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Shin YM, Hunt DP, Akwe J. An Epidemic Supplanted by a Pandemic: Vaping-Related Illness and COVID-19. South Med J 2021; 115:8-12. [PMID: 34964053 PMCID: PMC8719436 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000001344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, vaping-related illness was the prevailing public health concern. The incidence of vaping-related illnesses from vaping product use–associated lung injury declined with the arrival of COVID-19, but e-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury should still be considered as a differential diagnosis for people with COVID-19 for reasons outlined in this review. This narrative review describes vaping devices, summarizes the adverse health effects of vaping on the lungs and other systems, considers the potential interplay between vaping and COVID-19, and highlights gaps in knowledge about vaping that warrant further research. Before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, vaping-related illness was the prevailing public health concern. The incidence of vaping-related illnesses—mainly e-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury (EVALI)—went from a peak in September 2019 to a low in February 2020, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention decided to discontinue the collection of EVALI case reports. Despite the decrease in EVALI with the arrival of COVID-19, EVALI should still be considered a differential diagnosis for people with COVID-19 for reasons outlined in this review. This narrative review describes vaping devices, summarizes the adverse health effects of vaping on the lungs and other systems, considers the potential interplay between vaping and COVID-19, and highlights gaps in knowledge about vaping that warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Mee Shin
- From the Division of Hospital Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel P Hunt
- From the Division of Hospital Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joyce Akwe
- From the Division of Hospital Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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E-Cigarettes: A New Threat to Cardiovascular Health - A World Heart Federation Policy Brief. Glob Heart 2021; 16:72. [PMID: 34900563 PMCID: PMC8533651 DOI: 10.5334/gh.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco is widely recognized as a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, accounting for approximately seventeen percent of all cardiovascular disease deaths globally. Electronic nicotine delivery systems such as e-cigarettes have been developed and advertised as safer alternatives to traditional tobacco cigarettes. Aggressive marketing strategies, as well as misleading claims by manufacturers, have largely contributed to the belief that e-cigarettes are harmless. In reality, e-cigarettes are far from innocuous. E-cigarette solutions and aerosols generally contain harmful substances that are commonly found in tobacco cigarette emissions. A growing body of literature suggests that e-cigarettes are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In addition, the effectiveness of e-cigarettes as smoking cessation tools has yet to be determined. Concerningly, most smokers do not give up on tobacco cigarettes and eventually become dual users. Unregulated, e-cigarettes constitute a serious threat to established tobacco control policies. Fortunately, many countries have demonstrated that strong regulations were effective in protecting their populations from the dangers of e-cigarettes. The World Heart Federation recommends applying the precautionary principle and a set of measures to protect vulnerable populations, prevent exposure to second-hand smoking, and address misleading claims. In this regard, we recommend that governments, policymakers, and other relevant stakeholders enact or support the following measures, among others: Prohibit the sale and distribution of e-cigarettes to minors, as well as the use of flavouring agents. Prohibit the use of e-cigarettes anywhere tobacco cigarettes have been banned. Prohibit marketing, advertising, and misleading claims regarding e-cigarettes. Apply excise taxes on e-cigarettes. Conduct more research regarding the long-term effects of e-cigarettes on cardiovascular health.
Lastly, countries that have banned the commercialization of e-cigarettes should maintain these measures.
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Gao Y, Xie Z, Sun L, Xu C, Li D. Characteristics of and User Engagement With Antivaping Posts on Instagram: Observational Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 7:e29600. [PMID: 34842553 PMCID: PMC8663537 DOI: 10.2196/29600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although government agencies acknowledge that messages about the adverse health effects of e-cigarette use should be promoted on social media, effectively delivering those health messages is challenging. Instagram is one of the most popular social media platforms among US youth and young adults, and it has been used to educate the public about the potential harm of vaping through antivaping posts. OBJECTIVE We aim to analyze the characteristics of and user engagement with antivaping posts on Instagram to inform future message development and information delivery. METHODS A total of 11,322 Instagram posts were collected from November 18, 2019, to January 2, 2020, by using antivaping hashtags including #novape, #novaping, #stopvaping, #dontvape, #antivaping, #quitvaping, #antivape, #stopjuuling, #dontvapeonthepizza, and #escapethevape. Among those posts, 1025 posts were randomly selected and 500 antivaping posts were further identified by hand coding. The image type, image content, and account type of antivaping posts were hand coded, the text information in the caption was explored by topic modeling, and the user engagement of each category was compared. RESULTS Analyses found that antivaping images of the educational/warning type were the most common (253/500; 50.6%). The average likes of the educational/warning type (15 likes/post) were significantly lower than the catchphrase image type (these emphasized a slogan such as "athletesdontvape" in the image; 32.5 likes/post; P<.001). The majority of the antivaping posts contained the image content element text (n=332, 66.4%), followed by the image content element people/person (n=110, 22%). The images containing people/person elements (32.8 likes/post) had more likes than the images containing other elements (13.8-21.1 likes/post). The captions of the antivaping Instagram posts covered topics including "lung health," "teen vaping," "stop vaping," and "vaping death cases." Among the 500 antivaping Instagram posts, while most posts were from the antivaping community (n=177, 35.4%) and personal account types (n=182, 36.4%), the antivaping community account type had the highest average number of posts (1.69 posts/account). However, there was no difference in the number of likes among different account types. CONCLUSIONS Multiple features of antivaping Instagram posts may be related to user engagement and perception. This study identified the critical elements associated with high user engagement, which could be used to design antivaping posts to deliver health-related information more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankun Gao
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Zidian Xie
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Chenliang Xu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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Dai H, Ramos AK, Faseru B, Hill JL, Sussman SY. Racial Disparities of E-Cigarette Use Among US Youths: 2014‒2019. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:2050-2058. [PMID: 34554815 PMCID: PMC8630507 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate disparities in youth e-cigarette use patterns and flavor use by race/ethnicity over time. Methods We used data from the US 2014-2019 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) to examine trends in dual use (co-use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes or other tobacco products), occasional (≤ 5 days) versus frequent use (≥ 20 days) in the past 30 days, and flavor use among current (past-30-day) e-cigarette users (n = 13 178) across racial/ethnic groups (non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics/Latinos, and non-Hispanic others). Results Among current e-cigarette users, dual use and occasional use decreased significantly from 2014 to 2019 across racial and ethnic groups except for non-Hispanic Blacks; frequent use and flavored e-cigarette use increased among non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics/Latinos, and non-Hispanic others but not among non-Hispanic Blacks. In 2019, non-Hispanic Black e-cigarette users were more likely to report dual use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5, 3.2; P < .001) and occasional use of e-cigarettes (AOR = 3.7; 95% CI = 2.3, 5.9; P < .001) but less likely to report frequent use (AOR = 0.2; 95% CI = 0.1, 0.4; P < .001) and flavored e-cigarette use (AOR = 0.4; 95% CI = 0.3, 0.5; P < .001) than their White peers. Conclusions Youth e-cigarette use patterns differed considerably across racial/ethnic groups, and tailored strategies to address disparities in e-cigarette use are needed. (Am J Public Health. 2021;111(11):2050-2058. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306448).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Dai
- Hongying Dai is with the Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha. Athena K. Ramos is with the Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center. Babalola Faseru is with the Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City. Jennie L. Hill is with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center. Steven Y. Sussman is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Athena K Ramos
- Hongying Dai is with the Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha. Athena K. Ramos is with the Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center. Babalola Faseru is with the Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City. Jennie L. Hill is with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center. Steven Y. Sussman is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Babalola Faseru
- Hongying Dai is with the Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha. Athena K. Ramos is with the Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center. Babalola Faseru is with the Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City. Jennie L. Hill is with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center. Steven Y. Sussman is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Jennie L Hill
- Hongying Dai is with the Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha. Athena K. Ramos is with the Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center. Babalola Faseru is with the Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City. Jennie L. Hill is with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center. Steven Y. Sussman is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
| | - Steven Y Sussman
- Hongying Dai is with the Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha. Athena K. Ramos is with the Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center. Babalola Faseru is with the Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City. Jennie L. Hill is with the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center. Steven Y. Sussman is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles
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Alzahrani Z, Zaidi SF, Alsolami H, Bashrahil B, Alghamdi N, Nooh M, Khan MA, Alshanberi AM, Qanash S. Electronic cigarettes consumption and associated factors among general population in Western Saudi Arabia. J Public Health Res 2021; 11. [PMID: 34558883 PMCID: PMC8883559 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2021.2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In recent years, consumption of e-cigarettes has increased dramatically. Several studies have focused on the prevalence of e-cigarettes among specific groups of people, using it as a substitute to traditional cigarettes, or the participant knowledge regarding risks. This research was aimed on E-cigarettes’ prevalence and its association to several factors in the general population of Western Saudi Arabia. Design and methods: Using an observational cross-sectional study, data were collected from (n=465) above 18 years old smokers during the survey at public attractions. A validated self-administered questionnaire acquired from previous studies was employed to insure the suitability for the general population of Jeddah Saudi Arabia. Sample size was calculated via Raosoft® and adults of either gender were included in the study. Descriptive or inferential statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Results: The preponderance of e-cigarette smokers used entertainment as the reason for smoking, with an average of (33.9%). Although one reason for e-cigarette consumption was to cease traditional smoking, results showed an average of (49.4%), which is the majority of those who attempted to cease traditional smoking via e-cigarette, did not succeed in quitting traditional smoking. This study also demonstrated that participant that believed that ecigarette is beneficial had a higher chance to cease conventional smoking than who did not (32.1% versus 14.6%) which is significant (p<0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, this study estimated the prevalence of e-cigarette consumption among the population of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia along with assessment of elements which help increase the overall e-cigarette consumption in Jeddah. Significance for public health The increasing prevalence of e-cigarette consumption which is recognized by the world health organization as both toxic and an introduction for both children and adolescent to smoking. An assessment for the prevalence of e-cigarette plays a crucial role in estimating e-cigarette as a rising alternative for conventional smoking and estimating the perception of the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyad Alzahrani
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah.
| | - Syed Faisal Zaidi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Batterjee Medical College for Sciences and Technology, Jeddah .
| | - Hatem Alsolami
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah.
| | - Bader Bashrahil
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah.
| | - Nawaf Alghamdi
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah.
| | - Mohammad Nooh
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah.
| | - Muhammad Anwar Khan
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah.
| | - Asim Muhammed Alshanberi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Batterjee Medical College for Sciences and Technology, Jeddah; Department of Community Medicine and Pilgrims Health Care, Umm Alqura University, Makkah .
| | - Sultan Qanash
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah.
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Bricknell RA, Ducaud C, Figueroa A, Schwarzman LS, Rodriguez P, Castro G, Zevallos JC, Barengo NC. An association between electronic nicotine delivery systems use and a history of stroke using the 2016 behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27180. [PMID: 34516517 PMCID: PMC8428735 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are growing in use and many of the health implications with these devices remain unknown. This study aims to assess, using a survey representative of the USA general population, if an association exists between a history of ENDS use and a history of stroke.This cross-sectional study was a secondary data analysis using the 2016 behavioral risk factor surveillance system survey. The main exposure variable of the study was a self-reported history of ENDS use. The main outcome was a self-reported history of stroke. Covariates included sex, race, traditional cigarette use, smokeless tobacco use, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses were done. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.Of the 486,303 total behavioral risk factor surveillance system survey participants, 465,594 met the inclusion criteria for this study of ENDS use and stroke. This study shows that current ENDS use was positively associated with a history of stroke. AOR of some daily ENDS use with stroke was 1.28 (95% CI: 1.02-1.61) and AOR of current daily ENDS use with stroke was 1.62 (95% CI: 1.18-2.31). The majority (55.9%) of current daily ENDS users reported former traditional cigarette smoking. Female sex, non-white ethnicity, elderly age, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, diabetes, and traditional cigarette use characteristics were all also associated with increased odds of reporting a stroke.This study found a statistically significant and positive association between ENDS use and a history of stroke. Further research is warranted to investigate the reproducibility and temporality of this association. Nevertheless, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge about the potential cardiovascular concerns related to ENDS use and the need for large cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pura Rodriguez
- Department of Translational Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | - Grettel Castro
- Department of Translational Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL
| | | | - Noël C. Barengo
- Department of Translational Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Amalia B, Fu M, Tigova O, Ballbè M, Castellano Y, Semple S, Clancy L, Vardavas C, López MJ, Cortés N, Pérez-Ortuño R, Pascual JA, Fernández E. Environmental and individual exposure to secondhand aerosol of electronic cigarettes in confined spaces: Results from the TackSHS Project †. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1601-1613. [PMID: 33905602 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Secondhand electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosol (SHA) might impair indoor air quality and expose bystanders. This study aims to investigate exposure to SHA in controlled conditions of enclosed settings simulating real-world scenario. An experiment was performed in a car and in a room, in which SHA was generated during a 30-minute ad libitum use of an e-cigarette. The experiment was replicated on five consecutive days in each setting. We measured PM2.5 , airborne nicotine concentrations, and biomarkers of exposure to SHA, such as nicotine metabolites, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, propylene glycol, and glycerol in bystanders' saliva samples before, during, and after the exposure period. Self-reported health symptoms related to exposure to SHA were also recorded. The results showed that the highest median PM2.5 concentration was recorded during the exposure period, being 21 µg/m3 in the room setting and 16 µg/m3 in the car setting-about twofold increase compared to the baseline. Most concentrations of the airborne nicotine and all biomarkers were below the limit of quantification in both settings. Bystanders in both settings experienced some short-term irritation symptoms, expressed as dry throat, nose, eyes, and phlegm. In conclusion, short-term use of an e-cigarette in confined spaces increased indoor PM2.5 level and caused some irritation symptoms in bystanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beladenta Amalia
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olena Tigova
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montse Ballbè
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Addictions Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Castellano
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sean Semple
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Luke Clancy
- TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Maria J López
- Evaluation and Intervention Methods Service, Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Research group on Evaluation of Public Health Policies and Programs, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB St. Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Cortés
- Laboratory, Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ortuño
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José A Pascual
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
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Ameliorating Effect of Combined Cinnamon and Ginger Oils against the Neurotoxicity of Nicotine Administration on the Prefrontal Cortex of Adult Albino Rats: Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Study. Sci Pharm 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm89030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nicotine is the active alkaloid in cigarettes. It was reported that tobacco smoking has many hazards; one of these hazards is the effect on the cognitive function of the prefrontal cortex. The aim of our study is to investigate the antioxidant effects of ginger, cinnamon oils, and their combination on morphological changes in the prefrontal cortex that were induced by nicotine. Materials and methods: Fifty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups: group I (control group), group II (nicotine), group III (nicotine + cinnamon), group IV (nicotine + ginger), and group V (nicotine + cinnamon + ginger). The coronal sections from the anterior part of the rat brain at the site of prefrontal cortex were examined by light microscope for (H&E and immunohistochemical staining with TNF-α and GFAP), while the ultrastructure morphology was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Levels of the oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH) in the rats’ brain tissue homogenate were biochemically assessed. Results: Compared to the control group, the rats that were treated with nicotine (group II) showed a significant oxidative stress in the form of marked elevation of MDA and decrease in GSH, apoptotic changes especially in the pyramidal cells in the form of neuronal cell degeneration and pyknosis, and an elevation in the inflammatory marker TNF-α and GFAP expressions. These changes were observed to a lesser degree in rat group (III) and group (IV), while there was a marked improvement achieved by the combined usage of cinnamon and ginger oils, together compared to the nicotine group. Conclusions: Ginger and cinnamon are powerful antioxidants which ameliorate the degenerative and oxidative effects produced by nicotine on a rat’s prefrontal cortex.
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Qamar W, Altamimi MA, Rehman MU, Ali N, Imam F, Alanazi FE. Toxicological interaction between tobacco smoke toxicants cadmium and nicotine: An in-vitro investigation. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4201-4209. [PMID: 34354400 PMCID: PMC8324994 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarettes and other tobacco products are used to obtain nicotine that is responsible for their stimulating effects. However, a lot of other organic and inorganic chemicals are also released along with nicotine. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the several heavy metals that are health hazards and is one of the inorganic elements released in tobacco smoke. The in-vitro investigation focused on exploring the effects of nicotine hydrogen tartrate (NHT) and cadmium (Cd) and their toxic interactions in the A549 cell line. In cell viability assay NHT exhibited its IC50 at 11.71 mM concentration, and the IC50 of Cd was found to be 83 µM after a 24 h exposure. Toxic effects of NHT (5 mM and 10 mM), Cd (50 µM and 100 µM), and their combination were also investigated by flowcytometry. The investigation included apoptotic and necrotic events, the effect on different cell cycle phases, and generation of reactive oxygen species by NHT, Cd, and their combination of different concentrations. Data reveal evident toxic effects of NHT, Cd, and NHT + Cd. It also indicates that the toxic interaction of NHT and Cd is not additive and appears to be minimal when compared with NHT or Cd exposures alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajhul Qamar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Central Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A. Altamimi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneeb U. Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Imam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawaz Essa Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alzoubi KH, Batran RM, Al-Sawalha NA, Khabour OF, Karaoghlanian N, Shihadeh A, Eissenberg T. The effect of electronic cigarettes exposure on learning and memory functions: behavioral and molecular analysis. Inhal Toxicol 2021; 33:234-243. [PMID: 34311661 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2021.1954732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) are battery-powered devices that emit vaporized solutions for the user to inhale. ECIGs are marketed as a less harmful alternative to combustible cigarettes. The current study examined the effects of ECIG aerosol exposure on learning and memory, expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the hippocampus.Methods: Male Wistar rats were exposed to ECIG aerosol, by a whole-body exposure system, 1 h/day for 1 week, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks. Spatial learning and memory were tested using the Radial Arm Water Maze (RAWM). Hippocampal BDNF protein level, and oxidative stress biomarkers (GPx, SOD, GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG ratio) were also assessed.Results: ECIG aerosol exposure for 4 and 12 weeks impaired both short- and long- term memory and induced reductions in the hippocampus BDNF, SOD and GPx activities, and GSH/GSSG ratio (p < 0.05). No changes in any examined biomarkers were observed after 1-week exposure to ECIG aerosol (p > 0.05).Conclusions: ECIG aerosol exposure impaired functional memory and elicited changes in brain chemistry that are consistent with reduced function and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Rahaf M Batran
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nour A Al-Sawalha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Omar F Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nareg Karaoghlanian
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Xie Z, Wang X, Gu Y, Li D. Exploratory Analysis of Electronic Cigarette-Related Videos on YouTube: Observational Study. Interact J Med Res 2021; 10:e27302. [PMID: 34255663 PMCID: PMC8292940 DOI: 10.2196/27302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has become more popular than cigarette smoking, especially among youth. Social media platforms, including YouTube, are a popular means of sharing information about e-cigarette use (vaping). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to characterize the content and user engagement of e-cigarette-related YouTube videos. METHODS The top 400 YouTube search videos related to e-cigarettes were collected in January 2020. Among them, 340 valid videos were classified into provaping, vaping-warning, and neutral categories by hand coding. Additionally, the content of e-cigarette videos and their user engagement (including average views and likes) were analyzed and compared. RESULTS While provaping videos were dominant among e-cigarette-related YouTube videos from 2007 to 2017, vaping-warning videos started to emerge in 2013 and became dominant between 2018 and 2019. Compared to vaping-warning videos, provaping videos had higher average daily views (1077 vs 822) but lower average daily likes (12 vs 15). Among 161 provaping videos, videos on user demonstration (n=100, 62.11%) were dominant, and videos on comparison with smoking had the highest user engagement (2522 average daily views and 28 average daily likes). Conversely, among 141 vaping-warning videos, videos on potential health risks were the most popular topic (n=57, 40.42%) with the highest user engagement (1609 average daily views and 33 average daily likes). CONCLUSIONS YouTube was dominated by provaping videos, with the majority of videos on user demonstrations before 2018. The vaping-warning videos became dominant between 2018 and 2019, with videos on potential health risks being the most popular topic. This study provides updated surveillance on e-cigarette-related YouTube videos and some important guidance on associated social media regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidian Xie
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Xueting Wang
- Goergen Institute for Data Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Yu Gu
- Goergen Institute for Data Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Clinical & Translational Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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Cutts T, O'Donnell A. The implications of vaping for the anaesthetist. BJA Educ 2021; 21:243-249. [PMID: 34178380 PMCID: PMC8212162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjae.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Vogel B, Acevedo M, Appelman Y, Bairey Merz CN, Chieffo A, Figtree GA, Guerrero M, Kunadian V, Lam CSP, Maas AHEM, Mihailidou AS, Olszanecka A, Poole JE, Saldarriaga C, Saw J, Zühlke L, Mehran R. The Lancet women and cardiovascular disease Commission: reducing the global burden by 2030. Lancet 2021; 397:2385-2438. [PMID: 34010613 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women. Decades of grassroots campaigns have helped to raise awareness about the impact of cardiovascular disease in women, and positive changes affecting women and their health have gained momentum. Despite these efforts, there has been stagnation in the overall reduction of cardiovascular disease burden for women in the past decade. Cardiovascular disease in women remains understudied, under-recognised, underdiagnosed, and undertreated. This Commission summarises existing evidence and identifies knowledge gaps in research, prevention, treatment, and access to care for women. Recommendations from an international team of experts and leaders in the field have been generated with a clear focus to reduce the global burden of cardiovascular disease in women by 2030. This Commission represents the first effort of its kind to connect stakeholders, to ignite global awareness of sex-related and gender-related disparities in cardiovascular disease, and to provide a springboard for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Vogel
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Monica Acevedo
- Divisón de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yolande Appelman
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C Noel Bairey Merz
- Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alaide Chieffo
- Interventional Cardiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gemma A Figtree
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mayra Guerrero
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vijay Kunadian
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundations Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angela H E M Maas
- Department of Women's Cardiac Health, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anastasia S Mihailidou
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Cardiovascular and Hormonal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Agnieszka Olszanecka
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jeanne E Poole
- Division of Cardiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Clara Saldarriaga
- Department of Cardiology and Heart Failure Clinic, Clinica CardioVID, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jacqueline Saw
- Division of Cardiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Liesl Zühlke
- Departments of Paediatrics and Medicine, Divisions of Paediatric and Adult Cardiology, Red Cross Children's and Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Roxana Mehran
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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McClelland ML, Sesoko CS, MacDonald DA, Davis LM, McClelland SC. The Immediate Physiological Effects of E-Cigarette Use and Exposure to Secondhand E-Cigarette Vapor. Respir Care 2021; 66:943-950. [PMID: 33785550 PMCID: PMC10027181 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.08596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaping continues to grow as an alternative to smoking and as a recreational activity for people of all ages, including minors. The billion-dollar industry offers users a plethora of flavors, nicotine concentrations, e-juice combinations, and devices. While some studies suggest vaping is beneficial for certain ailments and as a smoking cessation tool, many studies report concerning health outcomes associated with vape use. Recent FDA regulations have banned certain vaping products following an increase of vaping-related lung injuries reported in 2019. Health care providers need to better understand the physiological effects of vaping-specific products and the impact of secondhand vapor. The specific aims of the present study were to understand the immediate effects on heart rate, breathing frequency, blood pressure, blood sugar, [Formula: see text], pulmonary function, and oral temperature following e-cigarette use and secondhand vapor exposure. METHODS A total of 149 volunteers participated in this study; 76 subjects vaped mint-flavored e-cigarettes with 5% nicotine for 20 min while seated next to 73 nonvaping subjects who agreed to be exposed to the vapor. Health variables including heart rate, blood pressure, breathing frequency, blood glucose, FVC, [Formula: see text], and oral temperature were obtained prior to vaping or exposure to vapor and again after 20 min. RESULTS Subjects who vaped had significantly higher heart rate, breathing frequency, and oral temperature, and significantly lower blood oxygenation levels (ie, [Formula: see text]) after vaping for 20 min. Nonvaping subjects exposed to vapor had significantly higher oral temperature after 20 min of exposure. Blood sugar and FVC were not significantly affected by vaping or exposure to vapor. CONCLUSIONS Vaping with mint-flavored e-cigarettes with 5% nicotine for 20 min resulted in significant immediate physiological changes. Exposure to e-cigarette vapor significantly increased oral temperature within the same amount of time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Channing S Sesoko
- College of Liberal Arts and Education, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Douglas A MacDonald
- College of Liberal Arts and Education, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Louis M Davis
- College of Liberal Arts and Education, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Steven C McClelland
- College of Health Professions, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan.
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Kadri AN, Khodor S, Ali A, Nusairat L, Mahmood A, Nahhas G, Dabbous S, Spears J, Jafri S, Werns S. National Trends of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drug Use in Patients Admitted With Acute Myocardial Infarction. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2021; 26:26-31. [PMID: 33229134 DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a significant health and economic burden in the US. Tobacco, alcohol, and drug use are established risk factors. We sought to evaluate the national trend of use of each substance in patients admitted with AMI. METHODS We used the National Inpatient Sample between 2005 and 2017. We included adult patients hospitalized with AMI. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revisions codes were used to define tobacco, alcohol, cocaine, opioid, cannabis and other drug use. Trends of each substance use were assessed using multivariable Poisson regression, and were expressed as annual percent change (APC) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS A total of 10,796,844 hospitalizations with AMI were included. Among all substances used, tobacco was the most common (32.7%), followed by alcohol (3.2%). Between 2005 and 2017, the prevalence ratio of tobacco use increased from 21.5% to 44.5% with an APC +6.2% (95%CI 6.2%-6.2%). Tobacco users had more percutaneous coronary intervention (41%vs25%) and coronary artery bypass surgery (6.9%vs4.9%), p < 0.001. Further, there were positive trends in alcohol (APC +3.1%; 95%CI 3.0%-3.2%), opioid (APC +9.0%; 95%CI 8.7%-9.2%), cannabis (APC + 7.2; 95% CI 7%-7.4%), and combined all drug use (+7.1%; 95%CI 7%-7.2%). Meanwhile, there was a slight negative trend in cocaine use. CONCLUSIONS This analysis outlines the national trends of substance use in patients admitted with AMI and reveals an increasing prevalence of tobacco use, alcohol and drug use. More effective cessation measures are necessary to reduce the risk for AMI and its burden on the healthcare system and economy.
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Stroup AM, Branstetter SA. Comparing Immediate Physiological Responses and Future Intentions of Use between Combustible and Electronic Waterpipe Users. Addict Behav 2021; 115:106741. [PMID: 33387978 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Khadka S, Awasthi M, Lamichhane RR, Ojha C, Mamudu HM, Lavie CJ, Daggubati R, Paul TK. The Cardiovascular Effects of Electronic Cigarettes. Curr Cardiol Rep 2021; 23:40. [PMID: 33694009 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-021-01469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are gaining rapid popularity among all age groups, especially among youth. They have evolved into technologically advanced devices capable of delivering nicotine concentration and other substances. In addition to nicotine, e-cigarettes' constituents possess variety of toxic chemicals that have adverse effects on human body. RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, steady downward trend in tobacco usage has been observed; however, e-cigarette use is on upward trend. E-cigarettes are advertised as "safer" alternatives to conventional smoking and as an aid to smoking cessation. Emerging studies have, however, shown that e-cigarettes have harmful effects on the cardiovascular system and that most of the e-cigarette users are dual users, concurrently using e-cigarettes and smoking conventional cigarettes. Despite a gap in clinical studies and randomized trials analyzing adverse cardiovascular effects of e-cigarette use, the existing literature supports that different constituents of e-cigarettes such as nicotine, carbonyls, and particulate matters carry potential risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) on its users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Khadka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, East Tennessee State University, 329 N State of Franklin Rd, Johnson City, TN, 37604, USA
| | - Manul Awasthi
- Department of Health Services Management and Policy, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | | | - Chandra Ojha
- Texas Tech University of Health Sciences, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Hadii M Mamudu
- Department of Health Services Management and Policy, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Carl J Lavie
- Department of Cardiology, Ochsner Clinic, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ramesh Daggubati
- Division of Cardiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Timir K Paul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, East Tennessee State University, 329 N State of Franklin Rd, Johnson City, TN, 37604, USA.
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Sanger N, D'Elia A, Sanger S, Rosic T, Samaan MC, Kapczinski F, de Souza RJ, Thabane L, Samaan Z. Association between vaping and health outcomes in patients with opioid use disorder: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e040349. [PMID: 33468604 PMCID: PMC7817795 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaping behaviour has increased in popularity and is particularly important to examine how it effects health outcomes in vulnerable populations, including those with opioid use disorder (OUD). With polysubstance use including cigarette and cannabis use being highly prevalent in the OUD population and cannabis/nicotine increasingly being consumed by vaping, vaping may have an important contribution to health outcomes in these individuals. The primary objective of this review is to systematically assess the literature related to patients with OUD and the effects vaping has shown on their physical and mental health. METHOD AND ANALYSIS A systematic search of databases including MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Library, Cochrane Clinical Trials Registry, the National Institutes for Health Clinical Trials Registry and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from inception to 31 December 2020 will be conducted. Identified citations will be screened by two reviewers to determine eligibility at the title and abstract level, and then at the full text and data extraction phases. Any disagreements in inclusion will be resolved through unblinded discussion by these reviewers, with any remaining disagreements being resolved by a third reviewer. Data collection from eligible studies will be conducted according to the data extraction form tested prior to abstraction. Included studies will be examined for quality and bias and will be meta-analysed where applicable. This protocol is reported in keeping with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols guidelines. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The results for this review will be disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed journals, posters and presentations at scientific conferences. Additionally, we are collaborating with the Canadian Addiction Treatment Centre clinics to help disseminate the findings for this review. As this is a systematic review, no ethics approval is needed. REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020178441.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Sanger
- Medical Science Program, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessia D'Elia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontrio, Canada
| | - Stephanie Sanger
- Health Sciences Library, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tea Rosic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Constantine Samaan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Flávio Kapczinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell J de Souza
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zainab Samaan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Xie C, Xie Z, Li D. Association of electronic cigarette use with self-reported difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions in US youth. Tob Induc Dis 2021; 18:106. [PMID: 33402884 PMCID: PMC7759092 DOI: 10.18332/tid/130925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarette use (vaping) has become increasingly popular among youth. The aim of this study is to determine the cross-sectional association of vaping, smoking, and dual use of these tobacco products with self-reported serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions (DCRMD), because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition (PMEC) in US youth. METHODS The 2018 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) data with 18535 youth were used for analysis. All included youth who answered whether they have serious DCRMD and stated their vaping and smoking status. Multivariable weighted logistics regression models were used to examine the association of vaping and smoking with the risk of DCRMD in youth, considering a complex sampling design. RESULTS Ever dual users (AOR=4.19; 95% CI: 2.97-5.92), exclusive ever cigarette smokers (AOR=1.50; 95% CI: 1.18-1.91) and exclusive ever e-cigarette users (AOR=3.13; 95% CI: 2.25-4.34) had significantly higher odds of self-reported DCRMD than never users in youth. Subgroup analysis on exclusive ever e-cigarette users who started vaping in middle school or earlier had significantly higher odds of self-reported DCRMD compared to those who started vaping in high school (AOR=1.77; 95% CI: 1.27-2.45). Meanwhile, male youth who were exclusive ever e-cigarette users had higher odds of self-reported DCRMD than female youth who were exclusive ever e-cigarette users (AOR=1.67; 95% CI: 1.25-2.22). CONCLUSIONS Vaping, smoking and dual use were associated with self-reported serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition in youth, which provided initial evidence on the cross-sectional association between vaping and self-reported cognitive problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Xie
- Pittsford Sutherland High School, Pittsford, United States
| | - Zidian Xie
- University of Rochester Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Dongmei Li
- University of Rochester Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
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Münzel T, Hahad O, Kuntic M, Keaney JF, Deanfield JE, Daiber A. Effects of tobacco cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and waterpipe smoking on endothelial function and clinical outcomes. Eur Heart J 2020; 41:4057-4070. [PMID: 32585699 PMCID: PMC7454514 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a leading cause of non-communicable disease globally and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and lung disease. Importantly, recent data by the World Health Organizations (WHO) indicate that in the last two decades global tobacco use has significantly dropped, which was largely driven by decreased numbers of female smokers. Despite such advances, the use of e-cigarettes and waterpipes (shisha, hookah, narghile) is an emerging trend, especially among younger generations. There is growing body of evidence that e-cigarettes are not a harm-free alternative to tobacco cigarettes and there is considerable debate as to whether e-cigarettes are saving smokers or generating new addicts. Here, we provide an updated overview of the impact of tobacco/waterpipe (shisha) smoking and e-cigarette vaping on endothelial function, a biomarker for early, subclinical, atherosclerosis from human and animal studies. Also their emerging adverse effects on the proteome, transcriptome, epigenome, microbiome, and the circadian clock are summarized. We briefly discuss heat-not-burn tobacco products and their cardiovascular health effects. We discuss the impact of the toxic constituents of these products on endothelial function and subsequent CVD and we also provide an update on current recommendations, regulation and advertising with focus on the USA and Europe. As outlined by the WHO, tobacco cigarette, waterpipe, and e-cigarette smoking/vaping may contribute to an increased burden of symptoms due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to severe health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology-Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Omar Hahad
- Center for Cardiology-Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marin Kuntic
- Center for Cardiology-Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - John F Keaney
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - John E Deanfield
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 1 St Martin's le Grand, London EC1A 4NP, UK
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Center for Cardiology-Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Vajdi B, Tuktamyshov R. Electronic cigarettes — myocardial infarction, hemodynamic compromise during pregnancy, and systolic and diastolic dysfunction: Minireview. World J Cardiol 2020; 12:475-483. [PMID: 33173566 PMCID: PMC7596422 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v12.i10.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to review the most recent literature on the safety of electronic cigarettes (ECs) in the context of cardiovascular disease and in the context as a tool for smoking cessation and recreational purposes. The format of this review begins with relevant research from the basic sciences and follows through with a pertinent review of clinical trials. Daily use of ECs has implications in myocardial infarction (MI) with an odds ratio of 1.70 compared to healthy, nonsmokers and even worse risk for MI with dual use of combustible cigarettes together with EC with an odds ratio of 4.62. Studies measuring cardiac function with echocardiography reported both systolic and diastolic dysfunction along with reduced ejection fractions. Platelet aggregation, endothelial function, and hemodynamics during pregnancy were all but some of the pernicious cardiovascular implications of EC exposure. Though more studies need to be done on the topic of EC use and cardiovascular disease, the majority of studies considered in this review concluded some level of harm albeit in some instances less than that of traditional combustible cigarettes. ECs are toxic to human beings and their harmful effects cannot be overlooked. There is some favorable evidence of efficacy in smoking cessation though mixed with concern of chronic EC use. It will take decades to collect data for chronic EC use on long term sequelae, such as lung cancer. Though more and more reports of acute lung injury and hospitalizations related to EC use have been reported. Due to undergoing investigations of possible harm and life threatening complications of EC use, we cannot recommend ECs as safer or a more efficacious method of smoking cessation to traditional nicotine replacement therapies. A notable consideration for much of the literature reviewed are that standardization of EC use is difficult as device generation and battery voltage, frequency of use, and contents of EC liquid are just some of the vast complicating factors that limit the ability to effectively compare data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borna Vajdi
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Rasikh Tuktamyshov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
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73
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Papaefstathiou E, Stylianou M, Andreou C, Agapiou A. Breath analysis of smokers, non-smokers, and e-cigarette users. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1160:122349. [PMID: 32920481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Solid phase micro extraction-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) analysis was performed in exhaled breath samples of 48 healthy volunteers: 20 non-smokers, 10 smokers and 18 e-cigarette (EC, vape) users. Each volunteer provided 1 L of exhaled breath in a pre-cleaned Tedlar bag, in which an SPME fiber was exposed to absorb the emitted breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The acquired data were processed using multivariate data analysis (MDA) methods in order to identify the characteristic chemicals of the three groups. The results revealed that the breath of non-smokers demonstrated inverse correlation with a variety of molecules related to the breath from smokers including furan, toluene, 2-butanone and other organic substances. Vapers were distinguished from smokers by the chemical speciation of the e-liquids, such as that of esters (e.g. ethyl acetate), terpenes (e.g. α-pinene, β-pinene, d-limonene, p-cymene, etc.) and oxygenated compounds (e.g. 3-hexen-1-ol, benzaldehyde, hexanal, decanal, etc). Two classification models were developed (a) using principal component analysis (PCA) with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and (b) using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Both models were validated using 8 new samples (4 vapers and 4 smokers), collected in addition to the 48 samples of the calibration set. The combination of GC/MS breath analysis and MDA contributed successfully in classifying the volunteers into their respective groups and highlighted the relevant characteristic VOCs. The respective dynamic combination (SPME-GC/MS and MDA) provides a means for long term non-invasive monitoring of the population's health status for early detection purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Papaefstathiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O.Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - M Stylianou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O.Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - C Andreou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A Agapiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O.Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Santovito D. From Beneficial to Detrimental: How Nicotine Hijacks the Autophagy Machinery. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1955-1957. [PMID: 32845772 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donato Santovito
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Germany
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75
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Buchanan ND, Grimmer JA, Tanwar V, Schwieterman N, Mohler PJ, Wold LE. Cardiovascular risk of electronic cigarettes: a review of preclinical and clinical studies. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:40-50. [PMID: 31696222 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the most preventable risk factor related to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Tobacco usage has declined in recent years; however, the use of alternative nicotine delivery methods, particularly e-cigarettes, has increased exponentially despite limited data on their short- and long-term safety and efficacy. Due to their unique properties, the impact of e-cigarettes on cardiovascular physiology is not fully known. Here, we summarize both preclinical and clinical data extracted from short- and long-term studies on the cardiovascular effects of e-cigarette use. Current findings support that e-cigarettes are not a harm-free alternative to tobacco smoke. However, the data are primarily derived from acute studies. The impact of chronic e-cigarette exposure is essentially unstudied. To explore the uniqueness of e-cigarettes, we contemplate the cardiovascular effects of individual e-cigarette constituents. Overall, data suggest that exposure to e-cigarettes could be a potential cardiovascular health concern. Further preclinical research and randomized trials are needed to expand basic and clinical investigations before considering e-cigarettes safe alternatives to conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Buchanan
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jacob A Grimmer
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vineeta Tanwar
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Neill Schwieterman
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter J Mohler
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Loren E Wold
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 473 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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76
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Kuntic M, Hahad O, Daiber A, Münzel T. Could E-cigarette vaping contribute to heart disease? Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:1131-1139. [PMID: 32757856 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1807332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION E-cigarettes have become a controversial topic. While their benefits are questioned by the scientific community, a part of the medical profession is still supporting them as an effective harm reduction tool for smoking cessation. The impact of E-cigarettes on the cardiovascular system is still elusive. AREAS COVERED We assessed results from animal, pre(clinical), and epidemiological studies to critically evaluate and synthesize evidence relevant to the cardiovascular effects of E-cigarettes. Animal studies have demonstrated that E-cigarette vapor exposure can cause endothelial and cardiac dysfunction. However, there have also been reports on the less harmful effects of E-cigarette vapor exposure in comparison to classical tobacco cigarettes. Measurements of flow-mediated dilation in acute human exposure settings have mostly demonstrated that E-cigarettes cause vascular endothelial dysfunction. Epidemiological studies have shown that E-cigarette use is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, although switching from classical tobacco cigarettes to E-cigarettes can have beneficial cardiovascular effects. Misinterpretation of scientific data by activists on either side is another problem. EXPERT OPINION In conclusion, we need more and better (pre)clinical data comparing the health effects of E-cigarette vaping as compared with tobacco cigarette smoking, in order to counsel the legislation for better health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Kuntic
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz, Germany
| | - Omar Hahad
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partnersite Rhine-Main , Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partnersite Rhine-Main , Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partnersite Rhine-Main , Mainz, Germany
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77
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Kim T, Choi H, Kang J, Kim J. Association between electronic cigarette use and metabolic syndrome in the Korean general population: A nationwide population-based study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237983. [PMID: 32822397 PMCID: PMC7442237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Although smoking is known to have a negative impact in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), only a few studies have examined the association between electronic cigarette (e-cig) use and MetS. Methods Among 22,948 participants in the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 14,738 (13,459 [91.3%] never, 954 [6.5%] ever, and 325 [2.2%] current e-cig users) were selected. The relationship between e-cig exposure and MetS (based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel [NCEP-ATP] III criteria) was evaluated using a multivariable logistic regression analysis. An unweighted analysis was performed to evaluate this association without a sampling weight. A subgroup analysis was performed among active smokers to compare dual users with never e-cig users. Results Among current e-cig users, 85.0% were dual users, 12.7% were former cigarette users, and 2.2% were only e-cig users. After adjustment for covariates, abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridemia were significantly associated with current e-cig exposure (odds ratio [OR]: 1.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.41–2.50 and OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.00–1.74 respectively [compared with the never e-cig users group]). Compared with never e-cig users, current e-cig users showed an OR of 1.27 (95% CI: 0.96–1.70, Ptrend = 0.01) for MetS. In the unweighted analysis, the OR for MetS in current e-cig users was 1.40 (95% CI: 1.08–1.81, Ptrend <0.01). Compared with never e-cig users, dual users showed a higher OR for abdominal obesity (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.25–2.34, Ptrend <0.001). Conclusions Current e-cig exposure was associated with an increased risk of MetS. Dual use of e-cigs and cigarettes was associated with abdominal obesity. Further longitudinal studies and better assessment of e-cig use and type are needed to clarify this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyun Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Armed Forces Goyang Hospital, Goyang-si, South Korea
| | - Hyunji Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jihun Kang
- Department of Family Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jehun Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, South Korea
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78
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Abdel-Qader DH, Al Meslamani AZ. Knowledge and Beliefs of Jordanian Community Toward E-cigarettes: A National Survey. J Community Health 2020; 46:577-586. [PMID: 32772206 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-020-00896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems were promoted publically as a healthier replacement for conventional cigarettes. Knowledge and beliefs of the public can drive their behaviours to adapt or reject the new habit. No previous research was conducted in Jordan to assess electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) prevalence, and limited data are available on public opinions and orientation toward this new habit. To assess prevalence of, knowledge, attitude and beliefs about e-cigarettes, and examine factors associated with plans of quitting or initiating e-cigarettes among adults in Jordan. A large cross-sectional face-to-face survey on a random sample of adult population aged ≥ 18 years was conducted over two months to include 1820 adults in Jordan. A representative sample was collected using proportionate random sampling technique, which enabled us to geographically categorise the study population. Reliability and validity measures were taken to ensure a comprehensive and appropriate study tool. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS®) version 24 was used to conduct descriptive analysis, logistic regression, and Rao-Scott chi-square. Findings were considered statistically significant at p value < 0.05 (with a confidence limit at 95%). Of 2164 adults approached, 1820 completed the questionnaire (84.1% response rate). The prevalence of current e-cigarette smokers and dual smokers were 11.7% and 4.0%, respectively. Quitting conventional smoking (38.8%) and enjoying the flavour (32.5%) were the most common reasons to start vaping. Friends were the major source of information about e-cigarettes. There was evidence that adults aged 45-59 years were less likely to be dual smokers (OR 0.51; 95%CI 0.29-0.66; p = 0.03). Poor knowledge about the content (23.7%) and types of e-cigarettes (14.5%) was reported. Plans to reduce or quit e-cigarettes were significantly associated with three factors: smokers' knowledge about its content, social impression, smokers' satisfaction with e-cigarettes. Social impression was also associated with plans of initiating e-cigarettes. Most participants thought vaping cannot be harmful to children and pregnant women (73.1%) and cannot be addictive (58.2%). Electronic cigarettes were considered helpful in smoking cessation by 69.1% of participants. The proportions of adults who were currently electronic cigarette and dual smokers were 11.7% and 4.0%, respectively. Our research may provide insight to product and individual factors that were associated with plans to sustain, quit or initiate electronic smoking.
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79
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Isakov KMM, Legasto AC, Hossain R, Verzosa Weisman S, Toy D, Groner LK, Feibusch A, Escalon JG. A Case-Based Review of Vaping-Induced Injury-Pulmonary Toxicity and Beyond. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2020; 50:401-409. [PMID: 32703539 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The last 10 years has seen a steady rise in the use of electronic cigarettes ("e-cigarettes" or ECIGs) or "vape pens." Though initially developed to assist with smoking cessation, use among adolescents has been particularly high. A concomitant rise in ECIG-related injuries disproportionately affecting young patients has been recognized. This unique case series highlights both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary ECIG-induced injuries including vape tip ingestion, maxillofacial fractures after vape pen explosion, myocarditis, and several different manifestations of vaping-associated lung injury. Becoming familiar with expected imaging findings in the wide array of ECIG-induced complications will help radiologists recognize these findings, recommend further imaging as needed, facilitate early diagnosis by help referring clinicians elicit the relevant history from patients, and expedite appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M M Isakov
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital - Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Alan C Legasto
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital - Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Rydhwana Hossain
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Stacey Verzosa Weisman
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital - Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Dennis Toy
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital - Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Lauren K Groner
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital - Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Amanda Feibusch
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital - Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Joanna G Escalon
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital - Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY.
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Ramirez JEM, Karim ZA, Alarabi AB, Hernandez KR, Taleb ZB, Rivera JO, Khasawneh FT, Alshbool FZ. The JUUL E-Cigarette Elevates the Risk of Thrombosis and Potentiates Platelet Activation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2020; 25:578-586. [PMID: 32691614 PMCID: PMC7605053 DOI: 10.1177/1074248420941681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is the main preventable cause of death in the United States and worldwide and is associated with serious cardiovascular health consequences, including thrombotic diseases. Recently, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and, in particular JUUL, have attained wide popularity among smokers, nonsmokers, pregnant females, and even the youth, which is alarming. Interestingly, there is/are no information/studies regarding the effect of JUUL on cardiovascular diseases, specifically in the context of modulation of platelet activation. Thus, it is important to discern the cardiovascular disease health risks associated with JUUL. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a passive e-vape vapor inhalation system where C57BL/6J mice (10-12 weeks old) were exposed to JUUL e-cigarette vape. Menthol flavored JUUL pods containing 5% nicotine by weight were used as the e-liquid. Mice were exposed to a total of 70 puffs daily for 2 weeks; 3-second puff duration, and 25-second puff interval. The effects of JUUL relative to clean air were analyzed, on mouse platelet function in vitro (eg, aggregation) and in vivo (eg, FeCl3-induced carotid artery injury thrombosis model). Our results indicate that short-term exposure to JUUL e-cigarette causes hyperactivation of platelets and shortens the thrombus occlusion as well as hemostasis/bleeding times, relative to clean air (medians of 14 vs. 200 seconds, P < .01 and 35 vs. 295 seconds, P < .001, respectively). CONCLUSION Our findings document-for the first time-that short-term exposure to the JUUL e-cigarette increases the risk of thrombotic events, in part by modulating platelet function, such as aggregation and secretion, in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean E Montes Ramirez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 12337The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Zubair A Karim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 12337The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Ahmed B Alarabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 12337The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, 12333Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Keziah R Hernandez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 12337The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Ziyad Ben Taleb
- Department of Kinesiology, 12329University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - José O Rivera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 12337The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Fadi T Khasawneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 12337The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, 12333Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, USA
| | - Fatima Z Alshbool
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 12337The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, 12333Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX, USA
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The Impact of Dietary Supplementation of Whole Foods and Polyphenols on Atherosclerosis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072069. [PMID: 32664664 PMCID: PMC7400924 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to highlight current research on the benefits of supplementation with foods with a diverse polyphenol composition, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, grains, oils, spices, and teas in blunting atherosclerosis. We searched PubMed for publications utilizing whole food or polyphenols prepared from whole foods in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) or Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor (LDLR) knockout mice, and identified 73 studies in which plaque was measured. The majority of the studies reported a reduction in plaque. Nine interventions showed no effect, while three using Agaricus blazei mushroom, HYJA-ri-4 rice variety, and safrole-2', 3'-oxide (SFO) increased plaque. The mechanisms by which atherosclerosis was reduced include improved lipid profile, antioxidant status, and cholesterol clearance, and reduced inflammation. Importantly, not all dietary interventions that reduce plaque showed an improvement in lipid profile. Additionally, we found that, out of 73 studies, only 9 used female mice and only 6 compared both sexes. Only one study compared the two models (LDLR vs. ApoE), showing that the treatment worked in one but not the other. Not all supplementations work in both male and female animals, suggesting that increasing the variety of foods with different polyphenol compositions may be more effective in mitigating atherosclerosis.
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Kilcommons S, Horwitz S, Eon Ha S, Ebbert K, Restivo L, Verbeke MCM, Hays-Alberstat A, Cooke L, Mackay C, Anselmo M, Mitchell I, Doig CJ, Guichon JR. Is Canadian federal legislation effective in preventing youth access to vaping initiation products? A study using secret shoppers and online access in three Alberta cities. Prev Med Rep 2020; 19:101117. [PMID: 32637300 PMCID: PMC7327845 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
120 ‘improper’ secret shopper visits, 3 cities, to buy nicotine vaping initiation products. Vendors willing to sell in 42.5% of shop visits. Minors’ online purchasing attempts aided by deliverers and non-descriptive packaging.
The Tobacco and Vaping Products Act (Canada, 1997) (the “TVPA”) aims to protect the health of young persons by restricting access to vaping products. We studied whether the TVPA achieves this goal by sending young ‘secret shoppers’ to 120 shops in Calgary, Edmonton, and Red Deer to attempt to buy nicotine-based vaping-initiation products, and by asking minors to purchase the same product online. We used three ‘improper’ shop scenarios: 1. a minor or minors; 2. a young adult with no or invalid identification (“ID”); and 3. a young adult with valid ID but clearly buying for an accompanying minor. Of total vendors, 42.5% (51/120) were willing to sell to the young people (p < .001). Most vendors requested ID in all scenarios (97/120, 80.8%). Of these, 28 vendors (28.9% of those requesting ID), were still willing to sell the product. All vendors who did not request ID (23/120, 19.2%) were willing to sell; vape shops were more likely than convenience stores not to request ID (25.4% v. 13.1%). In five online purchase attempts, 60% of deliverers did not meet the TVPA’s ID verification requirements. The TVPA does not require packages to reveal their contents; one parent inadvertently signed for the parcel. To prevent youth access, the TVPA should require: a minimum nicotine product purchase age of 21, positive obligations on vendors to request ID, prohibition of sales to adults buying for minors, and that manufacturers disclose the product on posted or delivered parcels. The TVPA should be strictly enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simonne Horwitz
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Seong Eon Ha
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kirsten Ebbert
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lea Restivo
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Cameron Mackay
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark Anselmo
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ian Mitchell
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Juliet R. Guichon
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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83
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Jackson A, Grobman B, Krishnan-Sarin S. Recent findings in the pharmacology of inhaled nicotine: Preclinical and clinical in vivo studies. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108218. [PMID: 32592708 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rise of vaping in adolescents, the recent entrance of new inhaled nicotine products such as iQOS on the market and e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury cases has created concern for the use of inhaled non-combustible nicotine products. This narrative review discusses recent experimental in vivo studies that utilize human, rat and mouse models to understand the pharmacological impact of nicotine from non-combustible products. METHODS The search engine PubMed was utilized with the following search terms: inhaled nicotine, nicotine e-cigarette, heated tobacco products, iQOS, electronic cigarette, nicotine inhaler, nicotine vaping. This review highlights recent primary in vivo studies of inhaled nicotine administration experimental paradigms that occurred in laboratory settings using human and rodent (rats and mice) models that have been published from January 2017-December 2019. RESULTS The pharmacokinetics of nicotine via e-cigarettes is influenced by the PG/VG and flavor constituents in e-liquids, the presence of nicotine salts in e-liquids, puff topography of nicotine and tobacco product users and the power of the e-cigarette device. The pharmacodynamic impact of inhaled nicotine has cardiovascular, pulmonary and central nervous system implications. CONCLUSION The articles reviewed here highlight the importance of both animal and human models to fully understand the impact of inhaled nicotine pharmacology There is a need for more rodent pharmacokinetic inhaled nicotine studies to understand the influences of factors such as flavor and nicotine salts. Additionally, consensus on nicotine measurement in both human and rodent studies is greatly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asti Jackson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Ben Grobman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, United States
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Chen L, Lu X, Yuan J, Luo J, Luo J, Xie Z, Li D. A Social Media Study on the Associations of Flavored Electronic Cigarettes With Health Symptoms: Observational Study. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e17496. [PMID: 32568093 PMCID: PMC7338924 DOI: 10.2196/17496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, flavored electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have become popular among teenagers and young adults. Discussions about e-cigarettes and e-cigarette use (vaping) experiences are prevalent online, making social media an ideal resource for understanding the health risks associated with e-cigarette flavors from the users’ perspective. Objective This study aimed to investigate the potential associations between electronic cigarette liquid (e-liquid) flavors and the reporting of health symptoms using social media data. Methods A dataset consisting of 2.8 million e-cigarette–related posts was collected using keyword filtering from Reddit, a social media platform, from January 2013 to April 2019. Temporal analysis for nine major health symptom categories was used to understand the trend of public concerns related to e-cigarettes. Sentiment analysis was conducted to obtain the proportions of positive and negative sentiment scores for all reported health symptom categories. Topic modeling was applied to reveal the topics related to e-cigarettes and health symptoms. Furthermore, generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were used to quantitatively measure potential associations between e-liquid flavors and the reporting of health symptoms. Results Temporal analysis showed that the Respiratory category was consistently the most discussed health symptom category among all categories related to e-cigarettes on Reddit, followed by the Throat category. Sentiment analysis showed higher proportions of positive sentiment scores for all reported health symptom categories, except for the Cancer category. Topic modeling conducted on all health-related posts showed that 17 of the top 100 topics were flavor related. GEE models showed different associations between the reporting of health symptoms and e-liquid flavor categories, for example, lower association of the Beverage flavors with Respiratory compared with other flavors and higher association of the Fruit flavors with Cardiovascular than other flavors. Conclusions This study identified different potential associations between e-liquid flavors and the reporting of health symptoms using social media data. The results of this study provide valuable information for further investigation of the health effects associated with different e-liquid flavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Xinyi Lu
- University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jianbo Yuan
- University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Joyce Luo
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Jiebo Luo
- University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Zidian Xie
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Dongmei Li
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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Smoke and Heart Should Stay Apart: A Look at E Cigarettes and Other Alternatives to Conventional Cigarettes, and Their Impact on Cardiovascular Health. Curr Probl Cardiol 2020; 46:100640. [PMID: 32622581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The leading cause of preventable death in the world is smoking; leading to 7 million deaths attributable to tobacco use per year worldwide and 480,000 deaths per year in the United States. Though the actual rates of smoking in the United States have been on the decline, the advent of electronic cigarettes (E cigs) in 2007 was met with immense reception especially among the youth. Though initially thought to be a means to facilitate smoking cessation, recent evidence and the E cigs epidemic suggest its implications in significant morbidity and mortality. The other alternatives for conventional tobacco cigarettes have also been implicated in cardiovascular diseases. This manuscript aims to review E cigarettes and other alternatives to conventional cigarettes, and their impact on cardiovascular health. We conducted a Medline search using various combinations of "Cigarettes," "E cigarettes," "Smokeless tobacco," "hookah", and "cardiovascular risk" to identify pivotal trials published before May 10, 2020, for inclusion in this review. Concurrently, major practice guidelines, trial bibliographies, and pertinent reviews were examined to ensure inclusion of relevant trials. A consensus among the authors was used to choose items for narrative inclusion. The following section reviews data from pivotal trials to review the effects of E cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, hookah, nicotine replacement therapy on cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. There are many alternatives to conventional tobacco cigarette smoking, but none can be attributed as absolutely safe from a cardiovascular health perspective. The abundance of evidence regarding its impact on cardiovascular mortality and morbidity does not position it as a safe alternative, but an alternative means of smoking nicotine. The humongous rise in popularity and its gain in favor among the younger population poses a serious threat to the cardiovascular well-being of the exposed. Thus, E cigs and other alternatives of cigarette smoking do impart differing risks in cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, with the possible exception of nicotine replacement therapy.
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86
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Lemay F, Baker P, McRobbie H. Electronic cigarettes: A narrative review of the implications for the pediatric anesthesiologist. Paediatr Anaesth 2020; 30:653-659. [PMID: 32304606 DOI: 10.1111/pan.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (EC) is increasing and the number of EC publications is rapidly growing. While some health organizations focus on the harmful effects of using EC (vaping), others promote the benefits of ECs as a less harmful alternative to smoking tobacco. There is concern that vaping might have adverse respiratory consequences for pediatric patients facing anesthesia and intensive care. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge and recommendations regarding the risks of EC relevant to the anesthesiologist and the use of ECs as a step-down option from tobacco. We provide guidance on the management of vaping patients in the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Lemay
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Baker
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hayden McRobbie
- National Drug and Alcohol Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Response: Risk Is Not Causation. Am J Prev Med 2020; 58:896-897. [PMID: 32444006 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cameron EC, Hemingway SL. Cannabinoids for fibromyalgia pain: a critical review of recent studies (2015-2019). J Cannabis Res 2020; 2:19. [PMID: 33526114 PMCID: PMC7819299 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-020-00024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibromyalgia is a chronic health condition characterized by widespread, severe musculoskeletal pain that affects an estimated 5-7% of the global population. Due to the highly comorbid nature of fibromyalgia, patients with the disorder often respond poorly to traditional pain treatments. Recent studies suggest that patient response may be more favorable to alternative analgesics, such as cannabis. However, the therapeutic potential of cannabis-based pain treatment for fibromyalgia remains unclear. The present study examined the most recent cannabis literature (2015-2019) and provides a critical review of current research on the safety and efficacy of medical cannabis treatments for fibromyalgia. METHODS We followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in searching the PubMed and Medline databases using the search terms "cannabis + fibromyalgia" and then "cannabinoids + fibromyalgia." Inclusion criteria were a) English language, b) published in peer review journals, c) published from 2015 to 2019, d) all study designs except for systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and e) all cannabis preparations. RESULTS The search identified five applicable studies involving 827 participants that used six different treatments. Review suggested several methodological problems pertaining to generalizability and validity. CONCLUSION Although the critically reviewed studies superficially suggest that medical cannabis is a safe and effective treatment for fibromyalgia pain, serious methodological limitations prevent a definitive conclusion regarding the use of cannabinoids for pain management in fibromyalgia patients at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn C Cameron
- School of Psychology, Fielding Graduate University, 2020 De La Vina St, Santa Barbara, CA, 93105, USA.
| | - Samantha L Hemingway
- School of Psychology, Fielding Graduate University, 2020 De La Vina St, Santa Barbara, CA, 93105, USA
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Vallone DM, Cuccia AF, Briggs J, Xiao H, Schillo BA, Hair EC. Electronic Cigarette and JUUL Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 174:277-286. [PMID: 31961395 PMCID: PMC6990671 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.5436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The increasing use rates of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) among young people in the United States have been largely associated with the emergence of high-nicotine-delivery device JUUL. Relevant data are needed to monitor e-cigarette, specifically JUUL, use to help inform intervention efforts. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence, patterns, and factors associated over time with e-cigarette use among adolescents and younger adults in the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Two nationally representative longitudinal samples of adolescents and younger adults aged 15 to 34 years were drawn from the Truth Longitudinal Cohort, a national, probability-based cohort. Participants in this cohort were recruited through address-based sampling, and subsamples were recruited from a probability-based online panel. The present cohort study used data from follow-up online surveys, specifically, wave 7 (N = 14 379; collected from February 15, 2018, to May 25, 2018) and wave 8 (N = 12 114; collected from February 10, 2019, to May 17, 2019). Respondents reported their use of e-cigarettes, JUUL, and combustible tobacco products as well as their harm perceptions, household smoking status, sensation-seeking, friends' e-cigarette use, and demographic information. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcomes were ever and current (past 30 days) JUUL use. χ2 Analyses assessed differences in JUUL use by psychosocial and demographic characteristics. Logistic regression models identified the significant factors associated with wave 8 ever and current JUUL use among wave 7 e-cigarette-naive participants. RESULTS A total of 14 379 participants (mean [SD] age, 24.3 [0.09] years; 8142 female [51.0%]) were included in wave 7 and 12 114 (mean [SD] age, 24.5 [0.10] years; 6835 female [50.1%]) in wave 8. JUUL use statistically significantly increased from wave 7 to wave 8 among ever users (6.0% [n = 1105] to 13.5% [2111]; P < .001) and current users (3.3% [680] to 6.1% [993]; P < .001). JUUL use increased among every age group and was highest among those aged 18 to 20 years (23.9% [491] ever users and 12.8% [340] current users) and 21 to 24 years (18.1% [360] ever users and 8.2% [207] current users). Users reported a higher prevalence of frequent use in wave 8 compared with wave 7 (37.6% vs 26.1%; P < .01). Significant factors associated with future JUUL use among e-cigarette-naive participants included younger age, combustible tobacco use, lower harm perceptions, sensation seeking, and friends' e-cigarette use. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that the e-cigarette device JUUL appears to be associated with the youth e-cigarette epidemic, attracting new users and facilitating frequent use with their highly addictive nicotine content and appealing flavors. Findings of this study underscore the critical need for increased e-cigarette product regulation at the federal, state, and local levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M. Vallone
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia,Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland,College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York
| | - Alison F. Cuccia
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jodie Briggs
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Haijun Xiao
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Elizabeth C. Hair
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia,Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Osei AD, Mirbolouk M, Orimoloye OA, Dzaye O, Uddin SMI, Benjamin EJ, Hall ME, DeFilippis AP, Bhatnagar A, Biswal SS, Blaha MJ. Association Between E-Cigarette Use and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Smoking Status: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2016 and 2017. Am J Prev Med 2020; 58:336-342. [PMID: 31902685 PMCID: PMC9843649 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between e-cigarette use and chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has not been studied thoroughly, particularly in populations defined by concomitant combustible smoking status. METHODS Using pooled 2016 and 2017 data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, investigators studied 705,159 participants with complete self-reported information on e-cigarette use, combustible cigarette use, key covariates, and chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Current e-cigarette use was the main exposure, with current use further classified as daily or occasional use. The main outcome was defined as reported ever having a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For all the analyses, multivariable adjusted logistic regression was used, with the study population stratified by combustible cigarette use status (never, former, or current). All the analyses were conducted in 2019. RESULTS Of 705,159 participants, 25,175 (3.6%) were current e-cigarette users, 64,792 (9.2%) current combustible cigarette smokers, 207,905 (29.5%) former combustible cigarette smokers, 432,462 (61.3%) never combustible cigarette smokers, and 14,036 (2.0%) dual users of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes. A total of 53,702 (7.6%) participants self-reported chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Among never combustible cigarette smokers, current e-cigarette use was associated with 75% higher odds of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease compared with never e-cigarette users (OR=1.75, 95% CI=1.25, 2.45), with daily users of e-cigarettes having the highest odds (OR=2.64, 95% CI=1.43, 4.89). Similar associations between e-cigarette use and chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were noted among both former and current combustible cigarette smokers. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest possible e-cigarette-related pulmonary toxicity across all the categories of combustible cigarette smoking status, including those who had never smoked combustible cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert D Osei
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mohammadhassan Mirbolouk
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Olusola A Orimoloye
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Omar Dzaye
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - S M Iftekhar Uddin
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael E Hall
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Andrew P DeFilippis
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Shyam S Biswal
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael J Blaha
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
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91
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Parekh T, Pemmasani S, Desai R. Risk of Stroke With E-Cigarette and Combustible Cigarette Use in Young Adults. Am J Prev Med 2020; 58:446-452. [PMID: 31924460 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rising trends in stroke incidence and hospitalizations because of combustible cigarette smoking have been noted among younger adults. However, the association between e-cigarette use and stroke in this population remains largely unknown. This study examines the association between e-cigarette use with or without a history of previous or concurrent combustible cigarette use and stroke among young adults. METHODS Pooled data (2016-2017) were analyzed from the Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System, a nationally representative, cross-sectional telephone survey, in 2019. The sample size was 161,529 participants aged 18-44 years. The association between e-cigarette use and stroke was examined using logistic regression adjusting for patient demographics, relevant comorbidities without or with history, and concurrent use of combustible cigarette use. RESULTS Current dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes was associated with 2.91 times higher odds of stroke versus nonsmokers (AOR=2.91, 95% CI=1.62, 5.25) and 1.83 times higher odds versus current sole combustible cigarette users (AOR=1.83, 95% CI=1.06, 3.17). Compared with nonsmokers, current sole e-cigarette users did not show significantly different odds of stroke (AOR=0.69, 95% CI=0.34, 1.42). However, odds of stroke were lower for sole e-cigarette users versus current sole combustible cigarette users (AOR=0.43, 95% CI=0.20, 0.93). CONCLUSIONS Sole e-cigarette use is not associated with greater odds of stroke in young adults. However, if young adults have former or current combustible cigarette use, odds of stroke are significantly increased even compared with current sole combustible cigarette use. Switching from combustible cigarettes to e-cigarettes does not confer stroke benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarang Parekh
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.
| | | | - Rupak Desai
- Division of Cardiology, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
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93
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Moon J, Lee H, Kong M, Kim H, Oh Y. Association Between Electronic Cigarette Use and Levels of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Uric Acid. Asia Pac J Public Health 2020; 32:35-41. [PMID: 31955613 DOI: 10.1177/1010539519899777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether electronic cigarette use, which is becoming increasingly common, was related to systemic inflammation that may lead to cardiovascular disease, similar to conventional cigarette smoking. The study included 1208 men (19-65 years old) who participated in the 7th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016). The participants were categorized as electronic cigarette users, conventional cigarette users, and nonsmokers. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein was used as an inflammatory index, and uric acid level was used as a metabolic indicator. After adjusting for confounding factors, electronic cigarette use was significantly associated with elevated serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (β = 1.326, P = .002), uric acid levels (β = 0.400, P = .042), and hyperuricemia (uric acid level of >7 mg/mL; odds ratio = 2.67, 95% confidence interval = 1.27-5.58). These findings suggest that electronic cigarette use may be associated with systemic inflammation markers, similar to conventional cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Moon
- Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyowon Lee
- Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihee Kong
- Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonju Kim
- Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhwan Oh
- Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Alarabi AB, Karim ZA, Ramirez JEM, Hernandez KR, Lozano PA, Rivera JO, Alshbool FZ, Khasawneh FT. Short-Term Exposure to Waterpipe/Hookah Smoke Triggers a Hyperactive Platelet Activation State and Increases the Risk of Thrombogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:335-349. [PMID: 31941383 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular disease is a major public health problem. Among cardiovascular disease's risk factors, tobacco smoking is considered the single most preventable cause of death, with thrombosis being the main mechanism of cardiovascular disease mortality in smokers. While tobacco smoking has been on the decline, the use of waterpipes/hookah has been rising, mainly due to the perception that they are less harmful than regular cigarettes. Strikingly, there are few studies on the negative effects of waterpipes on the cardiovascular system, and none regarding their direct contribution to thrombus formation. Approach and Results: We used a waterpipe whole-body exposure protocol that mimics real-life human exposure scenarios and investigated its effects, relative to clean air, on platelet function, hemostasis, and thrombogenesis. We found that waterpipe smoke (WPS)-exposed mice exhibited both shortened thrombus occlusion and bleeding times. Further, our results show that platelets from WPS-exposed mice are hyperactive, with enhanced agonist-induced aggregation, dense and α-granule secretion, αIIbβ3 integrin activation, phosphatidylserine expression, and platelet spreading, when compared with clean air-exposed platelets. Finally, at the molecular level, it was found that Akt (protein kinase B) and ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinases) phosphorylation are enhanced in the WPS and in nicotine-treated platelets. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that WPS exposure directly modulates hemostasis and increases the risk of thrombosis and that this is mediated, in part, via a state of platelet hyperactivity. The negative health impact of WPS/hookah, therefore, should not be underestimated. Moreover, this study should also help in raising public awareness of the toxic effects of waterpipe/hookah.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed B Alarabi
- From the Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso
| | - Zubair A Karim
- From the Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso
| | - Jean E Montes Ramirez
- From the Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso
| | - Keziah R Hernandez
- From the Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso
| | - Patricia A Lozano
- From the Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso
| | - José O Rivera
- From the Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso
| | - Fatima Z Alshbool
- From the Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso
| | - Fadi T Khasawneh
- From the Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso
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Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, Capodanno D, Barbato E, Funck-Brentano C, Prescott E, Storey RF, Deaton C, Cuisset T, Agewall S, Dickstein K, Edvardsen T, Escaned J, Gersh BJ, Svitil P, Gilard M, Hasdai D, Hatala R, Mahfoud F, Masip J, Muneretto C, Valgimigli M, Achenbach S, Bax JJ. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 2020; 41:407-477. [PMID: 31504439 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3737] [Impact Index Per Article: 934.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Patterns of cigarette, e-cigarette, and cannabis use among adult smokers in primary care 2014-2015. Addict Behav 2020; 100:106109. [PMID: 31522133 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly-use of tobacco, cannabis, and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is an emerging problem in the general population. The current study investigated poly-use of these products and receipt of smoking cessation counseling in a primary care setting. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional secondary data analysis from a trial of a tablet intervention to increase provider delivery of the 5As (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange follow-up), a brief counseling intervention for smoking cessation, in 3 diverse primary care clinics in San Francisco, CA from 2014 to 2015. Participants were currently smoking cigarettes (N = 601; mean age = 50.8; 38.1% female) and reported information on past 30-day cigarette and e-cigarette use and past 3-month cannabis use. We classified participants into 4 groups: (1) cigarette-only, (2) dual-use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes, (3) dual-use of cigarettes and cannabis, (4) poly-use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and cannabis, and examined correlates of use. RESULTS Only cigarette smoking was reported by 48.6% of participants, 30.4% reported use of cigarettes and cannabis, 10.5% reported use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes, and 10.5% reported use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and cannabis. Cigarette-only smokers did not differ from other groups by cigarette smoking behavior and motivation to quit. Patients reporting dual-use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes had a higher likelihood of receiving the Arrange step and all 5As compared to cigarette-only smokers. CONCLUSIONS Providers should screen for co-use of cigarettes and other nicotine/cannabis products and consider co-use when delivering smoking cessation treatment and evaluating treatment outcomes. Development of guidelines to help facilitate provider training is needed.
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Cromwell B, Mota LC, Levine M. Detection of Potentially Toxic Additives in Electronic Cigarettes and Cigarette Flavourings. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1708922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cromwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lisa Cid Mota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Mindy Levine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Singh KP, Lawyer G, Muthumalage T, Maremanda KP, Khan NA, McDonough SR, Ye D, McIntosh S, Rahman I. Systemic biomarkers in electronic cigarette users: implications for noninvasive assessment of vaping-associated pulmonary injuries. ERJ Open Res 2019; 5:00182-2019. [PMID: 31886159 PMCID: PMC6926365 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00182-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) were introduced as electronic nicotine delivery systems, and have become very popular in the USA and globally. There is a paucity of data on systemic injury biomarkers of vaping in e-cig users that can be used as a noninvasive assessment of vaping-associated lung injuries. We hypothesised that characterisation of systemic biomarkers of inflammation, anti-inflammatory, oxidative stress, vascular and lipid mediators, growth factors, and extracellular matrix breakdown may provide information regarding the toxicity of vaping in e-cig users. Methods We collected various biological fluids, i.e. plasma, urine, saliva and exhaled breath condensate (EBC), measured pulmonary function and vaping characteristics, and assessed various biomarkers in e-cig users and nonusers. Results The plasma samples of e-cig users showed a significant increase in biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, interferon (IFN)-γ, matrix metalloproteinase-9, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1) and extracellular matrix breakdown (desmosine), and decreased pro-resolving lipid mediators (resolvin D1 and resolvin D2). There was a significant increase in growth factor (endothelial growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, β-nerve growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-AA, stem cell factor, hepatocyte growth factor and placental growth factor) levels in plasma of e-cig users versus nonusers. E-cig users showed a significant increase in levels of inflammatory biomarker IFN-γ, oxidative stress biomarker 8-isoprostane and oxidative DNA damage biomarker 8-oxo-dG in urine samples, and of inflammatory biomarker IL-1β in saliva samples. EBC showed a slight increase in levels of triglycerides and 8-isoprostane in e-cig users compared with normal nonusers. Conclusion E-cig users have increased levels of biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress, reduced pro-resolving anti-inflammatory mediators, and endothelial dysfunction, which may act as risk factors for increasing susceptibility to systemic diseases. The identified noninvasive biomarkers can be used for determining e-cig vaping-associated lung injuries, and for regulatory and diagnostic aspects of vaping in humans. E-cig use adversely affects oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, and induces tissue remodelling. The identified biomarkers can be used for assessment of vaping-associated lung injuries, and for regulatory and diagnostic aspects of vaping in humans.http://bit.ly/2nxZQ8R
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameshwar P Singh
- Dept of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Gina Lawyer
- Dept of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Thivanka Muthumalage
- Dept of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Krishna P Maremanda
- Dept of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Naushad Ahmad Khan
- Dept of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Samantha R McDonough
- Dept of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dongxia Ye
- Dept of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Scott McIntosh
- Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Dept of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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100
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Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Potential of Compounds Associated with Electronic Cigarettes: A Systematic Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1386710. [PMID: 31950030 PMCID: PMC6948324 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1386710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Many studies, comparing the health associated risks of electronic cigarettes with conventional cigarettes focus mainly on the common chemical compounds found between them. Aim Review chemical compounds found exclusively in electronic cigarettes and describe their toxic effects, focusing on electronic-cigarette-only and dual electronic-cigarette and conventional cigarette users. Data Sources Literature search was carried out using PubMed. Study Eligibility Criteria Articles related exclusively to conventional and electronic cigarettes' chemical composition. Articles which reported to be financed from tobacco or electronic cigarettes industries, not reporting source of funding, not related to the chemical composition of electronic and conventional cigarettes and not relevant to tobacco research were excluded. Methods and Results Chemical compounds reported in the selected studies were tabulated using the Chemical Abstracts Service registry number for chemical substances information. A total of 50 chemical compounds were exclusively reported to be present in electronic cigarettes. Crucial health risks identified were: eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation, with almost 50% of incidence, an increment of 10% in cytotoxic effects, when compared to compounds in common with conventional cigarettes and around 11% of compounds with unknown effects to human health. Limitations Articles reporting conflicts of interest. Conclusions and Implications of Key Findings Despite being considered as less harmful for human health, compounds found in electronic cigarettes are still a matter of research and their effects on health are yet unknown. The use of these devices is not recommended for first time users and it is considered hazardous for dual users.
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