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Oesterle A, Laufs U, Liao JK. Pleiotropic Effects of Statins on the Cardiovascular System. Circ Res 2017; 120:229-243. [PMID: 28057795 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 728] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The statins have been used for 30 years to prevent coronary artery disease and stroke. Their primary mechanism of action is the lowering of serum cholesterol through inhibiting hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis thereby upregulating the hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors and increasing the clearance of LDL-cholesterol. Statins may exert cardiovascular protective effects that are independent of LDL-cholesterol lowering called pleiotropic effects. Because statins inhibit the production of isoprenoid intermediates in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, the post-translational prenylation of small GTP-binding proteins such as Rho and Rac, and their downstream effectors such as Rho kinase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases are also inhibited. In cell culture and animal studies, these effects alter the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, the stability of atherosclerotic plaques, the production of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, the reactivity of platelets, and the development of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. The relative contributions of statin pleiotropy to clinical outcomes, however, remain a matter of debate and are hard to quantify because the degree of isoprenoid inhibition by statins correlates to some extent with the amount of LDL-cholesterol reduction. This review examines some of the currently proposed molecular mechanisms for statin pleiotropy and discusses whether they could have any clinical relevance in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Oesterle
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL (A.O., J.K.L.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany (U.L.)
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL (A.O., J.K.L.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany (U.L.)
| | - James K Liao
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL (A.O., J.K.L.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany (U.L.).
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Satoh T, Satoh K, Yaoita N, Kikuchi N, Omura J, Kurosawa R, Numano K, Al-Mamun E, Siddique MAH, Sunamura S, Nogi M, Suzuki K, Miyata S, Morser J, Shimokawa H. Activated TAFI Promotes the Development of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: A Possible Novel Therapeutic Target. Circ Res 2017; 120:1246-1262. [PMID: 28289017 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary hypertension is a fatal disease; however, its pathogenesis still remains to be elucidated. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is synthesized by the liver and inhibits fibrinolysis. Plasma TAFI levels are significantly increased in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) patients. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of activated TAFI (TAFIa) in the development of CTEPH. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunostaining showed that TAFI and its binding partner thrombomodulin (TM) were highly expressed in the pulmonary arteries (PAs) and thrombus in patients with CTEPH. Moreover, plasma levels of TAFIa were increased 10-fold in CTEPH patients compared with controls. In mice, chronic hypoxia caused a 25-fold increase in plasma levels of TAFIa with increased plasma levels of thrombin and TM, which led to thrombus formation in PA, vascular remodeling, and pulmonary hypertension. Consistently, plasma clot lysis time was positively correlated with plasma TAFIa levels in mice. Additionally, overexpression of TAFIa caused organized thrombus with multiple obstruction of PA flow and reduced survival rate under hypoxia in mice. Bone marrow transplantation showed that circulating plasma TAFI from the liver, not in the bone marrow, was activated locally in PA endothelial cells through interactions with thrombin and TM. Mechanistic experiments demonstrated that TAFIa increased PA endothelial permeability, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and monocyte/macrophage activation. Importantly, TAFIa inhibitor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonists significantly reduced TAFIa and ameliorated animal models of pulmonary hypertension in mice and rats. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that TAFIa could be a novel biomarker and realistic therapeutic target of CTEPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taijyu Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Kimio Satoh
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Nobuhiro Yaoita
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Nobuhiro Kikuchi
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Junichi Omura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Ryo Kurosawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Kazuhiko Numano
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Elias Al-Mamun
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Mohammad Abdul Hai Siddique
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Shinichiro Sunamura
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Masamichi Nogi
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Kota Suzuki
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Satoshi Miyata
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - John Morser
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.)
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (T.S., K. Satoh, N.Y., N.K., J.O., R.K., K.N., E.A.-M., M.A.H.S., S.S., M.N., K. Suzuki, S.M., H.S.); and Department of Hematology, Stanford School of Medicine, CA (J.M.).
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Unsworth AJ, Flora GD, Sasikumar P, Bye AP, Sage T, Kriek N, Crescente M, Gibbins JM. RXR Ligands Negatively Regulate Thrombosis and Hemostasis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:812-822. [PMID: 28254816 PMCID: PMC5405776 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— Platelets have been found to express intracellular nuclear receptors including the retinoid X receptors (RXRα and RXRβ). Treatment of platelets with ligands of RXR has been shown to inhibit platelet responses to ADP and thromboxane A2; however, the effects on responses to other platelet agonists and the underlying mechanism have not been fully characterized. Approach and Results— The effect of 9-cis-retinoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and methoprene acid on collagen receptor (glycoprotein VI [GPVI]) agonists and thrombin-stimulated platelet function; including aggregation, granule secretion, integrin activation, calcium mobilization, integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling and thrombus formation in vitro and in vivo were determined. Treatment of platelets with RXR ligands resulted in attenuation of platelet functional responses after stimulation by GPVI agonists or thrombin and inhibition of integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling. Treatment with 9-cis-retinoic acid caused inhibition of thrombus formation in vitro and an impairment of thrombosis and hemostasis in vivo. Both RXR ligands stimulated protein kinase A activation, measured by VASP S157 phosphorylation, that was found to be dependent on both cAMP and nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell activity. Conclusions— This study identifies a widespread, negative regulatory role for RXR in the regulation of platelet functional responses and thrombus formation and describes novel events that lead to the upregulation of protein kinase A, a known negative regulator of many aspects of platelet function. This mechanism may offer a possible explanation for the cardioprotective effects described in vivo after treatment with RXR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Unsworth
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Gagan D Flora
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Parvathy Sasikumar
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P Bye
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya Sage
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Neline Kriek
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Marilena Crescente
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Gibbins
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom.
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Unsworth AJ, Kriek N, Bye AP, Naran K, Sage T, Flora GD, Gibbins JM. PPARγ agonists negatively regulate αIIbβ3 integrin outside-in signaling and platelet function through up-regulation of protein kinase A activity. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:356-369. [PMID: 27896950 PMCID: PMC5396324 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Essentials peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists inhibit platelet function. PPARγ agonists negatively regulate outside-in signaling via integrin αIIbβ3. PPARγ agonists disrupt the interaction of Gα13 with integrin β3. This is attributed to an upregulation of protein kinase A activity. SUMMARY Background Agonists for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) have been shown to have inhibitory effects on platelet activity following stimulation by GPVI and GPCR agonists. Objectives Profound effects on thrombus formation led us to suspect a role for PPARγ agonists in the regulation of integrin αIIbβ3 mediated signaling. Both GPVI and GPCR signaling pathways lead to αIIbβ3 activation, and signaling through αIIbβ3 plays a critical role in platelet function and normal hemostasis. Methods The effects of PPARγ agonists on the regulation of αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling was determined by monitoring the ability of platelets to adhere and spread on fibrinogen and undergo clot retraction. Effects on signaling components downstream of αIIbβ3 activation were also determined following adhesion to fibrinogen by Western blotting. Results Treatment of platelets with PPARγ agonists inhibited platelet adhesion and spreading on fibrinogen and diminished clot retraction. A reduction in phosphorylation of several components of αIIbβ3 signaling, including the integrin β3 subunit, Syk, PLCγ2, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Akt, was also observed as a result of reduced interaction of the integrin β3 subunit with Gα13. Studies of VASP phosphorylation revealed that this was because of an increase in PKA activity following treatment with PPARγ receptor agonists. Conclusions This study provides further evidence for antiplatelet actions of PPARγ agonists, identifies a negative regulatory role for PPARγ agonists in the control of integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling, and provides a molecular basis by which the PPARγ agonists negatively regulate platelet activation and thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Unsworth
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - N. Kriek
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - A. P. Bye
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - K. Naran
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - T. Sage
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - G. D. Flora
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - J. M. Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
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Unsworth AJ, Bye AP, Gibbins JM. Platelet-Derived Inhibitors of Platelet Activation. PLATELETS IN THROMBOTIC AND NON-THROMBOTIC DISORDERS 2017. [PMCID: PMC7123044 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47462-5_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhao L, Liu D, Liu B, Hu H, Cui W. Effects of atorvastatin on ADP-, arachidonic acid-, collagen-, and epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation. J Int Med Res 2016; 45:82-88. [PMID: 27913744 PMCID: PMC5536584 DOI: 10.1177/0300060516675681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Atorvastatin reduces the incidence of cardiovascular events. However, the effects of atorvastatin on platelet aggregation are unknown. Methods Blood samples were obtained from 126 healthy volunteers. Prepared isolated platelet suspensions were adjusted with saline to three different concentrations of 100 × 109, 300 × 109, and 600 × 109 platelets/L. Platelet samples were incubated with atorvastatin (10−7 mol/L, 10−6 mol/L or 10−5 mol/L), and stimulated with ADP (10 µmol/L), arachidonic acid (0.5 mmol/L), collagen (2 µg/mL), and epinephrine (1 mg/mL). The maximal amplitude of aggregation and the curve slope were measured by electric impedance aggregometry. Results Atorvastatin inhibited platelet aggregation at moderate (300 × 109/L) and high (600 × 109/L) concentrations. However, an inhibitory effect of atorvastatin at low concentrations (100 × 109/L) was not observed. Conclusions The study shows that atorvastatin inhibits platelet aggregation in vitro, and this inhibitory effect is related to platelet concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Demin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Haijuan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Leonard CE, Brensinger CM, Bilker WB, Kimmel SE, Han X, Nam YH, Gagne JJ, Mangaali MJ, Hennessy S. Gastrointestinal bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage in concomitant users of warfarin and antihyperlipidemics. Int J Cardiol 2016; 228:761-770. [PMID: 27888753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug interactions, particularly those involving warfarin, are a major clinical and public health problem. Minimizing serious bleeding caused by anticoagulants is a recent major focus of the United States (US) Department of Health and Human Services. This study quantified the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) among concomitant users of warfarin and individual antihyperlipidemics. METHODS The authors conducted a high-dimensional propensity score-adjusted cohort study of new concomitant users of warfarin and an antihyperlipidemic, among US Medicaid beneficiaries from five states during 1999-2011. Exposure was defined by concomitant use of warfarin plus one of eight antihyperlipidemics. The primary outcome measure was a composite of GIB/ICH within the first 30days of concomitant use. As a secondary outcome measure, GIB/ICH was examined within the first 180days of concomitant use. RESULTS Among 236,691 persons newly-exposed to warfarin and an antihyperlipidemic, the crude incidence of GIB/ICH was 13.2 (95% confidence interval 12.7 to 13.8) per 100person-years. Users were predominantly older, female, and Caucasian. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for warfarin and individual statins were consistent with no association. Warfarin+gemfibrozil was associated with an 80% increased risk of GIB/ICH within the first month of concomitant use (aHR=1.8, 1.4 to 2.4). Warfarin+fenofibrate was associated with a similar increased risk (aHR=1.8, 1.2 to 2.7), yet with an onset during the second month of concomitant use. CONCLUSIONS Among warfarin-treated persons, the use of fibrates-but not statins-increases the risk of hospital presentation for GIB/ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Leonard
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Colleen M Brensinger
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Warren B Bilker
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Stephen E Kimmel
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Xu Han
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Young Hee Nam
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Joshua J Gagne
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Margaret J Mangaali
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Sean Hennessy
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Garg M, Khanna D, Kalra S, Balakumar P. Chronic oral administration of low-dose combination of fenofibrate and rosuvastatin protects the rat heart against experimentally induced acute myocardial infarction. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 30:394-405. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Garg
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division; Department of Pharmacology; Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences; Sirsa 125 055 Haryana India
| | - Deepa Khanna
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division; Department of Pharmacology; Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences; Sirsa 125 055 Haryana India
| | - Sanjeev Kalra
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division; Department of Pharmacology; Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences; Sirsa 125 055 Haryana India
| | - Pitchai Balakumar
- Pharmacology Unit; Faculty of Pharmacy; AIMST University; Semeling 08100 Bedong Kedah DarulAman Malaysia
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Bye AP, Unsworth AJ, Gibbins JM. Platelet signaling: a complex interplay between inhibitory and activatory networks. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:918-30. [PMID: 26929147 PMCID: PMC4879507 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The role of platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis is dependent on a complex balance of activatory and inhibitory signaling pathways. Inhibitory signals released from the healthy vasculature suppress platelet activation in the absence of platelet receptor agonists. Activatory signals present at a site of injury initiate platelet activation and thrombus formation; subsequently, endogenous negative signaling regulators dampen activatory signals to control thrombus growth. Understanding the complex interplay between activatory and inhibitory signaling networks is an emerging challenge in the study of platelet biology, and necessitates a systematic approach to utilize experimental data effectively. In this review, we will explore the key points of platelet regulation and signaling that maintain platelets in a resting state, mediate activation to elicit thrombus formation, or provide negative feedback. Platelet signaling will be described in terms of key signaling molecules that are common to the pathways activated by platelet agonists and can be described as regulatory nodes for both positive and negative regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Bye
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - A J Unsworth
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - J M Gibbins
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Jayakumar T, Yang CH, Geraldine P, Yen TL, Sheu JR. The pharmacodynamics of antiplatelet compounds in thrombosis treatment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:615-32. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1176141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pitchairaj Geraldine
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Ting-Lin Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Silva-Martínez GA, Rodríguez-Ríos D, Alvarado-Caudillo Y, Vaquero A, Esteller M, Carmona FJ, Moran S, Nielsen FC, Wickström-Lindholm M, Wrobel K, Wrobel K, Barbosa-Sabanero G, Zaina S, Lund G. Arachidonic and oleic acid exert distinct effects on the DNA methylome. Epigenetics 2016; 11:321-34. [PMID: 27088456 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1161873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal fatty acid metabolism and availability are landmarks of metabolic diseases, which in turn are associated with aberrant DNA methylation profiles. To understand the role of fatty acids in disease epigenetics, we sought DNA methylation profiles specifically induced by arachidonic (AA) or oleic acid (OA) in cultured cells and compared those with published profiles of normal and diseased tissues. THP-1 monocytes were stimulated with AA or OA and analyzed using Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (Illumina) and Human Exon 1.0 ST array (Affymetrix). Data were corroborated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Comparisons with publicly available data were conducted by standard bioinformatics. AA and OA elicited a complex response marked by a general DNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation in the 1-200 μM range, respectively, with a maximal differential response at the 100 μM dose. The divergent response to AA and OA was prominent within the gene body of target genes, where it correlated positively with transcription. AA-induced DNA methylation profiles were similar to the corresponding profiles described for palmitic acid, atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, and autism, but relatively dissimilar from OA-induced profiles. Furthermore, human atherosclerosis grade-associated DNA methylation profiles were significantly enriched in AA-induced profiles. Biochemical evidence pointed to β-oxidation, PPAR-α, and sirtuin 1 as important mediators of AA-induced DNA methylation changes. In conclusion, AA and OA exert distinct effects on the DNA methylome. The observation that AA may contribute to shape the epigenome of important metabolic diseases, supports and expands current diet-based therapeutic and preventive efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalia Rodríguez-Ríos
- a Department of Genetic Engineering , CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit , Irapuato , Mexico
| | - Yolanda Alvarado-Caudillo
- b Department of Medical Sciences , Division of Health Sciences, León Campus, University of Guanajuato , Mexico
| | - Alejandro Vaquero
- c Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC) , IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- d Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC) , IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - F Javier Carmona
- d Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC) , IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Sebastian Moran
- d Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC) , IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat , Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain
| | - Finn C Nielsen
- e Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Marie Wickström-Lindholm
- f Experimental Cardiovascular Research , Malmö University Hospital, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Wrobel
- g Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, Guanajuato Campus , University of Guanajuato , Mexico
| | - Kazimierz Wrobel
- g Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, Guanajuato Campus , University of Guanajuato , Mexico
| | - Gloria Barbosa-Sabanero
- b Department of Medical Sciences , Division of Health Sciences, León Campus, University of Guanajuato , Mexico
| | - Silvio Zaina
- b Department of Medical Sciences , Division of Health Sciences, León Campus, University of Guanajuato , Mexico
| | - Gertrud Lund
- a Department of Genetic Engineering , CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit , Irapuato , Mexico
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Liu Y, Park JM, Chang KH, Huh HJ, Lee K, Lee MY. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Mediates the Antiplatelet Effects of the Thiazolidinediones Rosiglitazone and Pioglitazone. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 89:313-21. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Abstract
Statins or 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors not only prevents the synthesis of cholesterol biosynthesis but also inhibits the synthesis of essential isoprenoid intermediates such as farnesyl pyrophosphate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, isopentanyl adenosine, dolichols and polyisoprenoid side chains of ubiquinone, heme A, and nuclear lamins. These isoprenoid intermediates are required for activation of various intracellular/signaling proteins- small guanosine triphosphate bound protein Ras and Ras-like proteins like Rho, Rab, Rac, Ral, or Rap which plays an indispensible role in multiple cellular processes. Reduction of circulating isoprenoids intermediates as a result of HMG CoA reductase inhibition by statins prevents activation of these signalling proteins. Hence, the multiple effects of statins such as antiinflammatory effects, antioxidant effects, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory effects, plaque stability, normalization of sympathetic outflow, and prevention of platelet aggregation are due to reduction of circulating isoprenoids and hence inactivation of signalling proteins. These multiple lipid-independent effects of statins termed as statin pleiotropy would potentially open floodgates for research in multiple treatment domains catching attentions of researchers and clinician across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay Shah
- Department of Cardiology, Life Care Institute, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Hardik Vasnawala
- Cardiovascular Division, Medical Affairs, AstraZeneca, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Sahebkar A, Simental-Mendía LE, Watts GF, Golledge J. Impact of fibrate therapy on plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis 2015; 240:284-96. [PMID: 25828270 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to perform a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the efficacy of fibrate therapy in reducing plasma concentration or activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). METHODS Scopus and MEDLINE databases were searched (up to October 15, 2014) to identify RCTs investigating whether fibrates lower plasma PAI-1 concentration or activity. A random-effects model and the generic inverse variance method were used for quantitative data synthesis. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using the one-study remove approach. Random-effects meta-regression was performed to assess the impact of potential moderators on the estimated effect sizes. RESULTS A total of 14 RCTs examining the effects of gemfibrozil (6 trials), bezafibrate (4 trials), and fenofibrate (5 trials) were included. Meta-analysis suggested that fibrate therapy did not significantly reduce plasma PAI-1 concentration (weighed mean difference [WMD]: -11.39 ng/mL, 95% CI: -26.64, 3.85, p=0.143) or activity (WMD: 2.02 U/mL, 95% CI: -0.87, 4.90, p=0.170). These results remained unchanged after subgroup analysis according to duration of treatment (<12 and ≥12 weeks) and type of fibrate administered (fenofibrate, bezafibrate or gemfibrozil). The estimated effects of fibrate therapy on plasma concentration and activity of PAI-1 were independent of treatment duration and changes in plasma triglyceride levels in the meta-regression analysis. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis of RCTs suggested that fibrate therapy does not reduce plasma concentration or activity of PAI-I. The putative benefits of fibrate therapy in patients with cardiovascular disease appear to be exerted via mechanisms independent of effects on PAI-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Research Centre, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Gerald F Watts
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Cardiovascular Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- The Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia.
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Lannan KL, Sahler J, Kim N, Spinelli SL, Maggirwar SB, Garraud O, Cognasse F, Blumberg N, Phipps RP. Breaking the mold: transcription factors in the anucleate platelet and platelet-derived microparticles. Front Immunol 2015; 6:48. [PMID: 25762994 PMCID: PMC4327621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are small anucleate blood cells derived from megakaryocytes. In addition to their pivotal roles in hemostasis, platelets are the smallest, yet most abundant, immune cells and regulate inflammation, immunity, and disease progression. Although platelets lack DNA, and thus no functional transcriptional activities, they are nonetheless rich sources of RNAs, possess an intact spliceosome, and are thus capable of synthesizing proteins. Previously, it was thought that platelet RNAs and translational machinery were remnants from the megakaryocyte. We now know that the initial description of platelets as "cellular fragments" is an antiquated notion, as mounting evidence suggests otherwise. Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that platelet transcription factors are not vestigial remnants from megakaryocytes, but have important, if only partly understood functions. Proteins play multiple cellular roles to minimize energy expenditure for maximum cellular function; thus, the same can be expected for transcription factors. In fact, numerous transcription factors have non-genomic roles, both in platelets and in nucleated cells. Our lab and others have discovered the presence and non-genomic roles of transcription factors in platelets, such as the nuclear factor kappa β (NFκB) family of proteins and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). In addition to numerous roles in regulating platelet activation, functional transcription factors can be transferred to vascular and immune cells through platelet microparticles. This method of transcellular delivery of key immune molecules may be a vital mechanism by which platelet transcription factors regulate inflammation and immunity. At the very least, platelets are an ideal model cell to dissect out the non-genomic roles of transcription factors in nucleated cells. There is abundant evidence to suggest that transcription factors in platelets play key roles in regulating inflammatory and hemostatic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Lannan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Julie Sahler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA ; Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY , USA
| | - Nina Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Sherry L Spinelli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Sanjay B Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Olivier Garraud
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Fabrice Cognasse
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lyon , Saint-Etienne , France ; Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Loire , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Neil Blumberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA
| | - Richard P Phipps
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA ; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY , USA
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Chan LW, Luo XP, Ni HC, Shi HM, Liu L, Wen ZC, Gu XY, Qiao J, Li J. High levels of LDL-C combined with low levels of HDL-C further increase platelet activation in hypercholesterolemic patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 48:167-73. [PMID: 25466164 PMCID: PMC4321223 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
High levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) enhance platelet
activation, whereas high levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) exert
a cardioprotective effect. However, the effects on platelet activation of high levels
of LDL-C combined with low levels of HDL-C (HLC) have not yet been reported. We aimed
to evaluate the platelet activation marker of HLC patients and investigate the
antiplatelet effect of atorvastatin on this population. Forty-eight patients with
high levels of LDL-C were enrolled. Among these, 23 had HLC and the other 25 had high
levels of LDL-C combined with normal levels of HDL-C (HNC). A total of 35
normocholesterolemic (NOMC) volunteers were included as controls. Whole blood flow
cytometry and platelet aggregation measurements were performed on all participants to
detect the following platelet activation markers: CD62p (P-selectin), PAC-1
(GPIIb/IIIa), and maximal platelet aggregation (MPAG). A daily dose of 20 mg
atorvastatin was administered to patients with high levels of LDL-C, and the above
assessments were obtained at baseline and after 1 and 2 months of treatment. The
expression of platelets CD62p and PAC-1 was increased in HNC patients compared to
NOMC volunteers (P<0.01 and P<0.05). Furthermore, the surface expression of
platelets CD62p and PAC-1 was greater among HLC patients than among HNC patients
(P<0.01 and P<0.05). Although the expression of CD62p and PAC-1 decreased
significantly after atorvastatin treatment, it remained higher in the HLC group than
in the HNC group (P<0.05 and P=0.116). The reduction of HDL-C further increased
platelet activation in patients with high levels of LDL-C. Platelet activation
remained higher among HLC patients regardless of atorvastatin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Chan
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - X P Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - H C Ni
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - H M Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z C Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - X Y Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Chou TC. New mechanisms of antiplatelet activity of nifedipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2014; 4:24. [PMID: 25520937 PMCID: PMC4265014 DOI: 10.7603/s40681-014-0024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet hyperactivity often occursd in hypertensive patients and is a key factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases including thrombosis and atherosclerosis. Nifedipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker, is widely used for hypertension and coronary heart disease therapy. In addition, nifedipine is known to exhibit an antiplatelet activity, but the underlying mechanisms involved remain unclear. Several transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) exist in platelets and have an ability to regulate platelet aggregation through a non-genomic mechanism. The present article focuses on describing the mechanisms of the antiplatelet activity of nifedipine via PPAR activation. It has been demonstrated that nifedipine treatment increases the activity and intracellular amount of PPAR-β/-γ in activated platelets. Moreover, the antiplatelet activity of nifedipine is mediated by PPAR-β/-γ-dependent upon the up-regulation of the PI3K/AKT/NO/cyclic GMP/PKG pathway, and inhibition of protein kinase Cα (PKCα) activity via an interaction between PPAR-β/-γ and PKCα. Furthermore, suppressing NF-κB activation by nifedipine through enhanced association of PPAR-β/-γ with NF-κB has also been observed in collagen-stimulated platelets. Blocking PPAR-β/-γ activity or increasing NF-κB activation greatly reverses the antiplatelet activity and inhibition of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, PKCα activity, and surface glycoprotein IIb/IIIa expression caused by nifedipine. Thus, PPAR-β/-γ- dependent suppression of NF-κB activation also contributes to the antiplatelet activity of nifedipine. Consistently, administration of nifedipine markedly reduces fluorescein sodium-induced vessel thrombus formation in mice, which is considerably inhibited when the PPAR-β/-γ antagonists are administrated simultaneously. Collectively, these results provide important information regarding the mechanism by which nifedipine inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombus formation through activation of PPAR-β/-γ- mediated signaling pathways. These findings highlight that PPARs are novel therapeutic targets for preventing and treating platelet-hyperactivity-related vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tz-Chong Chou
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, 6F, Xie-Li Building, No. 707, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd.,, 970 Hualien, Taiwan
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Shih CY, Lin IH, Ding JC, Chen FC, Chou TC. Antiplatelet activity of nifedipine is mediated by inhibition of NF-κB activation caused by enhancement of PPAR-β/-γ activity. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1490-1500. [PMID: 24730061 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The transcription factor NF-κB, stimulates platelet aggregation through a non-genomic mechanism. Nifedipine, a voltage-gated L-type calcium channel blocker, is widely used to treat hypertension. Nifedipine also displays antiplatelet activity, but the underlying mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate whether the antiplatelet effects of nifedipine are mediated by regulating NF-κB-dependent responses. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Platelet aggregation was measured turbidimetrically using an aggregometer. NF-κB and PPAR activation, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, PKCα activity, surface glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) expression and platelet activation-related signalling pathways were determined in control and nifedipine-treated platelets in the presence or absence of PPAR antagonists or betulinic acid, a NF-κB activator. KEY RESULTS Exposure of platelets to nifedipine significantly increased the PPAR-β/-γ activity in activated human platelets. Treatment with nifedipine reduced collagen-induced NF-κB events, including the phosphorylation of IκB kinase-β, IκBα and p65NF-κB, which were markedly attenuated by GSK0660, a PPAR-β antagonist, or GW9662, a PPAR-γ antagonist. Furthermore, the interaction of PPAR-β/-γ with NF-κB and the PPAR-β/-γ-up-regulated NO/cGMP/PKG1 cascade may contribute to inhibition of NF-κB activation by nifedipine. Suppressing PPAR-β/-γ activity or increasing NF-κB activation greatly reversed the inhibitory effect of nifedipine on collagen-induced platelet aggregation, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization, PKCα activity and surface GPIIb/IIIa expression.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSPPAR-β/-γ-dependent inhibition of NF-κB activation contributes to the antiplatelet activity of nifedipine. These findings provide a novel mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of nifedipine on platelet hyperactivity-related vascular and inflammatory diseases.
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Fuentes E, Palomo I. Mechanism of antiplatelet action of hypolipidemic, antidiabetic and antihypertensive drugs by PPAR activation. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 62:162-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Du H, Hu H, Zheng H, Hao J, Yang J, Cui W. Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in simvastatin antiplatelet activity: influences on cAMP and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Thromb Res 2014; 134:111-20. [PMID: 24856644 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Statins are widely used as hypolipidemic drugs, and have beneficial effects in reducing cardiovascular events. In addition, recent studies on the pleiotropic effects of statins (i.e., simvastatin) reveal that these drugs have many additional anti-atherogenic effects, including antiplatelet activity. The mechanisms may be partly related to activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), which are present in human platelets, and whose activation inhibits platelet aggregation. However, the details of the signaling pathway by which simvastatin inhibits platelet activation via PPARs have not yet been completely established. The aim of this study was to examine the mechanisms by which the PPAR-mediated pathways contribute to the antiplatelet activity of simvastatin. Simvastatin (3-50 μM) induced PPARα and PPARγ activation in a dose-dependent manner in washed platelets. Additionally, simvastatin inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation, expression of CD62 and PAC-1, and Ca(2+) mobilization. These effects of simvastatin on platelet responses were strongly reduced by adding a selective PPARγ antagonist (GW9662), but not PPARα antagonist (GW6471). Moreover, in the presence of GW9662, simvastatin-mediated increase of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) Ser(157) phosphorylation and inhibition of Akt phosphorylation were markedly reversed. Furthermore, simvastatin was found to inhibit phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs, i.e., p38 MAPK, ERK) by increasing the association between PPARγ and the components of MAPKs after platelet activation. Taken together, the present results confirm that simvastatin inhibition of platelet activation is mediated by PPARγ-dependent processes, which involves mediating MAPKs signaling, increase of cAMP formation and VASP Ser(157) phosphorylation, inhibition of Akt phosphorylation and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Du
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei
| | - Haijuan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei
| | - Hongmei Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei
| | - Jie Hao
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei
| | - Jingci Yang
- Department of Hematology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei.
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Fuentes E, Palomo I. Regulatory mechanisms of cAMP levels as a multiple target for antiplatelet activity and less bleeding risk. Thromb Res 2014; 134:221-6. [PMID: 24830902 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Platelet activation is a critical component of atherothrombosis. The multiple pathways of platelet activation limit the effect of specific receptor/pathway inhibitors, resulting in limited clinical efficacy. Recent research has confirmed that combination therapy results in enhanced antithrombotic efficacy without increasing bleeding risk. In this way, the best-known inhibitor and turn off signaling in platelet activation is cAMP. In this article we discuss the mechanisms of regulation of intraplatelet cAMP levels, a) platelet-dependent pathway: Gi/Gs protein-coupled receptors, phosphodiesterase inhibition and activation of PPARs and b) platelet-independent pathway: inhibition of adenosine uptake by erythrocytes. With respect to the association between intraplatelet cAMP levels and bleeding risk it is possible to establish that compounds/drugs with pleitropic effect for increased intraplatelet cAMP level could have an antithrombotic activity with less risk of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001, Chile.
| | - Iván Palomo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohaematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001, Chile.
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Gonçalves LH, Silva MVF, Duarte RCF, Dusse LMS, Fernandes AP, Bosco AA, Gomes KB, Carvalho MDG. Acetylsalicylic acid therapy: Influence of metformin use and other variables on urinary 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 levels. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 429:76-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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74
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Spadaccio C, De Marco F, Di Domenico F, Coccia R, Lusini M, Barbato R, Covino E, Chello M. Simvastatin attenuates the endothelial pro-thrombotic shift in saphenous vein grafts induced by Advanced glycation endproducts. Thromb Res 2013; 133:418-25. [PMID: 24388572 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and its receptors (RAGEs) are heterogeneous signaling proteins associated to diabetes and responsible of endothelial alterations leading to atherosclerosis progression and graft failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of statin in reducing AGEs related endothelial damage. METHODS Endothelial cell(EC) obtained from leftovers of saphenous vein grafts of non-diabetic patients were incubated with AGEs (2 and 20 μM) and subsequently treated with Simvastatin. Neutrophils (PNM) adherence, ROS production and RAGE and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma (PPAR-γ) expression were analyzed. As clinical validation of the in vitro findings, ECs of diabetic patients in optimized glycaemic control administered with a 3 weeks Simvastatin regimen were similarly processed. RESULTS Simvastatin blunted the rise in PMN adhesion and ROS generation following stimulation of saphenous vein EC culture with AGEs in vitro. This effect was time dependent and was associated to an increase in PPAR-γ induction paralleled by a decrease in RAGEs expression. Parallely, data from diabetic patients administered with Simvastatin showed a similar significant reduction in PNM adhesion and ROS generation. Simvastatin treatment significantly decreased RAGEs expression in ECs from diabetic patients and determined a slight increase in PPAR-γ expression but the latter failed to reach statistical significance. Interference in the function of these two crucial pathways might be at the root of the statin antinflammatory and antithrombotic effect in the context of AGEs-associated damage. CONCLUSIONS Despite the recently raised warning on the use of statins in the diabetic population, this study elucidates their cornerstone position in endothelial homeostasis of saphenous grafts in patients with controlled diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Spadaccio
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University Campus Bio Medico of Rome, Italy; Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital UZ Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Federico De Marco
- Laboratory of Virology, Regina Elena Institute for Cancer Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Coccia
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Lusini
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University Campus Bio Medico of Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Barbato
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University Campus Bio Medico of Rome, Italy
| | - Elvio Covino
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University Campus Bio Medico of Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Chello
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University Campus Bio Medico of Rome, Italy
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Fuentes E, Fuentes F, Palomo I. Mechanism of the anti-platelet effect of natural bioactive compounds: Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors activation. Platelets 2013; 25:471-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2013.849334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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76
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Relationship between Platelet PPARs, cAMP Levels, and P-Selectin Expression: Antiplatelet Activity of Natural Products. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:861786. [PMID: 24324520 PMCID: PMC3845334 DOI: 10.1155/2013/861786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are no longer considered simply as cells participating in thrombosis. In atherosclerosis, platelets are regulators of multiple processes, with the recruitment of inflammatory cells towards the lesion sites, inflammatory mediators release, and regulation of endothelial function. The antiplatelet therapy has been used for a long time in an effort to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. However, limited efficacy in some patients, drug resistance, and side effects are limitations of current antiplatelet therapy. In this context, a large number of natural products (polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and fatty acids) have been reported with antiplatelet activity. In this sense, the present paper describes mechanisms of antiplatelet action of natural products on platelet P-selectin expression through cAMP levels and its role as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors agonists.
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Abstract
Statins are widely prescribed cholesterol-lowering drugs that are a first-line treatment of coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis, reducing the incidence of thrombotic events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Statins have been shown to reduce platelet activation, although the mechanism(s) through which this occurs is unclear. Because several of the characteristic effects of statins on platelets are shared with those elicited by the inhibitory platelet adhesion receptor PECAM-1 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1), we investigated a potential connection between the influence of statins on platelet function and PECAM-1 signaling. Statins were found to inhibit a range of platelet functional responses and thrombus formation in vitro and in vivo. Notably, these effects of statins on platelet function in vitro and in vivo were diminished in PECAM-1(-/-) platelets. Activation of PECAM-1 signaling results in its tyrosine phosphorylation, the recruitment and activation of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, the subsequent binding of phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and diminished PI3K signaling. Statins resulted in the stimulation of these events, leading to the inhibition of Akt activation. Together, these data provide evidence for a fundamental role of PECAM-1 in the inhibitory effects of statins on platelet activation, which may explain some of the pleiotropic actions of these drugs.
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78
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Ammazzalorso A, De Filippis B, Giampietro L, Amoroso R. Blocking the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR): an overview. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1609-16. [PMID: 23939910 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been studied extensively over the last few decades and have been assessed as molecular targets for the development of drugs against metabolic disorders. A rapid increase in understanding of the physiology and pharmacology of these receptors has occurred, together with the identification of novel chemical structures that are able to activate the various PPAR subtypes. More recent evidence suggests that moderate activation of these receptors could be favorable in pathological situations due to a decrease in the side effects brought about by PPAR agonists. PPAR partial agonists and antagonists are interesting tools that are currently used to better elucidate the biological processes modulated by this family of nuclear receptors. Herein we present an overview of the various molecular structures that are able to block each of the PPAR subtypes, with a focus on promising therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ammazzalorso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università "G. d'Annunzio" via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti (Italy)
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79
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Mosinger B, Redding KM, Parker MR, Yevshayeva V, Yee KK, Dyomina K, Li Y, Margolskee RF. Genetic loss or pharmacological blockade of testes-expressed taste genes causes male sterility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12319-24. [PMID: 23818598 PMCID: PMC3725061 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302827110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TAS1R taste receptors and their associated heterotrimeric G protein gustducin are involved in sugar and amino acid sensing in taste cells and in the gastrointestinal tract. They are also strongly expressed in testis and sperm, but their functions in these tissues were previously unknown. Using mouse models, we show that the genetic absence of both TAS1R3, a component of sweet and amino acid taste receptors, and the gustducin α-subunit GNAT3 leads to male-specific sterility. To gain further insight into this effect, we generated a mouse model that expressed a humanized form of TAS1R3 susceptible to inhibition by the antilipid medication clofibrate. Sperm formation in animals without functional TAS1R3 and GNAT3 is compromised, with malformed and immotile sperm. Furthermore, clofibrate inhibition of humanized TAS1R3 in the genetic background of Tas1r3(-/-), Gnat3(-/-) doubly null mice led to inducible male sterility. These results indicate a crucial role for these extraoral "taste" molecules in sperm development and maturation. We previously reported that blocking of human TAS1R3, but not mouse TAS1R3, can be achieved by common medications or chemicals in the environment. We hypothesize that even low levels of these compounds can lower sperm count and negatively affect human male fertility, which common mouse toxicology assays would not reveal. Conversely, we speculate that TAS1R3 and GNAT3 activators may help infertile men, particularly those that are affected by some of the mentioned inhibitors and/or are diagnosed with idiopathic infertility involving signaling pathway of these receptors.
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Ni R, Peleg T, Gross PL. Atorvastatin delays murine platelet activation in vivo even in the absence of endothelial NO synthase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2609-15. [PMID: 22995523 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Statins decrease mortality in patients with vascular disorders, and evidence for the pleiotropic effects of statins is accumulating. Statins enhance endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression, thereby attenuating platelet activation and thrombus formation. Our goal was to determine whether statins have eNOS-independent effects on platelet activation. METHODS AND RESULTS Wild-type and eNOS-deficient mice were given a 14-day course of oral atorvastatin, and platelet activation was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Whereas in wild-type mice atorvastatin inhibited platelet activation in vitro in response to numerous agonists, in eNOS-deficient mice, atorvastatin inhibited only thrombin-induced and protease-activated receptor 4 agonist peptide-induced platelet activation. Consistent with an eNOS-independent effect, atorvastatin inhibited platelet activation in vivo in both wild-type and eNOS-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Atorvastatin inhibits platelet activation via eNOS-dependent and eNOS-independent mechanisms with the latter restricted to protease-activated receptor 4-induced activation downstream to the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ni
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, 237 Barton St East, Hamilton, Ontario, L8L 2X2 Canada
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82
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The antiplatelet activity of magnolol is mediated by PPAR-β/γ. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:793-803. [PMID: 22750553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms (α, β/δ, and γ) is known to inhibit platelet aggregation. In the present study, we examined whether PPARs-mediated pathways contribute to the antiplatelet activity of magnolol, a compound purified from Magnolia officinalis. Magnolol (20-60 μM) dose-dependently enhanced the activity and intracellular level of PPAR-β/γ in platelets. In the presence of selective PPAR-β antagonist (GSK0660) or PPAR-γ antagonist (GW9662), the inhibition of magnolol on collagen-induced platelet aggregation and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization was significantly reversed. Moreover, magnolol-mediated up-regulation of NO/cyclic GMP/PKG pathway and Akt phosphorylation leading to increase of eNOS activity were markedly abolished by blocking PPAR-β/γ activity. Additionally, magnolol significantly inhibited collagen-induced PKCα activation through a PPAR-β/γ and PKCα interaction manner. The arachidonic acid (AA) or collagen-induced thromboxane B(2) formation and elevation of COX-1 activity caused by AA were also markedly attenuated by magnolol. However, these above effects of magnolol on platelet responses were strongly reduced by simultaneous addition of GSK0660 or GW9662, suggesting that PPAR-β/γ-mediated processes may account for magnolol-regulated antiplatelet mechanisms. Similarly, administration of PPAR-β/γ antagonists remarkably abolished the actions of magnolol in preventing platelet plug formation and prolonging bleeding time in mice. Taken together, we demonstrate for the first time that the antiplatelet and anti-thrombotic activities of magnolol are modulated by up-regulation of PPAR-β/γ-dependent pathways.
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83
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Pioglitazone inhibits platelet function and potentiates the effects of aspirin: A prospective observation study. Thromb Res 2012; 129:760-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kouroumichakis I, Papanas N, Zarogoulidis P, Liakopoulos V, Maltezos E, Mikhailidis DP. Fibrates: therapeutic potential for diabetic nephropathy? Eur J Intern Med 2012; 23:309-16. [PMID: 22560376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite intensive glucose-lowering treatment and advanced therapies for cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension and dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus with its macro- and microvascular complications remains a major health problem. Especially diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and its prevalence is increasing. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), a member of a large nuclear receptor superfamily, is expressed in several tissues including the kidney. Recently, experimental data have suggested that PPAR-α activation plays a pivotal role in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation, lipid metabolism, inflammatory and vascular responses, and might regulate various metabolic and intracellular signalling pathways that lead to diabetic microvascular complications. This review examines the role of PPAR-α activation in diabetic nephropathy and summarises data from experimental and clinical studies on the emerging therapeutic potential of fibrates in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kouroumichakis
- Outpatient Clinic of Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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85
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Esposito E, Rinaldi B, Mazzon E, Donniacuo M, Impellizzeri D, Paterniti I, Capuano A, Bramanti P, Cuzzocrea S. Anti-inflammatory effect of simvastatin in an experimental model of spinal cord trauma: involvement of PPAR-α. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:81. [PMID: 22537532 PMCID: PMC3372420 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins such as simvastatin are inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase used in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. In addition to their cholesterol-lowering activities, statins exert pleiotropic anti-inflammatory effects, which might contribute to their beneficial effects on lipid-unrelated inflammatory diseases. Recently it has been demonstrated that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α mediates anti-inflammatory effects of simvastatin in vivo models of acute inflammation. Moreover, previous results suggest that PPAR-α plays a role in control of secondary inflammatory process associated with spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS With the aim to characterize the role of PPAR-α in simvastatin activity, we tested the efficacy of simvastatin (10 mg/kg dissolved in saline i.p. 1 h and 6 h after the trauma) in an experimental model of SCI induced in mice by extradural compression of the spinal cord (T6-T7 level) using an aneurysm clip with a closing force of 24 g via a four-level T5-T8 laminectomy, and comparing mice lacking PPAR-α (PPAR-α KO) with wild type (WT) mice. In order to elucidate whether the effects of simvastatin are due to activation of the PPAR-α, we also investigated the effect of a PPAR-α antagonist, GW6471 (1 mg/kg administered i.p. 30 min prior treatment with simvastatin) on the protective effects of on simvastatin. RESULTS Results indicate that simvastatin activity is weakened in PPAR-α KO mice, as compared to WT controls. In particular, simvastatin was less effective in PPAR-α KO, compared to WT mice, as evaluated by inhibition of the degree of spinal cord inflammation, neutrophil infiltration, nitrotyrosine formation, pro-inflammmatory cytokine expression, nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation, inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and apoptosis. In addition we demonstrated that GW6471 significantly antagonized the effect of the statin and thus abolished the protective effect. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that PPAR-α can contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity of simvastatin in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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86
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Park Y, Jeong YH, Tantry US, Ahn JH, Kwon TJ, Park JR, Hwang SJ, Gho EH, Bliden KP, Kwak CH, Hwang JY, Kim S, Gurbel PA. Accelerated platelet inhibition by switching from atorvastatin to a non-CYP3A4-metabolized statin in patients with high platelet reactivity (ACCEL-STATIN) study. Eur Heart J 2012; 33:2151-62. [PMID: 22507978 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS CYP3A4-metabolized statins can influence the pharmacodynamic effect of clopidogrel. We sought to assess the impact of switching to a non-CYP3A4-metabolized statin on platelet function among patients receiving clopidogrel and atorvastatin with high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR). METHODS AND RESULTS Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)-treated patients (n= 50) with HPR [20 μM adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced maximal platelet aggregation (MPA) >50%] were enrolled during chronic administration of atorvastatin (10 mg/day) and clopidogrel (75 mg/day) (≥6 months). They were randomly assigned to a 15-day therapy with either rosuvastatin 10 mg/day (n= 25) or pravastatin 20 mg/day (n= 25). Platelet function was assessed before and after switching by conventional aggregometry and the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay. Genotyping was performed for CYP2C19*2/*3, CYP3A5*3, and ABCB1 C3435T alleles. The primary endpoint was the absolute change in 20 μM ADP-induced MPA. After switching, MPAs after stimuli with 20 and 5 μM ADP were decreased by 6.6% (95% confidence interval: 3.2-10.1%; P < 0.001), and 6.3% (95% confidence interval: 2.5-10.2%; P = 0.002), respectively. Fifty-two P2Y12 reaction units fell (95% confidence interval: 35-70; P < 0.001) and the prevalence of HPR decreased (24%; P < 0.001). Pharmacodynamic effects were similar after rosuvastatin and pravastatin therapy. In addition to smoking status, the combination of calcium channel blocker usage and ABCB1 C3435T genotype significantly affected the change of 20 μM ADP-induced MPA. CONCLUSIONS Among PCI-treated patients with HPR during co-administration of clopidogrel and atorvastatin, switching to a non-CYP3A4-metabolized statin can significantly decrease platelet reactivity and the prevalence of HPR. This switching effect appears similar irrespective of the type of non-CYP3A4-metabolized statin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwhi Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
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Balakumar P, Mahadevan N. Interplay between statins and PPARs in improving cardiovascular outcomes: a double-edged sword? Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:373-9. [PMID: 21790534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are best-selling medications in the management of high cholesterol and associated cardiovascular complications. They inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA)-reductase in order to prevent disproportionate cholesterol synthesis. Statins slow the progression of atherosclerosis, prevent the secondary cardiovascular events and improve the cardiovascular outcomes in patients with elevated cholesterol levels. The underlying mechanisms pertaining to the cardioprotective role of statins are linked with numerous pleiotropic actions including inhibition of inflammatory events and improvement of endothelial function, besides an effective cholesterol-lowering ability. Intriguingly, recent studies suggest possible interplay between statins and nuclear transcription factors like PPARs, which should also be taken into consideration while analysing the potential of statins in the management of cardiovascular complications. It could be suggested that statins have two major roles: (i) a well-established cholesterol-lowering effect through inhibition of HMG-CoA-reductase; (ii) a newly explored PPAR-activating property, which could mediate most of cardiovascular protective pleiotropic effects of statins including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-fibrotic properties. The present review addressed the underlying principles pertaining to the modulatory role of statins on PPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchai Balakumar
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences, Sirsa, India.
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Gazzerro P, Proto MC, Gangemi G, Malfitano AM, Ciaglia E, Pisanti S, Santoro A, Laezza C, Bifulco M. Pharmacological actions of statins: a critical appraisal in the management of cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 64:102-46. [PMID: 22106090 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, among the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide, are cholesterol-lowering agents used to manage and prevent cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases. Recently, a multifaceted action in different physiological and pathological conditions has been also proposed for statins, beyond anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. Statins have been shown to act through cholesterol-dependent and -independent mechanisms and are able to affect several tissue functions and modulate specific signal transduction pathways that could account for statin pleiotropic effects. Typically, statins are prescribed in middle-aged or elderly patients in a therapeutic regimen covering a long life span during which metabolic processes, aging, and concomitant novel diseases, including cancer, could occur. In this context, safety, toxicity, interaction with other drugs, and the state of health have to be taken into account in subjects treated with statins. Some evidence has shown a dichotomous effect of statins with either cancer-inhibiting or -promoting effects. To date, clinical trials failed to demonstrate a reduced cancer occurrence in statin users and no sufficient data are available to define the long-term effects of statin use over a period of 10 years. Moreover, results from clinical trials performed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of statins in cancer did not suggest statin use as chemotherapeutic or adjuvant agents. Here, we reviewed the pharmacology of the statins, providing a comprehensive update of the current knowledge of their effects on tissues, biological processes, and pathological conditions, and we dissected the disappointing evidence on the possible future use of statin-based drugs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
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Rinaldi B, Donniacuo M, Esposito E, Capuano A, Sodano L, Mazzon E, Di Palma D, Paterniti I, Cuzzocrea S, Rossi F. PPARα mediates the anti-inflammatory effect of simvastatin in an experimental model of zymosan-induced multiple organ failure. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:609-23. [PMID: 21323892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Zymosan-induced non-septic shock is a multi-factorial pathology that involves several organs including the kidneys, liver and lungs. Its complexity and diversity presents a continuing therapeutic challenge. Given their pleiotropic effect, statins could be beneficial in non-septic shock. One of the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of statins involves the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α. We used a zymosan-induced non-septic shock experimental model to investigate the role of PPARα in the anti-inflammatory effects of simvastatin. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of simvastatin (5 or 10 mg·kg(-1) i.p.) were analysed in PPARα knock-out (KO) and PPARα wild type (WT) mice after zymosan or vehicle administration. Organ injury in lung, liver, kidney and intestine was evaluated by immunohistology. PPARα mRNA expression and nuclear factor-κB activation were evaluated in all experimental groups, 18 h after study onset. Cytokine levels were measured in plasma, and nitrite/nitrate in plasma and peritoneal exudate. Nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine and poly ADP-ribose were localized by immunohistochemical methods. KEY RESULTS Simvastatin significantly and dose-dependently increased the zymosan-induced expression of PPARα levels in all tissues analysed. It also dose-dependently reduced systemic inflammation and the organ injury induced by zymosan in lung, liver, intestine and kidney. These effects were observed in PPARαWT mice and in PPARαKO mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Simvastatin protected against the molecular and cellular damage caused by systemic inflammation in our experimental model. Our results also provide new information regarding the role of PPARα in the anti-inflammatory effects of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rinaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology 'L.Donatelli', Excellence Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Second University of Naples, Italy.
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Li Y, Connolly M, Nagaraj C, Tang B, Bálint Z, Popper H, Smolle-Juettner FM, Lindenmann J, Kwapiszewska G, Aaronson PI, Wohlkoenig C, Leithner K, Olschewski H, Olschewski A. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ, the acute signaling factor in prostacyclin-induced pulmonary vasodilation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:372-9. [PMID: 22021335 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0428oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As powerful vasodilators, prostacyclin analogues are presently the mainstay in the treatment of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. Although the hemodynamic effects of prostacyclin analogues are well known, the molecular mechanism of their acute effects on pulmonary vascular tone and systemic vascular tone remains poorly understood. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) was previously identified as a putative receptor responsible for the modulation of target gene expression in response to prostacyclin analogues. The present study investigated the signaling pathway of prostacyclin in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and sought to define the role of PPARβ/δ in the acute vasodilating effect. In human PASMCs, prostacyclin rapidly activated TWIK-related acid-sensitive K channel 1 (TASK-1) and calcium-dependent potassium channels (K(Ca)). This pathway was mediated via the prostanoid I receptor-protein kinase A pathway. The silencing of PPARβ/δ demonstrated that the downstream K(Ca) activation was exclusively dependent on PPARβ/δ signaling, whereas the activation of TASK-1 was not. In addition, the PPARβ/δ-induced activation of K(Ca) was independent of NO. The acute prostacyclin-induced K(Ca) activation is critically dependent on PPARβ/δ as a rapid signaling factor. This accounts in part for the vasodilating effect of prostacyclin in pulmonary arteries, and provides insights into a new molecular explanation for the effects of prostanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingji Li
- Division of Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Auenbruggerplatz 2.6, A-8036 Graz, Austria
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Chan MV, Armstrong PCJ, Papalia F, Kirkby NS, Warner TD. Optical multichannel (optimul) platelet aggregometry in 96-well plates as an additional method of platelet reactivity testing. Platelets 2011; 22:485-94. [PMID: 21806492 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2011.592958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Platelet reactivity testing is important for the diagnosis of bleeding disorders, and increasingly to optimise anti-platelet therapy. Traditional light transmission aggregometry is considered the gold standard, whilst 96-well plate aggregometry, founded on similar principles, provides a higher throughput screening method. Despite the widespread use of both, methodologies and outputs vary widely between laboratories. We report a methodological approach towards providing a standardised optical detection of platelet aggregation (optimul method) based upon 96-well plate aggregometry. Individual wells of half-area 96-well plates were coated with gelatine and one of seven concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, epinephrine (EPI), ristocetin, TRAP-6 amide or U46619, before being lyophilised, vacuum-sealed, foil-packed and stored at room temperature for up to 24 weeks. For platelet testing, 40 µl of platelet-rich plasma was added to each well. Platelet aggregation was determined by changes in light absorbance, release of ATP/ADP by luminescence and release of thromboxane (TX) A(2) by ELISA. Some experiments were conducted in the presence of aspirin (30 µM) or prasugrel active metabolite (PAM; 3 µM). Optimul plates stored for up to 12 weeks permitted reliable detection of concentration-dependent platelet aggregation, ATP/ADP release and TXA₂ production. PAM caused reductions in platelet responses to AA, ADP, collagen, EPI, TRAP-6 and U46619, whilst aspirin inhibited responses to AA, collagen and EPI. We conclude that the optimul method offers a viable, standardised approach, allowing platelet reactivity testing and could provide a broad platelet function analysis without the need for dedicated equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa V Chan
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M6BQ, UK
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PPARγ in coronary atherosclerosis: in vivo expression pattern and correlations with hyperlipidemic status and statin treatment. Atherosclerosis 2011; 218:479-85. [PMID: 21726861 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is involved in regulation of macrophage inflammation and in atherosclerosis. Herein we investigate the influence of statin treatment on PPARγ expression in coronary artery disease. METHOD PPARγ expression was investigated in coronary atherosclerotic atherectomies (N=48) and arteries (N=12) from patients with stable or unstable coronary syndromes or undergoing cardiac transplantation for end-stage ischemic cardiomyopathy, respectively, by immunohistochemistry. Plaque components and tissue factor immunoreactivity were also investigated. Atherectomies were obtained from de novo culprit lesions of hypercholesterolemic (16 statin-treated and 16 untreated) and normolipidemic (N=16) patients. Furthermore, PPARγ expression was evaluated in patients peripheral blood monocytes and in monocytic U937 cells after atorvastatin incubation, by Western blot analysis. RESULT PPARγ expression was higher in coronary plaques and peripheral blood monocytes of statin-treated patients, and it significantly increased in monocytes after 24h atorvastatin incubation (p<0.05). Intra-plaque macrophage content, atheroma, neoangiogenesis and hemorrhage, and circulating CRP levels were lower in statin-treated than untreated hypercholesterolemic patients and comparable with normolipidemic subjects. PPARγ immunoreactivity was localized to neointima and media, its distribution pattern being different from that of tissue factor. CONCLUSION PPARγ expression was enhanced in statin-treated patients with different distribution and behavior as compared to atheroma, macrophage content, tissue factor immunoreactivity and serum CRP. In vitro studies showed increased PPARγ expression in monocytes after atorvastatin incubation. These findings provide further evidence as to the protective role of statins in coronary artery disease and their influence on PPARγ expression in coronary plaques and on the inflammatory status of patients.
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93
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Bare LA, Arellano AR, Tong CH, Bezemer I, Lijfering WM, Devlin JJ, Reitsma PH, Rosendaal FR. Genetic variants of F11, statin use and venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:1249-51. [PMID: 21486383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04289.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Chou TC, Shih CY, Chen YT. Inhibitory effect of α-lipoic acid on platelet aggregation is mediated by PPARs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:3050-3059. [PMID: 21391669 DOI: 10.1021/jf103940u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) isoforms (α, β/δ, and γ are present in human platelets, and activation of PPARs inhibits platelet aggregation. α-Lipoic acid (ALA), occurring naturally in human food, has been reported to exhibit an antiplatelet activity. However, the mechanisms underlying ALA-mediated inhibition of platelet aggregation remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the antiplatelet activity of ALA is mediated by PPARs. ALA itself significantly induced PPARα/γ activation in platelets and increased intracellular amounts of PPARα/γ by blocking PPARα/γ secretion from arachidonic acid (AA)-activated platelets. Moreover, ALA significantly inhibited AA-induced platelet aggregation, Ca(2+) mobilization, and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) activity, but increased cyclic AMP production in rabbit washed platelets. Importantly, ALA also enhanced interaction of PPARα/γ with protein kinase Cα (PKCα) and COX-1 accompanied by an inhibition of PKCα activity in resting and AA-activated platelets. However, the above effects of ALA on platelets were markedly reversed by simultaneous addition of selective PPARα antagonist (GW6471) or PPARγ antagonist (GW9662). Taken together, the present study provides a novel mechanism by which ALA inhibition of platelet aggregation is mediated by PPARα/γ-dependent processes, which involve interaction with PKCα and COX-1, increase of cyclic AMP formation, and inhibition of intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tz-Chong Chou
- Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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95
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Kim MC, Ahn Y, Cho KH, Lee MG, Ko JS, Park KH, Sim DS, Yoon NS, Yoon HJ, Kim KH, Hong YJ, Park HW, Kim JH, Jeong MH, Cho JG, Park JC, Kang JC. Early statin therapy within 48 hours decreased one-year major adverse cardiac events in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Int Heart J 2011; 52:1-6. [PMID: 21321460 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.52.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) reduce major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome. We investigated whether early statin therapy would be effective at reducing MACE in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).A total of 1,159 patients were analyzed. They were grouped by initiation time of statin administration after admission as follows: group I; n = 945, ≤ 48 hours, group II; n = 214, > 48 hours.Cardiovascular risk factors and noncardiac comorbidities were not different between the two groups. ST-elevation MI as initial diagnosis was more prevalent in group I (68.4% versus 59.3%, P = 0.013). In-hospital mortality was not different in the two groups (0.8% versus 0.5%, P = 0.483). In one-year clinical follow-up, MACE and repercutaneous coronary intervention were lower in group I (17.8% versus 24.6%, P = 0.016, 10.2% versus 15.5%, P = 0.021, respectively). However, there was no difference in mortality (3.8% versus 4.7%, P = 0.319). In multivariate analysis, statin initiation within 48 hours after admission was an independent predictor of one-year MACE (OR 1.49, 95% CI = 1.00-2.21, P = 0.045).Consequently, early statin therapy within 48 hours after admission reduced MACE at one-year follow-up in patients with AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chul Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Clinical Trial Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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96
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Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are transcription factors involved in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. LXR ligands have athero-protective properties independent of their effects on cholesterol metabolism. Platelets are involved in the initiation of atherosclerosis and despite being anucleate express nuclear receptors. We hypothesized that the athero-protective effects of LXR ligands could be in part mediated through platelets and therefore explored the potential role of LXR in platelets. Our results show that LXR-β is present in human platelets and the LXR ligands, GW3965 and T0901317, modulated nongenomically platelet aggregation stimulated by a range of agonists. GW3965 caused LXR to associate with signaling components proximal to the collagen receptor, GPVI, suggesting a potential mechanism of LXR action in platelets that leads to diminished platelet responses. Activation of platelets at sites of atherosclerotic lesions results in thrombosis preceding myocardial infarction and stroke. Using an in vivo model of thrombosis in mice, we show that GW3965 has antithrombotic effects, reducing the size and the stability of thrombi. The athero-protective effects of GW3965, together with its novel antiplatelet/thrombotic effects, indicate LXR as a potential target for prevention of athero-thrombotic disease.
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97
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Hashizume S, Akaike M, Azuma H, Ishikawa K, Yoshida S, Sumitomo-Ueda Y, Yagi S, Ikeda Y, Iwase T, Aihara KI, Abe M, Sata M, Matsumoto T. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α in megakaryocytes reduces platelet-derived growth factor-BB in platelets. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010; 18:138-47. [PMID: 21060209 DOI: 10.5551/jat.5868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB plays a crucial role in atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling by promoting the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. The objective of this study was to clarify the pleiotropic effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) activators on PDGF-BB expression in megakaryocytes and platelets. METHODS AND RESULTS The expression of PPARα in a human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells was clearly detected by reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunofluorescence microscopy. The expression level of PPARα in HEL cells was unchanged regardless of differentiation into megakaryocytic cells by treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate (TPA). The TPA-induced expression of PDGF-B mRNA and PDGF-BB protein levels in culture media was significantly decreased by treatment with PPARα activators, Wy14643 and fenofibric acid, in a dose-dependent manner. PDGF-BB expression induced by inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β or interleukin-6, was also significantly suppressed by treatment with PPARα activators. Immunohistochemistry of human bone marrow showed the expression of PPARα in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of megakaryocytes. In addition, PDGF-BB levels in platelets were significantly decreased from 1,800±870 to 1,470±840 pg/10(5) platelets (mean±SD, p<0.05) by treatment with 300 mg fenofibrate once daily for 4 weeks in 13 patients with dyslipidemia. CONCLUSIONS Activation of PPARα in megakaryocytes reduces PDGF-BB expression in platelets. PPARα activators may exert vasculo-protective action through suppression of PDGF-BB production in a megakaryocyte/platelet pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Hashizume
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, Japan
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Shantsila A, Lip GYH. Statins and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis - a further link between arterial and venous thrombosis. Int J Clin Pract 2010; 64:1326-8. [PMID: 20716136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Bishop-Bailey D. The platelet as a model system for the acute actions of nuclear receptors. Steroids 2010; 75:570-5. [PMID: 19778546 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are circulating cell fragments which play a critical role in thrombosis, and whose activity is associated with the progress of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, inflammation, and cancer cell metastasis. Recently, a number of nuclear receptors have been found present in human platelets, including the receptors for sex steroids, and glucocorticoids, along with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)s and retinoid X receptors (RXR)s. Although the platelet contains no nucleus, selective ligands for these receptors activate their respective platelet nuclear receptors and regulate platelet aggregation and activation. The human platelet, because of its abundance and accessibility therefore represents an excellent model system to study the rapid non-genomic mechanism of nuclear receptors. Moreover, since targeting platelets is a major clinical therapeutic area, analysis of platelet nuclear receptors may provide clues for new drug targets as well as provide important information regarding the physiological roles of nuclear receptors in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bishop-Bailey
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1 M 6BQ, UK.
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Abstract
Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, which are widely used to lower serum cholesterol levels in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Recent experimental and clinical evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of statins may extend beyond their cholesterol-lowering effects, to include so-called pleiotropic effects. These cholesterol-independent effects include improving endothelial function, attenuating vascular and myocardial remodeling, inhibiting vascular inflammation and oxidation, and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques. The mechanism underlying some of these pleiotropic effects is the inhibition of isoprenoid synthesis by statins, which leads to the inhibition of intracellular signaling molecules Rho, Rac and Cdc42. In particular, inhibition of Rho and one of its downstream targets, Rho kinase, may be a predominant mechanism contributing to the pleiotropic effects of statins. The aim of the present review is to provide an update on the non-cholesterol-dependent statin effects in the cardiovascular system and highlight some of the recent findings from bench to bedside to support the concept of statin pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Vascular Medicine Research Unit, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
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