barrier, capillary blood flow and the movement of immune cells into the brain. They also form part of the “glial” scar isolating damaged parts of the CNS, and may have stem cell-like properties. Recent studies have suggested that pericytes play a crucial role in neurological diseases, and are thus a therapeutic target in disorders as diverse as stroke, traumatic brain injury, migraine, epilepsy, spinal cord injury, diabetes, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, glioma, radiation necrosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here we report recent advances in our understanding of pericyte biology and discuss how pericytes could be targeted to develop novel therapeutic approaches to neurological disorders, by increasing blood flow, preserving blood–brain barrier function, regulating immune cell entry to the CNS, and modulating formation of blood vessels in, and the glial scar around, damaged regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Rd, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Nils Korte
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ross Nortley
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Huma Sethi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Rd, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Yuan X, Wu Q, Liu X, Zhang H, Xiu R. Transcriptomic profile analysis of brain microvascular pericytes in spontaneously hypertensive rats by RNA-Seq. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:2372-2386. [PMID: 30210677 PMCID: PMC6129547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in the structure and function of micro-vessels is the pathogenic basis of organ damage in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Microcirculation is primarily affected in hypertension, resulting in increased vascular resistance. Pericytes are contractile cells that are embedded in the basement membrane of capillaries, and regulate endothelial cell membrane maturation, capillary blood flow, cell debris removal, and stability of endothelial cells. However, the exact role of brain microvascular pericytes in the pathogenesis of hypertension has not been elucidated. METHODS Brain microvascular pericytes were isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and wild type Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. The transcriptomes of SHR and WKY pericytes were analyzed by RNA-Seq, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by Ballgown, and Student's t test was used to be used to compare differences between groups. DAVID was used for the GO-enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis of the DEGs, and an interaction network between the significant signaling pathways and DEGs was constructed. RESULTS A total of 1356 DEGs were identified between the WKY and the SHR group pericytes (P value < 0.05, Fold change > 1.5), of which 733 were upregulated and 623 downregulated. The genes with greatest betweenness centrality values were Itgb1, Vcam-1 and MMP-9. Based on KEGG analysis, 34 interacting signaling pathways and 43 interacting genes were screened, and MAPK, p53, Wnt, Jak-STAT, TGF-beta, VEGF and PPAR signaling pathways were the key nodes. CONCLUSIONS Several DEGs and signaling pathways were identified in the brain microvascular pericytes of SHR rats compared to the WKY rats. Our findings will lay the foundation to study the role of brain microvascular pericytes in the development of spontaneous hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Microcirculation, Ministry of HealthBeijing, China
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Qingbin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Microcirculation, Ministry of HealthBeijing, China
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Key Laboratory for Microcirculation, Ministry of HealthBeijing, China
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Honggang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Microcirculation, Ministry of HealthBeijing, China
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Ruijuan Xiu
- Key Laboratory for Microcirculation, Ministry of HealthBeijing, China
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy Medical Sciences & Pecking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Blocki A, Beyer S, Jung F, Raghunath M. The controversial origin of pericytes during angiogenesis - Implications for cell-based therapeutic angiogenesis and cell-based therapies. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2018; 69:215-232. [PMID: 29758937 DOI: 10.3233/ch-189132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes reside within the basement membrane of small vessels and are often in direct cellular contact with endothelial cells, fulfilling important functions during blood vessel formation and homeostasis. Recently, these pericytes have been also identified as mesenchymal stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells, and especially their specialized subpopulation of pericytes, represent promising candidates for therapeutic angiogenesis applications, and have already been widely applied in pre-clinical and clinical trials. However, cell-based therapies of ischemic diseases (especially of myocardial infarction) have not resulted in significant long-term improvement. Interestingly, pericytes from a hematopoietic origin were observed in embryonic skin and a pericyte sub-population expressing leukocyte and monocyte markers was described during adult angiogenesis in vivo. Since mesenchymal stem cells do not express hematopoietic markers, the latter cell type might represent an alternative pericyte population relevant to angiogenesis. Therefore, we sourced blood-derived angiogenic cells (BDACs) from monocytes that closely resembled hematopoietic pericytes, which had only been observed in vivo thus far. BDACs displayed many pericytic features and exhibited enhanced revascularization and functional tissue regeneration in a pre-clinical model of critical limb ischemia. Comparison between BDACs and mesenchymal pericytes indicated that BDACs (while resembling hematopoietic pericytes) enhanced early stages of angiogenesis, such as endothelial cell sprouting. In contrast, mesenchymal pericytes were responsible for blood vessel maturation and homeostasis, while reducing endothelial sprouting.Since the formation of new blood vessels is crucial during therapeutic angiogenesis or during integration of implants into the host tissue, hematopoietic pericytes (and therefore BDACs) might offer an advantageous addition or even an alternative for cell-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Blocki
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Sebastian Beyer
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Friedrich Jung
- Institute for Clinical Hemostasiology and Transfusion Medicine, University Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Michael Raghunath
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Schultz N, Brännström K, Byman E, Moussaud S, Nielsen HM, Olofsson A, Wennström M. Amyloid-beta 1-40 is associated with alterations in NG2+ pericyte population ex vivo and in vitro. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12728. [PMID: 29453790 PMCID: PMC5946076 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The population of brain pericytes, a cell type important for vessel stability and blood brain barrier function, has recently been shown altered in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The underlying reason for this alteration is not fully understood, but progressive accumulation of the AD characteristic peptide amyloid‐beta (Aβ) has been suggested as a potential culprit. In the current study, we show reduced number of hippocampal NG2+ pericytes and an association between NG2+ pericyte numbers and Aβ1‐40 levels in AD patients. We further demonstrate, using in vitro studies, an aggregation‐dependent impact of Aβ1‐40 on human NG2+ pericytes. Fibril‐EP Aβ1‐40 exposure reduced pericyte viability and proliferation and increased caspase 3/7 activity. Monomer Aβ1‐40 had quite the opposite effect: increased pericyte viability and proliferation and reduced caspase 3/7 activity. Oligomer‐EP Aβ1‐40 had no impact on either of the cellular events. Our findings add to the growing number of studies suggesting a significant impact on pericytes in the brains of AD patients and suggest different aggregation forms of Aβ1‐40 as potential key regulators of the brain pericyte population size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schultz
- Clinical Memory Research Unit; Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
| | | | - Elin Byman
- Clinical Memory Research Unit; Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
| | - Simon Moussaud
- Department of Neurochemistry; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Anders Olofsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - Malin Wennström
- Clinical Memory Research Unit; Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Suarez-Martinez AD, Bierschenk S, Huang K, Kaplan D, Bayer CL, Meadows SM, Sperandio M, Murfee WL. A Novel ex vivo Mouse Mesometrium Culture Model for Investigating Angiogenesis in Microvascular Networks. J Vasc Res 2018; 55:125-135. [PMID: 29779031 DOI: 10.1159/000489102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of models that incorporate intact microvascular networks enables the investigation of multicellular dynamics during angiogenesis. Our laboratory introduced the rat mesentery culture model as such a tool, which would be enhanced with mouse tissue. Since mouse mesentery is avascular, an alternative is mouse mesometrium, the connective tissue of uterine horns. The study's objective was to demonstrate that mouse mesometrium contains microvascular networks that can be cultured to investigate multicellular dynamics during angiogenesis. METHODS Harvested mesometrium tissues from C57Bl/6 female mice were cultured in media with serum for up to 7 days. PECAM, NG2, αSMA, and LYVE-1 labeling identified endothelial cells, pericytes, smooth muscle cells, and lymphatic endothelial cells, respectively. RESULTS These cells comprised microvascular networks with arterioles, venules, and capillaries. Compared to day 0, capillary sprouts per vascular length were increased by 3 and 5 days in culture (day 0, 0.08 ± 0.01; day 3, 3.19 ± 0.78; day 5, 2.49 ± 0.05 sprouts/mm; p < 0.05). Time-lapse imaging of cultured tissues from FlkEGFP mice showcases the use of the model for lineage studies. The impact is supported by the identification of endothelial cell jumping from one sprout to another. CONCLUSION These results introduce a novel culture model for investigating multicellular dynamics during angiogenesis in real-time ex vivo microvascular networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariana D Suarez-Martinez
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Susanne Bierschenk
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Katie Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Dana Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Carolyn L Bayer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stryder M Meadows
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Walter L Murfee
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Yang S, Jin H, Zhu Y, Wan Y, Opoku EN, Zhu L, Hu B. Diverse Functions and Mechanisms of Pericytes in Ischemic Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:892-905. [PMID: 28088914 PMCID: PMC5652032 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170112170226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Every year, strokes take millions of lives and leave millions of individuals living with permanent disabilities. Recently more researchers embrace the concept of the neurovascular unit (NVU), which encompasses neurons, endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, astrocyte, microglia, and the extracellular matrix. It has been well-documented that NVU emerged as a new paradigm for the exploration of mechanisms and therapies in ischemic stroke. To better understand the complex NVU and broaden therapeutic targets, we must probe the roles of multiple cell types in ischemic stroke. The aims of this paper are to introduce the biological characteristics of brain pericytes and the available evidence on the diverse functions and mechanisms involving the pericytes in the context of ischemic stroke. Methods: Research and online content related to the biological characteristics and pathophysiological roles of pericytes is review. The new research direction on the Pericytes in ischemic stroke, and the potential therapeutic targets are provided. Results: During the different stages of ischemic stroke, pericytes play different roles: 1) On the hyperacute phase of stroke, pericytes constriction and death may be a cause of the no-reflow phenomenon in brain capillaries; 2) During the acute phase, pericytes detach from microvessels and participate in inflammatory-immunological response, resulting in the BBB damage and brain edema. Pericytes also provide benefit for neuroprotection by protecting endothelium, stabilizing BBB and releasing neurotrophins; 3) Similarly, during the later recovery phase of stroke, pericytes also contribute to angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and thereby promote neurological recovery. Conclusion: This emphasis on the NVU concept has shifted the focus of ischemic stroke research from neuro-centric views to the complex interactions within NVU. With this new perspective, pericytes that are centrally positioned in the NVU have been widely studied in ischemic stroke. More work is needed to elucidate the beneficial and detrimental roles of brain pericytes in ischemic stroke that may serve as a basis for potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Huijuan Jin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yiyi Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Elvis Nana Opoku
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Hodges NA, Suarez-Martinez AD, Murfee WL. Understanding angiogenesis during aging: opportunities for discoveries and new models. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1843-1850. [PMID: 29648521 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00112.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular network growth and remodeling are common denominators for most age-related pathologies. For multiple pathologies (myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertension), promoting microvascular growth, termed angiogenesis, would be beneficial. For others (cancer, retinopathies, rheumatoid arthritis), blocking angiogenesis would be desirable. Most therapeutic strategies, however, are motivated based on studies using adult animal models. This approach is problematic and does not account for the impaired angiogenesis or the inherent network structure changes that might result from age. Considering the common conception that angiogenesis is impaired with age, a need exists to identify the causes and mechanisms of angiogenesis in aged scenarios and for new tools to enable comparison of aged versus adult responses to therapy. The objective of this article is to introduce opportunities for advancing our understanding of angiogenesis in aging through the discovery of novel cell changes along aged microvascular networks and the development of novel ex vivo models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Hodges
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University , New Orleans, Louisiana.,Departmental of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Walter L Murfee
- Departmental of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Padel T, Roth M, Gaceb A, Li JY, Björkqvist M, Paul G. Brain pericyte activation occurs early in Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2018; 305:139-150. [PMID: 29630897 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular changes have recently been described for several neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's disease (HD). HD is characterized by a progressive neuronal cell loss due to a mutation in the Huntingtin gene. However, the temporal and spatial microvascular alterations in HD remain unclear. Also, knowledge on the implication of pericytes in HD pathology is still sparse and existing findings are contradictory. Here we examine alterations in brain pericytes in the R6/2 mouse model of HD and in human post mortem HD brain sections. To specifically track activated pericytes, we crossbred R6/2 mice with transgenic mice expressing the Green fluorescent protein gene under the Regulator of G-protein signaling 5 (Rgs5) promoter. We demonstrate an increase in activated pericytes in the R6/2 brain and in post mortem HD brain tissue. Importantly, pericyte changes are already detected before striatal neuronal cell loss, weight loss or behavioural deficits occur in R6/2 mice. This is associated with vascular alterations, whereby striatal changes precede cortical changes. Our findings suggest that pericyte activation may be one of the initial steps contributing to the observed vascular modifications in HD. Thus, pericytes may constitute an important target to address early microvascular changes contributing to disease progression in HD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Padel
- Translational Neurology group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine at Lund University, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Michaela Roth
- Translational Neurology group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine at Lund University, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Abderahim Gaceb
- Translational Neurology group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine at Lund University, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Björkqvist
- Biomarkers in Brain Disease, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gesine Paul
- Translational Neurology group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine at Lund University, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Scania University Hospital, 22185 Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Harder DR, Rarick KR, Gebremedhin D, Cohen SS. Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow: Response to Cytochrome P450 Lipid Metabolites. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:801-821. [PMID: 29687906 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There have been numerous reviews related to the cerebral circulation. Most of these reviews are similar in many ways. In the present review, we thought it important to provide an overview of function with specific attention to details of cerebral arterial control related to brain homeostasis, maintenance of neuronal energy demands, and a unique perspective related to the role of astrocytes. A coming review in this series will discuss cerebral vascular development and unique properties of the neonatal circulation and developing brain, thus, many aspects of development are missing here. Similarly, a review of the response of the brain and cerebral circulation to heat stress has recently appeared in this series (8). By trying to make this review unique, some obvious topics were not discussed in lieu of others, which are from recent and provocative research such as endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, circadian regulation of proteins effecting cerebral blood flow, and unique properties of the neurovascular unit. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:801-821, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Harder
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kevin R Rarick
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Debebe Gebremedhin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Susan S Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Ma S, Pradeep S, Hu W, Zhang D, Coleman R, Sood A. The role of tumor microenvironment in resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. F1000Res 2018; 7:326. [PMID: 29560266 PMCID: PMC5854986 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11771.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapy has been demonstrated to increase progression-free survival in patients with many different solid cancers. Unfortunately, the benefit in overall survival is modest and the rapid emergence of drug resistance is a significant clinical problem. Over the last decade, several mechanisms have been identified to decipher the emergence of resistance. There is a multitude of changes within the tumor microenvironment (TME) in response to anti-angiogenic therapy that offers new therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we compile results from contemporary studies related to adaptive changes in the TME in the development of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. These include preclinical models of emerging resistance, dynamic changes in hypoxia signaling and stromal cells during treatment, and novel strategies to overcome resistance by targeting the TME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Ma
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Reproductive Medicine Research Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dikai Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Research Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China
| | - Robert Coleman
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anil Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|