51
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The human microbiome in sickness and in health. Rev Clin Esp 2020; 221:233-240. [PMID: 33998505 DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The study of the human microbiome has led to an exceptional increase in the current understanding of the importance of microbiota for health throughout all stages of life. Human microbial colonization occurs in the skin, genitourinary system and, mainly, in the oral cavity and intestinal tract. In these locations, the human microbiota establishes a symbiotic relationship with the host and helps maintain physiological homeostasis. Lifestyle, age, diet and use of antibiotics are the main regulators of the composition and functionality of human microbiota. Recent studies have indicated the reduction in microbial diversity as one of the contributors to the development of diseases. In addition to phylogenetic diversity studies, further metagenomic studies are needed at the functional level of the human microbiome to improve our understanding of its involvement in human health.
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52
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Stockert K. Synopsis. ALLERGIEPRÄVENTION 2020. [PMCID: PMC7121829 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-58140-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Akute entzündliche Reaktionen bzw. der akute Infekt mit Restitutio ad integrum laufen in einer perfekt modulierten Kaskade ab, bei dem eine akute inflammatorische Einleitungsphase von einer antiinflammatorischen Phase und einer Entzündungsauflösungsphase abgelöst werden.
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53
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Kumpitsch C, Koskinen K, Schöpf V, Moissl-Eichinger C. The microbiome of the upper respiratory tract in health and disease. BMC Biol 2019; 17:87. [PMID: 31699101 PMCID: PMC6836414 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The human upper respiratory tract (URT) offers a variety of niches for microbial colonization. Local microbial communities are shaped by the different characteristics of the specific location within the URT, but also by the interaction with both external and intrinsic factors, such as ageing, diseases, immune responses, olfactory function, and lifestyle habits such as smoking. We summarize here the current knowledge about the URT microbiome in health and disease, discuss methodological issues, and consider the potential of the nasal microbiome to be used for medical diagnostics and as a target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kumpitsch
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kaisa Koskinen
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Veronika Schöpf
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Present address: Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Moissl-Eichinger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
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54
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Kolbe AR, Castro-Nallar E, Preciado D, Pérez-Losada M. Altered Middle Ear Microbiome in Children With Chronic Otitis Media With Effusion and Respiratory Illnesses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:339. [PMID: 31637220 PMCID: PMC6787523 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) is a common childhood disease characterized by an accumulation of fluid behind the eardrum. COME often requires surgical intervention and can also lead to significant hearing loss and subsequent learning disabilities. Recent characterization of the middle ear fluid (MEF) microbiome in pediatric patients has led to an improved understanding of the microbiota present in the middle ear during COME. However, it is not currently known how the MEF microbiome might vary due to other conditions, particularly respiratory disorders. Here, we apply an amplicon sequence variant (ASV) pipeline to MEF 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing data from 50 children with COME (ages 3–176 months) undergoing tube placement. We achieve a more detailed taxonomic resolution than previously reported, including species and genus level resolution. Additionally, we provide the first report of the functional roles of the MEF microbiome and demonstrate that despite high taxonomic diversity, the functional capacity of the MEF microbiome remains uniform between patients. Furthermore, we analyze microbiome differences between children with COME with and without a history of lower airway disease (i.e., asthma or bronchiolitis). The MEF microbiome was less diverse in participants with lower airway disease than in patients without, and phylogenetic β-diversity (weighted UniFrac) was significantly different based on lower airway disease status. Differential abundance between patients with lower airway disease and those without was observed for the genera Haemophilus, Moraxella, Staphylococcus, Alloiococcus, and Turicella. These findings support previous suggestions of a link between COME and respiratory illnesses and emphasize the need for future study of the middle ear and respiratory tract microbiomes in diseases such as asthma and bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Kolbe
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Computational Biology Institute, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Eduardo Castro-Nallar
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Preciado
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Sheikh Zayed Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Marcos Pérez-Losada
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Computational Biology Institute, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade Do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
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55
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Man WH, Clerc M, de Steenhuijsen Piters WAA, van Houten MA, Chu MLJN, Kool J, Keijser BJF, Sanders EAM, Bogaert D. Loss of Microbial Topography between Oral and Nasopharyngeal Microbiota and Development of Respiratory Infections Early in Life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 200:760-770. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201810-1993oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Ho Man
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, and
- Spaarne Gasthuis Academy, Hoofddorp and Haarlem, the Netherlands
| | - Melanie Clerc
- Medical Research Council, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Wouter A. A. de Steenhuijsen Piters
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, and
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Medical Research Council, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mei Ling J. N. Chu
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, and
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Kool
- Microbiology and Systems Biology Group, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Zeist, the Netherlands; and
| | - Bart J. F. Keijser
- Microbiology and Systems Biology Group, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Zeist, the Netherlands; and
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. M. Sanders
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, and
| | - Debby Bogaert
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, and
- Medical Research Council, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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56
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Dai W, Wang H, Zhou Q, Li D, Feng X, Yang Z, Wang W, Qiu C, Lu Z, Xu X, Lyu M, Xie G, Li Y, Bao Y, Liu Y, Shen K, Yao K, Feng X, Yang Y, Zhou K, Li S, Zheng Y. An integrated respiratory microbial gene catalogue to better understand the microbial aetiology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Gigascience 2019; 8:giz093. [PMID: 31367746 PMCID: PMC6669060 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The imbalanced respiratory microbiota observed in pneumonia causes high morbidity and mortality in childhood. Respiratory metagenomic analysis demands a comprehensive microbial gene catalogue, which will significantly advance our understanding of host-microorganism interactions. RESULTS We collected 334 respiratory microbial samples from 171 healthy children and 76 children with pneumonia. The respiratory microbial gene catalogue we established comprised 2.25 million non-redundant microbial genes, covering 90.52% of prevalent genes. The major oropharyngeal microbial species found in healthy children were Prevotella and Streptococcus. In children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP), oropharyngeal microbial diversity and associated gene numbers decreased compared with those of healthy children. The concurrence network of oropharyngeal microorganisms in patients predominantly featured Staphylococcus spp. and M. pneumoniae. Functional orthologues, which are associated with the metabolism of various lipids, membrane transport, and signal transduction, accumulated in the oropharyngeal microbiome of children with pneumonia. Several antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factor genes were identified in the genomes of M. pneumoniae and 13 other microorganisms reconstructed via metagenomic data. Although the common macrolide/β-lactam resistance genes were not identified in the assembled M. pneumoniae genome, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (A2063G) related to macrolide resistance was identified in a 23S ribosomal RNA gene. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study will facilitate exploration of unknown microbial components and host-microorganism interactions in studies of the respiratory microbiome. They will also yield further insights into the microbial aetiology of MPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkui Dai
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Heping Wang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Microbial Research, WeHealthGene Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Dongfang Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Department of Microbial Research, WeHealthGene Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Department of Microbial Research, WeHealthGene Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
| | - Chuangzhao Qiu
- Department of Microbial Research, WeHealthGene Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Zhiwei Lu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Institute of Statistics, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mengxuan Lyu
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Gan Xie
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
| | - Yinhu Li
- Department of Microbial Research, WeHealthGene Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yanmin Bao
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Microbial Research, WeHealthGene Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Kunling Shen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Kaihu Yao
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Xikang Feng
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yonghong Yang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
- Department of Microbial Research, WeHealthGene Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuaicheng Li
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuejie Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518026, China
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57
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Powell EA, Fontanella S, Boakes E, Belgrave D, Shaw AG, Cornwell E, Fernandez-Crespo R, Fink CG, Custovic A, Kroll JS. Temporal association of the development of oropharyngeal microbiota with early life wheeze in a population-based birth cohort. EBioMedicine 2019; 46:486-498. [PMID: 31353293 PMCID: PMC6710983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A critical window in infancy has been proposed, during which the microbiota may affect subsequent health. The longitudinal development of the oropharyngeal microbiota is under-studied and may be associated with early-life wheeze. We aimed to investigate the temporal association of the development of the oropharyngeal microbiota with early-life wheeze. METHODS A population-based birth cohort based in London, UK was followed for 24 months. We collected oropharyngeal swabs at six time-points. Microbiota was determined using sequencing of the V3-V5 region of the 16S rRNA-encoding gene. Medical records were reviewed for the outcome of doctor diagnosed wheeze. We used a time-varying model to investigate the temporal association between the development of microbiota and doctor-diagnosed wheeze. FINDINGS 159 participants completed the study to 24 months and for 98 there was complete sequencing data at all timepoints and outcome data. Of these, 26 had doctor-diagnosed wheeze. We observed significant increase in the abundance of Neisseria between 9 and 24 months in children who developed wheeze (p = 0∙003), while in those without wheezing there was a significant increment in the abundance of Granulicatella (p = 0∙012) between 9 and 12 months, and of Prevotella (p = 0∙018) after 18 months. INTERPRETATION A temporal association between the respiratory commensal Granulicatella and also Prevotella with wheeze (negative), and between Neisseria and wheeze (positive) was identified in infants prior to one year of age. This adds to evidence for the proposed role of the microbiota in the development of wheeze. FUND: Research funding from the Winnicott Foundation, Meningitis Now and Micropathology Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Powell
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Sara Fontanella
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Eve Boakes
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Danielle Belgrave
- Microsoft Research Cambridge, 21 Station Road, Cambridge CB1 2FB, UK
| | - Alex G Shaw
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Emma Cornwell
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Crespo
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Colin G Fink
- Micropathology Ltd, The Venture Centre, Sir William Lyons Road, University of Warwick Science Park, Coventry CV4 7EZ, UK
| | - Adnan Custovic
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - J Simon Kroll
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
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58
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Abstract
The use of next-generation sequencing and multiomic analysis reveals new insights on the identity of microbes in the lower airways blurring the lines between commensals and pathogens. Microbes are not found in isolation; rather they form complex metacommunities where microbe-host and microbe-microbe interactions play important roles on the host susceptibility to pathogens. In addition, the lower airway microbiota exert significant effects on host immune tone. Thus, this review highlights the roles that microbes in the respiratory tract play in the development of pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Wu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU Human Microbiome Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Leopoldo N Segal
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU Human Microbiome Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10028, USA.
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59
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Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in children < 5 years of age worldwide. Among all respiratory viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the world's leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children. There are known populations at risk for severe disease but the majority of children who require hospitalization for RSV infection are previously healthy. Viral and host factors have been associated with the pathogenesis of RSV disease; however, the mechanisms that explain the wide variability in the clinical presentation are not completely understood. Recent studies suggest that the complex interaction between the respiratory microbiome, the host's immune response and the virus may have an impact on the pathogenesis and severity of RSV infection. In this review, we summarize the current evidence regarding the epidemiologic link, the mechanisms of viral-bacterial interactions, and the associations between the upper respiratory tract microbiome and RSV disease severity.
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60
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Dubourg G, Edouard S, Raoult D. Relationship between nasopharyngeal microbiota and patient's susceptibility to viral infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:437-447. [PMID: 31106653 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1621168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The burden of respiratory viral infections is a global public health concern with significant mortality, morbidity, and economic impact. While Koch's postulate led to considering only the etiological agent, numerous works have demonstrated that commensal microbes could contribute to both the susceptibility and the severity of these infections, in particular those of the nasopharynx. Areas covered: Herein, we first propose to briefly recall the historical background that led to considering microbes inhabiting the nasopharyngeal microbiota as a potential contributor to human viral infections. We describe the evolution of the normal nasopharyngeal microbiota composition over time, especially during the first year of life. We aimed to resume the changes of the nasopharyngeal microbiota during viral respiratory infections. We also develop how nasopharyngeal microbiota could contribute to the acquisition of respiratory viral infections. We finally provide the potential therapeutic perspectives deriving from these findings. Expert opinion: Prospective studies focusing on children have identified that nasopharyngeal microbiota composition is associated with predisposition to acute respiratory illness and bronchiolitis, while data are scarce regarding adults. For the latter, further works are needed, in particular as a part of the multi-OMICS approach that should probably be performed in conjunction with gut microbiota studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Dubourg
- a IRD, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI) , Aix Marseille University , Marseille , France.,b IHU-Méditerranée Infection , Marseille , France
| | - Sophie Edouard
- a IRD, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI) , Aix Marseille University , Marseille , France.,b IHU-Méditerranée Infection , Marseille , France
| | - Didier Raoult
- a IRD, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI) , Aix Marseille University , Marseille , France.,b IHU-Méditerranée Infection , Marseille , France
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61
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Toivonen L, Hasegawa K, Waris M, Ajami NJ, Petrosino JF, Camargo CA, Peltola V. Early nasal microbiota and acute respiratory infections during the first years of life. Thorax 2019; 74:592-599. [PMID: 31076501 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence shows that airway microbiota may modulate local immune responses, thereby contributing to the susceptibility and severity of acute respiratory infections (ARIs). However, there are little data on the longitudinal relationships between airway microbiota and susceptibility to ARIs in children. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the association of early nasal microbiota and the subsequent risk of ARIs during the first years of life. METHODS In this prospective population-based birth-cohort study in Finland, we followed 839 healthy infants for ARIs from birth to age 24 months. Nasal microbiota was tested using 16S rRNA gene sequencing at age 2 months. We applied an unsupervised clustering approach to identify early nasal microbiota profiles, and examined the association of profiles with the rate of ARIs during age 2-24 months. RESULTS We identified five nasal microbiota profiles dominated by Moraxella, Streptococcus, Dolosigranulum, Staphylococcus and Corynebacteriaceae, respectively. Incidence rate of ARIs was highest in children with an early Moraxella-dominant profile and lowest in those with a Corynebacteriaceae-dominant profile (738 vs 552/100 children years; unadjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR), 1.34; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.54; p < 0.001). After adjusting for nine potential confounders, the Moraxella-dominant profile-ARI association persisted (adjusted IRR (aIRR), 1.19; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.37; p = 0.01). Similarly, the incidence rate of lower respiratory tract infections (a subset of all ARIs) was significantly higher in children with an early Moraxella-dominant profile (aIRR, 2.79; 95% CI 1.04 to 8.09; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Moraxella-dominant nasal microbiota profile in early infancy was associated with an increased rate of ARIs during the first 2 years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Toivonen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA .,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kohei Hasegawa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matti Waris
- Virology Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Nadim J Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ville Peltola
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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62
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Zaidi SR, Blakey JD. Why are people with asthma susceptible to pneumonia? A review of factors related to upper airway bacteria. Respirology 2019; 24:423-430. [PMID: 30887658 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and pneumonia are common respiratory conditions globally, affecting individuals of all ages. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the predominant bacterial cause of pneumonia, with nasopharyngeal carriage an important step towards invasive and pulmonary disease. Vaccines provide individual protection, and also prevent nasopharyngeal carriage, providing herd immunity. Asthma is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia, but there is limited information on the underlying mechanism of this predisposition. Both asthma and its treatment may conceivably alter propensity to, and density of, carriage through an altered epithelial microenvironment driven by disease-related inflammation or treatment-related immunomodulation, for example with inhaled corticosteroids. The relative importance of these factors could impact the efficacy of vaccines in this vulnerable patient population. In this review, we summarize the evidence for an increased risk of pneumonia in asthma, and discuss factors affecting nasopharyngeal carriage in the context of current guidelines for pneumococcal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seher R Zaidi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - John D Blakey
- Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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63
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Fink NR, Chawes B, Bønnelykke K, Thorsen J, Stokholm J, Rasmussen MA, Brix S, Bisgaard H. Levels of Systemic Low-grade Inflammation in Pregnant Mothers and Their Offspring are Correlated. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3043. [PMID: 30816254 PMCID: PMC6395736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a marker of systemic low-grade inflammation and associated with chronic inflammatory diseases. It is unknown whether maternal and infant hs-CRP levels are correlated and little is known about risk factors in early childhood. Hs-CRP were measured in mothers during pregnancy week 24 (N = 690), and one-week postpartum (N = 675) and in their children age 6 mo (N = 640) enrolled in the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood2010 (COPSAC2010) cohort. The risk factor analysis included anthropometrics, environmental exposures and CRP-Genetic Risk Score (GRS). Mother's body mass index (BMI), use of antibiotics, smoking, cesarean delivery and season were associated with higher maternal hs-CRP level, whereas higher social circumstances were associated with lower hs-CRP level (p < 0.05). Child's BMI, siblings, bacterial airway colonization, current infection, CRP-genetic risk score and season were associated with higher hs-CRP at age 6 mo (all p < 0.05). Mother's hs-CRP level in pregnancy week 24 was associated with hs-CRP level in the child at 6 mo: β-coefficient = 0.11 [95% CI: 0.01-0.20], R2 = 0.22, p = 0.03. The association was unchanged adjusted for all significant risk factors. Systemic low-grade inflammation in pregnant mothers and their offspring is correlated independently of BMI, environmental exposures and genetic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Rahman Fink
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Chawes
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Thorsen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Morten Arendt Rasmussen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Brix
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Walker RE, Walker CG, Camargo CA, Bartley J, Flint D, Thompson JMD, Mitchell EA. Nasal microbial composition and chronic otitis media with effusion: A case-control study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212473. [PMID: 30794625 PMCID: PMC6386383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) in children can cause prolonged hearing loss, which is associated with an increased risk of learning delays and behavioural problems. Dispersal of bacterial pathogens from the nasal passages to the middle ear is implicated in COME. We sought to determine whether there is an association between nasal microbial composition and COME in children. METHODS A case-control study of children aged 3 and 4 years was conducted. Cases undergoing placement of tympanostomy tubes for COME were compared to healthy controls. Nasal swabs were collected and a questionnaire was administered. The V1-3 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified, and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq. RESULTS 73 children with COME had a lower Shannon diversity index than 105 healthy controls (1.62 [.80] versus 1.88 [.84], respectively; P = .046). The nasal microbiota of cases and controls differed in composition using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity (p = 0.002). Children with COME had a higher abundance of otopathogens and lower abundance of commensals including alpha haemolytic Streptococci and Lactococcus. Cluster analysis revealed 4 distinct nasal microbial profiles. Profiles that were Corynebacterium-dominated (aOR 4.18 [95%CI, 1.68-10.39], Streptococcus-dominated (aOR 3.12 [95%CI, 1.08-9.06], or Moraxella-dominated (aOR 4.70 [95%CI, 1.73-12.80] were associated with COME, compared to a more mixed microbial profile when controlling for age, ethnicity, and recent antibiotics use. CONCLUSIONS Children with COME have a less diverse nasal microbial composition with a higher abundance of pathogens, compared to healthy children who have a more mixed bacterial profile with a higher abundance of commensals. Further research is required to determine how nasal microbiota may relate to the pathogenesis or maintenance of COME, and whether modification of the nasal microbiota can prevent or treat children at risk of COME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Walker
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Caroline G. Walker
- Centre for Longitudinal Research–He Ara ki Mua, Department of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Carlos A. Camargo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jim Bartley
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Counties-Manukau District Health Board, Manukau SuperClinic, Manukau City, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Flint
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Counties-Manukau District Health Board, Manukau SuperClinic, Manukau City, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John M. D. Thompson
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Edwin A. Mitchell
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Vanker A, Nduru PM, Barnett W, Dube FS, Sly PD, Gie RP, Nicol MP, Zar HJ. Indoor air pollution and tobacco smoke exposure: impact on nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage in mothers and infants in an African birth cohort study. ERJ Open Res 2019; 5:00052-2018. [PMID: 30740462 PMCID: PMC6360211 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00052-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor air pollution (IAP) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure may influence nasopharyngeal carriage of bacterial species and development of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). The aim of this study was to longitudinally investigate the impact of antenatal or postnatal IAP/ETS exposure on nasopharyngeal bacteria in mothers and infants. A South African cohort study followed mother-infant pairs from birth through the first year. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken at birth, 6 and 12 months for bacterial culture. Multivariable and multivariate Poisson regression investigated associations between nasopharyngeal bacterial species and IAP/ETS. IAP exposures (particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds) were measured at home visits. ETS exposure was measured through maternal and infant urine cotinine. Infants received the 13-valent pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae B conjugate vaccines. There were 881 maternal and 2605 infant nasopharyngeal swabs. Antenatal ETS exposure was associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in mothers (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 1.73 (95% CI 1.03-2.92)) while postnatal ETS exposure was associated with carriage in infants (aRR 1.14 (95% CI 1.00-1.30)) Postnatal particulate matter exposure was associated with the nasopharyngeal carriage of H. influenzae (aRR 1.68 (95% CI 1.10- 2.57)) or Moraxella catarrhalis (aRR 1.42 (95% CI 1.03-1.97)) in infants. Early-life environmental exposures are associated with an increased prevalence of specific nasopharyngeal bacteria during infancy, which may predispose to LRTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesa Vanker
- Dept of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, and SAMRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Polite M. Nduru
- Dept of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, and SAMRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Whitney Barnett
- Dept of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, and SAMRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Felix S. Dube
- Dept of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Dept of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter D. Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert P. Gie
- Dept of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark P. Nicol
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Dept of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather J. Zar
- Dept of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, and SAMRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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66
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Sensitivity of multiple breath washout to detect mild-to-moderate asthma in adolescence. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2019; 7:2052-2054.e5. [PMID: 30708145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Neonatal Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia Induces an Aberrant Airway Smooth Muscle Phenotype and AHR in Mice Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1948519. [PMID: 30723734 PMCID: PMC6339730 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1948519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that neonatal S. pneumoniae infection aggravated airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in an OVA-induced allergic asthma model. As airway smooth muscle (ASM) plays a pivotal role in AHR development, we aim to investigate the effects of neonatal S. pneumoniae pneumonia on ASM structure and AHR development. Non-lethal neonatal pneumonia was established by intranasally infecting 1-week-old BALB/C mice with the S. pneumoniae strain D39. Five weeks after infection, the lungs were collected to assess the levels of α-SMA and the contractile proteins of ASM. Our results indicate that neonatal S. pneumoniae pneumonia significantly increased adulthood lung α-SMA and SMMHC proteins production and aggravated airway inflammatory cells infiltration and cytokines release. In addition, the neonatal S. pneumoniae pneumonia group had significantly higher Penh values compared to the uninfected controls. These data suggest that neonatal S. pneumoniae pneumonia promoted an aberrant ASM phenotype and AHR development in mice model.
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68
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Abstract
Antenatal and preschool factors are key in determining the progression to pre-school wheeze and eosinophilic school age asthma. The conventional view of eosinophilic asthma is that airway inflammation is the fundamental underlying abnormality, and airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness are secondary; in fact, these three are parallel processes. Very early structural changes, independent of inflammation and infection, are associated with early airway hyper-responsiveness and later adverse respiratory outcomes. There is a bidirectional relationship between structural airway wall changes and airway inflammation, with airway contraction per se leading to the release of growth factors, and inflammatory pathways promoting airway remodeling. Early viral infection (and increasingly being appreciated, bacterial infection) is important in wheeze outcomes. There is evidence of abnormal immune function including cytokine release before the onset of viral infections. However, viral infections may also have prolonged effects on the host immune system, and the evidence for beneficial and adverse effects of viral infection is conflicting. In older children and adults, asthmatic epithelial cells show impaired interferon responses to viral infection, but only in the presence of uncontrolled type 2 inflammation, implying these are secondary phenomena. There are also compelling data relating the innate immune system to later asthma and atopy, and animal studies suggest that the effects of a high endotoxin, microbiologically diverse environment may be modulated via the epithelial alarmin IL-33. Whereas, previously only viral infection was thought to be important, early bacterial colonization of the upper airway is coming to the fore, associated with a mixed pattern of TH1/TH2/TH17 cytokine secretion, and adverse long term outcomes. Bacterial colonization is probably a marker of a subtle immune deficiency, rather than directly causal. The airway and gut microbiome critically impacts the development of Type 2 inflammatory responses. However, Type 2 inflammatory cytokines, which are critical both to progression from pre-school wheeze to eosinophilic asthma, and sustaining the eosinophilic asthmatic state, are not implicated in the very early development of the disease. Taken together, the evidence is that the earliest cytokine and chemokine signals will come from the study of bronchial epithelial cell function and their interactions with viruses and the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bush
- Departments of Paediatrics and Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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69
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Pang Z, Wang G, Gibson P, Guan X, Zhang W, Zheng R, Chen F, Wang Z, Wang F. Airway Microbiome in Different Inflammatory Phenotypes of Asthma: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northeast China. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:477-485. [PMID: 30911282 PMCID: PMC6428974 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.29433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Asthma is a common respiratory disease with a high prevalence and morbidity that can seriously affect quality of life. Microbial colonization of the airway may participate in the pathogenesis of asthma, however the mechanisms involved have not been established. In the present study, we aimed to determine the composition of the microbiota in different asthmatic phenotypes from Northeast China. Methods: 24 mild-to-moderate asthmatics (10 eosinophilic asthma and 14 non-eosinophilic asthma) and 12 healthy volunteers participated in this cross-sectional study. DNA was extracted from their induced sputum and amplified for 16s rRNA gene sequencing on Illumina Miseq platform. Bioinformatic analysis on the microbiome was performed. Results: Alpha-diversity analysis showed that the asthmatics had a decreased richness, evenness and diversity. Non-eosinophilic asthmatics showed a decreased richness, evenness and diversity compared with eosinophilic patients. A different taxonomy of 1 phylum and 6 genera taxa between the phenotypes was identified. Compared with heathy controls, asthmatics existed a larger taxonomic difference (P<0.05 for both EA and NEA vs. HC). 5 genera as the dominance in the microbial co-occurrence network correlated with the spirometry and disease progression of asthma. The function of microbiota genes was predicted to be related with infectious, immune and metabolic diseases. Conclusion: The diversity and composition of the airway microbiome was associated with the pathogenesis of asthma in different phenotypes. The diverse composition has been identified in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Pang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peter Gibson
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Xuewa Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Third Department of Respiratory Disease, Jilin Provincial People's Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Ruipeng Zheng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Interventional Therapy, Bethune First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyan Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Abstract
The recent Lancet commission has highlighted that "asthma" should be used to describe a clinical syndrome of wheeze, breathlessness, chest tightness, and sometimes cough. The next step is to deconstruct the airway into components of fixed and variable airflow obstruction, inflammation, infection and altered cough reflex, setting the airway disease in the context of extra-pulmonary co-morbidities and social and environmental factors. The emphasis is always on delineating treatable traits, including variable airflow obstruction caused by airway smooth muscle constriction (treated with short- and long-acting β-2 agonists), eosinophilic airway inflammation (treated with inhaled corticosteroids) and chronic bacterial infection (treated with antibiotics with benefit if it is driving the disease). It is also important not to over-treat the untreatable, such as fixed airflow obstruction. These can all be determined using simple, non-invasive tests such as spirometry before and after acute administration of a bronchodilator (reversible airflow obstruction); peripheral blood eosinophil count, induced sputum, exhaled nitric oxide (airway eosinophilia); and sputum or cough swab culture (bacterial infection). Additionally, the pathophysiology of risk domains must be considered: these are risk of an asthma attack, risk of poor airway growth, and in pre-school children, risk of progression to eosinophilic school age asthma. Phenotyping the airway will allow more precise diagnosis and targeted treatment, but it is important to move to endotypes, especially in the era of increasing numbers of biologicals. Advances in -omics technology allow delineation of pathways, which will be particularly important in TH2 low eosinophilic asthma, and also pauci-inflammatory disease. It is very important to appreciate the difficulties of cluster analysis; a patient may have eosinophilic airway disease because of a steroid resistant endotype, because of non-adherence to basic treatment, and a surge in environmental allergen burden. Sophisticated -omics approaches will be reviewed in this manuscript, but currently they are not being used in clinical practice. However, even while they are being evaluated, management of the asthmas can and should be improved by considering the pathophysiologies of the different airway diseases lumped under that umbrella term, using simple, non-invasive tests which are readily available, and treating accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bush
- Departments of Paediatrics and Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Rahman Fink N, Chawes BL, Thorsen J, Stokholm J, Krogfelt KA, Schjørring S, Kragh M, Bønnelykke K, Brix S, Bisgaard H. Neonates colonized with pathogenic bacteria in the airways have a low-grade systemic inflammation. Allergy 2018; 73:2150-2159. [PMID: 29672858 DOI: 10.1111/all.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The development of childhood asthma is associated with neonatal colonization with pathogenic bacteria in hypopharynx. Furthermore, established asthma is associated with systemic low-grade inflammation. We here report on the association between neonatal colonization with pathogenic bacteria in hypopharynx and the development of systemic low-grade inflammation. METHODS Bacterial colonization of the hypopharynx with Moraxella catharralis, Haemophilus influenzae, and/or Streptococcus pneumoniae was assessed in asymptomatic children from the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood2000 (COPSAC2000 ) cohort at age 1 month by culturing technique (N = 238) and by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique (N = 249) and in the COPSAC2010 cohort by culturing at age 1 month (N = 622) and again at age 3 months (N = 613). Systemic low-grade inflammation was determined in both cohorts at age 6 months by measuring plasma levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (lL-6). RESULTS In both cohorts, bacterial colonization was associated with increased levels of hs-CRP: COPSAC2000 , 1 month culturing (geometric mean ratio of colonized/noncolonized [95% CI]), 1.39 [0.97-2.01], P = .08; 1 month qPCR, 1.55 [1.14-2.10], P < .01; COPSAC2010 , 1 month, 1.52 [1.23-1.87], P < .01; and 3 month, 1.57 [1.30-1.90], P < .01. A multiparametric principal component analysis incorporating hs-CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 confirmed a systemic inflammatory profile in children colonized with M. catharralis, H. influenzae. and/or S. pneumoniae in the hypopharynx compared to noncolonized children (P-values < .05). CONCLUSION The composition of the upper airway microbiome in early life may cause systemic low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Rahman Fink
- COPSAC; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - B. L. Chawes
- COPSAC; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. Thorsen
- COPSAC; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - J. Stokholm
- COPSAC; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - K. A. Krogfelt
- Bacterial Infections; Department of Bacteria; Parasites and Fungi; Statens Serum Institut; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Schjørring
- Bacterial Infections; Department of Bacteria; Parasites and Fungi; Statens Serum Institut; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. Kragh
- Disease Systems Immunology; Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine; Technical University of Denmark; Lyngby Denmark
| | - K. Bønnelykke
- COPSAC; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Brix
- Disease Systems Immunology; Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine; Technical University of Denmark; Lyngby Denmark
| | - H. Bisgaard
- COPSAC; Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Jackson WM, O’Shea TM, Allred EN, Laughon MM, Gower WA, Leviton A. Risk factors for chronic lung disease and asthma differ among children born extremely preterm. Pediatr Pulmonol 2018; 53:1533-1540. [PMID: 30160065 PMCID: PMC6716602 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the hypothesis that chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLD) is a risk factor for asthma in children born extremely preterm, and the hypothesis that the risk factors for CLD are similar to those for asthma. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed using data collected prospectively from 882 children born before the 28th week of gestation between 2002 and 2004 who returned for follow-up at ages 12 and 24 months and 10 years. We created time-oriented logistic regression models to compare risk factors for CLD, defined as need for supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks postmenstrual age, and parent-reported asthma at 10 years of age. RESULTS CLD diagnosed during neonatal admission was associated with bronchodilator use at 12 months and 24 months (P < 0.001), but not with an asthma diagnosis at 10 years (Odds Ratio 1.3; 95% confidence interval 0.98-1.8). While risk factors for CLD include lower gestational age (OR 2.7; 1.5-4.7) and fetal growth restriction (OR 2.3; 1.4-3.7), risk factors for asthma include mother's eligibility for public insurance (Medicaid) (OR 1.8; 1.1-2.8), and higher weight gain velocity during the first year (OR 1.5; 1.02-2.2) and between the 2nd and 10th year (OR 1.7; 1.2-2.4). CONCLUSIONS Among children born extremely preterm, the diagnosis of CLD and its antecedents were associated with transient preschool wheezing, but not with asthma. Post-NICU factors, such as growth velocity and socioeconomic disadvantage, appear to have stronger associations with asthma than exposures during NICU admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley M. Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - T. Michael O’Shea
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth N. Allred
- Departments of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew M. Laughon
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - W. Adam Gower
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alan Leviton
- Departments of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Pérez-Losada M, Authelet KJ, Hoptay CE, Kwak C, Crandall KA, Freishtat RJ. Pediatric asthma comprises different phenotypic clusters with unique nasal microbiotas. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:179. [PMID: 30286807 PMCID: PMC6172741 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in the USA, currently affecting ~ 7 million children. This heterogeneous syndrome is thought to encompass various disease phenotypes of clinically observable characteristics, which can be statistically identified by applying clustering approaches to patient clinical information. Extensive evidence has shown that the airway microbiome impacts both clinical heterogeneity and pathogenesis in pediatric asthma. Yet, so far, airway microbiotas have been consistently neglected in the study of asthma phenotypes. Here, we couple extensive clinical information with 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing to characterize the microbiota of the nasal cavity in 163 children and adolescents clustered into different asthma phenotypes. RESULTS Our clustering analyses identified three statistically distinct phenotypes of pediatric asthma. Four core OTUs of the pathogenic genera Moraxella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus were present in at least 95% of the studied nasal microbiotas. Phyla (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes) and genera (Moraxella, Corynebacterium, Dolosigranulum, and Prevotella) abundances, community composition, and structure varied significantly (0.05 < P ≤ 0.0001) across asthma phenotypes and one of the clinical variables (preterm birth). Similarly, microbial networks of co-occurrence of bacterial genera revealed different bacterial associations across asthma phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that children and adolescents with different clinical characteristics of asthma also show different nasal bacterial profiles, which is indicative of different phenotypes of the disease. Our work also shows how clinical and microbial information could be integrated to validate and refine asthma classification systems and develop biomarkers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Pérez-Losada
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health,, George Washington University, Innovation Hall, Suite 305, 45085 University Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147 USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052 USA
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Kayla J Authelet
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010 USA
| | - Claire E Hoptay
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010 USA
| | - Christine Kwak
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010 USA
| | - Keith A Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health,, George Washington University, Innovation Hall, Suite 305, 45085 University Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147 USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052 USA
| | - Robert J Freishtat
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20010 USA
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Severe bronchiolitis profiles and risk of recurrent wheeze by age 3 years. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1371-1379.e7. [PMID: 30240701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A better understanding of bronchiolitis heterogeneity might help clarify its relationship with the development of recurrent wheezing and asthma. OBJECTIVES We sought to identify severe bronchiolitis profiles using a clustering approach and to investigate for the first time their association with allergy/inflammatory biomarkers, nasopharyngeal microbiota, and development of recurrent wheezing by age 3 years. METHODS We analyzed data from a prospective, 17-center US cohort study of 921 infants (age <1 year) hospitalized with bronchiolitis (2011-2014 winters) with posthospitalization follow-up. Severe bronchiolitis profiles at baseline (hospitalization) were determined by using latent class analysis based on clinical factors and viral etiology. Blood biomarkers and nasopharyngeal microbiota profiles were determined by using samples collected within 24 hours of hospitalization. Recurrent wheezing by age 3 years was defined based on parental report of breathing problem episodes after discharge. RESULTS Three severe bronchiolitis profiles were identified: profile A (15%), which was characterized by a history of breathing problems/eczema during infancy and non-respiratory syncytial virus (mostly rhinovirus) infection; profile B (49%), which has the largest probability of respiratory syncytial virus infection and resembled classic respiratory syncytial virus-induced bronchiolitis; and profile C (36%), which was composed of the most severely ill group. Profile A infants had higher eosinophil counts, higher cathelicidin levels, and increased proportions of Haemophilus-dominant or Moraxella-dominant microbiota profiles. Compared with profile B, we observed significantly increased risk of recurrent wheezing in children with profile A (hazard ratio, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.90-3.68) and, to a lesser extent, with profile C (hazard ratio, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.14-2.01). CONCLUSION Although longer follow-up is needed, our results might help identify, among children hospitalized for bronchiolitis, subgroups with particularly increased risk of asthma.
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Jeron A, Boehme JD, Volckmar J, Gereke M, Yevsa T, Geffers R, Guzmán CA, Schreiber J, Stegemann-Koniszewski S, Bruder D. Respiratory Bordetella bronchiseptica Carriage is Associated with Broad Phenotypic Alterations of Peripheral CD4⁺CD25⁺ T Cells and Differentially Affects Immune Responses to Secondary Non-Infectious and Infectious Stimuli in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2602. [PMID: 30200513 PMCID: PMC6165163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to the environment and displays a favorable niche for colonizing microorganisms. However, the effects of respiratory bacterial carriage on the immune system and its implications for secondary responses remain largely unclear. We have employed respiratory carriage with Bordetella bronchiseptica as the underlying model to comprehensively address effects on subsequent immune responses. Carriage was associated with the stimulation of Bordetella-specific CD4⁺, CD8⁺, and CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ T cell responses, and broad transcriptional activation was observed in CD4⁺CD25⁺ T cells. Importantly, transfer of leukocytes from carriers to acutely B. bronchiseptica infected mice, resulted in a significantly increased bacterial burden in the recipient's upper respiratory tract. In contrast, we found that respiratory B. bronchiseptica carriage resulted in a significant benefit for the host in systemic infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Adaptive responses to vaccination and influenza A virus infection, were unaffected by B. bronchiseptica carriage. These data showed that there were significant immune modulatory processes triggered by B. bronchiseptica carriage, that differentially affect subsequent immune responses. Therefore, our results demonstrated the complexity of immune regulation induced by respiratory bacterial carriage, which can be beneficial or detrimental to the host, depending on the pathogen and the considered compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jeron
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Julia D Boehme
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Julia Volckmar
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Marcus Gereke
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Tetyana Yevsa
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jens Schreiber
- Experimental Pneumology, University Hospital for Pneumology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Sabine Stegemann-Koniszewski
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
- Experimental Pneumology, University Hospital for Pneumology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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76
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Pasanen A, Karjalainen MK, Kummola L, Waage J, Bønnelykke K, Ruotsalainen M, Piippo-Savolainen E, Goksör E, Nuolivirta K, Chawes B, Vissing N, Bisgaard H, Jartti T, Wennergren G, Junttila I, Hallman M, Korppi M, Rämet M. NKG2D gene variation and susceptibility to viral bronchiolitis in childhood. Pediatr Res 2018; 84:451-457. [PMID: 29967528 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors associated with bronchiolitis are inadequately characterized. We therefore inspected a selected subpopulation of our previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) of bronchiolitis for overlap with known quantitative trait loci (QTLs) to identify susceptibility loci that potentially affect mRNA and protein levels. METHODS GWAS included a Finnish-Swedish case-control population (n = 187), matched for age and site. We integrated GWAS variants (p < 10-4) with QTL data. We subsequently verified allele-specific expression of identified QTLs by flow cytometry. Association of the resulting candidate loci with bronchiolitis was tested in three additional cohorts from Finland and Denmark (n = 1201). RESULTS Bronchiolitis-susceptibility variant rs10772271 resided within QTLs previously associated with NKG2D (NK group 2, member D) mRNA and protein levels. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed the association with protein level in NK cells. The GWAS susceptibility allele (A) of rs10772271 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.34) corresponded with decreased NKG2D expression. The allele was nominally associated with bronchiolitis in one Finnish replicate (OR = 1.50), and the other showed directional consistency (OR = 1.43). No association was detected in Danish population CONCLUSIONS: The bronchiolitis GWAS susceptibility allele was linked to decreased NKG2D expression in the QTL data and in our expression analysis. We propose that reduced NKG2D expression predisposes infants to severe bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Pasanen
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Department of Children and Adolescents, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Minna K Karjalainen
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Department of Children and Adolescents, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura Kummola
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Johannes Waage
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marja Ruotsalainen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eija Piippo-Savolainen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Emma Goksör
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Gothenburg, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kirsi Nuolivirta
- Department of Pediatrics, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Bo Chawes
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nadja Vissing
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Göran Wennergren
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Gothenburg, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ilkka Junttila
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikko Hallman
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Department of Children and Adolescents, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Korppi
- Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Rämet
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, and Department of Children and Adolescents, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014, Finland
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77
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Abstract
The original version of the hygiene hypothesis suggested that infections transmitted early in life by "unhygienic contact" prevented allergies. Examples were endemic fecal-oral infections by viral, bacterial, or protozoic pathogens, such as hepatitis A virus, Helicobacter pylori, or Toxoplasma gondii. Later, this concept also included microorganisms beyond pathogens, such as commensals and symbionts, and the hygiene hypothesis was extended to inflammatory diseases in general. An impressive illustration of the hygiene hypothesis was found in the consistent farm effect on asthma and allergies, which has partly been attributed to immunomodulatory properties of endotoxin as emitted by livestock. Assessment of environmental microorganisms by molecular techniques suggested an additional protective effect of microbial diversity on asthma beyond atopy. Whether microbial diversity stands for a higher probability to encounter protective clusters of microorganisms or whether it is a proxy of a balanced environmental exposure remains elusive. Diversity of the mucosal microbiome of the upper airways probably reflects an undisturbed balance of beneficial microorganisms and pathogens, such as Moraxella catarrhalis, which has been associated with subsequent development of asthma and pneumonia. In addition, specific fermenters of plant fibers, such as the genera Ruminococcus and Bacteroides, have been implied in asthma protection through production of short-chain fatty acids, volatile substances with the capability to reduce T-helper cell type 2-mediated allergic airway inflammation. Evolutionary thinking may offer a key to understanding noncommunicable inflammatory diseases as delayed adaptation to a world of fast and profound environmental changes. Better adaptation may be fostered by growing insight into the interplay between man and microbiome and an adequate choice of the environmental exposure.
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78
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Vissing NH, Chawes BL, Rasmussen MA, Bisgaard H. Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Infection in Early Childhood. Pediatrics 2018; 141:peds.2017-0933. [PMID: 29794229 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-0933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a large, unexplained variation in the frequency of childhood infections. We described incidence and risk factors of infections in early childhood. METHODS Simple infections were captured during the first 3 years of life in the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2000 birth cohort. Environmental exposures were analyzed by quasi-Poisson regression and sparse principal component analysis. RESULTS The 334 children experienced a median of 14 (range 2-43) infectious episodes at ages 0 to 3 years. The overall rate of infections was associated with the number of children in the day care (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 1.09 [1.2-1.16]) and the m2 per child in the day care (aIRR 0.96 [0.92-0.99]). Upper respiratory infections were also associated with the number of children in the day care (aIRR 1.11 [1.03-1.20]) and the m2 per child in the day care (aIRR 0.95 [0.91-0.99]), whereas lower respiratory infections were associated with caesarean section (aIRR 1.49 [1.12-1.99]), maternal smoking (aIRR 1.66 [1.18-2.33]), older siblings (aIRR 1.54 [1.19-2.01]), and the age at entry to day care (aIRR 0.77 [0.65-0.91]). The sparse principal component analysis revealed a risk factor profile driven by tobacco exposure, social circumstances, and domestic pets, but could only be used to explain 8.4% of the infection burden. CONCLUSIONS Children experienced around 14 infections during the first 3 years of life, but incidences varied greatly. Environmental exposures only explained a small fraction of the variation, suggesting host factors as major determinants of infectious burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Hawwa Vissing
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Lund Chawes
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Arendt Rasmussen
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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79
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Park DE, Baggett HC, Howie SRC, Shi Q, Watson NL, Brooks WA, Deloria Knoll M, Hammitt LL, Kotloff KL, Levine OS, Madhi SA, Murdoch DR, O'Brien KL, Scott JAG, Thea DM, Ahmed D, Antonio M, Baillie VL, DeLuca AN, Driscoll AJ, Fu W, Gitahi CW, Olutunde E, Higdon MM, Hossain L, Karron RA, Maiga AA, Maloney SA, Moore DP, Morpeth SC, Mwaba J, Mwenechanya M, Prosperi C, Sylla M, Thamthitiwat S, Zeger SL, Feikin DR. Colonization Density of the Upper Respiratory Tract as a Predictor of Pneumonia-Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pneumocystis jirovecii. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 64:S328-S336. [PMID: 28575367 PMCID: PMC5612712 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. There is limited information on the association between colonization density of upper respiratory tract colonizers and pathogen-specific pneumonia. We assessed this association for Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pneumocystis jirovecii. Methods. In 7 low- and middle-income countries, nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs from children with severe pneumonia and age-frequency matched community controls were tested using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Differences in median colonization density were evaluated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Density cutoffs were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves. Cases with a pathogen identified from lung aspirate culture or PCR, pleural fluid culture or PCR, blood culture, and immunofluorescence for P. jirovecii defined microbiologically confirmed cases for the given pathogens. Results. Higher densities of H. influenzae were observed in both microbiologically confirmed cases and chest radiograph (CXR)–positive cases compared to controls. Staphylococcus aureus and P. jirovecii had higher densities in CXR-positive cases vs controls. A 5.9 log10 copies/mL density cutoff for H. influenzae yielded 86% sensitivity and 77% specificity for detecting microbiologically confirmed cases; however, densities overlapped between cases and controls and positive predictive values were poor (<3%). Informative density cutoffs were not found for S. aureus and M. catarrhalis, and a lack of confirmed case data limited the cutoff identification for P. jirovecii. Conclusions. There is evidence for an association between H. influenzae colonization density and H. influenzae–confirmed pneumonia in children; the association may be particularly informative in epidemiologic studies. Colonization densities of M. catarrhalis, S. aureus, and P. jirovecii are unlikely to be of diagnostic value in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Park
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Milken Institute School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Henry C Baggett
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi.,Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen R C Howie
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Auckland, and.,Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Qiyuan Shi
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - W Abdullah Brooks
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab
| | - Maria Deloria Knoll
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura L Hammitt
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Orin S Levine
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David R Murdoch
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, and.,Microbiology Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Katherine L O'Brien
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - J Anthony G Scott
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Donald M Thea
- Center for Global Health and Development, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts
| | - Dilruba Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit, Basse, The Gambia.,Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, and.,Microbiology and Infection Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky L Baillie
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andrea N DeLuca
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Amanda J Driscoll
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and
| | - Caroline W Gitahi
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi
| | | | - Melissa M Higdon
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lokman Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka and Matlab
| | - Ruth A Karron
- Department of International Health, Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Susan A Maloney
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi.,Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David P Moore
- Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, and.,Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation, Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Susan C Morpeth
- Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.,Microbiology Laboratory, Middlemore Hospital, Counties Manukau District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Mwaba
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital.,Zambia Center for Applied Health Research and Development, and
| | | | - Christine Prosperi
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mamadou Sylla
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins (CVD-Mali), Bamako
| | - Somsak Thamthitiwat
- Global Disease Detection Center, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi
| | - Scott L Zeger
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, and
| | - Daniel R Feikin
- Department of International Health, International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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80
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Ta LDH, Yap GC, Tay CJX, Lim ASM, Huang CH, Chu CW, De Sessions PF, Shek LP, Goh A, Van Bever HPS, Teoh OH, Soh JY, Thomas B, Ramamurthy MB, Goh DYT, Lay C, Soh SE, Chan YH, Saw SM, Kwek K, Chong YS, Godfrey KM, Hibberd ML, Lee BW. Establishment of the nasal microbiota in the first 18 months of life: Correlation with early-onset rhinitis and wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:86-95. [PMID: 29452199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamic establishment of the nasal microbiota in early life influences local mucosal immune responses and susceptibility to childhood respiratory disorders. OBJECTIVE The aim of this case-control study was to monitor, evaluate, and compare development of the nasal microbiota of infants with rhinitis and wheeze in the first 18 months of life with those of healthy control subjects. METHODS Anterior nasal swabs of 122 subjects belonging to the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) birth cohort were collected longitudinally over 7 time points in the first 18 months of life. Nasal microbiota signatures were analyzed by using 16S rRNA multiplexed pair-end sequencing from 3 clinical groups: (1) patients with rhinitis alone (n = 28), (2) patients with rhinitis with concomitant wheeze (n = 34), and (3) healthy control subjects (n = 60). RESULTS Maturation of the nasal microbiome followed distinctive patterns in infants from both rhinitis groups compared with control subjects. Bacterial diversity increased over the period of 18 months of life in control infants, whereas infants with rhinitis showed a decreasing trend (P < .05). An increase in abundance of the Oxalobacteraceae family (Proteobacteria phylum) and Aerococcaceae family (Firmicutes phylum) was associated with rhinitis and concomitant wheeze (adjusted P < .01), whereas the Corynebacteriaceae family (Actinobacteria phylum) and early colonization with the Staphylococcaceae family (Firmicutes phylum; 3 weeks until 9 months) were associated with control subjects (adjusted P < .05). The only difference between the rhinitis and control groups was a reduced abundance of the Corynebacteriaceae family (adjusted P < .05). Determinants of nasal microbiota succession included sex, mode of delivery, presence of siblings, and infant care attendance. CONCLUSION Our results support the hypothesis that the nasal microbiome is involved in development of early-onset rhinitis and wheeze in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Duc Huy Ta
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gaik Chin Yap
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carina Jing Xuan Tay
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alicia Shi Min Lim
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiung-Hui Huang
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Collins Wenhan Chu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Lynette P Shek
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Anne Goh
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Hugo P S Van Bever
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Oon Hoe Teoh
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jian Yi Soh
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Biju Thomas
- Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Babu Ramamurthy
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Daniel Y T Goh
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Christophe Lay
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Danone Nutricia Research, Singapore
| | - Shu-E Soh
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yiong Huak Chan
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Kwek
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Lloyd Hibberd
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bee Wah Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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81
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Abstract
Despite advances over the past ten years lower respiratory tract infections still comprise around a fifth of all deaths worldwide in children under five years of age with the majority in low- and middle-income countries. Known risk factors for severe respiratory infections and poor chronic respiratory health do not fully explain why some children become sick and others do not. The respiratory tract hosts bacteria that can cause respiratory infections but also normal commensal bacteria. Together, this microbial population is called the microbiome. The composition of the respiratory microbiome in the first few months of life is likely influenced by external factors such as environment, mode of delivery and infant feeding practices, which are also associated with susceptibility to respiratory infections and wheezing illness/asthma. Recently, multiple studies have shown that respiratory microbiota profiles early in life are associated with an increased risk and frequency of subsequent respiratory infections, disease severity and occurrence of wheeze in later childhood. Early interactions between infectious agents such as viruses and the respiratory microbiome have shown to modulate host immune responses potentially affecting the course of the disease and future respiratory health. Deeper understanding of these interactions will help the development of new therapeutic agents or preventive measures that may modify respiratory health outcomes and help us to stratify at risk populations to better target our current interventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A Unger
- Department of Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 1UW, UK.
| | - Debby Bogaert
- The University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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82
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Recurrent wheezing in neonatal pneumonia is associated with combined infection with Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Staphylococcus aureus or Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sci Rep 2018; 8:995. [PMID: 29343795 PMCID: PMC5772642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both viral and bacterial infections can be associated with wheezing episodes in children; however, information regarding combined infections with both viral and bacterial pathogens in full term neonates is limited. We sought to investigate the effects of viral–bacterial codetection on pneumonia severity and recurrent wheezing. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on neonates admitted to our hospital with pneumonia from 2009 to 2015. Of 606 total cases, 341 were diagnosed with RSV only, and 265 were diagnosed with both RSV and a potential bacterial pathogen. The leading four species of bacteria codetected with RSV were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter cloacae. Neonates with RSV and a potential bacterial pathogen were significantly more likely to have worse symptoms, higher C-reactive protein values and more abnormal chest x-ray manifestations with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (P < 0.01). On Cox regression analysis, an increased risk of recurrent wheezing was found for neonates positive for RSV–Staphylococcus aureus and RSV–Klebsiella pneumoniae. Our findings indicate that the combination of bacteria and RSV in the neonatal airway is associated with more serious clinical characteristics. The presence of RSV and Staphylococcus aureus or Klebsiella pneumoniae may provide predictive markers for wheeze.
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Abstract
The onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can arise either from failure to attain the normal spirometric plateau or from an accelerated decline in lung function. Despite reports from numerous big cohorts, no single adult life factor, including smoking, accounts for this accelerated decline. By contrast, five childhood risk factors (maternal and paternal asthma, maternal smoking, childhood asthma and respiratory infections) are strongly associated with an accelerated rate of lung function decline and COPD. Among adverse effects on lung development are transgenerational (grandmaternal smoking), antenatal (exposure to tobacco and pollution), and early childhood (exposure to tobacco and pollution including pesticides) factors. Antenatal adverse events can operate by causing structural changes in the developing lung, causing low birth weight and prematurity and altered immunological responses. Also important are mode of delivery, early microbiological exposures, and multiple early atopic sensitizations. Early bronchial hyperresponsiveness, before any evidence of airway inflammation, is associated with adverse respiratory outcomes. Overlapping cohort studies established that spirometry tracks from the preschool years to late middle age, and those with COPD in the sixth decade already had the worst spirometry at age 10 years. Alveolar development is now believed to continue throughout somatic growth and is adversely impacted by early tobacco smoke exposure. Genetic factors are also important, with genes important in lung development and early wheezing also being implicated in COPD. The inescapable conclusion is that the roots of COPD are in early life, and COPD is a disease of childhood adverse factors interacting with genetic factors.
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84
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Sokolowska M, Frei R, Lunjani N, Akdis CA, O'Mahony L. Microbiome and asthma. Asthma Res Pract 2018; 4:1. [PMID: 29318023 PMCID: PMC5755449 DOI: 10.1186/s40733-017-0037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is in constant communication with the vast diversity of microbes present on body surfaces. The discovery of novel molecular mechanisms, which mediate host-microbe communication, have highlighted the important roles played by microbes in influencing mucosal immune responses. Dendritic cells, epithelial cells, ILCs, T regulatory cells, effector lymphocytes, NKT cells and B cells can all be influenced by the microbiome. Many of the mechanisms being described are bacterial strain- or metabolite-specific. Microbial dysbiosis in the gut and the lung is increasingly being associated with the incidence and severity of asthma. More accurate endotyping of patients with asthma may be assisted by further analysis of the composition and metabolic activity of an individual’s microbiome. In addition, the efficacy of specific therapeutics may be influenced by the microbiome and novel bacterial-based therapeutics should be considered in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich, Obere Strasse 22, 7270 Davos, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Remo Frei
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich, Obere Strasse 22, 7270 Davos, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Nonhlanhla Lunjani
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich, Obere Strasse 22, 7270 Davos, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland.,University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich, Obere Strasse 22, 7270 Davos, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich, Obere Strasse 22, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
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85
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Luna PN, Hasegawa K, Ajami NJ, Espinola JA, Henke DM, Petrosino JF, Piedra PA, Sullivan AF, Camargo CA, Shaw CA, Mansbach JM. The association between anterior nares and nasopharyngeal microbiota in infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:2. [PMID: 29298732 PMCID: PMC5751828 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The airway microbiome is a subject of great interest for the study of respiratory disease. Anterior nare samples are more accessible than samples from deeper within the nasopharynx. However, the correlation between the microbiota found in the anterior nares and the microbiota found within the nasopharynx is unknown. We assessed the anterior nares and nasopharyngeal microbiota to determine (1) the relation of the microbiota from these two upper airway sites and (2) if associations were maintained between the microbiota from these two sites and two bronchiolitis severity outcomes. RESULTS Among 815 infants hospitalized at 17 US centers for bronchiolitis with optimal 16S rRNA gene sequence reads from both nasal swab and nasopharyngeal aspirate samples, there were strong intra-individual correlations in the microbial communities between the two sample types, especially relating to Haemophilus and Moraxella genera. By contrast, we found a high abundance of Staphylococcus genus in the nasal swabs-a pattern not found in the nasopharyngeal samples and not informative when predicting the dominant nasopharyngeal genera. While these disparities may have been due to sample processing differences (i.e., nasal swabs were mailed at ambient temperature to emulate processing of future parent collected swabs while nasopharyngeal aspirates were mailed on dry ice), a previously reported association between Haemophilus-dominant nasopharyngeal microbiota and the increased severity of bronchiolitis was replicated utilizing the nasal swab microbiota and the same outcome measures: intensive care use (adjusted OR 6.43; 95% CI 2.25-20.51; P < 0.001) and hospital length-of-stay (adjusted OR 4.31; 95% CI, 1.73-11.11; P = 0.002). Additionally, Moraxella-dominant nasopharyngeal microbiota was previously identified as protective against intensive care use, a result that was replicated when analyzing the nasal swab microbiota (adjusted OR 0.30; 95% CI, 0.11-0.64; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS While the microbiota of the anterior nares and the nasopharynx are distinct, there is considerable overlap between the bacterial community compositions from these two anatomic sites. Despite processing differences between the samples, these results indicate that microbiota severity associations from the nasopharynx are recapitulated in the anterior nares, suggesting that nasal swab samples not only are effective sample types, but also can be used to detect microbial risk markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela N Luna
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kohei Hasegawa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nadim J Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Janice A Espinola
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Henke
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics MS 225, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ashley F Sullivan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chad A Shaw
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics MS 225, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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86
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Mark JD. Asthma. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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87
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Bosch AATM, Piters WAADS, van Houten MA, Chu MLJN, Biesbroek G, Kool J, Pernet P, de Groot PKCM, Eijkemans MJC, Keijser BJF, Sanders EAM, Bogaert D. Maturation of the Infant Respiratory Microbiota, Environmental Drivers, and Health Consequences. A Prospective Cohort Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:1582-1590. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201703-0554oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid A. T. M. Bosch
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Spaarne Gasthuis Academy, Hoofddorp, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter A. A. de Steenhuijsen Piters
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mei Ling J. N. Chu
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Giske Biesbroek
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Spaarne Gasthuis Academy, Hoofddorp, the Netherlands
| | - Jolanda Kool
- Microbiology and Systems Biology Group, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Paula Pernet
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Spaarne Gasthuis, Hoofddorp, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marinus J. C. Eijkemans
- Biostatistics and Research Support, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Bart J. F. Keijser
- Microbiology and Systems Biology Group, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Zeist, the Netherlands
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A. M. Sanders
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Debby Bogaert
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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88
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Gern JE. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis: Enter the Microbiome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 194:1044-1045. [PMID: 27797613 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201605-1018ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James E Gern
- 1 School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin
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89
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The Alteration of Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal Microbiota in Children with MPP and Non-MPP. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8120380. [PMID: 29232879 PMCID: PMC5748698 DOI: 10.3390/genes8120380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In recent years, the morbidity of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) has increased significantly in China. A growing number of studies indicate that imbalanced respiratory microbiota is associated with various respiratory diseases. Methods: We enrolled 119 children, including 60 pneumonia patients and 59 healthy children. Nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) sampling was performed for 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene analysis of all children. Sputum and OP swabs were obtained from patients for pathogen detection. Results: Both the NP and OP microbiota of patients differ significantly from that of healthy children. Diseased children harbor lower microbial diversity and a simpler co-occurrence network in NP and OP. In pneumonia patients, NP and OP microbiota showed greater similarities between each other, suggesting transmission of NP microbiota to the OP. Aside from clinically detected pathogens, NP and OP microbiota analysis has also identified possible pathogens in seven cases with unknown infections. Conclusion: NP and OP microbiota in MPP and non-MPP are definitely similar. Respiratory infection generates imbalanced NP microbiota, which has the potential to transmit to OP. Microbiota analysis also promises to compliment the present means of detecting respiratory pathogens.
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90
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The nasopharyngeal microbiome. Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:297-312. [PMID: 33525776 DOI: 10.1042/etls20170041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human microbiomes have received increasing attention over the last 10 years, leading to a pervasiveness of hypotheses relating dysbiosis to health and disease. The respiratory tract has received much less attention in this respect than that of, for example, the human gut. Nevertheless, progress has been made in elucidating the immunological, ecological and environmental drivers that govern these microbial consortia and the potential consequences of aberrant microbiomes. In this review, we consider the microbiome of the nasopharynx, a specific niche of the upper respiratory tract. The nasopharynx is an important site, anatomically with respect to its gateway position between upper and lower airways, and for pathogenic bacterial colonisation. The dynamics of the latter are important for long-term respiratory morbidity, acute infections of both invasive and non-invasive disease and associations with chronic airway disease exacerbations. Here, we review the development of the nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiome over the life course, examining it from the early establishment of resilient profiles in neonates through to perturbations associated with pneumonia risk in the elderly. We focus specifically on the commensal, opportunistically pathogenic members of the NP microbiome that includes Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. In addition, we consider the role of relatively harmless genera such as Dolosigranulum and Corynebacterium. Understanding that the NP microbiome plays such a key, beneficial role in maintaining equilibrium of commensal species, prevention of pathogen outgrowth and host immunity enables future research to be directed appropriately.
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91
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Frayman KB, Armstrong DS, Grimwood K, Ranganathan SC. The airway microbiota in early cystic fibrosis lung disease. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017; 52:1384-1404. [PMID: 28815937 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Over the past two decades, the application of molecular and extended culture-based techniques to microbial analysis has changed our understanding of the lungs in both health and disease. CF lung disease is a polymicrobial disorder, with obligate and facultative anaerobes recovered alongside traditional pathogens in varying proportions, with some differences observed to correlate with disease stage. While healthy lungs are not sterile, differences between the lower airway microbiota of individuals with CF and disease-controls are already apparent in childhood. Understanding the evolution of the CF airway microbiota, and its relationship with clinical treatments and outcome at each disease stage, will improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of CF lung disease and potentially inform clinical management. This review summarizes current knowledge of the early development of the respiratory microbiota in healthy children and then discusses what is known about the airway microbiota in individuals with CF, including how it evolves over time and where future research priorities lie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B Frayman
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Respiratory Diseases Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David S Armstrong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Departments of Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarath C Ranganathan
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Respiratory Diseases Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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92
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the relationship of airway microbiota with bronchiolitis in infants. We aimed to identify nasal airway microbiota profiles and to determine their association with the likelihood of bronchiolitis in infants. METHODS A case-control study was conducted. As a part of a multicenter prospective study, we collected nasal airway samples from 40 infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis. We concurrently enrolled 110 age-matched healthy controls. By applying 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and an unbiased clustering approach to these 150 nasal samples, we identified microbiota profiles and determined the association of microbiota profiles with likelihood of bronchiolitis. RESULTS Overall, the median age was 3 months and 56% were male. Unbiased clustering of airway microbiota identified 4 distinct profiles: Moraxella-dominant profile (37%), Corynebacterium/Dolosigranulum-dominant profile (27%), Staphylococcus-dominant profile (15%) and mixed profile (20%). Proportion of bronchiolitis was lowest in infants with Moraxella-dominant profile (14%) and highest in those with Staphylococcus-dominant profile (57%), corresponding to an odds ratio of 7.80 (95% confidence interval, 2.64-24.9; P < 0.001). In the multivariable model, the association between Staphylococcus-dominant profile and greater likelihood of bronchiolitis persisted (odds ratio for comparison with Moraxella-dominant profile, 5.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.26-22.9; P = 0.03). By contrast, Corynebacterium/Dolosigranulum-dominant profile group had low proportion of infants with bronchiolitis (17%); the likelihood of bronchiolitis in this group did not significantly differ from those with Moraxella-dominant profile in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS In this case-control study, we identified 4 distinct nasal airway microbiota profiles in infants. Moraxella-dominant and Corynebacterium/Dolosigranulum-dominant profiles were associated with low likelihood of bronchiolitis, while Staphylococcus-dominant profile was associated with high likelihood of bronchiolitis.
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93
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Stokholm J, Chawes BL, Vissing N, Bønnelykke K, Bisgaard H. Cat exposure in early life decreases asthma risk from the 17q21 high-risk variant. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:1598-1606. [PMID: 29102067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life exposure to cats and dogs has shown diverging associations with childhood asthma risk, and gene-environment interaction is one possible explanation. OBJECTIVES We investigated interactions between cat and dog exposure and single nucleotide polymorphism rs7216389 variants in the chromosome 17q21 locus, the strongest known genetic risk factor for childhood asthma. METHODS Genotyping was performed in 377 children from the at-risk Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood2000. The primary end point was the development of asthma until age 12 years. The secondary end point was the number of episodes with pneumonia and bronchiolitis from 0 to 3 years of age. Exposures included cat and dog ownership from birth and cat and dog allergen levels in bedding at age 1 year. Replication was performed in the unselected COPSAC2010 cohort with follow-up until 5 years of age. RESULTS Cat and/or dog exposure from birth was associated with a lower prevalence of asthma among children with the rs7216389 high-risk TT genotype (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.04-0.71; P = .015), with no effect in those with the CC/CT genotype (adjusted P = .283), demonstrating interaction between cat and dog exposure and the rs7216389 genotype (adjusted P = .044). Cat allergen levels were inversely associated with asthma development in children with the TT genotype (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.71-0.97; P = .022), supporting the cat-rs7216389 genotype interaction (adjusted P = .008). Dog allergen exposure did not show such interaction. Furthermore, the TT genotype was associated with higher risk of pneumonia and bronchiolitis, and this increased risk was likewise decreased in children exposed to cat. Replication showed similar effects on asthma risk. CONCLUSION The observed gene-environment interaction suggests a role of early-life exposure, especially to cat, for attenuating the risk of childhood asthma, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis in genetically susceptible subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Stokholm
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Bo L Chawes
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nadja Vissing
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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94
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Salter SJ, Turner C, Watthanaworawit W, de Goffau MC, Wagner J, Parkhill J, Bentley SD, Goldblatt D, Nosten F, Turner P. A longitudinal study of the infant nasopharyngeal microbiota: The effects of age, illness and antibiotic use in a cohort of South East Asian children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005975. [PMID: 28968382 PMCID: PMC5638608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A longitudinal study was undertaken in infants living in the Maela refugee camp on the Thailand-Myanmar border between 2007 and 2010. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected monthly, from birth to 24 months of age, with additional swabs taken if the infant was diagnosed with pneumonia according to WHO clinical criteria. At the time of collection, swabs were cultured for Streptococcus pneumoniae and multiple serotype carriage was assessed. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene profiles of 544 swabs from 21 infants were analysed to see how the microbiota changes with age, respiratory infection, antibiotic consumption and pneumococcal acquisition. The nasopharyngeal microbiota is a somewhat homogenous community compared to that of other body sites. In this cohort it is dominated by five taxa: Moraxella, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Corynebacterium and an uncharacterized Flavobacteriaceae taxon of 93% nucleotide similarity to Ornithobacterium. Infant age correlates with certain changes in the microbiota across the cohort: Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium are associated with the first few months of life while Moraxella and the uncharacterised Flavobacteriaceae increase in proportional abundance with age. Respiratory illness and antibiotic use often coincide with an unpredictable perturbation of the microbiota that differs from infant to infant and in different illness episodes. The previously described interaction between Dolosigranulum and Streptococcus was observed in these data. Monthly sampling demonstrates that the nasopharyngeal microbiota is in flux throughout the first two years of life, and that in this refugee camp population the pool of potential bacterial colonisers may be limited. The nasopharynx hosts a community of microbes that first colonise us during infancy and that changes as we grow. Colonisation with certain species is a risk factor for developing respiratory infections such as pneumonia, while other species can have a protective influence. In this study we use molecular methods to identify the bacteria present in nasopharyngeal swabs taken regularly from children in a refugee camp in Thailand. The microbiota develops with age, with early colonisers such as Corynebacterium or Staphylococcus being eventually outgrown by Moraxella and an uncultured taxon described here as unclassified Flavobacteriaceae I. There is evidence in the cohort of Streptococcus pneumoniae being frequently carried and transmitted throughout the first two years of life. We found that the microbiota profiles were not unique or distinguishable between individuals in this study, which is unlike studies in high income, low density populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah J. Salter
- Pathogen Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Claudia Turner
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wanitda Watthanaworawit
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | | | - Josef Wagner
- Pathogen Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Pathogen Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D. Bentley
- Pathogen Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francois Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Turner
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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95
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van Meel ER, Jaddoe VWV, Bønnelykke K, de Jongste JC, Duijts L. The role of respiratory tract infections and the microbiome in the development of asthma: A narrative review. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017; 52:1363-1370. [PMID: 28869358 PMCID: PMC7168085 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common disease in childhood, and might predispose for chronic obstructive respiratory morbidity in adolescence and adulthood. Various early-life risk factors might influence the risk of wheezing, asthma, and lower lung function in childhood. Cohort studies demonstrated that lower respiratory tract infections in the first years of life are associated with an increased risk of wheezing and asthma, while the association with lung function is less clear. Additionally, the gut and airway microbiome might influence the risk of wheezing and asthma. The interaction between respiratory tract infections and the microbiome complicates studies of their associations with wheezing, asthma, and lung function. Furthermore, the causality behind these observations is still unclear, and several other factors such as genetic susceptibility and the immune system might be of importance. This review is focused on the association of early-life respiratory tract infections and the microbiome with wheezing, asthma, and lung function, it is possible influencing factors and perspectives for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien R van Meel
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC (Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan C de Jongste
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Duijts
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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96
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Dynamic oropharyngeal and faecal microbiota during treatment in infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis compared with age-matched healthy subjects. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11266. [PMID: 28900158 PMCID: PMC5595837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis is one of the most severe diseases affecting infants worldwide. An imbalanced oropharynx (OP) microbiota has been reported in infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis; however, the microbiota dynamics in the OP and faeces during therapy remain unexplored. In total, 27 infants who were hospitalized with bronchiolitis were selected for this study, and sampling was conducted before therapy and after clinical recovery. We also recruited 22 age-matched healthy infants for this study. The faecal and OP microbiota diversity in the patients was lower than that in the healthy children. The faecal microbiota (FM) in the diseased children significantly differed from that in the healthy subjects and contained accumulated Bacteroides and Streptococcus. The OP microbiota in both the healthy and diseased infants was dominated by Streptococcus. After the treatment, the FM and OP microbiota in the patients was comparable to that before the treatment. This study may serve as an additional reference for future bronchiolitis studies, and the “risk microbiota model” of clinically recovered infants suggests an increased susceptibility to pathogen intrusion.
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97
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Langevin S, Pichon M, Smith E, Morrison J, Bent Z, Green R, Barker K, Solberg O, Gillet Y, Javouhey E, Lina B, Katze MG, Josset L. Early nasopharyngeal microbial signature associated with severe influenza in children: a retrospective pilot study. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2425-2437. [PMID: 28884664 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A few studies have highlighted the importance of the respiratory microbiome in modulating the frequency and outcome of viral respiratory infections. However, there are insufficient data on the use of microbial signatures as prognostic biomarkers to predict respiratory disease outcomes. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether specific bacterial community compositions in the nasopharynx of children at the time of hospitalization are associated with different influenza clinical outcomes. We utilized retrospective nasopharyngeal (NP) samples (n=36) collected at the time of hospital arrival from children who were infected with influenza virus and had been symptomatic for less than 2 days. Based on their clinical course, children were classified into two groups: patients with mild influenza, and patients with severe respiratory or neurological complications. We implemented custom 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metagenomic sequencing and computational analysis workflows to classify the bacteria present in NP specimens at the species level. We found that increased bacterial diversity in the nasopharynx of children was strongly associated with influenza severity. In addition, patients with severe influenza had decreased relative abundance of Staphylococcus aureus and increased abundance of Prevotella (including P. melaninogenica), Streptobacillus, Porphyromonas, Granulicatella (including G. elegans), Veillonella (including V. dispar), Fusobacterium and Haemophilus in their nasopharynx. This pilot study provides proof-of-concept data for the use of microbial signatures as prognostic biomarkers of influenza outcomes. Further large prospective cohort studies are needed to refine and validate the performance of such microbial signatures in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Langevin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Maxime Pichon
- Laboratoire de Virologie, IAI, CBN, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France.,University Lyon, Virpath, CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69372 Lyon, France.,Centre National de Reference Virus Influenzae, IAI, CBN, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France
| | - Elise Smith
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Juliet Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zachary Bent
- Department of Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kristi Barker
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Owen Solberg
- Department of Systems Biology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California, USA
| | - Yves Gillet
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Bron, France
| | - Etienne Javouhey
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Bron, France
| | - Bruno Lina
- University Lyon, Virpath, CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69372 Lyon, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, IAI, CBN, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France.,Centre National de Reference Virus Influenzae, IAI, CBN, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France
| | - Michael G Katze
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Laurence Josset
- Centre National de Reference Virus Influenzae, IAI, CBN, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France.,University Lyon, Virpath, CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69372 Lyon, France.,Laboratoire de Virologie, IAI, CBN, Groupement Hospitalier Nord, Lyon, France
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98
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Husby A, Pasanen A, Waage J, Sevelsted A, Hodemaekers H, Janssen R, Karjalainen MK, Stokholm J, Chawes BL, Korppi M, Wennergren G, Heinzmann A, Bont L, Bisgaard H, Bønnelykke K. CDHR3 gene variation and childhood bronchiolitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1469-1471.e7. [PMID: 28782631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Husby
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen & Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anu Pasanen
- PEDEGO Research Center and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johannes Waage
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen & Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid Sevelsted
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen & Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hennie Hodemaekers
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Riny Janssen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Minna K Karjalainen
- PEDEGO Research Center and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen & Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo L Chawes
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen & Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matti Korppi
- Pediatric Research Center, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Göran Wennergren
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Gothenburg, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Heinzmann
- Center for Pediatrics, Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Louis Bont
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network (ReSViNET), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen & Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen & Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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99
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de Steenhuijsen Piters WAA, Heinonen S, Hasrat R, Bunsow E, Smith B, Suarez-Arrabal MC, Chaussabel D, Cohen DM, Sanders EAM, Ramilo O, Bogaert D, Mejias A. Nasopharyngeal Microbiota, Host Transcriptome, and Disease Severity in Children with Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 194:1104-1115. [PMID: 27135599 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201602-0220oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections and hospitalizations in infants worldwide. Known risk factors, however, incompletely explain the variability of RSV disease severity, especially among healthy children. We postulate that the severity of RSV infection is influenced by modulation of the host immune response by the local bacterial ecosystem. OBJECTIVES To assess whether specific nasopharyngeal microbiota (clusters) are associated with distinct host transcriptome profiles and disease severity in children less than 2 years of age with RSV infection. METHODS We characterized the nasopharyngeal microbiota profiles of young children with mild and severe RSV disease and healthy children by 16S-rRNA sequencing. In parallel, using multivariable models, we analyzed whole-blood transcriptome profiles to study the relationship between microbial community composition, the RSV-induced host transcriptional response, and clinical disease severity. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We identified five nasopharyngeal microbiota clusters characterized by enrichment of either Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Moraxella, or Staphylococcus aureus. RSV infection and RSV hospitalization were positively associated with H. influenzae and Streptococcus and negatively associated with S. aureus abundance, independent of age. Children with RSV showed overexpression of IFN-related genes, independent of the microbiota cluster. In addition, transcriptome profiles of children with RSV infection and H. influenzae- and Streptococcus-dominated microbiota were characterized by greater overexpression of genes linked to Toll-like receptor and by neutrophil and macrophage activation and signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that interactions between RSV and nasopharyngeal microbiota might modulate the host immune response, potentially affecting clinical disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A A de Steenhuijsen Piters
- 1 Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Santtu Heinonen
- 2 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Raiza Hasrat
- 1 Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Bunsow
- 2 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Bennett Smith
- 2 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | | | - Damien Chaussabel
- 3 Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington; and.,4 Systems Biology Department, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Elisabeth A M Sanders
- 1 Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- 2 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital.,6 Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Debby Bogaert
- 1 Department of Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- 2 Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital.,6 Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
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100
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Dorn ES, Tress B, Suchodolski JS, Nisar T, Ravindran P, Weber K, Hartmann K, Schulz BS. Bacterial microbiome in the nose of healthy cats and in cats with nasal disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180299. [PMID: 28662139 PMCID: PMC5491177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traditionally, changes in the microbial population of the nose have been assessed using conventional culture techniques. Sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes demonstrated that the human nose is inhabited by a rich and diverse bacterial microbiome that cannot be detected using culture-based methods. The goal of this study was to describe the nasal microbiome of healthy cats, cats with nasal neoplasia, and cats with feline upper respiratory tract disease (FURTD). Methodology/Principal findings DNA was extracted from nasal swabs of healthy cats (n = 28), cats with nasal neoplasia (n = 16), and cats with FURTD (n = 15), and 16S rRNA genes were sequenced. High species richness was observed in all samples. Rarefaction analysis revealed that healthy cats living indoors had greater species richness (observed species p = 0.042) and Shannon diversity (p = 0.003) compared with healthy cats living outdoors. Higher species richness (observed species p = 0.001) and Shannon diversity (p<0.001) were found in middle-aged cats in comparison to healthy cats in different age groups. Principal coordinate analysis revealed separate clustering based on similarities in bacterial molecular phylogenetic trees of 16S rRNA genes for indoor and outdoor cats. In all groups examined, the most abundant phyla identified were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, 375 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified. In healthy cats and cats with FURTD, Moraxella spp. was the most common genus, while it was unclassified Bradyrhizobiaceae in cats with nasal neoplasia. High individual variability was observed. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the nose of cats is inhabited by much more variable and diverse microbial communities than previously shown. Future research in this field might help to develop new diagnostic tools to easily identify nasal microbial changes, relate them to certain disease processes, and help clinicians in the decision process of antibiotic selection for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth S. Dorn
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Tress
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tariq Nisar
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Prajesh Ravindran
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karin Weber
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bianka S. Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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