51
|
Genetic Loci and Novel Discrimination Measures Associated with Blood Pressure Variation in African Americans Living in Tallahassee. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167700. [PMID: 28002425 PMCID: PMC5176163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequencing of the human genome and decades of genetic association and linkage studies have dramatically improved our understanding of the etiology of many diseases. However, the multiple causes of complex diseases are still not well understood, in part because genetic and sociocultural risk factors are not typically investigated concurrently. Hypertension is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease and afflicts more African Americans than any other racially defined group in the US. Few genetic loci for hypertension have been replicated across populations, which may reflect population-specific differences in genetic variants and/or inattention to relevant sociocultural factors. Discrimination is a salient sociocultural risk factor for poor health and has been associated with hypertension. Here we use a biocultural approach to study blood pressure (BP) variation in African Americans living in Tallahassee, Florida by genotyping over 30,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and capturing experiences of discrimination using novel measures of unfair treatment of self and others (n = 157). We perform a joint admixture and genetic association analysis for BP that prioritizes regions of the genome with African ancestry. We only report significant SNPs that were confirmed through our simulation analyses, which were performed to determine the false positive rate. We identify eight significant SNPs in five genes that were previously associated with cardiovascular diseases. When we include measures of unfair treatment and test for interactions between SNPs and unfair treatment, we identify a new class of genes involved in multiple phenotypes including psychosocial distress and mood disorders. Our results suggest that inclusion of culturally relevant stress measures, like unfair treatment in African Americans, may reveal new genes and biological pathways relevant to the etiology of hypertension, and may also improve our understanding of the complexity of gene-environment interactions that underlie complex diseases.
Collapse
|
52
|
Navar AM, Peterson ED, Wojdyla D, Sanchez RJ, Sniderman AD, D’Agostino RB, Pencina MJ. Temporal Changes in the Association Between Modifiable Risk Factors and Coronary Heart Disease Incidence. JAMA 2016; 316:2041-2043. [PMID: 27838711 PMCID: PMC5547567 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie Navar
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eric D. Peterson
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Wojdyla
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Allan D. Sniderman
- Mike Rosenbloom Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ralph B. D’Agostino
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J. Pencina
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular and renal morbidity, and mortality. Genome-wide association studies identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the gene SH2B3 encoding the lymphocyte adaptor protein, LNK, but, until recently, little was known about how LNK contributes to hypertension. This review summarizes recent work highlighting a central role for LNK in inflammation and hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS Using a systems biology approach that integrates genomic data with whole blood transcriptomic data and network modeling, LNK/SH2B3 was identified as a key driver gene for hypertension in humans. LNK is an intracellular adaptor protein expressed predominantly in hematopoietic and endothelial cells that negatively regulates cell proliferation and cytokine signaling. Genetic animal models with deletion or mutation of LNK revealed an important role for LNK in renal and vascular inflammation, glomerular injury, oxidative stress, interferon-γ production, and hypertension. Bone marrow transplantation experiments revealed that LNK in hematopoietic cells is primarily responsible for blood pressure regulation. SUMMARY LNK/SH2B3 is a key driver gene for human hypertension, and alteration of LNK in animal models has a profound effect on inflammation and hypertension. Thus, LNK is a potential therapeutic target for this disease and its devastating consequences.
Collapse
|
54
|
Justice AE, Howard AG, Chittoor G, Fernandez-Rhodes L, Graff M, Voruganti VS, Diao G, Love SAM, Franceschini N, O’Connell JR, Avery CL, Young KL, North KE. Genome-wide association of trajectories of systolic blood pressure change. BMC Proc 2016; 10:321-327. [PMID: 27980656 PMCID: PMC5133524 DOI: 10.1186/s12919-016-0050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is great interindividual variation in systolic blood pressure (SBP) as a result of the influences of several factors, including sex, ancestry, smoking status, medication use, and, especially, age. The majority of genetic studies have examined SBP measured cross-sectionally; however, SBP changes over time, and not necessarily in a linear fashion. Therefore, this study conducted a genome-wide association (GWA) study of SBP change trajectories using data available through the Genetic Analysis Workshop 19 (GAW19) of 959 individuals from 20 extended Mexican American families from the San Antonio Family Studies with up to 4 measures of SBP. We performed structural equation modeling (SEM) while taking into account potential genetic effects to identify how, if at all, to include covariates in estimating the SBP change trajectories using a mixture model based latent class growth modeling (LCGM) approach for use in the GWA analyses. RESULTS The semiparametric LCGM approach identified 5 trajectory classes that captured SBP changes across age. Each LCGM identified trajectory group was ranked based on the average number of cumulative years as hypertensive. Using a pairwise comparison of these classes the heritability estimates range from 12 to 94 % (SE = 17 to 40 %). CONCLUSION These identified trajectories are significantly heritable, and we identified a total of 8 promising loci that influence one's trajectory in SBP change across age. Our results demonstrate the potential utility of capitalizing on extant genetic data and longitudinal SBP assessments available through GAW19 to explore novel analytical methods with promising results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Annie Green Howard
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Geetha Chittoor
- Department of Nutrition, and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081 USA
| | | | - Misa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - V. Saroja Voruganti
- Department of Nutrition, and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081 USA
| | - Guoqing Diao
- Department of Statistics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA
| | - Shelly-Ann M. Love
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | | | - Christy L. Avery
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Kristin L. Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Esteban-Martínez RL, Pérez-Razo JC, Vargas-Alarcón G, Martínez-Rodríguez N, Cano-Martínez LJ, López-Hernández LB, Rojano-Mejía D, Canto P, Coral-Vazquez RM. Polymorphisms of APLN-APLNR system are associated with essential hypertension in Mexican-Mestizo individuals. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 101:105-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
56
|
Lee SK, Yoon DW, Lee SW, Kim JY, Kim JK, Cho NH, Shin C. Association of Sasang Constitutional Types with Incident Hypertension: A 12-Year Follow-Up Study. J Altern Complement Med 2016; 22:706-12. [PMID: 27454325 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2015.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sasang constitutional types (SCTs) are four distinct classifications of people based on physiologic and physical characteristics. The different types have been reported to have different disease susceptibility, but there are no studies reporting the association of SCT and hypertension (HTN) over a long-term follow-up period. This study prospectively investigated the association between SCT and incidence of HTN. DESIGN This was a prospective study in a population-based cohort study in Korea. SUBJECTS Data from two independent population-based cohorts that are embedded within the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study were used. A total of 2083 subjects who were free of HTN at baseline were selected for the analysis. OUTCOME MEASURES HTN was diagnosed as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥140 mmHg and diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg, use of antihypertensive medication, or diagnosis by doctor. The SCTs were classified using an integrated diagnostic method that included facial features, body shape, voice, and questionnaire responses. The association between the SCT and the incidence of HTN was investigated by Cox proportional hazard regression analysis and calculation of estimated survival functions. RESULTS The Tae-eum (TE) type showed a significantly increased risk for HTN (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-2.10; p = 0.005), even after adjusting for all possible confounders. In a stratified analysis by body mass index (BMI) conducted only in the TE type, even those in the TE type with normal BMI had a significantly higher risk for HTN (HR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.07-2.03; p = 0.016). Furthermore, survival analysis showed that the TE type had a higher rate of developing HTN than the So-eum and So-yang types had, regardless of obesity status. CONCLUSIONS These results show that the TE type is an independent risk factor for HTN. Thus, early prevention and treatment for HTN in this type are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ku Lee
- 1 Institute of Human Genomic Study, College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital , Danwon-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Wui Yoon
- 1 Institute of Human Genomic Study, College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital , Danwon-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Woo Lee
- 2 Constitutional Medicine and Diagnosis Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Yuseong-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Yeol Kim
- 3 Medical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Yuseong-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kwan Kim
- 4 Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Jungwon University , Goesan-eup, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Han Cho
- 5 Department of Preventive Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine , Youngtong Gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chol Shin
- 1 Institute of Human Genomic Study, College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital , Danwon-gu, Republic of Korea.,6 Department of Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital , Danwon-gu, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Beecham AH, Wang L, Vasudeva N, Liu Z, Dong C, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, Pericak-Vance MA, Rundek T, Seo D, Blanton SH, Sacco RL, Beecham GW. Utility of blood pressure genetic risk score in admixed Hispanic samples. J Hum Hypertens 2016; 30:772-777. [PMID: 27251080 PMCID: PMC6456256 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is strongly influenced by genetic factors. Although
hypertension prevalence in some Hispanic sub-populations is greater than in
non-Hispanic whites, genetic studies on hypertension have focused primarily on
samples of European descent. A recent meta-analysis of 200,000 individuals of
European descent identified 29 common genetic variants that influence blood
pressure, and a genetic risk score derived from the 29 variants has been
proposed. We sought to evaluate the utility of this genetic risk score in
Hispanics. The sample set consists of 1994 Hispanics from two cohorts: the
Northern Manhattan Study (primarily Dominican/Puerto Rican) and the Miami
Cardiovascular Registry (primarily Cuban/South American). Risk scores for
systolic and diastolic blood pressure were computed as a weighted sum of the
risk alleles, with the regression coefficients reported in the European
meta-analysis used as weights. Association of risk score with blood pressure was
tested within each cohort, adjusting for age, age squared, sex, and BMI. Results
were combined using an inverse-variance meta-analysis. The risk score was
significantly associated with blood pressure in our combined sample (p = 5.65
× 10−4 for systolic and p = 1.65 ×
10−3 for diastolic) but the magnitude of the regression
coefficients varied by degree of European, African, and Native American
admixture. Further studies among other Hispanic sub-populations are needed to
elucidate the role of these 29 variants and identify additional genetic and
environmental factors contributing to blood pressure variability in
Hispanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H Beecham
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - L Wang
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - N Vasudeva
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Z Liu
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - C Dong
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - P J Goldschmidt-Clermont
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M A Pericak-Vance
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - T Rundek
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - D Seo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - S H Blanton
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - R L Sacco
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - G W Beecham
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dr John T Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Parmar PG, Taal HR, Timpson NJ, Thiering E, Lehtimäki T, Marinelli M, Lind PA, Howe LD, Verwoert G, Aalto V, Uitterlinden AG, Briollais L, Evans DM, Wright MJ, Newnham JP, Whitfield JB, Lyytikäinen LP, Rivadeneira F, Boomsma DI, Viikari J, Gillman MW, St Pourcain B, Hottenga JJ, Montgomery GW, Hofman A, Kähönen M, Martin NG, Tobin MD, Raitakari O, Vioque J, Jaddoe VW, Jarvelin MR, Beilin LJ, Heinrich J, van Duijn CM, Pennell CE, Lawlor DA, Palmer LJ. International Genome-Wide Association Study Consortium Identifies Novel Loci Associated With Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. CIRCULATION. CARDIOVASCULAR GENETICS 2016; 9:266-278. [PMID: 26969751 PMCID: PMC5279885 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.115.001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim was to identify genetic variants associated with blood pressure (BP) in childhood and adolescence. METHODS AND RESULTS Genome-wide association study data from participating European ancestry cohorts of the Early Genetics and Lifecourse Epidemiology (EAGLE) Consortium was meta-analyzed across 3 epochs; prepuberty (4-7 years), puberty (8-12 years), and postpuberty (13-20 years). Two novel loci were identified as having genome-wide associations with systolic BP across specific age epochs: rs1563894 (ITGA11, located in active H3K27Ac mark and transcription factor chromatin immunoprecipitation and 5'-C-phosphate-G-3' methylation site) during prepuberty (P=2.86×10(-8)) and rs872256 during puberty (P=8.67×10(-9)). Several single-nucleotide polymorphism clusters were also associated with childhood BP at P<5×10(-3). Using a P value threshold of <5×10(-3), we found some overlap in variants across the different age epochs within our study and between several single-nucleotide polymorphisms in any of the 3 epochs and adult BP-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that genetic determinants of BP act from childhood, develop over the lifecourse, and show some evidence of age-specific effects.
Collapse
|
59
|
Dunn EC, Wiste A, Radmanesh F, Almli LM, Gogarten SM, Sofer T, Faul JD, Kardia SL, Smith JA, Weir DR, Zhao W, Soare TW, Mirza SS, Hek K, Tiemeier HW, Goveas JS, Sarto GE, Snively BM, Cornelis M, Koenen KC, Kraft P, Purcell S, Ressler KJ, Rosand J, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Smoller JW. GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY (GWAS) AND GENOME-WIDE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION STUDY (GWEIS) OF DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN AFRICAN AMERICAN AND HISPANIC/LATINA WOMEN. Depress Anxiety 2016; 33:265-80. [PMID: 27038408 PMCID: PMC4826276 DOI: 10.1002/da.22484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have made little progress in identifying variants linked to depression. We hypothesized that examining depressive symptoms and considering gene-environment interaction (GxE) might improve efficiency for gene discovery. We therefore conducted a GWAS and genome-wide by environment interaction study (GWEIS) of depressive symptoms. METHODS Using data from the SHARe cohort of the Women's Health Initiative, comprising African Americans (n = 7,179) and Hispanics/Latinas (n = 3,138), we examined genetic main effects and GxE with stressful life events and social support. We also conducted a heritability analysis using genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA). Replication was attempted in four independent cohorts. RESULTS No SNPs achieved genome-wide significance for main effects in either discovery sample. The top signals in African Americans were rs73531535 (located 20 kb from GPR139, P = 5.75 × 10(-8) ) and rs75407252 (intronic to CACNA2D3, P = 6.99 × 10(-7) ). In Hispanics/Latinas, the top signals were rs2532087 (located 27 kb from CD38, P = 2.44 × 10(-7) ) and rs4542757 (intronic to DCC, P = 7.31 × 10(-7) ). In the GEWIS with stressful life events, one interaction signal was genome-wide significant in African Americans (rs4652467; P = 4.10 × 10(-10) ; located 14 kb from CEP350). This interaction was not observed in a smaller replication cohort. Although heritability estimates for depressive symptoms and stressful life events were each less than 10%, they were strongly genetically correlated (rG = 0.95), suggesting that common variation underlying self-reported depressive symptoms and stressful life event exposure, though modest on their own, were highly overlapping in this sample. CONCLUSIONS Our results underscore the need for larger samples, more GEWIS, and greater investigation into genetic and environmental determinants of depressive symptoms in minorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin C. Dunn
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT
| | - Anna Wiste
- Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Farid Radmanesh
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT
| | - Lynn M. Almli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Tamar Sofer
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jessica D. Faul
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Jennifer A. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David R. Weir
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas W. Soare
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT
| | - Saira S. Mirza
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Hek
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henning W. Tiemeier
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joseph S. Goveas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Gloria E. Sarto
- Center for Women's Health and Health Disparities Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Beverly M. Snively
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Marilyn Cornelis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
| | - Shaun Purcell
- Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Kerry J. Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT
| | - Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Musameh MD, Nelson CP, Gracey J, Tobin M, Tomaszewski M, Samani NJ. Determinants of day-night difference in blood pressure, a comparison with determinants of daytime and night-time blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 2016; 31:43-48. [PMID: 26984683 PMCID: PMC5144126 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Blunted day–night difference in blood pressure (BP) is an independent cardiovascular risk factor, although there is limited information on determinants of diurnal variation in BP. We investigated determinants of day–night difference in systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) BP and how these compared with determinants of daytime and night-time SBP and DBP. We analysed the association of mean daytime, mean night-time and mean day–night difference (defined as (mean daytime−mean night-time)/mean daytime) in SBP and DBP with clinical, lifestyle and biochemical parameters from 1562 adult individuals (mean age 38.6) from 509 nuclear families recruited in the GRAPHIC Study. We estimated the heritability of the various BP phenotypes. In multivariate analysis, there were significant associations of age, sex, markers of adiposity (body mass index and waist–hip ratio), plasma lipids (total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides), serum uric acid, alcohol intake and current smoking status on daytime or night-time SBP and/or DBP. Of these, only age (P=4.7 × 10−5), total cholesterol (P=0.002), plasma triglycerides (P=0.006) and current smoking (P=3.8 × 10−9) associated with day–night difference in SBP, and age (P=0.001), plasma triglyceride (P=2.2 × 10−5) and current smoking (3.8 × 10−4) associated with day–night difference in DBP. 24-h, daytime and night-time SBP and DBP showed substantial heritability (ranging from 18–43%). In contrast day–night difference in SBP showed a lower heritability (13%) while heritability of day–night difference in DBP was not significant. These data suggest that specific clinical, lifestyle and biochemical factors contribute to inter-individual variation in daytime, night-time and day–night differences in SBP and DBP. Variation in day–night differences in BP is largely non-genetic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Musameh
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - C P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - J Gracey
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - M Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, UK
| | - M Tomaszewski
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - N J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
A stop-codon of the phosphodiesterase 11A gene is associated with elevated blood pressure and measures of obesity. J Hypertens 2016; 34:445-51; discussion 451. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
62
|
Ghodsian N, Ismail P, Ahmadloo S, Heidari F, Haghvirdizadeh P, Ataollahi Eshkoor S, Etemad A. Novel Association of WNK4 Gene, Ala589Ser Polymorphism in Essential Hypertension, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Malaysia. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:8219543. [PMID: 27314050 PMCID: PMC4903125 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8219543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With-no-lysine (K) Kinase-4 (WNK4) consisted of unique serine and threonine protein kinases, genetically associated with an autosomal dominant form of hypertension. Argumentative consequences have lately arisen on the association of specific single nucleotide polymorphisms of WNK4 gene and essential hypertension (EHT). The aim of this study was to determine the association of Ala589Ser polymorphism of WNK4 gene with essential hypertensive patients in Malaysia. WNK4 gene polymorphism was specified utilizing mutagenically separated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method in 320 subjects including 163 cases and 157 controls. Close relation between Ala589Ser polymorphism and elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) was recognized. Sociodemographic factors including body mass index (BMI), age, the level of fasting blood sugar (FBS), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) in the cases and healthy subjects exhibited strong differences (p < 0.05). The distribution of allele frequency and genotype of WNK4 gene Ala589Ser polymorphism showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between EHT subjects with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and normotensive subjects, statistically. The WNK4 gene variation influences significantly blood pressure increase. Ala589Ser probably has effects on the enzymic activity leading to enhanced predisposition to the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Ghodsian
- Genetic Research Group, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Patimah Ismail
- Genetic Research Group, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- *Patimah Ismail:
| | - Salma Ahmadloo
- Genetic Research Group, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farzad Heidari
- Genetic Research Group, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Polin Haghvirdizadeh
- Genetic Research Group, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sima Ataollahi Eshkoor
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Etemad
- Genetic Research Group, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Li M, Zhang B, Li C, Liu J, Liu Y, Sun D, Ma H, Wen S. The Association of Mitofusion-2 Gene Polymorphisms with Susceptibility of Essential Hypertension in Northern Han Chinese Population. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13:39-47. [PMID: 26816493 PMCID: PMC4716818 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitofusion-2 (Mfn2) played an important role in regulating vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation, insulin resistance and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which were found to be involved in the development of hypertension. So we inferred that the Mfn2 gene may participate in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The aim of this study was to determine whether common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Mfn2 gene were associated with essential hypertension (EH) in northern Han Chinese. METHODS We genotyped 6 tagging SNPs of Mfn2 gene (rs2336384, rs2295281, rs17037564, rs2236057, rs2236058 and rs3766741) with the TaqMan assay in 626 hypertensive patients and 618 controls. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis indicated that CC+CA genotype of rs2336384 and AA+AG genotype of rs2236057 were significantly associated with increased risk of EH (OR=1.617, P=0.005; OR=1.418, P=0.031, respectively). GG genotype of rs2236058 and GG+CG genotype of rs3766741 were found to be significantly associated with decreased risk of EH (OR=0.662, P=0.023; OR=0.639, P=0.024).When stratified by gender, for rs2336384, rs2236057 and rs2236058, significant association was observed in males, but not in females. Haplotype analysis indicated that the CCAACC haplotype was positively correlated with EH and there was a negative correlation between ACAGGG haplotype and EH. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that Mfn2 gene polymorphisms were associated with essential hypertension in northern Han Chinese population, especially in male subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- 1. Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Zhang
- 1. Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Li
- 1. Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jielin Liu
- 1. Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Liu
- 1. Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Sun
- 1. Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanying Ma
- 2. Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojun Wen
- 1. Department of Hypertension Research, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Salfati E, Morrison AC, Boerwinkle E, Chakravarti A. Direct Estimates of the Genomic Contributions to Blood Pressure Heritability within a Population-Based Cohort (ARIC). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133031. [PMID: 26162070 PMCID: PMC4498745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) is a heritable trait with multiple environmental and genetic contributions, with current heritability estimates from twin and family studies being ~ 40%. Here, we use genome-wide polymorphism data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study to estimate BP heritability from genomic relatedness among cohort members. We utilized data on 6,365,596 and 9,578,528 genotyped and imputed common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in 8,901 European ancestry (EA) and 2,860 African Ancestry (AA) ARIC participants, respectively, and a mixed linear model for analyses, to make four observations. First, for BP measurements, the heritability is ~20%/~50% and ~27%/~39% for systolic (SBP)/diastolic (DBP) blood pressure in European and African ancestry individuals, respectively, consistent with prior studies. Second, common variants with allele frequency >10% recapitulate most of the BP heritability in these data. Third, the vast majority of BP heritability varies by chromosome, depending on its length, and is largely concentrated in noncoding genomic regions annotated as DNaseI hypersensitive sites (DHSs). Fourth, the majority of this heritability arises from loci not harboring currently known cardiovascular and renal genes. Recent meta-analyses of large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and admixture mapping have identified ~50 loci associated with BP and hypertension (HTN), and yet they account for only a small fraction (~2%) of the heritability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Salfati
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States of America
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States of America
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Liu F, He J, Gu D, Rao DC, Huang J, Hixson JE, Jaquish CE, Chen J, Li C, Yang X, Li J, Rice TK, Shimmin LC, Kelly TN. Associations of Endothelial System Genes With Blood Pressure Changes and Hypertension Incidence: The GenSalt Study. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:780-8. [PMID: 25424718 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We used single-marker and novel gene-based methods to examine the associations of endothelial system genes with blood pressure (BP) changes and hypertension in a longitudinal family study. METHODS The Genetic Epidemiology Network of Salt Sensitivity follow-up study was conducted among 1,768 Chinese participants from 633 families. Nine BP measurements were obtained at baseline and at 2 follow-up visits using a random-zero sphygmomanometer. Mixed-effect models were used to assess the additive associations of 206 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 15 endothelial system genes with longitudinal BP changes and hypertension incidence. Gene-based analyses were conducted using the truncated product method. The Bonferroni method was used to adjust for multiple testing in all analyses. RESULTS Among those free from hypertension at baseline, 512 (32.1%) developed hypertension during the average 7.2 years of follow-up. In single-marker analyses, each copy of the minor alleles of correlated SELE markers rs4656704, rs6427212, and rs5368 were associated with increased risk of developing hypertension (P for trend = 1.48 × 10(-4), 6.69 × 10(-5), and 7.64 × 10(-5), respectively). In addition, the minor allele of SELE marker rs3917436 was associated with smaller diastolic BP (DBP) increases over time. Results of gene-based analyses confirmed associations of the SELE gene with the longitudinal BP phenotypes (P values < 1.00 × 10(-6) for DBP change and hypertension incidence). Furthermore, the DDAH1 and COL18A1 genes were associated with systolic BP change (P < 1.00 × 10(-6) and P = 4.00 × 10(-6), respectively), while EDNRA was associated with hypertension incidence (P = 2.39 × 10(-4)). CONCLUSIONS The current study provides strong evidence of a role of endothelial system genes in BP progression and hypertension incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangchao Liu
- Department of Evidence Based Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Dongfeng Gu
- Department of Evidence Based Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dabeeru C Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Department of Evidence Based Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - James E Hixson
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cashell E Jaquish
- Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jichun Chen
- Department of Evidence Based Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Changwei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xueli Yang
- Department of Evidence Based Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Li
- Department of Evidence Based Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Treva K Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lawrence C Shimmin
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tanika N Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Turpeinen H, Seppälä I, Lyytikäinen LP, Raitoharju E, Hutri-Kähönen N, Levula M, Oksala N, Waldenberger M, Klopp N, Illig T, Mononen N, Laaksonen R, Raitakari O, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Pesu M. A genome-wide expression quantitative trait loci analysis of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin enzymes identifies a novel regulatory gene variant for FURIN expression and blood pressure. Hum Genet 2015; 134:627-36. [PMID: 25813623 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin (PCSK) enzymes cleave and convert their immature substrates into biologically active forms. Polymorphisms in the PCSK genes have been reported to associate with human diseases and phenotypes, including hypercholesterolemia and blood pressure (BP), and targeting PCSKs is considered a promising future form of drug therapy. PCSK processing is readily induced upon upregulation of the enzyme, but the genetic factors contributing to PCSK expression have not been thoroughly characterized. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the genetic regulation of PCSK expression, we performed, for the first time, a genome-wide expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis using mRNA expression in >1400 human peripheral blood samples from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study and ca. ten million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The expression data showed clear expression for FURIN, PCSK5, PCSK7 and MBTPS1 (membrane-bound transcription factor peptidase, site 1) mRNAs in virtually all tested samples. A discovery analysis demonstrated a genome-wide significant (p < 5 × 10(-8)) association with the selected PCSK probes for 1024 variants, which were located at ten independent loci. Of these loci, 5/10 could be confirmed to regulate PCSK expression in two additional and independent sample sets. Finally, a phenotypic analysis demonstrated that a novel cis-eQTL SNP rs4702 for FURIN is strongly associated with both diastolic (p = 0.012) and systolic (p = 0.035) BP levels, as well as peripheral vascular resistance (p = 0.003). These findings indicate that the expression of the PCSK enzymes is regulated by genetic factors, which have biological roles in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Turpeinen
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Biokatu 8, 33580, Tampere, Finland,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Rossier BC, Baker ME, Studer RA. Epithelial sodium transport and its control by aldosterone: the story of our internal environment revisited. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:297-340. [PMID: 25540145 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription and translation require a high concentration of potassium across the entire tree of life. The conservation of a high intracellular potassium was an absolute requirement for the evolution of life on Earth. This was achieved by the interplay of P- and V-ATPases that can set up electrochemical gradients across the cell membrane, an energetically costly process requiring the synthesis of ATP by F-ATPases. In animals, the control of an extracellular compartment was achieved by the emergence of multicellular organisms able to produce tight epithelial barriers creating a stable extracellular milieu. Finally, the adaptation to a terrestrian environment was achieved by the evolution of distinct regulatory pathways allowing salt and water conservation. In this review we emphasize the critical and dual role of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in the control of the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in salt and water conservation in vertebrates. The action of aldosterone on transepithelial sodium transport by activation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) at the apical membrane and that of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase at the basolateral membrane may have evolved in lungfish before the emergence of tetrapods. Finally, we discuss the implication of RAAS in the origin of the present pandemia of hypertension and its associated cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard C Rossier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E Baker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Romain A Studer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Nephrology-Hypertension, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Saleh MA, McMaster WG, Wu J, Norlander AE, Funt SA, Thabet SR, Kirabo A, Xiao L, Chen W, Itani HA, Michell D, Huan T, Zhang Y, Takaki S, Titze J, Levy D, Harrison DG, Madhur MS. Lymphocyte adaptor protein LNK deficiency exacerbates hypertension and end-organ inflammation. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1189-202. [PMID: 25664851 DOI: 10.1172/jci76327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphocyte adaptor protein LNK (also known as SH2B3) is primarily expressed in hematopoietic and endothelial cells, where it functions as a negative regulator of cytokine signaling and cell proliferation. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding LNK are associated with autoimmune and cardiovascular disorders; however, it is not known how LNK contributes to hypertension. Here, we determined that loss of LNK exacerbates angiotensin II-induced (Ang II-induced) hypertension and the associated renal and vascular dysfunction. At baseline, kidneys from Lnk-/- mice exhibited greater levels of inflammation, oxidative stress, and glomerular injury compared with WT animals, and these parameters were further exacerbated by Ang II infusion. Aortas from Lnk-/- mice exhibited enhanced inflammation, reduced nitric oxide levels, and impaired endothelial-dependent relaxation. Bone marrow transplantation studies demonstrated that loss of LNK in hematopoietic cells is primarily responsible for the observed renal and vascular inflammation and predisposition to hypertension. Ang II infusion increased IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells in the spleen and kidneys of Lnk-/- mice compared with WT mice. Moreover, IFN-γ deficiency resulted in blunted hypertension in response to Ang II infusion. Together, these results suggest that LNK is a potential therapeutic target for hypertension and its associated renal and vascular sequela.
Collapse
|
69
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Numerous studies have found elevated depressive symptoms among individuals with Type 2 diabetes, yet the mechanisms remain unclear. We examined whether genetic loci previously associated with depressive symptoms predict depressive symptoms among overweight/obese individuals with Type 2 diabetes or change in depressive symptoms during behavioral weight loss. METHODS The Illumina CARe iSelect (IBC) chip and Cardiometabochip were characterized in 2118 overweight or obese participants with Type 2 diabetes from Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes), a randomized trial to determine the effects of intensive life-style intervention and diabetes support and education on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Primary analyses focused on baseline Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores and depressive symptom change at 1 year. RESULTS Of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six loci, three a priori SNPs in two loci (chromosome 5: rs60271; LBR: rs2230419, rs1011319) were associated with baseline BDI scores, but in the opposite direction of prior research. In joint analysis of 90,003 IBC and Cardiometabochip SNPs, rs1543654 in the region of KCNE1 predicted change in BDI scores at Year 1 in diabetes support and education (β = -1.05, standard error [SE] = 0.21, p = 6.9 × 10(-7)) at the level of chip-wide significance, while also showing a nominal association with baseline BDI (β = 0.35, SE = 0.16, p = .026). Adjustment for antidepressant medication and/or limiting analyses to non-Hispanic white individuals did not meaningfully alter results. CONCLUSIONS Previously reported genetic associations with depressive symptoms did not replicate in this cohort of overweight/obese individuals with Type 2 diabetes. We identified KCNE1 as a potential novel locus associated with depressive symptoms.
Collapse
|
70
|
Combined linkage and family-based association analysis improves candidate gene detection in Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 simulation data. BMC Proc 2014; 8:S29. [PMID: 25519379 PMCID: PMC4143774 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-8-s1-s29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Because the genotype-phenotype correlation information is investigated differently by linkage and association analyses, various efforts have been made to model linkage and association jointly. However, joint modeling methods are usually computationally intensive; hence they cannot currently accommodate large pedigrees with dense markers. This article proposes a simple method to combine the linkage and association evidence with the aim of improving the detection power of disease susceptibility genes. Our detection power comparisons show that the combined linkage-association p values can improve remarkably the causal gene detection power in Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 simulation data.
Collapse
|
71
|
Franceschini N, Tao R, Liu L, Rutherford S, Haack K, Almasy L, Göring HH, Laston S, Lee ET, Best LG, Fabsitz R, Cole SA, North KE. Mapping of a blood pressure QTL on chromosome 17 in American Indians of the strong heart family study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014; 14:158. [PMID: 25387527 PMCID: PMC4246441 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Blood pressure (BP) is a complex trait, with a heritability of 30 to 40%. Several genome wide associated BP loci explain only a small fraction of the phenotypic variation. Family studies can provide an important tool for gene discovery by utilizing trait and genetic transmission information among relative-pairs. We have previously described a quantitative trait locus at chromosome 17q25.3 influencing systolic BP in American Indians of the Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS). This locus has been reported to associate with variation in BP traits in family studies of Europeans, African Americans and Hispanics. Methods To follow-up persuasive linkage findings at this locus, we performed comprehensive genotyping in the 1-LOD unit support interval region surrounding this QTL using a multi-step strategy. We first genotyped 1,334 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 928 individuals from families that showed evidence of linkage for BP. We then genotyped a second panel of 306 SNPs in all SHFS participants (N = 3,807) for genes that displayed the strongest evidence of association in the region, and, in a third step, included additional genotyping to better cover the genes of interest and to interrogate plausible candidate genes in the region. Results Three genes had multiple SNPs marginally associated with systolic BP (TBC1D16, HRNBP3 and AZI1). In BQTN analysis, used to estimate the posterior probability that any variant in each gene had an effect on the phenotype, AZI1 showed the most prominent findings (posterior probability of 0.66). Importantly, upon correction for multiple testing, none of our study findings could be distinguished from chance. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate the difficulty of follow-up studies of linkage studies for complex traits, particularly in the context of low powered studies and rare variants underlying linkage peaks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2261-14-158) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Heritability of blood pressure through latent curve trajectories in families from the Gubbio population study. J Hypertens 2014; 32:2179-87. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
73
|
de Luis DA, Bachiller R, Izaola O, de la Fuente B, Aller R. Relation of the rs6923761 gene variant in glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor to metabolic syndrome in obese subjects. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2014; 65:253-8. [PMID: 25376528 DOI: 10.1159/000365295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) variants in metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components remains unclear in obese subjects. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship of rs6923761 with MS and its components in obese subjects. DESIGN A population of 1,122 obese subjects was analyzed in a cross-sectional survey. To estimate the prevalence of MS, we considered the definitions of the Adult Treatment Panel III. RESULTS Five hundred and forty-eight patients (48.8%) had the GG genotype (wild-type group), whereas 487 patients (43.4%) had the GA genotype and 87 patients (7.8%) the AA genotype. The mean age was 48.9 ± 12.8 years. The prevalence of MS was 47.4% (532 patients), and 52.6% of patients had no MS (n = 590). The odds ratio of MS for the wild-type versus the mutant genotype was 1.02, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.88-1.12. Body mass index, weight, fat mass, waist circumference, and waist to hip ratio were lower in the mutant than in the wild-type group in patients with and without MS. CONCLUSION The GLP-1 receptor variant rs6923761 was found to be associated with decreased weight and anthropometric parameters in A allele carriers with and without MS. MS or its components were not associated with this polymorphism in obese adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Antonio de Luis
- Center of Investigation of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Medicine School and Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinico Universitario, University of Valladolid, Simancas, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Wang W, Feng Z, Bull SB, Wang Z. A 2-step strategy for detecting pleiotropic effects on multiple longitudinal traits. Front Genet 2014; 5:357. [PMID: 25368629 PMCID: PMC4202779 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic pleiotropy refers to the situation in which a single gene influences multiple traits and so it is considered as a major factor that underlies genetic correlation among traits. To identify pleiotropy, an important focus in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is on finding genetic variants that are simultaneously associated with multiple traits. On the other hand, longitudinal designs are often employed in many complex disease studies, such that, traits are measured repeatedly over time within the same subject. Performing genetic association analysis simultaneously on multiple longitudinal traits for detecting pleiotropic effects is interesting but challenging. In this paper, we propose a 2-step method for simultaneously testing the genetic association with multiple longitudinal traits. In the first step, a mixed effects model is used to analyze each longitudinal trait. We focus on estimation of the random effect that accounts for the subject-specific genetic contribution to the trait; fixed effects of other confounding covariates are also estimated. This first step enables separation of the genetic effect from other confounding effects for each subject and for each longitudinal trait. Then in the second step, we perform a simultaneous association test on multiple estimated random effects arising from multiple longitudinal traits. The proposed method can efficiently detect pleiotropic effects on multiple longitudinal traits and can flexibly handle traits of different data types such as quantitative, binary, or count data. We apply this method to analyze the 16th Genetic Analysis Workshop (GAW16) Framingham Heart Study (FHS) data. A simulation study is also conducted to validate this 2-step method and evaluate its performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Zeny Feng
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shelley B Bull
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Prosserman Centre for Health Research Toronto, ON, Canada ; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zuoheng Wang
- Division of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Zawilla N, Shaker D, Abdelaal A, Aref W. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphisms and hypertension in occupational noise exposure in Egypt. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2014; 20:194-206. [PMID: 25000107 DOI: 10.1179/2049396714y.0000000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gene-environment interaction in the pathogenesis of hypertension has not been extensively studied in occupational noise. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between noise and hypertension in Egyptian workers, the interaction of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms as modifiers, and the possible relationship between noise hearing impairment and hypertension. METHODS Study subjects were divided into two groups depending on noise exposure level. The control group (n = 161) was exposed to noise intensity <85 dB and the exposed group (n = 217) was exposed to noise intensity ≧85 dB. A polymerase chain reaction was used to differentiate the various genotypes of ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) and ACE G2350A. RESULTS Noise significantly increased the likelihood of hypertension. Carriers of the genotypes AG, GG, and DD were vulnerable to hypertension on noise exposure. No association between hypertension and hearing impairment or noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) was found. CONCLUSION Our results support the association between ACE gene polymorphisms and occurrence of hypertension in noise-exposed workers.
Collapse
|
76
|
Lardjam-Hetraf SA, Mediene-Benchekor S, Ouhaibi-Djellouli H, Meroufel DN, Boulenouar H, Hermant X, Hamani-Medjaoui I, Saidi-Mehtar N, Amouyel P, Houti L, Goumidi L, Meirhaeghe A. Effects of established blood pressure loci on blood pressure values and hypertension risk in an Algerian population sample. J Hum Hypertens 2014; 29:296-302. [PMID: 25231511 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2014.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies and subsequent replication studies have pinpointed 29 genetic variants associated with blood pressure (BP). None of these studies included North African populations. We therefore looked at whether or not these genetic variants modulated BP and hypertension (HTN) risk in an Algerian population sample. Twenty-nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in a representative sample of 787 subjects from the InSulino-résistance à ORan (ISOR) study (378 men and 409 women aged between 30 and 64 years and recruited from within the city of Oran, Algeria). Genetic variants were considered both individually and when combined as genetic predisposition scores (GPSs) for systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP) and HTN risk. The SNPs in CYP1A1-ULK3, HFE and SH2B3 were significantly associated with BP and/or HTN. The SBP-GPS, DBP-GPS and HTN-GPS were associated with higher levels of DBP (+0.24 mm Hg P=0.05, +0.23 mm Hg P = 0.05 and +0.26 mm Hg P = 0.03, respectively). Moreover, the three GPSs tended to be associated with a 6% higher risk of HTN. Our study is the first to show that some of the BP loci validated in subjects of European descent were associated (either individually or when combined as GPSs) with BP traits and/or the HTN risk in an Algerian population, but to a lesser extent than in European populations. Although larger studies and meta-analyses of North African populations are needed to confirm the present results, our data contribute to a better understanding of genetic susceptibility to HTN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Lardjam-Hetraf
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, Oran, Algeria
| | - S Mediene-Benchekor
- 1] Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, Oran, Algeria [2] Département de Biotechnologie, Faculté des sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université d'Oran, Oran, Algeria
| | - H Ouhaibi-Djellouli
- 1] Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, Oran, Algeria [2] Département de Biotechnologie, Faculté des sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université d'Oran, Oran, Algeria
| | - D N Meroufel
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, Oran, Algeria
| | - H Boulenouar
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, Oran, Algeria
| | - X Hermant
- INSERM U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - I Hamani-Medjaoui
- Caisse Nationale des Assurances Sociales des travailleurs salariés, Clinique Spécialisée en Orthopédie et Rééducation des Victimes des Accidents de Travail, Oran, Algeria
| | - N Saidi-Mehtar
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, Oran, Algeria
| | - P Amouyel
- INSERM U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - L Houti
- 1] Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, Oran, Algeria [2] Faculté de Médecine, Université Djillali Liabes de Sidi Bel Abbès, Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria [3] Laboratoire des Systèmes d'Information en Santé, Université d'Oran, Oran, Algeria
| | - L Goumidi
- INSERM U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - A Meirhaeghe
- INSERM U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Wang YJ, Tayo BO, Bandyopadhyay A, Wang H, Feng T, Franceschini N, Tang H, Gao J, Sung YJ, Elston RC, Williams SM, Cooper RS, Mu TW, Zhu X. The association of the vanin-1 N131S variant with blood pressure is mediated by endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation and loss of function. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004641. [PMID: 25233454 PMCID: PMC4169380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure (BP) is the most common cardiovascular risk factor worldwide and a major contributor to heart disease and stroke. We previously discovered a BP-associated missense SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism)–rs2272996–in the gene encoding vanin-1, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane pantetheinase. In the present study, we first replicated the association of rs2272996 and BP traits with a total sample size of nearly 30,000 individuals from the Continental Origins and Genetic Epidemiology Network (COGENT) of African Americans (P = 0.01). This association was further validated using patient plasma samples; we observed that the N131S mutation is associated with significantly lower plasma vanin-1 protein levels. We observed that the N131S vanin-1 is subjected to rapid endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) as the underlying mechanism for its reduction. Using HEK293 cells stably expressing vanin-1 variants, we showed that N131S vanin-1 was degraded significantly faster than wild type (WT) vanin-1. Consequently, there were only minimal quantities of variant vanin-1 present on the plasma membrane and greatly reduced pantetheinase activity. Application of MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, resulted in accumulation of ubiquitinated variant protein. A further experiment demonstrated that atenolol and diltiazem, two current drugs for treating hypertension, reduce the vanin-1 protein level. Our study provides strong biological evidence for the association of the identified SNP with BP and suggests that vanin-1 misfolding and degradation are the underlying molecular mechanism. Hypertension (HTN) or high blood pressure (BP) is common worldwide and a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Identification of genetic variants of consequence for HTN serves as the molecular basis for its treatment. Using admixture mapping analysis of the Family Blood Pressure Program data, we recently identified that the VNN1 gene (encoding the protein vanin-1), in particular SNP rs2272996 (N131S), was associated with BP in both African Americans and Mexican Americans. Vanin-1 was reported to act as an oxidative stress sensor using its pantetheinase enzyme activity. Because a linkage between oxidative stress and HTN has been hypothesized for many years, vanin-1's pantetheinase activity offers a physiologic rationale for BP regulation. Here, we first replicated the association of rs2272996 with BP in the Continental Origins and Genetic Epidemiology Network (COGENT), which included nearly 30,000 African Americans. We further demonstrated that the N131S mutation in vanin-1 leads to its rapid degradation in cells, resulting in loss of function on the plasma membrane. The loss of function of vanin-1 is associated with reduced BP. Therefore, our results indicate that vanin-1 is a new candidate to be manipulated to ameliorate HTN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Juan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YJW); (XZ)
| | - Bamidele O. Tayo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anupam Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Heming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jianmin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Robert C. Elston
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Williams
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ting-Wei Mu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YJW); (XZ)
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Abstract
Hypertension has become a major global health burden due to its high prevalence and associated increase in risk of cardiovascular disease and premature death. It is well established that hypertension is determined by both genetic and environmental factors and their complex interactions. Recent large-scale meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified a total of 38 loci which achieved genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10(-8)) for their association with blood pressure (BP). Although the heritability of BP explained by these loci is very limited, GWAS meta-analyses have elicited renewed optimism in hypertension genomics research, highlighting novel pathways influencing BP and elucidating genetic mechanisms underlying BP regulation. This review summarizes evolving progress in the rapidly moving field of hypertension genetics and highlights several promising approaches for dissecting the remaining heritability of BP. It also discusses the future translation of genetic findings to hypertension treatment and prevention.
Collapse
|
79
|
Li D, Zhou J, Thomas DC, Fardo DW. Complex pedigrees in the sequencing era: to track transmissions or decorrelate? Genet Epidemiol 2014; 38 Suppl 1:S29-36. [PMID: 25112185 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.21822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) studies are becoming commonplace, and the NGS field is continuing to develop rapidly. Analytic methods aimed at testing for the various roles that genetic susceptibility plays in disease are also rapidly being developed and optimized. Studies that incorporate large, complex pedigrees are of particular importance because they provide detailed information about inheritance patterns and can be analyzed in a variety of complementary ways. The nine contributions from our Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 working group on family-based tests of association for rare variants using simulated data examined analytic methods for testing genetic association using whole-genome sequencing data from 20 large pedigrees with 200 phenotype simulation replicates. What distinguishes the approaches explored is how the complexities of analyzing familial genetic data were handled. Here, we explore the methods that either harness inheritance patterns and transmission information or attempt to adjust for the correlation between family members in order to utilize computationally and conceptually simpler statistical testing procedures. Although directly comparing these two classes of approaches across contributions is difficult, we note that the two classes balance robustness to population stratification and computational complexity (the transmission-based approaches) with simplicity and increased power, assuming no population stratification or proper adjustment for it (decorrelation approaches).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalin Li
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Lin CC, Peyser PA, Kardia SL, Li CI, Liu CS, Chu JS, Lin WY, Li TC. Heritability of cardiovascular risk factors in a Chinese population – Taichung Community Health Study and Family Cohort. Atherosclerosis 2014; 235:488-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
81
|
Abstract
The cost of next-generation sequencing is now approaching that of the first generation of genome-wide single-nucleotide genotyping panels, but this is still out of reach for large-scale epidemiologic studies with tens of thousands of subjects. Furthermore, the anticipated yield of millions of rare variants poses serious challenges for distinguishing causal from noncausal variants for disease. We explore the merits of using family-based designs for sequencing substudies to identify novel variants and prioritize them for their likelihood of causality. While the sharing of variants within families means that family-based designs may be less efficient for discovery than sequencing of a comparable number of unrelated individuals, the ability to exploit cosegregation of variants with disease within families helps distinguish causal from noncausal ones. We introduce a score test criterion for prioritizing discovered variants in terms of their likelihood of being functional. We compare the relative statistical efficiency of 2-stage versus1-stage family-based designs by application to the Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 simulated sequence data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9234, USA
| | - Duncan C Thomas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9234, USA
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Abstract
Statistical genetic methods incorporating temporal variation allow for greater understanding of genetic architecture and consistency of biological variation influencing development of complex diseases. This study proposes a bivariate association method jointly testing association of two quantitative phenotypic measures from different time points. Measured genotype association was analyzed for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for systolic blood pressure (SBP) from the first and third visits using 200 simulated Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 (GAW18) replicates. Bivariate association, in which the effect of an SNP on the mean trait values of the two phenotypes is constrained to be equal for both measures and is included as a covariate in the analysis, was compared with a bivariate analysis in which the effect of an SNP was estimated separately for the two measures and univariate association analyses in 9 SNPs that explained greater than 0.001% SBP variance over all 200 GAW18 replicates.The SNP 3_48040283 was significantly associated with SBP in all 200 replicates with the constrained bivariate method providing increased signal over the unconstrained bivariate method. This method improved signal in all 9 SNPs with simulated effects on SBP for nominal significance (p-value <0.05). However, this appears to be determined by the effect size of the SNP on the phenotype. This bivariate association method applied to longitudinal data improves genetic signal for quantitative traits when the effect size of the variant is moderate to large.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip E Melton
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Laura A Almasy
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Abstract
The apical membrane epithelial Na(+) channel subunit (ENaC) in series with the basolateral Na(+)/K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase mediates collecting duct Na(+) reabsorption. Aldosterone induces αENaC gene transcription, which appears to be rate limiting for ENaC activity in this segment. Although this response has long been assumed to be solely the result of liganded nuclear hormone receptors trans-activating αENaC, epigenetic controls of basal and aldosterone-induced transcription of αENaC in the collecting duct recently were described. These epigenetic pathways involve dynamic nuclear repressor complexes targeted to specific subregions of the αENaC promoter and consisting of the histone methyltransferase disrupter of telomeric silencing (Dot)1a together with the transcriptional factor Af9 or the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent protein deacetylase Sirt1, key co-regulatory proteins, including serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase-1 and the putative transcription factor Af17, and targeted chromatin modifications. The complexes, through the action of Dot1a, maintain chromatin associated with the αENaC promoter in a stable hypermethylated state, constraining αENaC transcription under basal conditions. Aldosterone and serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase-1, itself, activate αENaC transcription in large part by disrupting or diminishing the Dot1a-Af9 and Dot1a-Sirt1 complexes and their effects on chromatin. Mouse models indicate potential roles of the Dot1a pathways in renal salt excretion and hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce C Kone
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Wilkins JT, Gidding S, Liu K, Ning H, Polak JF, Lloyd-Jones DM. Associations between a parental history of premature cardiovascular disease and coronary artery calcium and carotid intima-media thickness: the Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014; 21:601-7. [PMID: 23027592 PMCID: PMC3779512 DOI: 10.1177/2047487312462801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear if associations between a parental history of premature CVD (pCVD) and subclinical atherosclerosis are attenuated by adjustment for long-term risk factor levels through middle adulthood. DESIGN Prospective community-based cohort study. METHODS CARDIA participants who attended the year-20 exam (n = 2283, mean age 45 years) were grouped by pCVD status: maternal only, paternal only, any parental, and no parental history (referent). We used separate logistic regression models, adjusted for average risk factor levels over a 20-year follow up to assess associations of parental pCVD and subclinical atherosclerosis in offspring. RESULTS White participants with any parental history of pCVD had a higher odds of coronary artery calcium (CAC) >0 than participants with no parental history (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.01-2.37). This was largely driven by the association of a paternal history of pCVD with CAC >0 (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.42-3.23), which was minimally attenuated by multivariable adjustment (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.31-3.32). Similarly, adjusted associations between parental pCVD and intima-media thickness (IMT) >90% were observed in white participants with a paternal history of pCVD (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.10-3.39) and any parental history pCVD (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.02-2.74). No significant associations between a parental history of pCVD and the odds of subclinical atherosclerosis were observed in black participants. CONCLUSIONS Parental pCVD is independently associated with early development of subclinical atherosclerosis; these associations may be race-specific for participants in their fifth decade of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T. Wilkins
- Department of Preventive Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Samuel Gidding
- The Department of Pediatrics Nemours Cardiac Center, Wilmington, DE
| | - Kiang Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Hongyan Ning
- Department of Preventive Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Donald M. Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Endothelial dysfunction in experimental models of arterial hypertension: cause or consequence? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014. [PMID: 24738065 DOI: 10.1155/2014/598271.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for other cardiovascular diseases and endothelial dysfunction was found in humans as well as in various commonly employed animal experimental models of arterial hypertension. Data from the literature indicate that, in general, endothelial dysfunction would not be the cause of experimental hypertension and may rather be secondary, that is, resulting from high blood pressure (BP). The initial mechanism of endothelial dysfunction itself may be associated with a lack of endothelium-derived relaxing factors (mainly nitric oxide) and/or accentuation of various endothelium-derived constricting factors. The involvement and role of endothelium-derived factors in the development of endothelial dysfunction in individual experimental models of hypertension may vary, depending on the triggering stimulus, strain, age, and vascular bed investigated. This brief review was focused on the participation of endothelial dysfunction, individual endothelium-derived factors, and their mechanisms of action in the development of high BP in the most frequently used rodent experimental models of arterial hypertension, including nitric oxide deficient models, spontaneous (pre)hypertension, stress-induced hypertension, and selected pharmacological and diet-induced models.
Collapse
|
86
|
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) cause nearly one-third of all deaths worldwide. Coronary heart disease (CHD) accounts for the greatest proportion of CVDs, and risk factors such as hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus or elevated glucose level, elevated cholesterol levels, and obesity or being overweight are the top six causes of death globally. Ecological and population-based longitudinal studies, conducted globally or within individual countries, have established the role of traditional and novel risk factors and measures of subclinical disease in the prediction of CHD. Risk assessment with short-term or long-term risk prediction algorithms can help to identify individuals who would benefit most from risk-factor interventions. Evaluation of novel risk factors and screening for subclinical atherosclerosis can also help to identify individuals at highest cardiovascular risk. Prevention of CHD focuses on identifying and managing risk factors at both the population and individual levels through primordial, primary, and secondary prevention. Epidemiological studies have provided the hypotheses for subsequent clinical trials that have documented the efficacy of risk-factor interventions, which are the basis of preventive cardiology. Future research efforts will determine the screening and intervention strategies that have the greatest effect on CHD prevention.
Collapse
|
87
|
Endothelial dysfunction in experimental models of arterial hypertension: cause or consequence? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:598271. [PMID: 24738065 PMCID: PMC3971506 DOI: 10.1155/2014/598271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for other cardiovascular diseases and endothelial dysfunction was found in humans as well as in various commonly employed animal experimental models of arterial hypertension. Data from the literature indicate that, in general, endothelial dysfunction would not be the cause of experimental hypertension and may rather be secondary, that is, resulting from high blood pressure (BP). The initial mechanism of endothelial dysfunction itself may be associated with a lack of endothelium-derived relaxing factors (mainly nitric oxide) and/or accentuation of various endothelium-derived constricting factors. The involvement and role of endothelium-derived factors in the development of endothelial dysfunction in individual experimental models of hypertension may vary, depending on the triggering stimulus, strain, age, and vascular bed investigated. This brief review was focused on the participation of endothelial dysfunction, individual endothelium-derived factors, and their mechanisms of action in the development of high BP in the most frequently used rodent experimental models of arterial hypertension, including nitric oxide deficient models, spontaneous (pre)hypertension, stress-induced hypertension, and selected pharmacological and diet-induced models.
Collapse
|
88
|
Tragante V, Barnes MR, Ganesh SK, Lanktree MB, Guo W, Franceschini N, Smith EN, Johnson T, Holmes MV, Padmanabhan S, Karczewski KJ, Almoguera B, Barnard J, Baumert J, Chang YPC, Elbers CC, Farrall M, Fischer ME, Gaunt TR, Gho JMIH, Gieger C, Goel A, Gong Y, Isaacs A, Kleber ME, Mateo Leach I, McDonough CW, Meijs MFL, Melander O, Nelson CP, Nolte IM, Pankratz N, Price TS, Shaffer J, Shah S, Tomaszewski M, van der Most PJ, Van Iperen EPA, Vonk JM, Witkowska K, Wong COL, Zhang L, Beitelshees AL, Berenson GS, Bhatt DL, Brown M, Burt A, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Connell JM, Cruickshanks KJ, Curtis SP, Davey-Smith G, Delles C, Gansevoort RT, Guo X, Haiqing S, Hastie CE, Hofker MH, Hovingh GK, Kim DS, Kirkland SA, Klein BE, Klein R, Li YR, Maiwald S, Newton-Cheh C, O'Brien ET, Onland-Moret NC, Palmas W, Parsa A, Penninx BW, Pettinger M, Vasan RS, Ranchalis JE, M Ridker P, Rose LM, Sever P, Shimbo D, Steele L, Stolk RP, Thorand B, Trip MD, van Duijn CM, Verschuren WM, Wijmenga C, Wyatt S, Young JH, Zwinderman AH, Bezzina CR, Boerwinkle E, Casas JP, Caulfield MJ, Chakravarti A, Chasman DI, Davidson KW, Doevendans PA, Dominiczak AF, FitzGerald GA, Gums JG, Fornage M, Hakonarson H, Halder I, Hillege HL, Illig T, Jarvik GP, Johnson JA, Kastelein JJP, Koenig W, Kumari M, März W, Murray SS, O'Connell JR, Oldehinkel AJ, Pankow JS, Rader DJ, Redline S, Reilly MP, Schadt EE, Kottke-Marchant K, Snieder H, Snyder M, Stanton AV, Tobin MD, Uitterlinden AG, van der Harst P, van der Schouw YT, Samani NJ, Watkins H, Johnson AD, Reiner AP, Zhu X, de Bakker PIW, Levy D, Asselbergs FW, Munroe PB, Keating BJ. Gene-centric meta-analysis in 87,736 individuals of European ancestry identifies multiple blood-pressure-related loci. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:349-60. [PMID: 24560520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure (BP) is a heritable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. To investigate genetic associations with systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse pressure (PP), we genotyped ~50,000 SNPs in up to 87,736 individuals of European ancestry and combined these in a meta-analysis. We replicated findings in an independent set of 68,368 individuals of European ancestry. Our analyses identified 11 previously undescribed associations in independent loci containing 31 genes including PDE1A, HLA-DQB1, CDK6, PRKAG2, VCL, H19, NUCB2, RELA, HOXC@ complex, FBN1, and NFAT5 at the Bonferroni-corrected array-wide significance threshold (p < 6 × 10(-7)) and confirmed 27 previously reported associations. Bioinformatic analysis of the 11 loci provided support for a putative role in hypertension of several genes, such as CDK6 and NUCB2. Analysis of potential pharmacological targets in databases of small molecules showed that ten of the genes are predicted to be a target for small molecules. In summary, we identified previously unknown loci associated with BP. Our findings extend our understanding of genes involved in BP regulation, which may provide new targets for therapeutic intervention or drug response stratification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Tragante
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michael R Barnes
- William Harvey Research Institute National Institute for Health Biomedical Research Unit, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Santhi K Ganesh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew B Lanktree
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Erin N Smith
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady's Children's Hospital, University of California at San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Toby Johnson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Michael V Holmes
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Konrad J Karczewski
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Berta Almoguera
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John Barnard
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jens Baumert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Yen-Pei Christy Chang
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Clara C Elbers
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Farrall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Mary E Fischer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Johannes M I H Gho
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Anuj Goel
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Aaron Isaacs
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Irene Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Caitrin W McDonough
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Matthijs F L Meijs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Olle Melander
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö 20502, Sweden; Centre of Emergency Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö 20502, Sweden
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK; NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tom S Price
- MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jonathan Shaffer
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sonia Shah
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Kathleen Lonsdale Building, Gower Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik P A Van Iperen
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, 3511 GC Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kate Witkowska
- Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Caroline O L Wong
- Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Amber L Beitelshees
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Gerald S Berenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Morris Brown
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Amber Burt
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rhonda M Cooper-DeHoff
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - John M Connell
- University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital &Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Karen J Cruickshanks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Sean P Curtis
- Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - George Davey-Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Christian Delles
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Cedars-Sinai Med Ctr-PEDS, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Shen Haiqing
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Claire E Hastie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Marten H Hofker
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology Division, Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel S Kim
- Departments of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Susan A Kirkland
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1V7, Canada
| | - Barbara E Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - Yun R Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steffi Maiwald
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Eoin T O'Brien
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Walter Palmas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Afshin Parsa
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Brenda W Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry/EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mary Pettinger
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jane E Ranchalis
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, W2 1LA UK
| | - Daichi Shimbo
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Laura Steele
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ronald P Stolk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Mieke D Trip
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - W Monique Verschuren
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sharon Wyatt
- Schools of Nursing and Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - J Hunter Young
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- Heart Failure Research Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Molecular and Experimental Cardiology Group, Academic Medical Centre, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Division of Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Juan P Casas
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; Genetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karina W Davidson
- Departments of Medicine & Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Pieter A Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna F Dominiczak
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- The Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John G Gums
- Departments of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and School of Public Health Division of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Indrani Halder
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Hans L Hillege
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, W2 1LA UK
| | - Julie A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Centre, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Meena Kumari
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Population Health, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, UK
| | - Winfried März
- Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany; Synlab Academy, Synlab Services GmbH, Mannheim 69214, Germany; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Sarah S Murray
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffery R O'Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Cardiovascular Institute, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- Cardiovascular Institute, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alice V Stanton
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Departments of Epidemiology and Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, 3511 GC Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK; NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Andrew D Johnson
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Alex P Reiner
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, 3511 GC Utrecht, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology and Barts and The London Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Brendan J Keating
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Kelishadi R, Poursafa P. A review on the genetic, environmental, and lifestyle aspects of the early-life origins of cardiovascular disease. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2014; 44:54-72. [PMID: 24607261 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive review on developmental origins of health and disease regarding various factors related to the origins of cardiovascular diseases from early life. It presents a summary of the impacts of various factors such as epigenetics; gene-environment interaction; ethnic predisposition to cardiovascular diseases and their underlying risk factors; prenatal factors; fetal programming; maternal weight status and weight gain during pregnancy; type of feeding during infancy; growth pattern during childhood; obesity; stunting; socioeconomic status; dietary and physical activity habits; active, secondhand, and thirdhand smoking, as well as environmental factors including air pollution and global climate change on the development and progress of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors. The importance of early identification of predisposing factors for cardiovascular diseases for primordial and primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases from early life is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roya Kelishadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parinaz Poursafa
- Environment Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Marcano ACB, Onipinla AK, Caulfield MJ, Munroe PB. Recent advances in the identification of genes for human hypertension. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 3:733-41. [PMID: 16076282 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.3.4.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It is a well-established fact that genes are involved in the etiology of hypertension. However, identification of the gene variants still remains a challenge. Over the years, different approaches and technologies, including genome-wide scans, case-control association studies, experiments on inbred rodent models and expression profiling, have been utilized to elucidate hypertension susceptibility genes, but so far the results have been equivocal. During the last year, further chromosomal regions harboring blood pressure loci have been identified, and transcriptomics has been applied to aid the identification of disease genes. There are great expectations for the future with regards to further advancements in transcriptomics and proteomics. This review reports primarily on work that has been carried out in the last 12 months in the field, and considers its contribution towards a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms involved in blood pressure regulation and hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C B Marcano
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Andreassen OA, McEvoy LK, Thompson WK, Wang Y, Reppe S, Schork AJ, Zuber V, Barrett-Connor E, Gautvik K, Aukrust P, Karlsen TH, Djurovic S, Desikan RS, Dale AM. Identifying common genetic variants in blood pressure due to polygenic pleiotropy with associated phenotypes. Hypertension 2014; 63:819-26. [PMID: 24396023 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Blood pressure is a critical determinant of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is affected by environmental factors, but has a strong heritable component. Despite recent large genome-wide association studies, few genetic risk factors for blood pressure have been identified. Epidemiological studies suggest associations between blood pressure and several diseases and traits, which may partly arise from a shared genetic basis (genetic pleiotropy). Using genome-wide association studies summary statistics and a genetic pleiotropy-informed conditional false discovery rate method, we systematically investigated genetic overlap between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 12 comorbid traits and diseases. We found significant enrichment of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with SBP as a function of their association with body mass index, low-density lipoprotein, waist/hip ratio, schizophrenia, bone mineral density, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and celiac disease. In contrast, the magnitude of enrichment due to shared polygenic effects was smaller with the other phenotypes (triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, type 2 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, and height). Applying the conditional false discovery rate method to the enriched phenotypes, we identified 62 loci associated with SBP (false discovery rate <0.01), including 42 novel loci. The observed polygenic overlap between SBP and several related disorders indicates that the epidemiological associations are not mediated solely via lifestyle factors but also reflect an etiologic relation that warrants further investigation. The new gene loci identified implicate novel genetic mechanisms related to lipid biology and the immune system in SBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole A Andreassen
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 8950 Villa La Jolla Dr, Suite C101, La Jolla, CA 92037-0841. ; and Ole A. Andreassen, NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, PO Box 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway. Email
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Sun W, Larsen MD, Lachin JM. Methods for a longitudinal quantitative outcome with a multivariate Gaussian distribution multi-dimensionally censored by therapeutic intervention. Stat Med 2013; 33:1288-306. [PMID: 24258796 DOI: 10.1002/sim.6037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In longitudinal studies, a quantitative outcome (such as blood pressure) may be altered during follow-up by the administration of a non-randomized, non-trial intervention (such as anti-hypertensive medication) that may seriously bias the study results. Current methods mainly address this issue for cross-sectional studies. For longitudinal data, the current methods are either restricted to a specific longitudinal data structure or are valid only under special circumstances. We propose two new methods for estimation of covariate effects on the underlying (untreated) general longitudinal outcomes: a single imputation method employing a modified expectation-maximization (EM)-type algorithm and a multiple imputation (MI) method utilizing a modified Monte Carlo EM-MI algorithm. Each method can be implemented as one-step, two-step, and full-iteration algorithms. They combine the advantages of the current statistical methods while reducing their restrictive assumptions and generalizing them to realistic scenarios. The proposed methods replace intractable numerical integration of a multi-dimensionally censored MVN posterior distribution with a simplified, sufficiently accurate approximation. It is particularly attractive when outcomes reach a plateau after intervention due to various reasons. Methods are studied via simulation and applied to data from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study of treatment for type 1 diabetes. Methods proved to be robust to high dimensions, large amounts of censored data, low within-subject correlation, and when subjects receive non-trial intervention to treat the underlying condition only (with high Y), or for treatment in the majority of subjects (with high Y) in combination with prevention for a small fraction of subjects (with normal Y).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanjie Sun
- Division of Biometrics VI, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852, U.S.A
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Jiang MH, Su YM, Tang JZ, Shen YB, Deng XT, Yuan DS, Wu J, Pan M, Huang ZW. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene 2350 G/A polymorphism and susceptibility to atrial fibrillation in Han Chinese patients with essential hypertension. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:1428-32. [PMID: 24270955 PMCID: PMC3812555 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(11)08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is one of the most studied candidate genes related to atrial fibrillation. Among the polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene, the 2350 G/A polymorphism (rs4343) is known to have the most significant effects on the plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme concentration. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2350 G/A polymorphism with atrial fibrillation in Han Chinese patients with essential hypertension. METHODS A total of 169 hypertensive patients were eligible for this study. Patients with atrial fibrillation (n = 75) were allocated to the atrial fibrillation group, and 94 subjects without atrial fibrillation were allocated to the control group. The PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism technique was used to assess the genotype frequencies. RESULTS The distributions of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2350 G/A genotypes (GG, GA, and AA, respectively) were 40.43%, 41.49%, and 18.08% in the controls and 18.67%, 46.67%, and 34.66% in the atrial fibrillation subjects (p = 0.037). The frequency of the A allele in the atrial fibrillation group was significantly greater than in the control group (58.00% vs. 38.83%, p = 0.0007). Compared with the wild-type GG genotype, the GA and AA genotypes had an increased risk for atrial fibrillation. Additionally, atrial fibrillation patients with the AA genotype had greater left atrial dimensions than the patients with the GG or GA genotypes (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in this study indicate that the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2350 G/A polymorphism is associated with atrial fibrillation and that the A allele shows an increased risk for atrial fibrillation in Han Chinese patients with essential hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hui Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Abstract
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a critical folate-metabolising enzyme which requires riboflavin as its co-factor. A common polymorphism (677C→T) in the MTHFR gene results in reduced MTHFR activity in vivo which in turn leads to impaired folate metabolism and elevated homocysteine concentrations. Homozygosity for this polymorphism (TT genotype) is associated with an increased risk of a number of conditions including heart disease and stroke, but there is considerable variability in the extent of excess risk in various reports. The present review will explore the evidence which supports a role for this polymorphism as a risk factor for a number of adverse health outcomes, and the potential modulating roles for B-vitamins in alleviating disease risk. The evidence is convincing in the case which links this polymorphism with hypertension and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, particularly preeclampsia. Furthermore, elevated blood pressure was found to be highly responsive to riboflavin intervention specifically in individuals with the MTHFR 677TT genotype. Future intervention studies targeted at these genetically predisposed individuals are required to further investigate this novel gene-nutrient interaction. This polymorphism has also been associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects (NTD) and other adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, the evidence in this area has been inconsistent. Preliminary evidence has suggested that there may be a much greater need for women with the MTHFR 677TT genotype to adhere to the specific recommendation of commencing folic acid prior to conception for the prevention of NTD, but this requires further investigation.
Collapse
|
95
|
Gonzalez-Villalobos RA, Shen XZ, Bernstein EA, Janjulia T, Taylor B, Giani JF, Blackwell WLB, Shah KH, Shi PD, Fuchs S, Bernstein KE. Rediscovering ACE: novel insights into the many roles of the angiotensin-converting enzyme. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:1143-54. [PMID: 23686164 PMCID: PMC3779503 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is best known for the catalytic conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. However, the use of gene-targeting techniques has led to mouse models highlighting many other biochemical properties and actions of this enzyme. This review discusses recent studies examining the functional significance of ACE tissue-specific expression and the presence in ACE of two independent catalytic sites with distinct substrates and biological effects. It is these features which explain why ACE makes important contributions to many different physiological processes including renal development, blood pressure control, inflammation, and immunity.
Collapse
|
96
|
Prasad MK, Bhalla K, Pan ZH, O’Connell JR, Weder AB, Chakravarti A, Tian B, Chang YPC. A polymorphic 3'UTR element in ATP1B1 regulates alternative polyadenylation and is associated with blood pressure. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76290. [PMID: 24098465 PMCID: PMC3788127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although variants in many genes have previously been shown to be associated with blood pressure (BP) levels, the molecular mechanism underlying these associations are mostly unknown. We identified a multi-allelic T-rich sequence (TRS) in the 3’UTR of ATP1B1 that varies in length and sequence composition (T22-27 and T12GT 3GT6). The 3’UTR of ATP1B1 contains 2 functional polyadenylation signals and the TRS is downstream of the proximal polyadenylation site (A2). Therefore, we hypothesized that alleles of this TRS might influence ATP1B1 expression by regulating alternative polyadenylation. In vitro, the T12GT 3GT6 allele increases polyadenylation at the A2 polyadenylation site as compared to the T23 allele. Consistent with our hypothesis, the relative abundance of the A2-polyadenylated ATP1B1 mRNA was higher in human kidneys with at least one copy of the T12GT 3GT6 allele than in those lacking this allele. The T12GT 3GT6 allele is also associated with higher systolic BP (beta = 3.3 mmHg, p = 0.014) and diastolic BP (beta = 2.4 mmHg, p = 0.003) in a European-American population. Therefore, we have identified a novel multi-allelic TRS in the 3’UTR of ATP1B1 that is associated with higher BP and may mediate its effect by regulating the polyadenylation of the ATP1B1 mRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megana K. Prasad
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kavita Bhalla
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhen Hua Pan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. O’Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alan B. Weder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yen-Pei C. Chang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Speakman JR. Functional analysis of seven genes linked to body mass index and adiposity by genome-wide association studies: a review. Hum Hered 2013; 75:57-79. [PMID: 24081222 DOI: 10.1159/000353585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a total of about 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that show significant linkage to body mass index, a widely utilised surrogate measure of adiposity. However, only 8 of these associations have been confirmed by follow-up GWAS using more sophisticated measures of adiposity (computed tomography). Among these 8, there is a SNP close to the gene FTO which has been the subject of considerable work to diagnose its function. The remaining 7 SNPs are adjacent to, or within, the genes NEGR1, TMEM18, ETV5, FLJ35779, LINGO2, SH2B1 and GIPR, most of which are less well studied than FTO, particularly in the context of obesity. This article reviews the available data on the functions of these genes, including information gleaned from studies in humans and animal models. At present, we have virtually no information on the putative mechanism associating the genes FLJ35779 and LINGO2 to obesity. All of these genes are expressed in the brain, and for 2 of them (SH2B1 and GIPR), a direct link to the appetite regulation system is known. SH2B1 is an enhancer of intracellular signalling in the JAK-STAT pathway, and GIPR is the receptor for an appetite-linked hormone (GIP) produced by the alimentary tract. NEGR1, ETV5 and SH2B1 all have suggested roles in neurite outgrowth, and hence SNPs adjacent to these genes may affect development of the energy balance circuitry. Although the genes have central patterns of gene expression, implying a central neuronal connection to energy balance, for at least 4 of them (NEGR1, TMEM18, SH2B1 and GIPR), there are also significant peripheral functions related to adipose tissue biology. These functions may contribute to their effects on the obese phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Murabito JM, Massaro JM, Clifford B, Hoffmann U, Fox CS. Depressive symptoms are associated with visceral adiposity in a community-based sample of middle-aged women and men. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1713-9. [PMID: 23666906 PMCID: PMC3748158 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relation between measures of adiposity and depressive symptoms in a large well characterized community-based sample, we examined the relations of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) to depressive symptoms in 1,581 women (mean age 52.2 years) and 1,718 men (mean age 49.8 years) in the Framingham Heart Study. DESIGN AND METHODS Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Regression models were created to examine the association between each fat depot (exposure) and depressive symptoms (outcome). Sex-specific models were adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, hypertension, total and HDL cholesterol, lipid lowering treatment, CVD, menopause, C-reactive protein, and physical activity. RESULTS Mean CES-D scores were 6.8 and 5.6 in women and men. High levels of depressive symptoms were present in 22.5% of women and 12.3% of men. In women, one standard deviation increase in VAT was associated with a 1.3 point higher CES-D score after adjusting for age and BMI (P < 0.01) and remained significant in the fully adjusted model (P = 0.03). The odds ratio of depressive symptoms per 1 standard deviation increase in VAT in women was 1.33 (P = 0.015); results were attenuated in fully adjusted models (OR 1.29, P = 0.055). In men, the association between VAT and CES-D score and depressive symptoms was not significant. SAT was not associated with CES-D score or depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study supports an association between VAT and depressive symptoms in women. Further work is needed to uncover the complex biologic mechanisms mediating the association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Murabito
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
de Luis DA, Aller R, Conde R, Izaola O, de la Fuente B, Sagrado MG. Relation of the rs9939609 gene variant in FTO with metabolic syndrome in obese female patients. J Diabetes Complications 2013; 27:346-50. [PMID: 23490278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Common polymorphisms of the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) have been linked to obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2 in some populations. The aim of our study was to analyze the relationship of the rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism with metabolic syndrome and its components. MATERIAL AND METHODS A population of 457 obese Caucasian females was analyzed in a cross-sectional survey. To estimate the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome, the definitions of the ATPIII were considered. Genotype of FTO gene polymorphism (rs9939609) was studied. RESULTS One hundred and thirty patients (28.4%) had the genotype TT (wild group), whereas 227 patients (49.7%) had the genotype TA and 100 patients (21.9%) had the genotype AA. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) with ATP III definition was 40.7% (186 patients) and 59.3% patients had no MS (n = 271). Prevalence of mutant FTO genotypes was similar in patients with metabolic syndrome (27.4% wild genotype and 72.6% mutant genotype) and without metabolic syndrome (29.2% wild genotype and 70.8% mutant genotype).Odds ratio of metabolic syndrome in wild vs mutant genotype was 1.04 (95% CI: 0.87-1.22). Insulin levels (13.9±6.3 mUI/L vs. 12.6 ± 3.4 mUI/L; p<0.05), HOMA-R (3.3 ± 1.6 vs. 2.8 ± 1.4; p < 0.05) and triglycerides concentrations (110.8 ± 27.3 mg/dl vs. 103.1 ± 47.3 mg/dl; p < 0.05) were lower in the mutant type group than the wild type group in patients without metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION The FTO gene polymorphism (rs9939609) was found to be associated with increased insulin resistance, insulin and triglyceride levels in obese females with TT variant and without metabolic syndrome. MS or its components were not associated with this polymorphism in obese females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Antonio de Luis
- Institute of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Medicine School and Unit of Investigation, Hospital Rio Hortega, University of Valladolid, Valladolid Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Association study of CD36 single nucleotide polymorphisms with essential hypertension in the Northeastern Han Chinese. Gene 2013; 527:410-5. [PMID: 23792019 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We found that cluster determinant 36 (CD36) gene is up-regulated in essential hypertension (EH) patients in our former research, but the association between CD36 gene variations and EH has not yet been clearly demonstrated. The relationship between CD36 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and EH in the northeastern Han Chinese was examined in the present study through direct sequencing and genotype-detection. A total of 589 unrelated northeastern Han Chinese including 276 with EH and 313 controls were studied. SNPs in exon 7, exon 13 and intron 4 were detected using PCR-sequencing. The genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) or polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). +216T/C, +273A/G, +132C/T, +217T/C, +212T/G and +233T/C polymorphisms were identified. Distributions of genotypes AA, GA and GG of +273A/G polymorphism were significantly different between EH group and the control group (χ2: 9.056, p=0.011) and G allelic frequency was higher in EH (p=0.006, OR=1.629, 95% CI [1.224-2.168]). Logistic regression analysis showed that +273A/G polymorphism was closely associated with blood pressure (BP) after adjusting for ages. When subclassified by sex, the genotype distribution of +273A/G (p=0.011) and allelic frequency of G allele (p=0.006) were significantly different between EH participants and controls in males, but not in females. Subgroup analysis performed by body mass index (BMI) suggested that the genotype distribution of +273A/G and allelic frequency were significantly different in non-obese group and non-obese men, but the associations were not significant (non-obese group: p=0.016, OR=1.664, 95% CI [1.459-2.409]; non-obese men: p=0.073, OR=1.898, 95% CI [1.033-3.487]). +273A/G polymorphism in CD36 gene was associated with EH, and +273G could be an independent predictor.
Collapse
|