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Cong C, Niu S, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Jing W, Zheng Y, Zhang X, Su G, Zhang Y, Sun M. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors mitigate radiation pneumonitis by activating ACE2-angiotensin-(1-7) axis via NF-κB/MAPK pathway. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8324. [PMID: 37221286 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation pneumonitis (RP) affects both patients and physicians during radiation therapy for lung cancer. To date, there are no effective drugs for improving the clinical outcomes of RP. The activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) improves experimental acute lung injury caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, acid inhalation, and sepsis. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of ACE2 in RP remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on RP and ACE2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor pathway activation. We found that radiotherapy decreased the expression of ACE2 and that overexpression of ACE2 alleviated lung injury in an RP mouse model. Moreover, captopril and valsartan restored ACE2 activation; attenuated P38, ERK, and p65 phosphorylation; and effectively mitigated RP in the mouse model. Further systematic retrospective analysis illustrated that the incidence of RP in patients using renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASis) was lower than that in patients not using RASis (18.2% vs. 35.8% at 3 months, p = 0.0497). In conclusion, the current findings demonstrate that ACE2 plays a critical role in RP and suggest that RASis may be useful potential therapeutic drugs for RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Cong
- Department of Oncology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Shiying Niu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Academy of Clinical and Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathology, Linfen Central Hospital, Linfen, 041099, Shanxi, China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Academy of Clinical and Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Xinhui Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Academy of Clinical and Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, China
| | - Wang Jing
- Department of Oncology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Yawen Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Guohai Su
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China
| | - Yueying Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, Academy of Clinical and Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, China.
| | - Meili Sun
- Department of Oncology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China.
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China.
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Dong F, Li H, Liu L, Yao LL, Wang J, Xiang D, Ma J, Zhang G, Zhang S, Li J, Jiang SH, Hu X, Chen J, Bao Z. ACE2 negatively regulates the Warburg effect and suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma progression via reducing ROS-HIF1α activity. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:2613-2629. [PMID: 37215979 PMCID: PMC10197896 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.81498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis has pleiotropic roles in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Emerging studies revealed key promoters of aerobic glycolysis, however, little is known about its negative regulators in HCC. In this study, an integrative analysis identifies a repertoire of differentially expressed genes (DNASE1L3, SLC22A1, ACE2, CES3, CCL14, GYS2, ADH4, and CFHR3) that are inversely associated with the glycolytic phenotype in HCC. ACE2, a member of the rennin-angiotensin system, is revealed to be downregulated in HCC and predicts a poor prognosis. ACE2 overexpression significantly inhibits the glycolytic flux as evidenced by reduced glucose uptake, lactate release, extracellular acidification rate, and the expression of glycolytic genes. Opposite results are noticed in loss-of-function studies. Mechanistically, ACE2 metabolizes Ang II to Ang-(1-7), which activates Mas receptor and leads to the phosphorylation of Src homology 2-containing inositol phosphatase 2 (SHP-2). SHP2 activation further blocks reactive oxygen species (ROS)-HIF1α signaling. Addition of Ang-(1-7) or the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine compromises in vivo additive tumor growth and aerobic glycolysis induced by ACE2 knockdown. Moreover, growth advantages afforded by ACE2 knockdown are largely glycolysis-dependent. In clinical settings, a close link between ACE2 expression and HIF1α or the phosphorated level of SHP2 is found. Overexpression of ACE2 significantly retards tumor growth in patient-derived xenograft model. Collectively, our findings suggest that ACE2 is a negative glycolytic regulator, and targeting the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor/ROS/HIF1α axis may be a promising therapeutic strategy for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Oral pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jiaofeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Danni Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jianxia Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Gansheng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Heng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xiaona Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Bao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
- Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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Guron GKP, Qi PX, McAnulty MJ, Renye JA, Miller AL, Oest AM, Wickham ED, Harron A. Differential behavior of Lactobacillus helveticus B1929 and ATCC 15009 on the hydrolysis and angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibition activity of fermented ultra-high temperature milk and nonfat dried milk powder. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00219-9. [PMID: 37164857 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Consumers' growing interest in fermented dairy foods necessitates research on a wide array of lactic acid bacterial strains to be explored and used. This study aimed to investigate the differences in the proteolytic capacity of Lactobacillus helveticus strains B1929 and ATCC 15009 on the fermentation of commercial ultra-pasteurized (UHT) skim milk and reconstituted nonfat dried milk powder (at a comparable protein concentration, 4%). The antihypertensive properties of the fermented milk, measured by angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) activity, were compared. The B1929 strain lowered the pH of the milk to 4.13 ± 0.09 at 37°C after 24 h, whereas ATCC 15009 needed 48 h to drop the pH to 4.70 ± 0.18 at 37°C. Two soluble protein fractions, one (CFS1) obtained after fermentation (acidic conditions) and the other (CFS2) after the neutralization (pH 6.70) of the pellet from CFS1 separation, were analyzed for d-/l-lactic acid production, protein concentration, the degree of protein hydrolysis, and ACE-I activity. The CFS1 fractions, dominated by whey proteins, demonstrated a greater degree of protein hydrolysis (7.9%) than CFS2. On the other hand, CFS2, mainly casein proteins, showed a higher level of ACE-I activity (33.8%) than CFS1. Significant differences were also found in the d- and l-lactic acid produced by the UHT milk between the 2 strains. These results attest that milk casein proteins possessed more detectable ACE-I activity than whey fractions, even without a measurable degree of hydrolysis. Findings from this study suggest that careful consideration must be given when selecting the bacterial strain and milk substrate for fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle K P Guron
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038.
| | - Phoebe X Qi
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038
| | - Michael J McAnulty
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038
| | - John A Renye
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038
| | - Amanda L Miller
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038
| | - Adam M Oest
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038
| | - Edward D Wickham
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038
| | - Andrew Harron
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038
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Shevchuk O, Palii S, Pak A, Chantada N, Seoane N, Korda M, Campos-Toimil M, Álvarez E. Vessel-on-a-Chip: A Powerful Tool for Investigating Endothelial COVID-19 Fingerprints. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091297. [PMID: 37174696 PMCID: PMC10177552 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causes various vascular and blood-related reactions, including exacerbated responses. The role of endothelial cells in this acute response is remarkable and may remain important beyond the acute phase. As we move into a post-COVID-19 era (where most people have been or will be infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus), it is crucial to define the vascular consequences of COVID-19, including the long-term effects on the cardiovascular system. Research is needed to determine whether chronic endothelial dysfunction following COVID-19 could lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular and thrombotic events. Endothelial dysfunction could also serve as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for post-COVID-19. This review covers these topics and examines the potential of emerging vessel-on-a-chip technology to address these needs. Vessel-on-a-chip would allow for the study of COVID-19 pathophysiology in endothelial cells, including the analysis of SARS-CoV-2 interactions with endothelial function, leukocyte recruitment, and platelet activation. "Personalization" could be implemented in the models through induced pluripotent stem cells, patient-specific characteristics, or genetic modified cells. Adaptation for massive testing under standardized protocols is now possible, so the chips could be incorporated for the personalized follow-up of the disease or its sequalae (long COVID) and for the research of new drugs against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Shevchuk
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Palii
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Anastasiia Pak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Nuria Chantada
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nuria Seoane
- Physiology and Pharmacology of Chronic Diseases (FIFAEC) Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mykhaylo Korda
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Manuel Campos-Toimil
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Physiology and Pharmacology of Chronic Diseases (FIFAEC) Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Álvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
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Gupta P, Mohapatra E, Patel S, Patnayak LL, Nanda R, Shah S, Abraham J, Behera A, Jindal A. Effect of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (I/D) Polymorphism in COVID-19 Patients and Their Healthy Contacts. Cureus 2023; 15:e38610. [PMID: 37284379 PMCID: PMC10239705 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The quest to understand the pathophysiology behind the deleterious effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak took a turn when involvement of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) receptors in different organs, especially the lungs, could explain all the clinical manifestations and adverse events in patients. The I/D polymorphism in the ACE gene, having been attributed in various studies, was also seen to have an effect in this pandemic. Present study aimed to analyze the effect of this I/D mutation in COVID-19 patients and in their healthy contacts. Methods Patients with past history of COVID-19 infection and their healthy contacts were enrolled in the study after obtaining ethical clearance and informed consent. The polymorphism was studied by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data was analyzed in SPSS version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). p value less than 0.05 was taken as significant. Results The allelic distribution followed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with the wild 'D' allele being dominant in the population. Between the case and controls, the mutant 'I' allele was observed more in the controls, and the association was statistically significant. Conclusion From the results of the present study, it could be concluded that while the wild 'D' allele led to higher chances of being affected with COVID-19, the polymorphism to 'I' allele was relatively protective in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prishni Gupta
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Eli Mohapatra
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Suprava Patel
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Lisie L Patnayak
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Rachita Nanda
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Seema Shah
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Jessy Abraham
- Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Ajoy Behera
- Pulmonary Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur, Raipur, IND
| | - Atul Jindal
- Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Raipur, Raipur, IND
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Chen Q, Li Y, Bie B, Zhao B, Zhang Y, Fang S, Li S, Zhang Y. P38 MAPK activated ADAM17 mediates ACE2 shedding and promotes cardiac remodeling and heart failure after myocardial infarction. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:73. [PMID: 37046278 PMCID: PMC10091339 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) after myocardial infarction (MI) is a prevalent disease with a poor prognosis. Relieving pathological cardiac remodeling and preserving cardiac function is a critical link in the treatment of post-MI HF. Thus, more new therapeutic targets are urgently needed. The expression of ADAM17 is increased in patients with acute MI, but its functional role in post-MI HF remains unclear. METHODS To address this question, we examined the effects of ADAM17 on the severity and prognosis of HF within 1 year of MI in 152 MI patients with or without HF. In mechanistic studies, the effects of ADAM17 on ventricular remodeling and systolic function were extensively assessed at the tissue and cellular levels by establishing animal model of post-MI HF and in vitro hypoxic cell model. RESULTS High levels of ADAM17 predicted a higher incidence of post-MI HF, poorer cardiac function and higher mortality. Animal studies demonstrated that ADAM17 promoted the occurrence of post-MI HF, as indicated by increased infarct size, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial interstitial collagen deposition and cardiac failure. ADAM17 knock down significantly improved pathological cardiac remodeling and cardiac function in mice with MI. Mechanistically, activated ADAM17 inhibited the cardioprotective effects of ACE2 by promoting hydrolytic shedding of the transmembrane protein ACE2 in cardiomyocytes, which subsequently mediated the occurrence of cardiac remodeling and the progression of heart failure. Moreover, the activation of ADAM17 in hypoxic cardiomyocytes was dependent on p38 MAPK phosphorylation at threonine 735. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight a novel and important mechanism for ADAM17 to cause post-MI HF, which will hopefully be a new potential target for early prediction or intervention of post-MI HF. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Harbin Medical University, No. 157 JianBao Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yilan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Bike Bie
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Harbin Medical University, No. 157 JianBao Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Harbin Medical University, No. 157 JianBao Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yanxiu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Harbin Medical University, No. 157 JianBao Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shaohong Fang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shuijie Li
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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García-Escobar A, Vera-Vera S, Tébar-Márquez D, Jurado-Román A, Jiménez-Valero S, Galeote G, Cabrera JÁ, Moreno R. The role of vitamin D/calmodulin/calcium signalling/ACE2 pathway in COVID-19. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY 2023; 30:11. [PMID: 38911688 PMCID: PMC11189159 DOI: 10.5837/bjc.2023.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
There has been suggestion that vitamin D may play a role in protection against severe infection with COVID-19, defined as the need of intensive care unit admission. In this article a potential mechanism involving angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Ángel Cabrera
- Cardiologist Cardiology Department, Quirónsalud University Hospital, Diego de Velázquez 1, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Moreno
- Cardiologist Cardiology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
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58
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Jiang J, Li MY, Wu XY, Ying YL, Han HX, Long YT. Protein nanopore reveals the renin-angiotensin system crosstalk with single-amino-acid resolution. Nat Chem 2023; 15:578-586. [PMID: 36805037 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of crosstalk effects on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is limited by the lack of approaches to quantitatively monitor, in real time, multiple components with subtle differences and short half-lives. Here we report a nanopore framework to quantitatively determine the effect of the hidden crosstalk between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on RAS. By developing an engineered aerolysin nanopore capable of single-amino-acid resolution, we show that the ACE can be selectively inhibited by ACE2 to prevent cleavage of angiotensin I, even when the concentration of ACE is more than 30-fold higher than that of ACE2. We also show that the activity of ACE2 for cleaving angiotensin peptides is clearly suppressed by the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. This leads to the relaxation of ACE and the increased probability of accumulation of the principal effector angiotensin II. The spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant is demonstrated to have a much greater impact on the crosstalk than the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Yin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Lun Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan-Xing Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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Contreras-Bolívar V, García-Fontana B, García-Fontana C, Muñoz-Torres M. Vitamin D and COVID-19: where are we now? Postgrad Med 2023; 135:195-207. [PMID: 34886758 PMCID: PMC8787834 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2021.2017647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has triggered great interest in the search for the pathophysiological mechanisms of COVID-19 and its associated hyperinflammatory state. The presence of prognostic factors such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, and age influence the expression of the disease's clinical severity. Other elements, such as 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D3) concentrations, are currently being studied. Various studies, mostly observational, have sought to demonstrate whether there is truly a relationship between 25(OH)D3 levels and the acquisition and/or severity of the disease. The objective of this study was to carry out a review of the current data that associate vitamin D status with the acquisition, evolution, and/or severity of infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and to assess whether prevention through vitamin D supplementation can prevent infection and/or improve the evolution once acquired. Vitamin D system has an immunomodulatory function and plays a significant role in various bacterial and viral infections. The immune function of vitamin D is explained in part by the presence of its receptor (VDR) and its activating enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) in immune cells. The vitamin D, VDR, and Retinoid X Receptor complex allows the transcription of genes with antimicrobial activities, such as cathelicidins and defensins. COVID-19 characteristically presents a marked hyperimmune state, with the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Thus, there are biological factors linking vitamin D to the cytokine storm, which can herald some of the most severe consequences of COVID-19, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. Hypovitaminosis D is widespread worldwide, so the prevention of COVID-19 through vitamin D supplementation is being considered as a possible therapeutic strategy easy to implement. However, more-quality studies and well-designed randomized clinical trials are needed to address this relevant question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Contreras-Bolívar
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, University Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs. Granada), Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz García-Fontana
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, University Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs. Granada), Granada, Spain
- CIBERFES. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CONTACT Beatriz García-Fontana University Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Fontana
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, University Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs. Granada), Granada, Spain
- CIBERFES. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Cristina García-Fontana
| | - Manuel Muñoz-Torres
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit, University Hospital Clínico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs. Granada), Granada, Spain
- CIBERFES. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Garcia B, Su F, Manicone F, Dewachter L, Favory R, Khaldi A, Moiroux-Sahroui A, Moreau A, Herpain A, Vincent JL, Creteur J, Taccone FS, Annoni F. Angiotensin 1-7 in an experimental septic shock model. Crit Care 2023; 27:106. [PMID: 36915144 PMCID: PMC10010236 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in the renin-angiotensin system have been implicated in the pathophysiology of septic shock. In particular, angiotensin 1-7 (Ang-(1-7)), an anti-inflammatory heptapeptide, has been hypothesized to have beneficial effects. The aim of the present study was to test the effects of Ang-(1-7) infusion on the development and severity of septic shock. METHODS This randomized, open-label, controlled study was performed in 14 anesthetized and mechanically ventilated sheep. Immediately after sepsis induction by bacterial peritonitis, animals received either Ang-(1-7) (n = 7) or placebo (n = 7) intravenously. Fluid resuscitation, antimicrobial therapy, and peritoneal lavage were initiated 4 h after sepsis induction. Norepinephrine administration was titrated to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) between 65 and 75 mmHg. RESULTS There were no differences in baseline characteristics between groups. Septic shock was prevented in 6 of the 7 animals in the Ang-(1-7) group at the end of the 24-h period. Fluid balance and MAP were similar in the two groups; however, MAP was achieved with a mean norepinephrine dose of 0.4 μg/kg/min in the Ang-(1-7) group compared to 4.3 μg/kg/min in the control group. Heart rate and cardiac output index were lower in the Ang (1-7) than in the control group, as were plasma interleukin-6 levels, and creatinine levels. Platelet count and PaO2/FiO2 ratio were higher in the Ang-(1-7) group. Mean arterial lactate at the end of the experiment was 1.6 mmol/L in the Ang-(1-7) group compared to 7.4 mmol/L in the control group. CONCLUSIONS In this experimental septic shock model, early Ang-(1-7) infusion prevented the development of septic shock, reduced norepinephrine requirements, limited interleukine-6 increase and prevented renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Garcia
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Intensive Care, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Fuhong Su
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francesca Manicone
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Dewachter
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raphaël Favory
- Department of Intensive Care, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Amina Khaldi
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Anthony Moreau
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antoine Herpain
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Vincent
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques Creteur
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Filippo Annoni
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Chatterjee S, Nalla LV, Sharma M, Sharma N, Singh AA, Malim FM, Ghatage M, Mukarram M, Pawar A, Parihar N, Arya N, Khairnar A. Association of COVID-19 with Comorbidities: An Update. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:334-354. [PMID: 36923110 PMCID: PMC10000013 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) which was identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and jeopardized human lives. It spreads at an unprecedented rate worldwide, with serious and still-unfolding health conditions and economic ramifications. Based on the clinical investigations, the severity of COVID-19 appears to be highly variable, ranging from mild to severe infections including the death of an infected individual. To add to this, patients with comorbid conditions such as age or concomitant illnesses are significant predictors of the disease's severity and progression. SARS-CoV-2 enters inside the host cells through ACE2 (angiotensin converting enzyme2) receptor expression; therefore, comorbidities associated with higher ACE2 expression may enhance the virus entry and the severity of COVID-19 infection. It has already been recognized that age-related comorbidities such as Parkinson's disease, cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases may lead to life-threatening illnesses in COVID-19-infected patients. COVID-19 infection results in the excessive release of cytokines, called "cytokine storm", which causes the worsening of comorbid disease conditions. Different mechanisms of COVID-19 infections leading to intensive care unit (ICU) admissions or deaths have been hypothesized. This review provides insights into the relationship between various comorbidities and COVID-19 infection. We further discuss the potential pathophysiological correlation between COVID-19 disease and comorbidities with the medical interventions for comorbid patients. Toward the end, different therapeutic options have been discussed for COVID-19-infected comorbid patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Lakshmi Vineela Nalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India.,Department of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh 522302, India
| | - Monika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Nishant Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Aditya A Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Fehmina Mushtaque Malim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Manasi Ghatage
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Mohd Mukarram
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Abhijeet Pawar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Nidhi Parihar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Neha Arya
- Department of Translational Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, Bhopal 462020, India
| | - Amit Khairnar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic.,ICRC-FNUSA Brno 656 91, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czechia
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Rahaman MS, Mise N, Ikegami A, Zong C, Ichihara G, Ichihara S. The mechanism of low-level arsenic exposure-induced hypertension: Inhibition of the activity of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137911. [PMID: 36669534 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is now well-established that arsenic exposure induces hypertension in humans. Although arsenic-induced hypertension is reported in many epidemiological studies, the underlying molecular mechanism of arsenic-induced hypertension is not fully characterized. In the human body, blood pressure is primarily regulated by a well-known physiological system known as the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Hence, we explored the potential molecular mechanisms of arsenic-induced hypertension by investigating the regulatory roles of the RAS. Adult C57BL/6JJcl male mice were divided into four groups according to the concentration of arsenic in drinking water (0, 8, 80, and 800 ppb) provided for 8 weeks. Arsenic significantly raised blood pressure in arsenic-exposed mice compared to the control group, and significantly raised plasma MDA and Ang II and reduced Ang (1-7) levels. RT-PCR results showed that arsenic significantly downregulated ACE2 and MasR in mice aortas. In vitro studies of endothelial HUVEC cells treated with arsenic showed increased level of MDA and Ang II and lower levels of Ang (1-7), compared with the control. Arsenic significantly downregulated ACE2 and MasR expression, as well as those of Sp1 and SIRT1; transcriptional activators of ACE2, in HUVECs. Arsenic also upregulated markers of endothelial dysfunction (MCP-1, ICAM-1) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) in HUVECs. Our findings suggest that arsenic-induced hypertension is mediated, at least in part, by oxidative stress-mediated inhibition of ACE2 as well as by suppressing the vasoprotective axes of RAS, in addition to the activation of the classical axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shiblur Rahaman
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan; Department of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh; Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Nathan Mise
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ikegami
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Cai Zong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Gaku Ichihara
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sahoko Ichihara
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
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Schneider BK, Ward J, Sotillo S, Garelli-Paar C, Guillot E, Prikazsky M, Mochel JP. Breakthrough: a first-in-class virtual simulator for dose optimization of ACE inhibitors in translational cardiovascular medicine. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3300. [PMID: 36843132 PMCID: PMC9968717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-systems (RAAS) play a central role in the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure (CHF), justifying the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) in dogs and humans with cardiac diseases. Seminal studies in canine CHF had suggested that the pharmacological action of benazepril was relatively independent of doses greater than 0.25 mg/kg P.O, thereby providing a rationale for the European labeled dose of benazepril in dogs with CHF. However, most of these earlier studies relied on measures of ACE activity, a sub-optimal endpoint to characterize the effect of ACEi on the RAAS. The objectives of this study were (i) to expand on previous mathematical modeling efforts of the dose-exposure-response relationship of benazepril on biomarkers of the RAAS which are relevant to CHF pathophysiology and disease prognosis; and (ii) to develop a software implementation capable of simulating clinical trials in benazepril in dogs bedside dose optimization. Our results suggest that 0.5 mg/kg PO q12h of benazepril produces the most robust reduction in angiotensin II and upregulation of RAAS alternative pathway biomarkers. This model will eventually be expanded to include relevant clinical endpoints, which will be evaluated in an upcoming prospective trial in canine patients with CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Schneider
- SMART Pharmacology, Iowa State University College of Vet. Medicine, 2448 Lloyd, 1809 S Riverside Dr., Ames, IA, 50011-1250, USA
| | - Jessica Ward
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1250, USA
| | - Samantha Sotillo
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1250, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan P Mochel
- SMART Pharmacology, Iowa State University College of Vet. Medicine, 2448 Lloyd, 1809 S Riverside Dr., Ames, IA, 50011-1250, USA.
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COVID-19: Mechanisms, risk factors, genetics, non-coding RNAs and neurologic impairments. Noncoding RNA Res 2023; 8:240-254. [PMID: 36852336 PMCID: PMC9946734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) causes a severe acute illness with the development of respiratory distress syndrome in some cases. COVID-19 is a global problem of mankind to this day. Among its most important aspects that require in-depth study are pathogenesis and molecular changes in severe forms of the disease. A lot of literature data is devoted to the pathogenetic mechanisms of COVID-19. Without dwelling in detail on some paths of pathogenesis discussed, we note that at present there are many factors of development and progression. Among them, this is the direct role of both viral non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and host ncRNAs. One such class of ncRNAs that has been extensively studied in COVID-19 is microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Moreover, Initially, it was believed that this COVID-19 was limited to damage to the respiratory system. It has now become clear that COVID-19 affects not only the liver and kidneys, but also the nervous system. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of mechanisms, risk factors, genetics and neurologic impairments in COVID-19. In addition, we discuss and evaluate evidence demonstrating the involvement of miRNAs and lnRNAs in COVID-19 and use this information to propose hypotheses for future research directions.
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Prasad R, Adu-Agyeiwaah Y, Floyd JL, Asare-Bediako B, Li Calzi S, Chakraborty D, Harbour A, Rohella A, Busik JV, Li Q, Grant MB. Sustained ACE2 Expression by Probiotic Improves Integrity of Intestinal Lymphatics and Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetic Model. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051771. [PMID: 36902558 PMCID: PMC10003436 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal lymphatic, known as lacteal, plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis by regulating several key functions, including the absorption of dietary lipids, immune cell trafficking, and interstitial fluid balance in the gut. The absorption of dietary lipids relies on lacteal integrity, mediated by button-like and zipper-like junctions. Although the intestinal lymphatic system is well studied in many diseases, including obesity, the contribution of lacteals to the gut-retinal axis in type 1 diabetes (T1D) has not been examined. Previously, we showed that diabetes induces a reduction in intestinal angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), leading to gut barrier disruption. However, when ACE2 levels are maintained, a preservation of gut barrier integrity occurs, resulting in less systemic inflammation and a reduction in endothelial cell permeability, ultimately retarding the development of diabetic complications, such as diabetic retinopathy. Here, we examined the impact of T1D on intestinal lymphatics and circulating lipids and tested the impact of intervention with ACE-2-expressing probiotics on key aspects of gut and retinal function. Akita mice with 6 months of diabetes were orally gavaged LP-ACE2 (3x/week for 3 months), an engineered probiotic (Lactobacillus paracasei; LP) expressing human ACE2. After three months, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to evaluate intestinal lymphatics, gut epithelial, and endothelial barrier integrity. Retinal function was assessed using visual acuity, electroretinograms, and enumeration of acellular capillaries. LP-ACE2 significantly restored intestinal lacteal integrity as assessed by the increased expression of lymphatic vessel hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1) expression in LP-ACE2-treated Akita mice. This was accompanied by improved gut epithelial (Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), p120-catenin) and endothelial (plasmalemma vesicular protein -1 (PLVAP1)) barrier integrity. In Akita mice, the LP-ACE2 treatment reduced plasma levels of LDL cholesterol and increased the expression of ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 1 (ABCG1) in retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE), the population of cells responsible for lipid transport from the systemic circulation into the retina. LP-ACE2 also corrected blood-retinal barrier (BRB) dysfunction in the neural retina, as observed by increased ZO-1 and decreased VCAM-1 expression compared to untreated mice. LP-ACE2-treated Akita mice exhibit significantly decreased numbers of acellular capillaries in the retina. Our study supports the beneficial role of LP-ACE2 in the restoration of intestinal lacteal integrity, which plays a key role in gut barrier integrity and systemic lipid metabolism and decreased diabetic retinopathy severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prasad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yvonne Adu-Agyeiwaah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jason L. Floyd
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Bright Asare-Bediako
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sergio Li Calzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Dibyendu Chakraborty
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Angela Harbour
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Aayush Rohella
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Julia V. Busik
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-205-996-8685; Fax: +1-205-934-3425
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Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Gopalakrishnan AV, Kannampuzha S, Murali R, Namachivayam A, Ganesan R, Renu K, Dey A, Vellingiri B, Prabakaran DS. Insights into the Scenario of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Male Reproductive Toxicity. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030510. [PMID: 36992094 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has become a significant public health concern that has catastrophic consequences for society. Some preliminary evidence suggests that the male reproductive system may be an infection target for SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 may be transmitted sexually, according to preliminary research. Testicular cells exhibit a high level of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which enhances the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. Some instances of COVID-19 have been documented to exhibit hypogonadism during the acute stage. Furthermore, systemic inflammatory reactions triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection may cause oxidative stress (OS), which has been shown to have profoundly deleterious consequences on testicular functioning. This work gives a clear picture of how COVID-19 may affect male reproductive systems and calls attention to the many unanswered questions about the mechanisms by which this virus can be linked to men’s health and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, India
| | - D S Prabakaran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1 Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Srivilliputhur Main Road, Sivakasi 626124, India
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Chen F, Chen Y, Ke Q, Wang Y, Gong Z, Chen X, Cai Y, Li S, Sun Y, Peng X, Ji Y, Zhang T, Wu W, Cui L, Wang Y. ApoE4 associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes via downregulation of ACE2 and imbalanced RAS pathway. J Transl Med 2023; 21:103. [PMID: 36759834 PMCID: PMC9910247 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03945-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent numerous epidemiology and clinical association studies reported that ApoE polymorphism might be associated with the risk and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and yielded inconsistent results. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection relies on its spike protein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor expressed on host cell membranes. METHODS A meta-analysis was conducted to clarify the association between ApoE polymorphism and the risk and severity of COVID-19. Multiple protein interaction assays were utilized to investigate the potential molecular link between ApoE and the SARS-CoV-2 primary receptor ACE2, ApoE and spike protein. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining methods were used to access the regulatory effect of different ApoE isoform on ACE2 protein expression. RESULTS ApoE gene polymorphism (ε4 carrier genotypes VS non-ε4 carrier genotypes) is associated with the increased risk (P = 0.0003, OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.18-1.76) and progression (P < 0.00001, OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.50-2.28) of COVID-19. ApoE interacts with both ACE2 and the spike protein but did not show isoform-dependent binding effects. ApoE4 significantly downregulates ACE2 protein expression in vitro and in vivo and subsequently decreases the conversion of Ang II to Ang 1-7. CONCLUSIONS ApoE4 increases SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in a manner that may not depend on differential interactions with the spike protein or ACE2. Instead, ApoE4 downregulates ACE2 protein expression and subsequently the dysregulation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may provide explanation by which ApoE4 exacerbates COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China ,grid.419010.d0000 0004 1792 7072Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Yanting Chen
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China ,grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Neurology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiongwei Ke
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Institute of Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiongjin Chen
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuanhong Sun
- grid.266871.c0000 0000 9765 6057Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX USA
| | - Xiaoping Peng
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yao Ji
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wenxian Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China. .,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
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Khan MS, Shahid I, Greene SJ, Mentz RJ, DeVore AD, Butler J. Mechanisms of current therapeutic strategies for heart failure: more questions than answers? Cardiovasc Res 2023; 118:3467-3481. [PMID: 36536991 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complex, multifactorial and heterogeneous syndrome with substantial mortality and morbidity. Over the last few decades, numerous attempts have been made to develop targeted therapies that may attenuate the known pathophysiological pathways responsible for causing the progression of HF. However, therapies developed with this objective have sometimes failed to show benefit. The pathophysiological construct of HF with numerous aetiologies suggests that interventions with broad mechanisms of action which simultaneously target more than one pathway maybe more effective in improving the outcomes of patients with HF. Indeed, current therapeutics with clinical benefits in HF have targeted a wider range of intermediate phenotypes. Despite extensive scientific breakthroughs in HF research recently, questions persist regarding the ideal therapeutic targets which may help achieve maximum benefit. In this review, we evaluate the mechanism of action of current therapeutic strategies, the pathophysiological pathways they target and highlight remaining knowledge gaps regarding the mode of action of these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahzeb Khan
- From the Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Izza Shahid
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen J Greene
- From the Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert J Mentz
- From the Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Adam D DeVore
- From the Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Javed Butler
- Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, 3434 Live Oak St Ste 501, Dallas 75204, TX, USA
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69
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Barry EF, Abdulla MH, O'Neill J, AlMarabeh S, Beshara J, Parna‐Gile E, Johns EJ. Effects of intrarenal angiotensin 1-7 infusion on renal haemodynamic and excretory function in anaesthetised two-kidney one-clip and deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:268-279. [PMID: 36454195 PMCID: PMC10103859 DOI: 10.1113/ep090791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Are renal functional responses to intrarenal angiotensin 1-7 (Ang (1-7)) infusion dependent on the level of the endogenous renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt animal models of hypertension? What is the main finding and its importance? The renal actions of Ang (1-7) are dependent on the relative endogenous levels of each arm of the classical angiotensin II-angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 R) axis and those of the Ang (1-7)-Mas receptor axis. These findings support the hypothesis that a balance exists between the intrarenal classical and novel arms of the RAS, and in particular the relative abundance of AT1 R to Mas receptor, which may to a large extent determine the renal excretory response to Ang (1-7) infusion. ABSTRACT This study investigated the action of angiotensin 1-7 (Ang (1-7)) on renal haemodynamic and excretory function in the two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt rat models of hypertension, in which the endogenous renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity was likely to be raised or lowered, respectively. Rats were anaesthetised and prepared for the measurement of mean arterial pressure and kidney function during renal interstitial infusion of Ang (1-7) or saline. Kidney tissue concentrations of angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang (1-7) were determined. Intrarenal infusion of Ang (1-7) into the clipped kidney of 2K1C rats increased urine flow (UV), absolute (UNa V) and fractional sodium (FENa ) excretions by 110%, 214% and 147%, respectively. Renal Ang II concentrations of the clipped kidney were increased with no major changes in Ang (1-7) concentration. By contrast, Ang (1-7) infusion decreased UV, UNa V, and FENa by 27%, 24% and 21%, respectively in the non-clipped kidney in which tissue Ang (1-7) concentrations were increased, but renal Ang II concentrations were unchanged compared to sham animals. Ang (1-7) infusion in DOCA-salt rats had minimal effects on glomerular filtration rate but significantly decreased UV, UNa V and FENa by ∼30%. Renal Ang (1-7) concentrations were higher and Ang II concentrations were lower in DOCA-salt rats compared to sham rats. These findings demonstrate that the intrarenal infusion of exogenous Ang (1-7) elicits different renal excretory responses the magnitude of which is dependent on the balance between the endogenous renal Ang II-AT1 receptor axis and Ang (1-7)-Mas receptor axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine F. Barry
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity College CorkCorkRepublic of Ireland
| | | | - Julie O'Neill
- Department of GastroenterologyMercy University HospitalCorkRepublic of Ireland
| | - Sara AlMarabeh
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Arizona Health Sciences CenterTucsonAZUSA
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical PharmacySchool of PharmacyUniversity of JordanAmmanJordan
| | - Julie Beshara
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity College CorkCorkRepublic of Ireland
| | - Erin Parna‐Gile
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity College CorkCorkRepublic of Ireland
| | - Edward J. Johns
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity College CorkCorkRepublic of Ireland
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Hartl L, Rumpf B, Domenig O, Simbrunner B, Paternostro R, Jachs M, Poglitsch M, Marculescu R, Trauner M, Reindl-Schwaighofer R, Hecking M, Mandorfer M, Reiberger T. The systemic and hepatic alternative renin-angiotensin system is activated in liver cirrhosis, linked to endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:953. [PMID: 36653504 PMCID: PMC9849268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the systemic and hepatic renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) fingerprint in advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD). This prospective study included 13 compensated (cACLD) and 12 decompensated ACLD (dACLD) patients undergoing hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement. Plasma components (all patients) and liver-local enzymes (n = 5) of the RAS were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Patients with dACLD had significantly higher angiotensin (Ang) I, Ang II and aldosterone plasma levels. Ang 1-7, a major mediator of the alternative RAS, was almost exclusively detectable in dACLD (n = 12/13; vs. n = 1/13 in cACLD). Also, dACLD patients had higher Ang 1-5 (33.5 pmol/L versus cACLD: 6.6 pmol/L, p < 0.001) and numerically higher Ang III and Ang IV levels. Ang 1-7 correlated with HVPG (ρ = 0.655; p < 0.001), von Willebrand Factor (ρ = 0.681; p < 0.001), MELD (ρ = 0.593; p = 0.002) and interleukin-6 (ρ = 0.418; p = 0.047). Considerable activity of ACE, chymase, ACE2, and neprilysin was detectable in all liver biopsies, with highest chymase and ACE2 activity in cACLD patients. While liver-local classical and alternative RAS activity was already observed in cACLD, systemic activation of alternative RAS components occurred only in dACLD. Increased Ang 1-7 was linked to severe liver disease, portal hypertension, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hartl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Rumpf
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Benedikt Simbrunner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Lab for Portal Hypertension and Liver Fibrosis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rafael Paternostro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Jachs
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Rodrig Marculescu
- Department for Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Reindl-Schwaighofer
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Hecking
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mattias Mandorfer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Vienna Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Christian Doppler Lab for Portal Hypertension and Liver Fibrosis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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71
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Wu C, Chen Y, Zhou P, Hu Z. Recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 plays a protective role in mice with sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction through multiple signaling pathways dependent on converting angiotensin II to angiotensin 1-7. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2023; 11:13. [PMID: 36760245 PMCID: PMC9906207 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-6016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction (SICD) is a common complication of sepsis and contributes to mortality and the complexity of management in patients with sepsis. Recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (rhACE2) has been reported to protect the heart from injury and dysfunction in conditions which involve increased angiotensin II (Ang II). In this study, we aimed to detect the effects of rhACE2 on SICD. Methods A SICD model was developed in male C57/B6 mice by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneal injection. When cardiac dysfunction was confirmed by echocardiography 3 hours after LPS administration, mice were treated with either saline, rhACE2, or rhACE2 + A779. All mice received echocardiographic examination at 6 hours after LPS injection and then were sacrificed for serum and myocardial tissues collection. Angiotensin, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and inflammatory markers in serum were measured. Histopathology features were examined by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining to evaluate structure injury and cell pyroptosis rate in heart tissue respectively. Pyroptosis-related proteins and signaling pathways involved in nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in heart tissue were investigated by western blot (WB). Results RhACE2 relieved myocardial injury and improved cardiac function in mice with SICD accompanied by decrease of Ang II and increase of angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) in serum. RhACE2 diminished activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, inflammatory response, and cell pyroptosis induced by LPS. In addition, rhACE2 partly inhibited activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and promoted activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase-α1 (AMPK-α1) pathway in heart tissue. Administration of A779 offset the inhibitive effects of rhACE2 on NLRP3 expression and protective role on cardiac injury and dysfunction in mice with SICD. Conclusions RhACE2 plays a protective role in SICD, ameliorating cardiac injury and dysfunction through NF-κB, p38 MAPK, and the AMPK-α1/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway dependent on converting Ang II to Ang 1-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China;,Intensive Care Unit of Emergency Department, Neurology Branch of Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, China;,Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China;,Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Pan Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China;,Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhenjie Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China;,Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, Shijiazhuang, China
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Rukavina Mikusic NL, Gironacci MM. Mas receptor endocytosis and signaling in health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:49-65. [PMID: 36631200 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays a major role in blood pressure regulation and electrolyte homeostasis and is mainly composed by two axes mediating opposite effects. The pressor axis, constituted by angiotensin (Ang) II and the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), exerts vasoconstrictor, proliferative, hypertensive, oxidative and pro-inflammatory actions, while the depressor/protective axis, represented by Ang-(1-7), its Mas receptor (MasR) and the Ang II type 2 receptor (AT2R), opposes the actions elicited by the pressor arm. The MasR belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. To avoid receptor overstimulation, GPCRs undergo internalization and trafficking into the cell after being stimulated. Then, the receptor may induce other signaling cascades or it may even interact with other receptors, generating distinct biological responses. Thus, control of a GPCR regarding space and time affects the specificity of the signals transduced by the receptor and the ultimate cellular response. The present chapter is focused on the signaling and trafficking pathways of MasR under physiological conditions and its participation in the pathogenesis of numerous brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L Rukavina Mikusic
- From Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela M Gironacci
- From Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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73
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Prasad R, Floyd JL, Dupont M, Harbour A, Adu-Agyeiwaah Y, Asare-Bediako B, Chakraborty D, Kichler K, Rohella A, Calzi SL, Lammendella R, Wright J, Boulton ME, Oudit GY, Raizada MK, Stevens BR, Li Q, Grant MB. Maintenance of Enteral ACE2 Prevents Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetes. Circ Res 2023; 132:e1-e21. [PMID: 36448480 PMCID: PMC9822874 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.322003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined components of systemic and intestinal renin-angiotensin system on gut barrier permeability, glucose homeostasis, systemic inflammation, and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in human subjects and mice with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS T1D individual with (n=18) and without (n=20) DR and controls (n=34) were examined for changes in gut-regulated components of the immune system, gut leakage markers (FABP2 [fatty acid binding protein 2] and peptidoglycan), and Ang II (angiotensin II); Akita mice were orally administered a Lactobacillus paracasei (LP) probiotic expressing humanized ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) protein (LP-ACE2) as either a prevention or an intervention. Akita mice with genetic overexpression of humanAce2 by small intestine epithelial cells (Vil-Cre.hAce2KI-Akita) were similarly examined. After 9 months of T1D, circulatory, enteral, and ocular end points were assessed. RESULTS T1D subjects exhibit elevations in gut-derived circulating immune cells (ILC1 cells) and higher gut leakage markers, which were positively correlated with plasma Ang II and DR severity. The LP-ACE2 prevention cohort and genetic overexpression of intestinal ACE2 preserved barrier integrity, reduced inflammatory response, improved hyperglycemia, and delayed development of DR. Improvements in glucose homeostasis were due to intestinal MasR activation, resulting in a GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta)/c-Myc (cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene)-mediated decrease in intestinal glucose transporter expression. In the LP-ACE2 intervention cohort, gut barrier integrity was improved and DR reversed, but no improvement in hyperglycemia was observed. These data support that the beneficial effects of LP-ACE2 on DR are due to the action of ACE2, not improved glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Dysregulated systemic and intestinal renin-angiotensin system was associated with worsening gut barrier permeability, gut-derived immune cell activation, systemic inflammation, and progression of DR in human subjects. In Akita mice, maintaining intestinal ACE2 expression prevented and reversed DR, emphasizing the multifaceted role of the intestinal renin-angiotensin system in diabetes and DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prasad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jason L. Floyd
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Mariana Dupont
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Angela Harbour
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Yvonne Adu-Agyeiwaah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Bright Asare-Bediako
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Dibyendu Chakraborty
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kara Kichler
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Aayush Rohella
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Sergio Li Calzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | | | | | - Michael E. Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Gavin Y. Oudit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Mohan K. Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Bruce R. Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Maria B. Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Angeli F, Zappa M, Verdecchia P. Rethinking the Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in the Pandemic Era of SARS-CoV-2. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10010014. [PMID: 36661909 PMCID: PMC9862389 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
After assessing the levels of spread and severity of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, academic literature focused on the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Angeli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 21049 Tradate, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Martina Zappa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Paolo Verdecchia
- Fondazione Umbra Cuore e Ipertensione-ONLUS, and Division of Cardiology, Hospital S. Maria della Misericordia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
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75
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Juthi RT, Sazed SA, Sarmin M, Haque R, Alam MS. COVID-19 and diarrhea: putative mechanisms and management. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 126:125-131. [PMID: 36403817 PMCID: PMC9672967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has recently posed a threat to global health by spreading at a high rate and taking millions of lives worldwide. Along with the respiratory symptoms, there are gastrointestinal manifestations and one of the most common gastrointestinal symptoms is diarrhea which is seen in a significant percentage of COVID-19 patients. LITERATURE REVIEW Several studies have shown the plausible correlation between overexpressed angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in enterocytes and SARS-CoV-2, as ACE2 is the only known receptor for the virus entry. Along with the dysregulated ACE2, there are other contributing factors such as gut microbiome dysbiosis, adverse effects of antiviral and antibiotics for treating infections and inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 which bring about increased permeability of gut cells and subsequent occurrence of diarrhea. Few studies found that the SARS-CoV-2 is capable of damaging liver cells too. No single effective treatment option is available. LIMITATIONS Confirmed pathophysiology is still unavailable. Studies regarding global population are also insufficient. CONCLUSION In this review, based on the previous works and literature, we summarized the putative molecular pathophysiology of COVID-19 associated diarrhea, concomitant complications and the standard practices of management of diarrhea and hepatic manifestations in international setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Tasnim Juthi
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saiful Arefeen Sazed
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Monira Sarmin
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh,Corresponding author. Mohammad Shafiul Alam, Scientist, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh. Tel: +8801711-469232
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76
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Genome Editing and Heart Failure. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1396:75-85. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-5642-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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77
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Naderi N, Rahimzadeh M. The Role of Soluble ACE2 as a Prognostic Marker in Severe COVID-19: A Brief Meta-Analysis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2023; 23:70-76. [PMID: 35747972 DOI: 10.2174/1871530322666220623121922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recently emerged novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has posed a serious threat to public health, and there is an urgent need to establish tools that can aid the clinician in the evaluation and management of highrisk patients. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the potential of sACE2 (soluble angiotensinconverting enzyme 2) as a prognostic biomarker in COVID-19. METHODS A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Google Scholar, was performed until May 26, 2021. Data extraction and quality assessment of the study were independently conducted by the authors. Finally, 6 studies were included in this meta-analysis. RESULTS ACE-2 serum or plasma levels were compared between COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. ACE-2 level was not significantly different between severe COVID-19 patients and healthy controls (SMD = 1.2; 95% CI: -1.3-1.5; P = 0.86), severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients (SMD = 0.3; 95% CI: -0.06-0.7; P = 0.1), and severe COVID-19 patients and healthy controls (SMD = 0.6; 95% CI: -1.1-2.3; P = 0.5). CONCLUSIONS We cautiously propose that circulating levels of ACE2 cannot be used as a biomarker to assess disease severity in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadereh Naderi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mahsa Rahimzadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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78
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Kashyap D, Jakhmola S, Tiwari D, Kumar R, Moorthy NSHN, Elangovan M, Brás NF, Jha HC. Plant derived active compounds as potential anti SARS-CoV-2 agents: an in-silico study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:10629-10650. [PMID: 34225565 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1947384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plants are a valued potential source of drugs for a variety of diseases and are often considered less toxic to humans. We investigated antiviral compounds that may potentially target SARS-CoV-2 antigenic spike (S) and host proteins; angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2), and transmembrane serine protease2 (TMPRSS2). We scrutinized 36 phytochemicals from 15 Indian medicinal plants known to be effective against RNA viruses via molecular docking. Besides, the TMPRSS2 structure was modeled and validated using the SWISS-MODEL. Docking was performed using Autodock Vina and 4.2 followed by visualization of the docking poses on Pymol version 2.4.0 and Discovery Studio Visualizer. Molecular docking showed that 12 out of 36 active compounds interacted efficiently with S, ACE2, and TMPRSS2 proteins. The ADMET profile generated using the swissADME and pkCSM server revealed that these compounds were possessed druggable properties. The Amber 12 simulation package was used to carry out energy minimizations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The total simulation time for both S protein: WFA and S protein: WND complexes was 300 ns (100 ns per replica). A total of 120 structures were extracted from the last 60 ns of each MD simulation for further analysis. MM-PBSA and MM-GBSA were employed to assess the binding energy of each ligand and the receptor-binding domain of the viral S-protein. The methods suggested that WND and WFA showed thermodynamically favorable binding energies, and the S protein had a higher affinity with WND. Interestingly, Leu455 hotspot residue in the S protein, also predicted to participate in binding with ACE2, was engaged by WND and WFA. HighlightsPlants' natural active compounds may aid in the development of COVID-19 therapeutics.MD simulation study revealed stable binding of withanolide D and withaferin A with spike proteinWithanolide D and withaferin A could be effective against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.Discovery of druggable agents that have less or lack of binding affinity with ACE2 to avoid the organs associated with comorbidities.According to ADMET selected phytochemicals may be used as druggable compounds.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kashyap
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Shweta Jakhmola
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Deeksha Tiwari
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | | | | | - Natércia F Brás
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
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79
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A New Perspective on the Renin-Angiotensin System. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 13:diagnostics13010016. [PMID: 36611307 PMCID: PMC9818283 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the world. Hypertension is a serious medical problem not only in adults but also in children and adolescents. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is one of the most important mechanisms regulating blood pressure and the balance of water and electrolytes. According to the latest reports, RAAS acts not only on endocrine but also on paracrine, autocrine, and intracrine. Moreover, RAAS has a component associated with hypotension and cardioprotective effects. These components are called alternative pathways of RAAS. The most important peptide of the alternative pathway is Ang 1-7, which is related to the Mas receptor. Mas receptors have widely known antihypertension properties, including vasodilatation, the release of nitric oxide, and increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Another interesting peptide is angiotensin A, which combines the properties of the classical and alternative pathways. No less important components of RAAS are the proteolytic enzymes angiotensin convertase enzyme type 1 and 2. They are responsible for the functioning of the RAAS system and are a hypertension therapeutic target. Also involved are tissue-specific enzymes that form a local renin-angiotensin system. Currently, a combination of drugs is used in hypertension treatment. These drugs have many undesirable side effects that cannot always be avoided. For this reason, new treatments are being sought, and the greatest hope comes from the ACE2/ang 1-7/MasR axis.
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Kato Y, Nishiyama K, Man Lee J, Ibuki Y, Imai Y, Noda T, Kamiya N, Kusakabe T, Kanda Y, Nishida M. TRPC3-Nox2 Protein Complex Formation Increases the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Induced Cardiomyocyte Dysfunction through ACE2 Upregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010102. [PMID: 36613540 PMCID: PMC9820218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial damage caused by the newly emerged coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection is one of the key determinants of COVID-19 severity and mortality. SARS-CoV-2 entry to host cells is initiated by binding with its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2, and the ACE2 abundance is thought to reflect the susceptibility to infection. Here, we report that ibudilast, which we previously identified as a potent inhibitor of protein complex between transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) 3 and NADPH oxidase (Nox) 2, attenuates the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein pseudovirus-evoked contractile and metabolic dysfunctions of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs). Epidemiologically reported risk factors of severe COVID-19, including cigarette sidestream smoke (CSS) and anti-cancer drug treatment, commonly upregulate ACE2 expression level, and these were suppressed by inhibiting TRPC3-Nox2 complex formation. Exposure of NRCMs to SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, as well as CSS and doxorubicin (Dox), induces ATP release through pannexin-1 hemi-channels, and this ATP release potentiates pseudovirus entry to NRCMs and human iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CMs). As the pseudovirus entry followed by production of reactive oxygen species was attenuated by inhibiting TRPC3-Nox2 complex in hiPS-CMs, we suggest that TRPC3-Nox2 complex formation triggered by panexin1-mediated ATP release participates in exacerbation of myocardial damage by amplifying ACE2-dependent SARS-CoV-2 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Laboratory of Creative Science for Insect Industries, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuko Ibuki
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yumiko Imai
- Laboratory of Regulation for Intractable Infectious Diseases, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Takamasa Noda
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
- Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan
- Department of Brain Bioregulatory Science, The Jikei University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Division of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yasunari Kanda
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-92-642-6556
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81
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Jadli AS, Ballasy NN, Gomes KP, Mackay CDA, Meechem M, Wijesuriya TM, Belke D, Thompson J, Fedak PWM, Patel VB. Attenuation of Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switching by Angiotensin 1-7 Protects against Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415566. [PMID: 36555207 PMCID: PMC9779869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) involves extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling of the aortic wall, leading to reduced biomechanical support with risk of aortic dissection and rupture. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system, and resultant angiotensin (Ang) II synthesis, is critically involved in the onset and progression of TAA. The current study investigated the effects of angiotensin (Ang) 1-7 on a murine model of TAA. Male 8-10-week-old ApoEKO mice were infused with Ang II (1.44 mg/kg/day) and treated with Ang 1-7 (0.576 mg/kg/day). ApoEKO mice developed advanced TAA in response to four weeks of Ang II infusion. Echocardiographic and histological analyses demonstrated increased aortic dilatation, excessive structural remodelling, perivascular fibrosis, and inflammation in the thoracic aorta. Ang 1-7 infusion led to attenuation of pathological phenotypic alterations associated with Ang II-induced TAA. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) isolated from adult murine thoracic aorta exhibited excessive mitochondrial fission, oxidative stress, and hyperproliferation in response to Ang II. Treatment with Ang 1-7 resulted in inhibition of mitochondrial fragmentation, ROS generation, and hyperproliferation. Gene expression profiling used for characterization of the contractile and synthetic phenotypes of thoracic aortic SMCs revealed preservation of the contractile phenotype with Ang 1-7 treatment. In conclusion, Ang 1-7 prevented Ang II-induced vascular remodeling and the development of TAA. Enhancing Ang 1-7 actions may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent or delay the progression of TAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul S. Jadli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Noura N. Ballasy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Karina P. Gomes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Cameron D. A. Mackay
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Megan Meechem
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tishani Methsala Wijesuriya
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Darrell Belke
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Thompson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Paul W. M. Fedak
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Vaibhav B. Patel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-(403)-220-3446
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82
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Azhar A, Khan WH, Al-Hosaini K, Zia Q, Kamal MA. Crosstalk between SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Type II Diabetes. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2022; 25:2429-2442. [PMID: 35293290 DOI: 10.2174/1386207325666220315114332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China, triggered by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late November 2019, spreading to more than 200 countries of the world, the ensuing pandemic to an enormous loss of lives, mainly the older population with comorbidities, like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, and hypertension. Amongst these immune-debilitating diseases, SARS-CoV-2 infection is the most common in patients with diabetes due to the absence of a normal active immune system to fight the COVID-19. Recovery of patients having a history of diabetes from COVID-19 encounters several complications, and their management becomes cumbersome. For control of coronavirus, antiviral medications, glucose-lowering agents, and steroids have been carefully evaluated. In the present review, we discuss the crosstalk between SARS-CoV-2 infection and patients with a history of diabetes. We mainly emphasize the molecular factors that are involved in diabetic individuals recently infected by SARS-CoV-2 and developed COVID-19 disease. Lastly, we examine the medications available for the long-term management of diabetic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Azhar
- Aligarh College of Education, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wajihul Hasan Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Khaled Al-Hosaini
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Qamar Zia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia.,Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia.,West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease- related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 6141001, Sichuan, China
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83
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Maleksabet H, Rezaee E, Tabatabai SA. Host-Cell Surface Binding Targets in SARS-CoV-2 for Drug Design. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3583-3591. [PMID: 36420875 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221123111849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) became a major public health threat to all countries worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 interactions with its receptor are the first step in the invasion of the host cell. The coronavirus spike protein (S) is crucial in binding to receptors on host cells. Additionally, targeting the SARS-CoV-2 viral receptors is considered a therapeutic option in this regard. In this review of literature, we summarized five potential host cell receptors, as host-cell surface bindings, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), neuropilin 1 (NRP-1), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), glucose regulated protein-78 (GRP78), and cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) related to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among these targets, ACE2 was recognized as the main SARS-CoV-2 receptor, expressed at a low/moderate level in the human respiratory system, which is also involved in SARS-CoV-2 entrance, so the virus may utilize other secondary receptors. Besides ACE2, CD147 was discovered as a novel SARS-CoV-2 receptor, CD147 appears to be an alternate receptor for SARSCoV- 2 infection. NRP-1, as a single-transmembrane glycoprotein, has been recently found to operate as an entrance factor and enhance SARS Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection under in-vitro. DPP4, which was discovered as the first gene clustered with ACE2, may serve as a potential SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding target. GRP78 could be recognized as a secondary receptor for SARS-CoV-2 because it is widely expressed at substantially greater levels, rather than ACE2, in bronchial epithelial cells and the respiratory mucosa. This review highlights recent literature on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Maleksabet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Rezaee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayyed Abbas Tabatabai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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84
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Yang Z, Roth K, Ding J, Kassotis CD, Mor G, Petriello MC. Exposure to a mixture of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances modulates pulmonary expression of ACE2 and circulating hormones and cytokines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 456:116284. [PMID: 36270329 PMCID: PMC10325118 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors impact on the interindividual variability of susceptibility to communicable and non-communicable diseases. A class of ubiquitous chemicals, Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been linked in epidemiological studies to immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to viral infections, but possible mechanisms are not well elucidated. To begin to gain insight into the role of PFAS in susceptibility to one such viral infection, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), male and female C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to control water or a mixture of 5 PFAS (PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, Genx) for 12 weeks and lungs were isolated for examination of expression of SARS-CoV-2-related receptors Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and others. Secondary analyses included circulating hormones and cytokines which have been shown to directly or indirectly impact on ACE2 expression and severity of viral infections. Changes in mRNA and protein expression were analyzed by RT-qPCR and western blotting and circulating hormones and cytokines were determined by ELISA and MESO QuickPlex. The PFAS mixture decreased Ace2 mRNA 2.5-fold in male mice (p < 0.0001), with no significant change observed in females. In addition, TMPRSS2, ANPEP, ENPEP and DPP4 (other genes implicated in COVID-19 infection) were modulated due to PFAS. Plasma testosterone, but not estrogen were strikingly decreased due to PFAS which corresponded to PFAS-mediated repression of 4 representative pulmonary AR target genes; hemoglobin, beta adult major chain (Hbb-b1), Ferrochelatase (Fech), Collagen Type XIV Alpha 1 Chain (Col14a1), 5'-Aminolevulinate Synthase 2 (Alas2). Finally, PFAS modulated circulating pro and anti-inflammatory mediators including IFN-γ (downregulated 3.0-fold in females; p = 0.0301, 2.1-fold in males; p = 0.0418) and IL-6 (upregulated 5.6-fold in males; p = 0.030, no change in females). In conclusion, our data indicate long term exposure to a PFAS mixture impacts mechanisms related to expression of ACE2 in the lung. This work provides a mechanistic rationale for important future studies of PFAS exposure and subsequent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Katherine Roth
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Jiahui Ding
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Gil Mor
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Michael C Petriello
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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85
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Kluknavsky M, Micurova A, Cebova M, Şaman E, Cacanyiova S, Bernatova I. MLN-4760 Induces Oxidative Stress without Blood Pressure and Behavioural Alterations in SHRs: Roles of Nfe2l2 Gene, Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122385. [PMID: 36552591 PMCID: PMC9774314 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced angiotensin 1-7 bioavailability due to inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) may contribute to increased mortality in hypertensive individuals during COVID-19. However, effects of ACE2 inhibitor MLN-4760 in brain functions remain unknown. We investigated the selected behavioural and hemodynamic parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) after a 2-week s.c. infusion of MLN-4760 (dose 1 mg/kg/day). The biochemical and molecular effects of MLN-4760 were investigated in the brainstem and blood plasma. MLN-4760 had no effects on hemodynamic and behavioural parameters. However, MLN-4760 increased plasma hydrogen sulfide (H2S) level and total nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity and conjugated dienes in the brainstem. Increased NO synthase activity correlated positively with gene expression of Nos3 while plasma H2S levels correlated positively with gene expressions of H2S-producing enzymes Mpst, Cth and Cbs. MLN-4760 administration increased gene expression of Ace2, Sod1, Sod2, Gpx4 and Hmox1, which positively correlated with expression of Nfe2l2 gene encoding the redox-sensitive transcription factor NRF2. Collectively, MLN-4760 did not exacerbate pre-existing hypertension and behavioural hyperactivity/anxiety in SHRs. However, MLN-4760-induced oxidative damage in brainstem was associated with activation of NO- and H2S-mediated compensatory mechanisms and with increased gene expression of antioxidant, NO- and H2S-producing enzymes that all correlated positively with elevated Nfe2l2 expression.
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86
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Consequences of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular and renal systems. Sleep Med 2022; 100:31-38. [PMID: 35994936 PMCID: PMC9345655 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Coles MJ, Masood M, Crowley MM, Hudgi A, Okereke C, Klein J. It Ain't Over 'Til It's Over: SARS CoV-2 and Post-infectious Gastrointestinal Dysmotility. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:5407-5415. [PMID: 35357608 PMCID: PMC8968095 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07480-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic resulting from severe acute respiratory syndrome-caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-has posed a multitude of healthcare challenges of unprecedented proportions. Intestinal enterocytes have the highest expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), which functions as the key receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. As such, particular interest has been accorded to SARS-CoV-2 and how it manifests within the gastrointestinal system. The acute and chronic alimentary clinical implications of infection are yet to be fully elucidated, however, the gastrointestinal consequences from non-SARS-CoV-2 viral GI tract infections, coupled with the generalized nature of late sequelae following COVID-19 disease, would predict that motility disorders are likely to be seen in these patients. Determination of the chronic effects of COVID-19 disease, herein defined as GI disease which is persistent or recurrent more than 3 months following recovery from the acute respiratory illness, will require comprehensive investigations comprising combined endoscopic- and motility-based evaluation. It will be fascinating to ascertain whether the specific post-COVID-19 phenotype is hypotonic or hypertonic in nature and to identify the most vulnerable target portions of the gut. A specific biological hypothesis is that motility disorders may result from SARS-CoV-2-induced angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) depletion. Since SARS-CoV-2 is known to exhibit direct neuronal tropism, the potential also exists for the development of neurogenic motility disorders. This review aims to explore some of the potential pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying motility dysfunction as it relates to ACE2 and thereby aims to provide the foundation for mechanism-based potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Coles
- Department of Gastroenterology, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, USA.
| | - Muaaz Masood
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
| | - Madeline M Crowley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Amit Hudgi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
| | - Chijioke Okereke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
| | - Jeremy Klein
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
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88
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Devaux CA, Camoin-Jau L. An update on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 structure/functions, polymorphism, and duplicitous nature in the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019: Implications for vascular and coagulation disease associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042200. [PMID: 36519165 PMCID: PMC9742611 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been known for many years that the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a cell surface enzyme involved in the regulation of blood pressure. More recently, it was proven that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) interacts with ACE2 to enter susceptible human cells. This functional duality of ACE2 tends to explain why this molecule plays such an important role in the clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). At the very start of the pandemic, a publication from our Institute (entitled "ACE2 receptor polymorphism: susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, multi-organ failure, and COVID-19 disease outcome"), was one of the first reviews linking COVID-19 to the duplicitous nature of ACE2. However, even given that COVID-19 pathophysiology may be driven by an imbalance in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), we were still far from understanding the complexity of the mechanisms which are controlled by ACE2 in different cell types. To gain insight into the physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, it is essential to consider the polymorphism and expression levels of the ACE2 gene (including its alternative isoforms). Over the past 2 years, an impressive amount of new results have come to shed light on the role of ACE2 in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, requiring us to update our analysis. Genetic linkage studies have been reported that highlight a relationship between ACE2 genetic variants and the risk of developing hypertension. Currently, many research efforts are being undertaken to understand the links between ACE2 polymorphism and the severity of COVID-19. In this review, we update the state of knowledge on the polymorphism of ACE2 and its consequences on the susceptibility of individuals to SARS-CoV-2. We also discuss the link between the increase of angiotensin II levels among SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and the development of a cytokine storm associated microvascular injury and obstructive thrombo-inflammatory syndrome, which represent the primary causes of severe forms of COVID-19 and lethality. Finally, we summarize the therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the severe forms of COVID-19 that target ACE2. Changing paradigms may help improve patients' therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Center National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Camoin-Jau
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Hôpital de La Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, Marseille, France
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Wu VC, Peng KY, Hu YH, Chang CC, Chan CK, Lai TS, Lin YH, Wang SM, Lu CC, Liu YC, Tsai YC, Chueh JS. Circulating Plasma Concentrations of ACE2 in Primary Aldosteronism and Cardiovascular Outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:3242-3251. [PMID: 36125178 PMCID: PMC9494503 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The plasma concentrations of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (pACE2) has been independently associated with cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE Higher pACE2 concentrations may be found in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) and might lead to increased cardiovascular events. METHODS Using an inception observational cohort, we examined pACE2 among 168 incident patients with PA. The expression of ACE2, serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) were assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS Incident PA and essential hypertension (EH) patients had similarly elevated pACE2 (47.04 ± 22.06 vs 46.73 ± 21.06 ng/mL; P = .937). Age was negatively (β = -2.15; P = .033) and higher serum potassium level (β = 2.29; P = .024) was positively correlated with higher pACE2 in PA patients. Clinical complete hypertension remission after adrenalectomy (Primary Aldosteronism Surgery Outcome criteria) was achieved in 36 (50%) of 72 surgically treated unilateral PA (uPA) patients. At follow-up, pACE2 decreased in surgically treated patients who had (P < .001) or had no (P = .006) hypertension remission, but the pACE2 attenuation was not statistically significant in uPA (P = .085) and bilateral PA (P = .409) administered with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA). Persistently elevated pACE2 (> 23 ng/mL) after targeted treatments was related to all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events among PA patients (hazard ratio = 8.8; P = .04); with a mean follow-up of 3.29 years. TMPRSS2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was higher in uPA (P = .018) and EH (P = .038) patients than in normotensive controls; it was also decreased after adrenalectomy (P < .001). CONCLUSION PA and EH patients had elevated pACE2 and higher expression of TMPRSS2 mRNA compared to those of normotensive population. Persistently elevated pACE2 (> 23 ng/mL) after targeted treatments was associated risk of mortality and incident cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vin Cent Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang Yung Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya Hui Hu
- Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin Chen Chang
- Department of Imaging Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh Kai Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu branch, Hsin-Chu County, Taiwan
| | - Tai Shuan Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Meng Wang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching Chu Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Liu
- Far Eastern Polyclinic of Far Eastern Medical FoundationTaipei CityTaiwan
| | - Yao-Chou Tsai
- Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeff S Chueh
- Address for correspondence: Jeff S Chueh, MD, PhD. Phone: +886 2 23123456 ext. 63098, and fax: +886 2 23952333
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90
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Badrinath A, Bhatta S, Kloc A. Persistent viral infections and their role in heart disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1030440. [PMID: 36504781 PMCID: PMC9730422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are the culprit of many diseases, including inflammation of the heart muscle, known as myocarditis. Acute myocarditis cases have been described in scientific literature, and viruses, such as parvovirus B19, coxsackievirus B3, or more recently, SARS-CoV-2, were the direct cause of cardiac inflammation. If not treated, myocarditis could progress to dilated cardiomyopathy, which permanently impairs the heart and limits a person's lifespan. Accumulated evidence suggests that certain viruses may persist in cardiac tissue after the initial infection, which could open up the door to reactivation under favorable conditions. Whether this chronic infection contributes to, or initiates, cardiac damage over time, remains a pressing issue in the field of virus-induced heart pathology, and it is directly tied to patients' treatment. Previously, large case studies found that a few viruses: parvovirus B19, coxsackievirus, adenovirus, human herpesvirus 6, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, are most commonly found in human endomyocardial biopsy samples derived from patients experiencing cardiac inflammation, or dilated cardiomyopathy. SARS-CoV-2 infection has also been shown to have cardiovascular consequences. This review examines the role of viral persistence in cardiac inflammation and heart disease, and discusses its implications for patients' outcomes.
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91
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Pelisek J, Reutersberg B, Greber UF, Zimmermann A. Vascular dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: update on SARS-CoV-2 infection of endothelial cells and the role of long non-coding RNAs. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1571-1590. [PMID: 36367091 PMCID: PMC9652506 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Although COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory disease, it may affect also the cardiovascular system. COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular disorder (CVD) develop a more severe disease course with a significantly higher mortality rate than non-CVD patients. A common denominator of CVD is the dysfunction of endothelial cells (ECs), increased vascular permeability, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, coagulation, and inflammation. It has been assumed that clinical complications in COVID-19 patients suffering from CVD are caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection of ECs through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and the cellular transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and the consequent dysfunction of the infected vascular cells. Meanwhile, other factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells have been described, including disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17 (ADAM17), the C-type lectin CD209L or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). Here, we discuss the current data about the putative entry of SARS-CoV-2 into endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, we highlight the potential role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) affecting vascular permeability in CVD, a process that might exacerbate disease in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Pelisek
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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92
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Gul I, Zhai S, Zhong X, Chen Q, Yuan X, Du Z, Chen Z, Raheem MA, Deng L, Leeansyah E, Zhang C, Yu D, Qin P. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2-Based Biosensing Modalities and Devices for Coronavirus Detection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12110984. [PMID: 36354493 PMCID: PMC9688389 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and cost-effective diagnostic tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are a critical and valuable weapon for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic response. SARS-CoV-2 invasion is primarily mediated by human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). Recent developments in ACE2-based SARS-CoV-2 detection modalities accentuate the potential of this natural host-virus interaction for developing point-of-care (POC) COVID-19 diagnostic systems. Although research on harnessing ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 detection is in its infancy, some interesting biosensing devices have been developed, showing the commercial viability of this intriguing new approach. The exquisite performance of the reported ACE2-based COVID-19 biosensors provides opportunities for researchers to develop rapid detection tools suitable for virus detection at points of entry, workplaces, or congregate scenarios in order to effectively implement pandemic control and management plans. However, to be considered as an emerging approach, the rationale for ACE2-based biosensing needs to be critically and comprehensively surveyed and discussed. Herein, we review the recent status of ACE2-based detection methods, the signal transduction principles in ACE2 biosensors and the development trend in the future. We discuss the challenges to development of ACE2-biosensors and delineate prospects for their use, along with recommended solutions and suggestions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijaz Gul
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shiyao Zhai
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhong
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qun Chen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xi Yuan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhicheng Du
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhenglin Chen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Muhammad Akmal Raheem
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Canyang Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dongmei Yu
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, School of Mechanical, Electrical & Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Peiwu Qin
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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93
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Lobato TB, Gennari-Felipe M, Pauferro JRB, Correa IS, Santos BF, Dias BB, de Oliveira Borges JC, dos Santos CS, de Sousa Santos ES, de Araújo MJL, Ferreira LA, Pereira SA, Serdan TDA, Levada-Pires AC, Hatanaka E, Borges L, Cury-Boaventura MF, Vinolo MAR, Pithon-Curi TC, Masi LN, Curi R, Hirabara SM, Gorjão R. Leukocyte metabolism in obese type 2 diabetic individuals associated with COVID-19 severity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1037469. [PMID: 36406408 PMCID: PMC9670542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1037469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that the metabolic characteristics of different leukocytes, such as, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages, undergo changes both in the face of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) condition. Thus, the objective of this review is to establish a correlation between the metabolic changes caused in leukocytes in DM2 and obesity that may favor a worse prognosis during SARS-Cov-2 infection. Chronic inflammation and hyperglycemia, specific and usual characteristics of obesity and DM2, contributes for the SARS-CoV-2 replication and metabolic disturbances in different leukocytes, favoring the proinflammatory response of these cells. Thus, obesity and DM2 are important risk factors for pro-inflammatory response and metabolic dysregulation that can favor the occurrence of the cytokine storm, implicated in the severity and high mortality risk of the COVID-19 in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Bertola Lobato
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Matheus Gennari-Felipe
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Ilana Souza Correa
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Ferreira Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Belmiro Dias
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - João Carlos de Oliveira Borges
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Camila Soares dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Maria Janaína Leite de Araújo
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Liliane Araújo Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Sara Araujo Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Adriana Cristina Levada-Pires
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Elaine Hatanaka
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Leandro Borges
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria Fernanda Cury-Boaventura
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marco Aurélio Ramirez Vinolo
- Laboratory of Immunoinflammation, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tania Cristina Pithon-Curi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Laureane Nunes Masi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rui Curi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Immunobiological Production Section, Bioindustrial Center, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
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García Martínez JJ, Wozniak H, Salamin P, Giraud R, Le Terrier C, Bendjelid K. Is the prognosis of non-hypertensive, COVID-19 patients treated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors more uncertain? Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15512. [PMID: 36397298 PMCID: PMC9672383 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that ongoing treatment with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitor drugs may alter the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection and promote the development of more severe forms of the disease. The authors conducted a comparative, observational study to retrospectively analyze data collected from 394 patients admitted to ICU due to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. The primary aim of the study was to establish an association between the use of RAAS inhibitor drugs and mortality in the ICU. The secondary aims of the study were to establish an association between the use of RAAS inhibitor drugs and clinical severity at ICU admission, the need for tracheal intubation, total days of mechanical ventilation, and the ICU length of stay. The authors found no statistically significant difference in ICU mortality between patients on RAAS inhibitor drugs at admission and those who were not (31.3% versus 26.2% mortality, p-value 0.3). However, the group of patients taking RAAS inhibitor drugs appeared to be more critical at ICU admission, and this difference became statistically significant in the subgroup of non-hypertensive patients. ICU mortality in the subgroup of non-hypertensive patients treated with RAAS inhibitor drugs also tended to be higher. Overexpression of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in human cells, induced by RAAS inhibitor drugs, promotes viral entry-replication of SARS-CoV-2 and alters the basal balance of the RAAS, which may explain the findings observed in the present study. These phenomena may be amplified in non-hypertensive patients treated with RAAS inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José García Martínez
- Intensive Care UnitHôpital du ValaisSionSwitzerland
- Intensive Care DivisionGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Hannah Wozniak
- Intensive Care DivisionGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
| | | | - Raphaël Giraud
- Intensive Care DivisionGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
- Geneva Hemodynamic Research GroupGenevaSwitzerland
- Faculty of MedicineGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
| | | | - Karim Bendjelid
- Intensive Care DivisionGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
- Geneva Hemodynamic Research GroupGenevaSwitzerland
- Faculty of MedicineGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
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95
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Wang M, Luo W, Yu T, Liang S, Zou C, Sun J, Li G, Liang G. Diacerein alleviates Ang II-induced cardiac inflammation and remodeling by inhibiting the MAPKs/c-Myc pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 106:154387. [PMID: 36027716 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure is a common event in the course of hypertension. Recent studies have highlighted the key role of the non-hemodynamic activity of angiotensin II (Ang II) in hypertension-related cardiac inflammation and remodeling. A naturally occurring compound, diacerein, exhibits anti-inflammatory activities in various systems. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE In this study, we have examined the potential effects of diacerein on Ang II-induced heart failure. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were administered Ang II by micro-osmotic pump infusion for 4 weeks to develop hypertensive heart failure. Mice were treated with diacerein by gavage for final 2 weeks. RNA-sequencing analysis was performed to explore the potential mechanism of diacerein. RESULTS We found that diacerein could inhibit inflammation, myocardial fibrosis, and hypertrophy to prevent heart dysfunction, without the alteration of blood pressure. To explore the potential mechanism of diacerein, RNA-sequencing analysis was performed, indicating that MAPKs/c-Myc pathway is involved in that cardioprotective effects of Diacerein. We further confirmed that diacerein inhibits Ang II-activated MAPKs/c-Myc pathway to reduce inflammatory response in mouse hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes. Deficiency of MAPKs or c-Myc in cardiomyocytes abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of diacerein. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that diacerein protects hearts in Ang II-induced mice through inhibiting MAPKs/c-Myc-mediated inflammatory responses, rendering diacerein a potential therapeutic candidate agent for hypertensive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Wu Luo
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Tianxiang Yu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shiqi Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Department of Cardiology and Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chunpeng Zou
- Department of Ultrasonography, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jinfeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Gao Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
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96
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View of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2022; 2022:9800838. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9800838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) is a sequence of complicated events that is defined as a reduction of the blood supply followed by reperfusion. RIRI is the leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Among the diverse mediators that take part in RIRI-induced AKI, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role via conventional (angiotensinogen, renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin (Ang) II, and Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R)) and nonconventional (ACE2, Ang 1-7, Ang 1-9, AT2 receptor (AT2R), and Mas receptor (MasR)) axes. RIRI alters the balance of both axes so that RAS can affect RIRI-induced AKI. In overall, the alteration of Ang II/AT1R and AKI by RIRI is important to consider. This review has looked for the effects and interactions of RAS activities during RIRI conditions.
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97
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Bhullar SK, Dhalla NS. Angiotensin II-Induced Signal Transduction Mechanisms for Cardiac Hypertrophy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213336. [PMID: 36359731 PMCID: PMC9657342 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although acute exposure of the heart to angiotensin (Ang II) produces physiological cardiac hypertrophy and chronic exposure results in pathological hypertrophy, the signal transduction mechanisms for these effects are of complex nature. It is now evident that the hypertrophic response is mediated by the activation of Ang type 1 receptors (AT1R), whereas the activation of Ang type 2 receptors (AT2R) by Ang II and Mas receptors by Ang-(1-7) exerts antihypertrophic effects. Furthermore, AT1R-induced activation of phospholipase C for stimulating protein kinase C, influx of Ca2+ through sarcolemmal Ca2+- channels, release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and activation of sarcolemmal NADPH oxidase 2 for altering cardiomyocytes redox status may be involved in physiological hypertrophy. On the other hand, reduction in the expression of AT2R and Mas receptors, the release of growth factors from fibroblasts for the occurrence of fibrosis, and the development of oxidative stress due to activation of mitochondria NADPH oxidase 4 as well as the depression of nuclear factor erythroid-2 activity for the occurrence of Ca2+-overload and activation of calcineurin may be involved in inducing pathological cardiac hypertrophy. These observations support the view that inhibition of AT1R or activation of AT2R and Mas receptors as well as depression of oxidative stress may prevent or reverse the Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
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98
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Kahlon T, Carlisle S, Otero Mostacero D, Williams N, Trainor P, DeFilippis AP. Angiotensinogen: More Than its Downstream Products: Evidence From Population Studies and Novel Therapeutics. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2022; 10:699-713. [PMID: 35963818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a well-defined pathway playing a key role in maintaining circulatory homeostasis. Abnormal activation of RAAS contributes to development of cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Although several key RAAS enzymes and peptide hormones have been thoroughly investigated, the role of angiotensinogen-the precursor substrate of the RAAS pathway-remains less understood. The study of angiotensinogen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has provided insight into associations between angiotensinogen and hypertension, congestive heart failure, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Targeted drug therapy of RAAS has dramatically improved clinical outcomes for patients with heart failure, myocardial infarction, and hypertension. However, all such therapeutics block RAAS components downstream of angiotensinogen and elicit compensatory pathways that limit their therapeutic efficacy as monotherapy. Upstream RAAS targeting by an angiotensinogen inhibitor has the potential to be more efficacious in patients with suboptimal RAAS inhibition and has a better safety profile than multiagent RAAS blockade. Newly developed therapeutics that target angiotensinogen through antisense oligonucleotides or silencer RNA technologies are providing a novel perspective into the pathobiology of angiotensinogen and show promise as the next frontier in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Kahlon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Samantha Carlisle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Diana Otero Mostacero
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Nina Williams
- Warren Clinic Cardiology of Tulsa, St Francis Hospital, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Patrick Trainor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Andrew P DeFilippis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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99
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Epigenetic mechanisms and host factors impact ACE2 gene expression: Implications in COVID-19 susceptibility. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2022; 104:105357. [PMID: 36038007 PMCID: PMC9420046 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The ACE2 protein acts as a gateway for SARS-CoV-2 in the host cell, playing an essential role in susceptibility to infection by this virus. Genetics and epigenetic mechanisms related to the ACE2 gene are associated with changes in its expression and, therefore, linked to increased susceptibility to infection. Although some variables such as sex, age, and obesity have been described as risk factors for COVID-19, the molecular causes involved in the disease susceptibility are still unknown. Aim To evaluate the ACE2 gene expression profiles and their association with epigenetic mechanisms and demographic or clinical variables. Methods In 500 adult volunteers, the mRNA expression levels of the ACE2 gene in nasopharyngeal swab samples and its methylation status in peripheral blood samples were quantified by RT-qPCR and qMSP, respectively. The existence of significant differences in the ACE2 gene expression and its determinants were evaluated in different study groups according to several demographic or clinical variables such as sex, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and presence of underlying diseases such as type II diabetes mellitus (DM2), asthma and arterial hypertension (AHT). Results Our results show that ACE2 gene overexpression, directly involved in susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, depends on multiple host factors such as male sex, age over 30 years, smoking, the presence of obesity, and DM2. Likewise, it was determined that the ACE2 gene expression is regulated by changes in the DNA methylation patterns in its promoter region. Conclusions The ACE2 gene expression is highly variable, and this variability is related to habits such as smoking and demographic or clinical variables, which details the impact of environmental and host factors on our epigenome and, therefore, in susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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100
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Merchant SA, Nadkarni P, Shaikh MJS. Augmentation of literature review of COVID-19 radiology. World J Radiol 2022; 14:342-351. [PMID: 36186515 PMCID: PMC9521431 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v14.i9.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We suggest an augmentation of the excellent comprehensive review article titled “Comprehensive literature review on the radiographic findings, imaging modalities, and the role of radiology in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic” under the following categories: (1) “Inclusion of additional radiological features, related to pulmonary infarcts and to COVID-19 pneumonia”; (2) “Amplified discussion of cardiovascular COVID-19 manifestations and the role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in monitoring and prognosis”; (3) “Imaging findings related to fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, optical, thermal and other imaging modalities/devices, including ‘intelligent edge’ and other remote monitoring devices”; (4) “Artificial intelligence in COVID-19 imaging”; (5) “Additional annotations to the radiological images in the manuscript to illustrate the additional signs discussed”; and (6) “A minor correction to a passage on pulmonary destruction”.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prakash Nadkarni
- College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Mohd Javed Saifullah Shaikh
- Department of Radiology, North Bengal Neuro Centre - Jupiter MRI & Diagnostic Centre, Siliguri 734003, West Bengal, India
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