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Patil SU, Shreffler WG. Novel vaccines: Technology and development. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:844-851. [PMID: 29970235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development and widespread use of vaccines, which are defined by the World Health Organization as "biological preparations that improve immunity to a particular disease," represents one of the most significant strides in medicine. Vaccination was first applied to reduce mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases. The World Health Organization estimates that vaccines prevent 2 to 3 million human deaths annually, and these numbers would increase by at least 6 million if all children received the recommended vaccination schedule. However, the origins of allergen immunotherapy share the same intellectual paradigm, and subsequent innovations in vaccine technology have been applied beyond the prevention of infection, including in the treatment of cancer and allergic diseases. This review will focus on how new and more rational approaches to vaccine development use novel biotechnology, target new mechanisms, and shape the immune system response, with an emphasis on discoveries that have direct translational relevance to the treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita U Patil
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Center for Inflammatory and Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Wayne G Shreffler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Center for Inflammatory and Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
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52
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Dai JY, Liang J, LeBlanc M, Prentice RL, Janes H. Case-only approach to identifying markers predicting treatment effects on the relative risk scale. Biometrics 2018; 74:753-763. [PMID: 28960244 PMCID: PMC5874156 DOI: 10.1111/biom.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Retrospectively measuring markers on stored baseline samples from participants in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) may provide high quality evidence as to the value of the markers for treatment selection. Originally developed for approximating gene-environment interactions in the odds ratio scale, the case-only method has recently been advocated for assessing gene-treatment interactions on rare disease endpoints in randomized clinical trials. In this article, the case-only approach is shown to provide a consistent and efficient estimator of marker by treatment interactions and marker-specific treatment effects on the relative risk scale. The prohibitive rare-disease assumption is no longer needed, broadening the utility of the case-only approach. The case-only method is resource-efficient as markers only need to be measured in cases only. It eliminates the need to model the marker's main effect, and can be used with any parametric or nonparametric learning method. The utility of this approach is illustrated by an application to genetic data in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) hormone therapy trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Y. Dai
- Public Health Sciences Division and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, U.S.A
| | - Jason Liang
- Public Health Sciences Division and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, U.S.A
| | - Michael LeBlanc
- Public Health Sciences Division and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, U.S.A
| | - Ross L. Prentice
- Public Health Sciences Division and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, U.S.A
| | - Holly Janes
- Public Health Sciences Division and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, U.S.A
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53
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Wines BD, Billings H, Mclean MR, Kent SJ, Hogarth PM. Antibody Functional Assays as Measures of Fc Receptor-Mediated Immunity to HIV - New Technologies and their Impact on the HIV Vaccine Field. Curr HIV Res 2018; 15:202-215. [PMID: 28322167 PMCID: PMC5543561 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x15666170320112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: There is now intense interest in the role of HIV-specific antibodies and the engagement of FcγR functions in the control and prevention of HIV infection. The analyses of the RV144 vaccine trial, natural progression cohorts, and macaque models all point to a role for Fc-dependent effector functions, such as cytotoxicity (ADCC) or phagocytosis (ADCP), in the control of HIV. However, reliable assays that can be reproducibly used across different laboratories to measure Fc-dependent functions, such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) are limited. Method: This brief review highlights the importance of Fc properties for immunity to HIV, particular-ly via FcγR diversity and function. We discuss assays used to study FcR mediated functions of HIV-specific Ab, including our recently developed novel cell-free ELISA using homo-dimeric FcγR ecto-domains to detect functionally relevant viral antigen-specific antibodies. Results: The binding of these dimeric FcγR ectodomains, to closely spaced pairs of IgG Fc, mimics the engagement and cross-linking of Fc receptors by IgG opsonized virions or infected cells as the es-sential prerequisite to the induction of Ab-dependent effector functions. The dimeric FcγR ELISA reli-ably correlates with ADCC in patient responses to influenza. The assay is amenable to high throughput and could be standardized across laboratories. Conclusion: We propose the assay has broader implications for the evaluation of the quality of anti-body responses in viral infections and for the rapid evaluation of responses in vaccine development campaigns for HIV and other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Wines
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Hugh Billings
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia
| | - Milla R Mclean
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Infectious Diseases Department, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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54
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Hurwitz JL, Bonsignori M. Multi-Envelope HIV-1 Vaccine Development: Two Targeted Immune Pathways, One Desired Protective Outcome. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:124-132. [PMID: 29315059 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, there were more than 30 million individuals living with HIV-1, ∼1.8 million new HIV-1 infections, and ∼1 million HIV-1-related deaths according to UNAIDS ( unaids.org ). Hence, a preventive HIV-1 vaccine remains a global priority. The variant envelopes of HIV-1 present a significant obstacle to vaccine development and the vaccine field has realized that immunization with a single HIV-1 envelope protein will not be sufficient to generate broadly neutralizing antibodies. Here we describe two nonmutually exclusive, targeted pathways with which a multi-envelope HIV-1 vaccine may generate protective immune responses against variant HIV-1. Pathways include (i) the induction of a polyclonal immune response, comprising a plethora of antibodies with subset-reactive and cross-reactive specificities, together able to neutralize diverse HIV-1 (termed Poly-nAb in this report) and (ii) the induction of one or a few monoclonal antibodies, each with a broadly neutralizing specificity (bnAb). With each pathway in mind, we describe challenges and strategies that may ultimately support HIV-1 vaccine success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Hurwitz
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee.,2 Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- 3 Duke Human Vaccine Institute , Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,4 Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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55
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FcγRIIa defunctioning polymorphism in paediatric patients with renal allograft. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 42:363-369. [PMID: 29472814 PMCID: PMC5820981 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2017.72817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) IIa is considered the most widely distributed of the three classes of Fc receptors, and it expresses an allelic polymorphism. This type of polymorphism may modify the immune response and may be an important factor for some diseases. The aim of the study reported herein was to evaluate the association between the FcγRIIa polymorphism and susceptibility to both end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and acute kidney graft rejection (AR) in children who have undergone renal transplantation. Material and methods The study evaluated 70 children who had undergone transplantation and 60 healthy subjects. AR was observed in 25 children. Results FcγRIIa genotypes and alleles were significantly different between transplantation patients and the control group. The assessment for FcγR of the groups in which AR was present showed that there was only a risk of having an acute rejection in homozygous genotype RR. Conclusions FcγRIIa RR genotype and allele frequency was increased in paediatric renal transplant recipients. The present findings showed that FcγRIIa genotype may be related to ESRD disease susceptibility, and FcγRIIa polymorphisms seemed to affect AR.
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56
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Bonatti F, Adorni A, Percesepe A, Martorana D. Discrimination of FCGR2B polymorphism without coamplification of FCGR2A and FCGR2C genes. Int J Immunogenet 2017; 45:22-25. [PMID: 29227030 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The FCGR locus is characterized by high polymorphism and sequence homology. In particular, the Ile232Thr polymorphism in the FCGR2B gene results in inaccurate genotyping in most published papers. The purpose of the study was to develop an accurate genotyping assay able to discriminate this polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bonatti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - A Adorni
- Unit of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - A Percesepe
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Unit of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - D Martorana
- Unit of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
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57
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Mayr LM, Su B, Moog C. Non-Neutralizing Antibodies Directed against HIV and Their Functions. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1590. [PMID: 29209323 PMCID: PMC5701973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells produce a plethora of anti-HIV antibodies (Abs) but only few of them exhibit neutralizing activity. This was long considered a profound limitation for the enforcement of humoral immune responses against HIV-1 infection, especially since these neutralizing Abs (nAbs) are extremely difficult to induce. However, increasing evidence shows that additional non-neutralizing Abs play a significant role in decreasing the viral load, leading to partial and sometimes even total protection. Mechanisms suspected to participate in protection are numerous. They involve the Fc domain of Abs as well as their Fab part, and consequently the induced Ab isotype will be determinant for their functions, as well as the quantity and quality of the Fc-receptors (FcRs) expressed on immune cells. Fc-mediated inhibitory functions, such as Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, aggregation, and even immune activation have been proposed. However, as for nAbs, the non-neutralizing activities are limited to a subset of anti-HIV Abs. An improved in-depth characterization of the Abs displaying these functional responses is required for the development of new vaccination strategies, which aim to selectively trigger the B cells able to induce the right functional Ab combinations both at the right place and at the right time. This review summarizes our current knowledge on non-neutralizing functional inhibitory Abs and discusses the potential benefit of inducing them via vaccination. We also provide new insight into the roles of the FcγR-mediated Ab therapeutics in clinical trials for HIV diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia M Mayr
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Christiane Moog
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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58
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Nonclassical FCGR2C haplotype is associated with protection from red blood cell alloimmunization in sickle cell disease. Blood 2017; 130:2121-2130. [PMID: 28899854 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-05-784876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are of vital importance in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). However, a major complication of transfusion therapy is alloimmunization. The low-affinity Fcγ receptors, expressed on immune cells, are important regulators of antibody responses. Genetic variation in FCGR genes has been associated with various auto- and alloimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between genetic variation of FCGR and RBC alloimmunization in SCD. In this case-control study, DNA samples from 2 cohorts of transfused SCD patients were combined (France and The Netherlands). Cases had a positive history of alloimmunization, having received ≥1 RBC unit. Controls had a negative history of alloimmunization, having received ≥20 RBC units. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variation of the FCGR2/3 gene cluster were studied in a FCGR-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay. Frequencies were compared using logistic regression. Two hundred seventy-two patients were included (130 controls, 142 cases). The nonclassical open reading frame in the FCGR2C gene (FCGR2C.nc-ORF) was strongly associated with a decreased alloimmunization risk (odds ratio [OR] 0.26, 95% confidence [CI] 0.11-0.64). This association persisted when only including controls with exposure to ≥100 units (OR 0.30, CI 0.11-0.85) and appeared even stronger when excluding cases with Rh or K antibodies only (OR 0.19, CI 0.06-0.59). In conclusion, SCD patients with the FCGR2Cnc-ORF polymorphism have over a 3-fold lower risk for RBC alloimmunization in comparison with patients without this mutation. This protective effect was strongest for exposure to antigens other than the immunogenic Rh or K antigens.
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59
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Tomaras GD, Plotkin SA. Complex immune correlates of protection in HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:245-261. [PMID: 28133811 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine is a major priority for improving human health worldwide. Vaccine-mediated protection against human pathogens can be achieved through elicitation of protective innate, humoral, and cellular responses. Identification of specific immune responses responsible for pathogen protection enables vaccine development and provides insights into host defenses against pathogens and the immunological mechanisms that most effectively fight infection. Defining immunological correlates of transmission risk in preclinical and clinical HIV-1 vaccine trials has moved the HIV-1 vaccine development field forward and directed new candidate vaccine development. Immune correlate studies are providing novel hypotheses about immunological mechanisms that may be responsible for preventing HIV-1 acquisition. Recent results from HIV-1 immune correlates work has demonstrated that there are multiple types of immune responses that together, comprise an immune correlate-thus implicating polyfunctional immune control of HIV-1 transmission. An in depth understanding of these complex immunological mechanisms of protection against HIV-1 will accelerate the development of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia D Tomaras
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stanley A Plotkin
- Vaxconsult, Doylestown, PA, USA.,University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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60
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Abstract
The bar is high to improve on current combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), now highly effective, safe, and simple. However, antibodies that bind the HIV envelope are able to uniquely target the virus as it seeks to enter new target cells, or as it is expressed from previously infected cells. Furthermore, the use of antibodies against HIV as a therapeutic may offer advantages. Antibodies can have long half-lives, and are being considered as partners for long-acting antiretrovirals for use in therapy or prevention of HIV infection. Early studies in animal models and in clinical trials suggest that such antibodies can have antiviral activity but, as with small-molecule antiretrovirals, the issues of viral escape and resistance will have to be addressed. Most promising, however, are the unique properties of anti-HIV antibodies: the potential ability to opsonize viral particles, to direct antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against actively infected cells, and ultimately the ability to direct the clearance of HIV-infected cells by effector cells of the immune system. These distinctive activities suggest that HIV antibodies and their derivatives may play an important role in the next frontier of HIV therapeutics, the effort to develop treatments that could lead to an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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61
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Buchbinder SP, Grunenberg NA, Sanchez BJ, Seaton KE, Ferrari G, Moody MA, Frahm N, Montefiori DC, Hay CM, Goepfert PA, Baden LR, Robinson HL, Yu X, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ, Huang Y, Tomaras GD. Immunogenicity of a novel Clade B HIV-1 vaccine combination: Results of phase 1 randomized placebo controlled trial of an HIV-1 GM-CSF-expressing DNA prime with a modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine boost in healthy HIV-1 uninfected adults. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179597. [PMID: 28727817 PMCID: PMC5519050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A phase 1 trial of a clade B HIV vaccine in HIV-uninfected adults evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a DNA prime co-expressing GM-CSF (Dg) followed by different numbers and intervals of modified vaccinia Ankara Boosts (M). Both vaccines produce virus-like particles presenting membrane-bound Env. Methods Four US sites randomized 48 participants to receiving 1/10th the DNA dose as DgDgMMM given at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 months, or full dose DgDgM_M or DgDgMM_M regimens, given at 0, 2, 4, and 8 months, and 0, 2, 4, 6, and 10 months, respectively. Peak immunogenicity was measured 2 weeks post-last vaccination. Results All regimens were well tolerated and safe. Full dose DgDgM_M and DgDgMM_M regimens generated Env-specific IgG to HIV-1 Env in >90%, IgG3 in >80%, and IgA in <20% of participants. Responses to gp140 and gp41 targets were more common and of higher magnitude than to gp120 and V1V2. The gp41 antibody included reactivity to the conserved immunodominant region with specificities known to mediate virus capture and phagocytosis and did not cross-react with a panel of intestinal flora antigens. The 3rd dose of MVA increased the avidity of elicited antibody (7.5% to 39%), the ADCC response to Bal gp120 (14% to 64%), and the one-year durability of the IgG3 responses to gp41 by 4-fold (13% vs. 3.5% retention of peak response). The co-expressed GM-CSF did not enhance responses over those in trials testing this vaccine without GM-CSF. Conclusion This DNA/MVA prime-boost regimen induced durable, functional humoral responses that included ADCC, high antibody avidity, and Env IgG1 and IgG3 binding responses to the immunodominant region of gp41. The third, spaced MVA boost improved the overall quality of the antibody response. These products without co-expressed GM-CSF but combined with protein boosts will be considered for efficacy evaluation. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01571960
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P. Buchbinder
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicole A. Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brittany J. Sanchez
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kelly E. Seaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Hay
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Xuesong Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Perez LG, Martinez DR, deCamp AC, Pinter A, Berman PW, Francis D, Sinangil F, Lee C, Greene K, Gao H, Nitayaphan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Kaewkungwal J, Pitisuttithum P, Tartaglia J, O’Connell RJ, Robb ML, Michael NL, Kim JH, Gilbert P, Montefiori DC. V1V2-specific complement activating serum IgG as a correlate of reduced HIV-1 infection risk in RV144. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180720. [PMID: 28678869 PMCID: PMC5498072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-neutralizing IgG to the V1V2 loop of HIV-1 gp120 correlates with a decreased risk of HIV-1 infection but the mechanism of protection remains unknown. This V1V2 IgG correlate was identified in RV144 Thai trial vaccine recipients, who were primed with a canarypox vector expressing membrane-bound gp120 (vCP1521) and boosted with vCP1521 plus a mixture gp120 proteins from clade B and clade CRF01_AE (B/E gp120). We sought to determine whether the mechanism of vaccine protection might involve antibody-dependent complement activation. Complement activation was measured as a function of complement component C3d deposition on V1V2-coated beads in the presence of RV144 sera. Variable levels of complement activation were detected two weeks post final boosting in RV144, which is when the V1V2 IgG correlate was identified. The magnitude of complement activation correlated with V1V2-specific serum IgG and was stronger and more common in RV144 than in HIV-1 infected individuals and two related HIV-1 vaccine trials, VAX003 and VAX004, where no protection was seen. After adjusting for gp120 IgA, V1V2 IgG, gender, and risk score, complement activation by case-control plasmas from RV144 correlated inversely with a reduced risk of HIV-1 infection, with odds ratio for positive versus negative response to TH023-V1V2 0.42 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.99, p = 0.048) and to A244-V1V2 0.49 (95% CI 0.21 to 1.10, p = 0.085). These results suggest that complement activity may have contributed in part to modest protection against the acquisition of HIV-1 infection seen in the RV144 trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lautaro G. Perez
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David R. Martinez
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Phillip W. Berman
- Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Donald Francis
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Carter Lee
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kelli Greene
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - James Tartaglia
- Department of Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert J. O’Connell
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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63
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French MA, Tjiam MC, Abudulai LN, Fernandez S. Antiviral Functions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific IgG Antibodies: Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy and Implications for Therapeutic HIV-1 Vaccine Design. Front Immunol 2017; 8:780. [PMID: 28725225 PMCID: PMC5495868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary antiretroviral therapy (ART) is effective and tolerable for long periods of time but cannot eradicate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection by either elimination of viral reservoirs or enhancement of HIV-1-specific immune responses. Boosting "protective" HIV-1-specific immune responses by active or passive immunization will therefore be necessary to control or eradicate HIV-1 infection and is currently the topic of intense investigation. Recently reported studies conducted in HIV patients and non-human primate (NHP) models of HIV-1 infection suggest that HIV-1-specific IgG antibody responses may contribute to the control of HIV-1 infection. However, production of IgG antibodies with virus neutralizing activity by vaccination remains problematic and while vaccine-induced natural killer cell-activating IgG antibodies have been shown to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection, they may not be sufficient to control or eradicate established HIV-1 infection. It is, therefore, important to consider other functional characteristics of IgG antibody responses. IgG antibodies to viruses also mediate opsonophagocytic antibody responses against virions and capsids that enhance the function of phagocytic cells playing critical roles in antiviral immune responses, particularly conventional dendritic cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Emerging evidence suggests that these antibody functions might contribute to the control of HIV-1 infection. In addition, IgG antibodies contribute to the intracellular degradation of viruses via binding to the cytosolic fragment crystallizable (Fc) receptor tripartite motif containing-21 (TRIM21). The functional activity of an IgG antibody response is influenced by the IgG subclass content, which affects binding to antigens and to Fcγ receptors on phagocytic cells and to TRIM21. The IgG subclass content and avidity of IgG antibodies is determined by germinal center (GC) reactions in follicles of lymphoid tissue. As HIV-1 infects cells in GCs and induces GC dysfunction, which may persist during ART, strategies for boosting HIV-1-specific IgG antibody responses should include early commencement of ART and possibly the use of particular antiretroviral drugs to optimize drug levels in lymphoid follicles. Finally, enhancing particular functions of HIV-1-specific IgG antibody responses by using adjuvants or cytokines to modulate the IgG subclass content of the antibody response might be investigated in NHP models of HIV-1 infection and during trials of therapeutic vaccines in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn A. French
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital and PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - M. Christian Tjiam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Laila N. Abudulai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sonia Fernandez
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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64
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Joseph S, Quinn K, Greenwood A, Cope AV, McKay PF, Hayes PJ, Kopycinski JT, Gilmour J, Miller AN, Geldmacher C, Nadai Y, Ahmed MIM, Montefiori DC, Dally L, Bouliotis G, Lewis DJM, Tatoud R, Wagner R, Esteban M, Shattock RJ, McCormack S, Weber J. A Comparative Phase I Study of Combination, Homologous Subtype-C DNA, MVA, and Env gp140 Protein/Adjuvant HIV Vaccines in Two Immunization Regimes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:149. [PMID: 28275375 PMCID: PMC5319954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There remains an urgent need for a prophylactic HIV vaccine. We compared combined MVA and adjuvanted gp140 to sequential MVA/gp140 after DNA priming. We expected Env-specific CD4+ T-cells after DNA and MVA priming, and Env-binding antibodies in 100% individuals after boosting with gp140 and that combined vaccines would not compromise safety and might augment immunogenicity. Forty volunteers were primed three times with DNA plasmids encoding (CN54) env and (ZM96) gag-pol-nef at 0, 4 and 8 weeks then boosted with MVA-C (CN54 env and gag-pol-nef) and glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant—aqueous formulation (GLA-AF) adjuvanted CN54gp140. They were randomised to receive them in combination at the same visit at 16 and 20 weeks (accelerated) or sequentially with MVA-C at 16, 20, and GLA-AF/gp140 at 24 and 28 weeks (standard). All vaccinations were intramuscular. Primary outcomes included ≥grade 3 safety events and the titer of CN54gp140-specific binding IgG. Other outcomes included neutralization, binding antibody specificity and T-cell responses. Two participants experienced asymptomatic ≥grade 3 transaminitis leading to discontinuation of vaccinations, and three had grade 3 solicited local or systemic reactions. A total of 100% made anti-CN54gp140 IgG and combining vaccines did not significantly alter the response; geometric mean titer 6424 (accelerated) and 6578 (standard); neutralization of MW965.2 Tier 1 pseudovirus was superior in the standard group (82 versus 45% responders, p = 0.04). T-cell ELISpot responses were CD4+ and Env-dominant; 85 and 82% responding in the accelerated and standard groups, respectively. Vaccine-induced IgG responses targeted multiple regions within gp120 with the V3 region most immunodominant and no differences between groups detected. Combining MVA and gp140 vaccines did not result in increased adverse events and did not significantly impact upon the titer of Env-specific binding antibodies, which were seen in 100% individuals. The approach did however affect other immune responses; neutralizing antibody responses, seen only to Tier 1 pseudoviruses, were poorer when the vaccines were combined and while T-cell responses were seen in >80% individuals in both groups and similarly CD4 and Env dominant, their breadth/polyfunctionality tended to be lower when the vaccines were combined, suggesting attenuation of immunogenicity and cautioning against this accelerated regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Joseph
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London , London , UK
| | - Killian Quinn
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | | | - Alethea V Cope
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Peter J Hayes
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | | | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Aleisha N Miller
- ICTU, Department of Public Health, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Yuka Nadai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed I M Ahmed
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Len Dally
- The EMMES Corporation , Rockville, MD , USA
| | - George Bouliotis
- ICTU, Department of Public Health, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - David J M Lewis
- Clinical Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; Clinical Research Facility, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Roger Tatoud
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Ralf Wagner
- University of Regensburg and University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | | | | | - Sheena McCormack
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London , London , UK
| | - Jonathan Weber
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
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Abstract
The scale and scope of the global epidemic, coupled to challenges with traditional vaccine development approaches, point toward a need for novel methodologies for HIV vaccine research. While the development of vaccines able to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies remains the ultimate goal, to date, vaccines continue to fail to induce these rare humoral immune responses. Conversely, growing evidence across vaccine platforms in both non-human primates and humans points to a role for polyclonal vaccine-induced antibody responses in protection from infection. These candidate vaccines, despite employing disparate viral vectors and immunization strategies, consistently identify a role for functional or non-traditional antibody activities as correlates of immunity. However, the precise mechanism(s) of action of these "binding" antibodies, their specific characteristics, and their ability to be selectively induced and/or potentiated to result in complete protection merits parallel investigation to neutralizing antibody-based vaccine design approaches. Ultimately, while neutralizing and functional antibody-based vaccine strategies need not be mutually exclusive, defining the specific characteristics of "protective" functional antibodies may provide a target immune profile to potentially induce more robust immunity against HIV. Specifically, one approach to guide the development of functional antibody-based vaccine strategies, termed "systems serology", offers an unbiased and comprehensive approach to systematically survey humoral immune responses, capturing the array of functions and humoral response characteristics that may be induced following vaccination with high resolution. Coupled to machine learning tools, large datasets that explore the "antibody-ome" offer a means to step back from anticipated correlates and mechanisms of protection and toward a more fundamental understanding of coordinated aspects of humoral immune responses, to more globally differentiate among vaccine candidates, and most critically, to identify the features of humoral immunity that distinguish protective from non-protective responses. Overall, the systematic serological approach described here aimed at broadly capturing the enormous biodiversity in antibody profiles that may emerge following vaccination, complements the existing cutting edge tools in the cellular immunology space that survey vaccine-induced polyfunctional cellular activity by flow cytometry, transcriptional profiling, epigenetic, and metabolomic analysis to offer a means to develop both a more nuanced and a more complete understanding of correlates of protection to support the design of functional vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconness Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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66
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Methodical Considerations. HUMAN VACCINES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802302-0.00006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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67
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Huang Y, Ferrari G, Alter G, Forthal DN, Kappes JC, Lewis GK, Love JC, Borate B, Harris L, Greene K, Gao H, Phan TB, Landucci G, Goods BA, Dowell KG, Cheng HD, Bailey-Kellogg C, Montefiori DC, Ackerman ME. Diversity of Antiviral IgG Effector Activities Observed in HIV-Infected and Vaccinated Subjects. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:4603-4612. [PMID: 27913647 PMCID: PMC5137799 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Diverse Ab effector functions mediated by the Fc domain have been commonly associated with reduced risk of infection in a growing number of nonhuman primate and human clinical studies. This study evaluated the anti-HIV Ab effector activities in polyclonal serum samples from HIV-infected donors, VAX004 vaccine recipients, and healthy HIV-negative subjects using a variety of primary and cell line-based assays, including Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), Ab-dependent cell-mediated viral inhibition, and Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis. Additional assay characterization was performed with a panel of Fc-engineered variants of mAb b12. The goal of this study was to characterize different effector functions in the study samples and identify assays that might most comprehensively and dependably capture Fc-mediated Ab functions mediated by different effector cell types and against different viral targets. Deployment of such assays may facilitate assessment of functionally unique humoral responses and contribute to identification of correlates of protection with potential mechanistic significance in future HIV vaccine studies. Multivariate and correlative comparisons identified a set of Ab-dependent cell-mediated viral inhibition and phagocytosis assays that captured different Ab activities and were distinct from a group of ADCC assays that showed a more similar response profile across polyclonal serum samples. The activities of a panel of b12 monoclonal Fc variants further identified distinctions among the ADCC assays. These results reveal the natural diversity of Fc-mediated Ab effector responses among vaccine recipients in the VAX004 trial and in HIV-infected subjects, and they point to the potential importance of polyfunctional Ab responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - John C Kappes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - George K Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - J Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Bhavesh Borate
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Linda Harris
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Kelli Greene
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Tran B Phan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Gary Landucci
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Brittany A Goods
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Karen G Dowell
- Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755; and
| | - Hao D Cheng
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755
| | | | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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68
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Astronomo RD, Santra S, Ballweber-Fleming L, Westerberg KG, Mach L, Hensley-McBain T, Sutherland L, Mildenberg B, Morton G, Yates NL, Mize GJ, Pollara J, Hladik F, Ochsenbauer C, Denny TN, Warrier R, Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayapan S, Kaewkungwal J, Ferrari G, Shaw GM, Xia SM, Liao HX, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF, McElrath JM. Neutralization Takes Precedence Over IgG or IgA Isotype-related Functions in Mucosal HIV-1 Antibody-mediated Protection. EBioMedicine 2016; 14:97-111. [PMID: 27919754 PMCID: PMC5161443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection occurs primarily through mucosal transmission. Application of biologically relevant mucosal models can advance understanding of the functional properties of antibodies that mediate HIV protection, thereby guiding antibody-based vaccine development. Here, we employed a human ex vivo vaginal HIV-1 infection model and a rhesus macaque in vivo intrarectal SHIV challenge model to probe the protective capacity of monoclonal broadly-neutralizing (bnAb) and non-neutralizing Abs (nnAbs) that were functionally modified by isotype switching. For human vaginal explants, we developed a replication-competent, secreted NanoLuc reporter virus system and showed that CD4 binding site bnAbs b12 IgG1 and CH31 IgG1 and IgA2 isoforms potently blocked HIV-1JR-CSF and HIV-1Bal26 infection. However, IgG1 and IgA nnAbs, either alone or together, did not inhibit infection despite the presence of FcR-expressing effector cells in the tissue. In macaques, the CH31 IgG1 and IgA2 isoforms infused before high-dose SHIV challenge were completely to partially protective, respectively, while nnAbs (CH54 IgG1 and CH38 mIgA2) were non-protective. Importantly, in both mucosal models IgG1 isotype bnAbs were more protective than the IgA2 isotypes, attributable in part to greater neutralization activity of the IgG1 variants. These findings underscore the importance of potent bnAb induction as a primary goal of HIV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena D Astronomo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber-Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katharine G Westerberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Linh Mach
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiffany Hensley-McBain
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura Sutherland
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin Mildenberg
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georgeanna Morton
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gregory J Mize
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ranjit Warrier
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Sorachai Nitayapan
- Royal Thai Army Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shi-Mao Xia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Juliana M McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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69
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Rationally Designed Vaccines Targeting the V2 Region of HIV-1 gp120 Induce a Focused, Cross-Clade-Reactive, Biologically Functional Antibody Response. J Virol 2016; 90:10993-11006. [PMID: 27630234 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01403-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong antibody (Ab) responses against V1V2 epitopes of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 envelope (Env) correlated with reduced infection rates in studies of HIV, simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). In order to focus the Ab response on V1V2, we used six V1V2 sequences and nine scaffold proteins to construct immunogens which were tested using various immunization regimens for their ability to induce cross-reactive and biologically active V2 Abs in rabbits. A prime/boost immunization strategy was employed using gp120 DNA and various V1V2-scaffold proteins. The rabbit polyclonal Ab responses (i) were successfully focused on the V1V2 region, with weak or only transient responses to other Env epitopes, (ii) displayed broad cross-reactive binding activity with gp120s and the V1V2 regions of diverse strains from clades B, C, and E, (iii) included V2 Abs with specificities similar to those found in HIV-infected individuals, and (iv) remained detectable ≥1 year after the last boosting dose. Importantly, sera from rabbits receiving V1V2-scaffold immunogens displayed Ab-dependent cellular phagocytosis whereas sera from rabbits receiving only gp120 did not. The results represent the first fully successful example of reverse vaccinology in the HIV vaccine field with rationally designed epitope scaffold immunogens inducing Abs that recapitulate the epitope specificity and biologic activity of the human monoclonal Abs from which the immunogens were designed. Moreover, this is the first immunogenicity study using epitope-targeting, rationally designed vaccine constructs that induced an Fc-mediated activity associated with protection from infection with HIV, SIV, and SHIV. IMPORTANCE Novel immunogens were designed to focus the antibody response of rabbits on the V1V2 epitopes of HIV-1 gp120 since such antibodies were associated with reduced infection rates of HIV, SIV, and SHIV. The vaccine-induced antibodies were broadly cross-reactive with the V1V2 regions of HIV subtypes B, C and E and, importantly, facilitated Fc-mediated phagocytosis, an activity not induced upon immunization of rabbits with gp120. This is the first immunogenicity study of vaccine constructs that focuses the antibody response on V1V2 and induces V2-specific antibodies with the ability to mediate phagocytosis, an activity that has been associated with protection from infection with HIV, SIV, and SHIV.
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70
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Non-neutralizing antibody functions for protection and control HIV in humans and SIV and SHIV in non-human primates. AIDS 2016; 30:2551-2553. [PMID: 27753680 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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71
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Antibody-Mediated Internalization of Infectious HIV-1 Virions Differs among Antibody Isotypes and Subclasses. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005817. [PMID: 27579713 PMCID: PMC5007037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging data support a role for antibody Fc-mediated antiviral activity in vaccine efficacy and in the control of HIV-1 replication by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Antibody-mediated virus internalization is an Fc-mediated function that may act at the portal of entry whereby effector cells may be triggered by pre-existing antibodies to prevent HIV-1 acquisition. Understanding the capacity of HIV-1 antibodies in mediating internalization of HIV-1 virions by primary monocytes is critical to understanding their full antiviral potency. Antibody isotypes/subclasses differ in functional profile, with consequences for their antiviral activity. For instance, in the RV144 vaccine trial that achieved partial efficacy, Env IgA correlated with increased risk of HIV-1 infection (i.e. decreased vaccine efficacy), whereas V1-V2 IgG3 correlated with decreased risk of HIV-1 infection (i.e. increased vaccine efficacy). Thus, understanding the different functional attributes of HIV-1 specific IgG1, IgG3 and IgA antibodies will help define the mechanisms of immune protection. Here, we utilized an in vitro flow cytometric method utilizing primary monocytes as phagocytes and infectious HIV-1 virions as targets to determine the capacity of Env IgA (IgA1, IgA2), IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies to mediate HIV-1 infectious virion internalization. Importantly, both broadly neutralizing antibodies (i.e. PG9, 2G12, CH31, VRC01 IgG) and non-broadly neutralizing antibodies (i.e. 7B2 mAb, mucosal HIV-1+ IgG) mediated internalization of HIV-1 virions. Furthermore, we found that Env IgG3 of multiple specificities (i.e. CD4bs, V1-V2 and gp41) mediated increased infectious virion internalization over Env IgG1 of the same specificity, while Env IgA mediated decreased infectious virion internalization compared to IgG1. These data demonstrate that antibody-mediated internalization of HIV-1 virions depends on antibody specificity and isotype. Evaluation of the phagocytic potency of vaccine-induced antibodies and therapeutic antibodies will enable a better understanding of their capacity to prevent and/or control HIV-1 infection in vivo.
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72
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Boesch AW, Brown EP, Ackerman ME. The role of Fc receptors in HIV prevention and therapy. Immunol Rev 2016; 268:296-310. [PMID: 26497529 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, a wealth of experimental evidence has accumulated supporting the importance of Fc receptor (FcR) ligation in antibody-mediated pathology and protection in many disease states. Here we present the diverse evidence base that has accumulated as to the importance of antibody effector functions in the setting of HIV prevention and therapy, including clinical correlates, genetic associations, viral evasion strategies, and a rapidly growing number of compelling animal model experiments. Collectively, this work identifies antibody interactions with FcR as important to both therapeutic and prophylactic strategies involving both passive and active immunity. These findings mirror those in other fields as investigators continue to work toward identifying the right antibodies and the right effectors to be present at the right sites at the right time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin W Boesch
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Eric P Brown
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, USA
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73
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Jensen K, Nabi R, Van Rompay KKA, Robichaux S, Lifson JD, Piatak M, Jacobs WR, Fennelly G, Canfield D, Mollan KR, Hudgens MG, Larsen MH, Amedee AM, Kozlowski PA, De Paris K. Vaccine-Elicited Mucosal and Systemic Antibody Responses Are Associated with Reduced Simian Immunodeficiency Viremia in Infant Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2016; 90:7285-7302. [PMID: 27252535 PMCID: PMC4984660 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00481-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Despite significant progress in reducing peripartum mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with antiretroviral therapy (ART), continued access to ART throughout the breastfeeding period is still a limiting factor, and breast milk exposure to HIV accounts for up to 44% of MTCT. As abstinence from breastfeeding is not recommended, alternative means are needed to prevent MTCT of HIV. We have previously shown that oral vaccination at birth with live attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) genes safely induces persistent SIV-specific cellular and humoral immune responses both systemically and at the oral and intestinal mucosa. Here, we tested the ability of oral M. tuberculosis vaccine strains expressing SIV Env and Gag proteins, followed by systemic heterologous (MVA-SIV Env/Gag/Pol) boosting, to protect neonatal macaques against oral SIV challenge. While vaccination did not protect infant macaques against oral SIV acquisition, a subset of immunized animals had significantly lower peak viremia which inversely correlated with prechallenge SIV Env-specific salivary and intestinal IgA responses and higher-avidity SIV Env-specific IgG in plasma. These controller animals also maintained CD4(+) T cell populations better and showed reduced tissue pathology compared to noncontroller animals. We show that infants vaccinated at birth can develop vaccine-induced SIV-specific IgA and IgG antibodies and cellular immune responses within weeks of life. Our data further suggest that affinity maturation of vaccine-induced plasma antibodies and induction of mucosal IgA responses at potential SIV entry sites are associated with better control of viral replication, thereby likely reducing SIV morbidity. IMPORTANCE Despite significant progress in reducing peripartum MTCT of HIV with ART, continued access to ART throughout the breastfeeding period is still a limiting factor. Breast milk exposure to HIV accounts for up to 44% of MTCT. Alternative measures, in addition to ART, are needed to achieve the goal of an AIDS-free generation. Pediatric HIV vaccines constitute a core component of such efforts. The results of our pediatric vaccine study highlight the potential importance of vaccine-elicited mucosal Env-specific IgA responses in combination with high-avidity systemic Env-specific IgG in protection against oral SIV transmission and control of viral replication in infant macaques. The induction of potent mucosal IgA antibodies by our vaccine is remarkable considering the age-dependent development of mucosal IgA responses postbirth. A deeper understanding of postnatal immune development may inform the design of improved vaccine strategies to enhance systemic and mucosal SIV/HIV antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rafiq Nabi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Spencer Robichaux
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Glenn Fennelly
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Don Canfield
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Katie R Mollan
- Lineberger Cancer Center and Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Gillings School of Public Health and Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Angela M Amedee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Prentice HA, Tomaras GD, Geraghty DE, Apps R, Fong Y, Ehrenberg PK, Rolland M, Kijak GH, Krebs SJ, Nelson W, DeCamp A, Shen X, Yates NL, Zolla-Pazner S, Nitayaphan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Kaewkungwal J, Pitisuttithum P, Ferrari G, McElrath MJ, Montefiori DC, Bailer RT, Koup RA, O'Connell RJ, Robb ML, Michael NL, Gilbert PB, Kim JH, Thomas R. HLA class II genes modulate vaccine-induced antibody responses to affect HIV-1 acquisition. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:296ra112. [PMID: 26180102 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aab4005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the RV144 vaccine trial, two antibody responses were found to correlate with HIV-1 acquisition. Because human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II-restricted CD4(+) T cells are involved in antibody production, we tested whether HLA class II genotypes affected HIV-1-specific antibody levels and HIV-1 acquisition in 760 individuals. Indeed, antibody responses correlated with acquisition only in the presence of single host HLA alleles. Envelope (Env)-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies were associated with increased risk of acquisition specifically in individuals with DQB1*06. IgG antibody responses to Env amino acid positions 120 to 204 were higher and were associated with decreased risk of acquisition and increased vaccine efficacy only in the presence of DPB1*13. Screening IgG responses to overlapping peptides spanning Env 120-204 and viral sequence analysis of infected individuals defined differences in vaccine response that were associated with the presence of DPB1*13 and could be responsible for the protection observed. Overall, the underlying genetic findings indicate that HLA class II modulated the quantity, quality, and efficacy of antibody responses in the RV144 trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Prentice
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20818, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daniel E Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Richard Apps
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Philip K Ehrenberg
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Morgane Rolland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20818, USA
| | - Gustavo H Kijak
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20818, USA
| | - Shelly J Krebs
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20818, USA
| | - Wyatt Nelson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Allan DeCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System and the Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sorachai Nitayaphan
- Department of Retrovirology, U.S. Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Supachai Rerks-Ngarm
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical and Public Health Informatics (BIOPHICS), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Punnee Pitisuttithum
- Vaccine Trial Centre, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert J O'Connell
- Department of Retrovirology, U.S. Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20818, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Rasmi Thomas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA. Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20818, USA.
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Pelegrin M, Naranjo-Gomez M, Piechaczyk M. Antiviral Monoclonal Antibodies: Can They Be More Than Simple Neutralizing Agents? Trends Microbiol 2016; 23:653-665. [PMID: 26433697 PMCID: PMC7127033 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are increasingly being considered as agents to fight severe viral diseases. So far, they have essentially been selected and used on the basis of their virus-neutralizing activity and/or cell-killing activity to blunt viral propagation via direct mechanisms. There is, however, accumulating evidence that they can also induce long-lasting protective antiviral immunity by recruiting the endogenous immune system of infected individuals during the period of immunotherapy. Exploiting this property may revolutionize antiviral mAb-based immunotherapies, with benefits for both patients and healthcare systems. Antiviral monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are promising, high-added-value biotherapeutics. During recent years, the number of antiviral mAbs developed against both acute and chronic viruses has grown exponentially, some of them being currently tested in clinical trials. Antiviral mAbs can be used to blunt viral propagation through direct effects. They can also engage the host's immune system, leading to the induction of long-lasting protective vaccine-like effects. The assessment of mechanisms at play in the induction of vaccine-like effects by antiviral mAbs will help in improving antiviral treatments. Exploiting this effect will translate into therapeutic benefit for patients. The benefit will also help healthcare systems through the reduction of treatment costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Pelegrin
- Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer - Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Mar Naranjo-Gomez
- Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer - Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Piechaczyk
- Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer - Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
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76
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Peng X, Li SS, Gilbert PB, Geraghty DE, Katze MG. FCGR2C Polymorphisms Associated with HIV-1 Vaccine Protection Are Linked to Altered Gene Expression of Fc-γ Receptors in Human B Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152425. [PMID: 27015273 PMCID: PMC4807760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The phase III Thai RV144 vaccine trial showed an estimated vaccine efficacy (VE) to prevent HIV-1 infection of 31.2%, which has motivated the search for immune correlates of vaccine protection. In a recent report, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FCGR2C were identified to associate with the level of VE in the RV144 trial. To investigate the functional significance of these SNPs, we utilized a large scale B cell RNA sequencing database of 462 individuals from the 1000 Genomes Project to examine associations between FCGR2C SNPs and gene expression. We found that the FCGR2C SNPs that associated with vaccine efficacy in RV144 also strongly associated with the expression of FCGR2A/C and one of them also associated with the expression of Fc receptor-like A (FCRLA), another Fc-γ receptor (FcγR) gene that was not examined in the previous report. These results suggest that the expression of FcγR genes is influenced by these SNPs either directly or in linkage with other causal variants. More importantly, these results motivate further investigations into the potential for a causal association of expression and alternative splicing of FCGR2C and other FcγR genes with the HIV-1 vaccine protection in the RV144 trial and other similar studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxia Peng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shuying S. Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Epidemiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Epidemiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Katze
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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77
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Gilbert PB, Huang Y. Predicting Overall Vaccine Efficacy in a New Setting by Re-Calibrating Baseline Covariate and Intermediate Response Endpoint Effect Modifiers of Type-Specific Vaccine Efficacy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5:93-112. [PMID: 28154793 DOI: 10.1515/em-2015-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We develop a transport formula for predicting overall cumulative vaccine efficacy through time t (VE(t)) to prevent clinically significant infection with a genetically diverse pathogen (e.g., HIV infection) in a new setting for which a Phase III preventive vaccine efficacy trial that would directly estimate VE(t) has not yet been conducted. The formula integrates data from (1) a previous Phase III trial, (2) a Phase I/II immune response biomarker endpoint trial in the new setting where a follow-up Phase III trial is planned, (3) epidemiological data on background HIV infection incidence in the new setting; and (4) genomic epidemiological data on HIV sequence distributions in the previous and new settings. For (1), the randomized vaccine versus placebo Phase III trial yields estimates of vaccine efficacy to prevent particular genotypes of HIV in participant subgroups defined by baseline covariates X and immune responses to vaccination S(1) measured at a fixed time point τ (potential outcomes if assigned vaccine); often one or more immune responses to vaccination are available that modify genotype-specific vaccine efficacy. The formula focuses on subgroups defined by X and S(1) and being at-risk for HIV infection at τ under both the vaccine and placebo treatment assignments. For (2), the Phase I/II trial tests the same vaccine in a new setting, or a refined new vaccine in the same or new setting, and measures the same baseline covariates and immune responses as the original Phase III trial. For (3), epidemiological data in the new setting are used to project overall background HIV infection rates in the baseline covariate subgroups in the planned Phase III trial, hence re-calibrating for HIV incidence differences in the two settings; whereas for (4), data bases of HIV sequences measured from HIV infected individuals are used to re-calibrate for differences in the distributions of the circulating HIV genotypes in the two settings. The transport formula incorporates a user-specified bridging assumption function that measures differences in HIV genotype-specific conditional biological-susceptibility vaccine efficacies in the two settings, facilitating a sensitivity analysis. We illustrate the transport formula with application to HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) research. One application of the transport formula is to use predicted VE(t) as a rational criterion for ranking a set of candidate vaccines being studied in Phase I/II trials for their priority for down-selection into the follow-up Phase III trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease and Public Health Science Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, U.S.A; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, U.S.A
| | - Ying Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease and Public Health Science Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, 98109, U.S.A; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, U.S.A
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78
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Prospects for engineering HIV-specific antibodies for enhanced effector function and half-life. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016; 10:160-9. [PMID: 25700208 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A wealth of recent animal model data suggests that as exciting possibilities for the use of antibodies in passive immunotherapy strategies continue to develop, it will be important to broadly consider how antibodies achieve anti-HIV-1 effect in vivo. RECENT FINDINGS Beyond neutralization breadth and potency, substantial evidence from natural infection, vaccination, and studies in animal models points to a critical role for antibody Fc receptor (FcR) engagement in reducing risk of infection, decreasing postinfection viremia, and delaying viral rebound. Supporting these findings in the setting of HIV, the clinical maturation of recombinant antibody therapeutics has reinforced the importance of Fc-driven activity in vivo across many disease settings, as well as opportunely resulted in the development and exploration of a number of engineered Fc sequence and glycosylation variants that possess differential binding to FcRs. Exploiting these variants as tools, the individual and concerted effects of antibody effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition, phagocytosis, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody half-life, and compartmentalization are now being explored. As exciting molecular therapies are advanced, these studies promise to provide insight into optimal in-vivo antibody activity profiles. SUMMARY Careful consideration of recent progress in understanding protective antibody activities in vivo can point toward how tailoring antibody activity via Fc domain modification may enable optimization of HIV prevention and eradication strategies.
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79
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Lelièvre JD, Lévy Y. HIV-1 prophylactic vaccines: state of the art. J Virus Erad 2016; 2:5-11. [PMID: 27482428 PMCID: PMC4946697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for an effective HIV-1 vaccine began early in the course of the HIV pandemic. Over time, the paradigm has evolved from B cell- towards T cell-based vaccines. Results from initial Phase II/III trials have been disappointing; however, while modest, the unexpected results of the Phase II/III RV144 trial in Thailand have re-energised the field. Indeed a clear correlation was demonstrated in this trial between protection and immunological biomarkers, namely non-neutralising antibodies against the V1V2 region. Recent data obtained from cohorts of recently HIV-1-infected individuals have enabled exploration of the role of neutralising antibodies and their potential use in HIV-1 prevention. Results from non-human primate models using a cytomegalovirus vector have also shown the potential for a prophylactic HIV vaccine to induce effective T cell responses. Finally, the development of new vaccine vectors and trial strategies has also allowed progress in the field. Therefore, HIV-1 vaccine research remains a dynamic field that has also been stimulated by the recent positive results of pre-exposure prophylaxis strategies with antiretrovirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Daniel Lelièvre
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor – Albert Chenevier, Service d’Immunologie Clinique et Maladies Infectieuses, Créteil, 94000, France,Corresponding author: Jean-Daniel Lelièvre, Service d’Immunologie Clinique et Maladies Infectieuses, CHU Henri Mondor, 51 avenue Mal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Yves Lévy
- AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor – Albert Chenevier, Service d’Immunologie Clinique et Maladies Infectieuses, Créteil, 94000, France
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80
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81
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Variability at the FCGR locus: characterization in Black South Africans and evidence for ethnic variation in and out of Africa. Genes Immun 2015; 17:93-104. [PMID: 26673965 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2015.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study set out to comprehensively investigate all known functional FcγR variants in South African Black and Caucasian individuals. Population diversity was further assessed using data from the 1000 Genomes Project. In our cohort, Black South Africans neither possessed the haplotypes previously associated with increased surface densities of FcγRIIb and FcγRIIIa nor the FCGR2C haplotype recently associated with increased vaccine efficacy in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial (despite 48.7% bearing the c.134-96T tag allele). Moreover, Africans (South Africans, Luhya Kenyans and Yoruba Nigerians) lack the FCGR2C c.798+1G splice-site allele required for the expression of functional FcγRIIc. Although the presence or absence of surface FcγRIIc did not affect natural killer cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity capability, this may be significant for other FcγRIIc-mediated functions. Overall, allele distribution and linkage disequilibrium in Africans and Caucasians differed in a manner that would suggest a differentially maintained balance of FcγR-mediated cell activation in these populations. Finally, significant variation observed among different African populations precludes the use of any one African population as a proxy for FcγR diversity in Africans. In conclusion, the findings of this study highlight further ethnic variation at the FCGR gene locus, in particular for FCGR2C, a gene with increasingly recognized clinical significance.
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82
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Tutt AL, James S, Laversin SA, Tipton TRW, Ashton-Key M, French RR, Hussain K, Vaughan AT, Dou L, Earley A, Dahal LN, Lu C, Dunscombe M, Chan HTC, Penfold CA, Kim JH, Potter EA, Mockridge CI, Roghanian A, Oldham RJ, Cox KL, Lim SH, Teige I, Frendéus B, Glennie MJ, Beers SA, Cragg MS. Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Mouse and Human Fcγ Receptors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:5503-16. [PMID: 26512139 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
FcγRs are key regulators of the immune response, capable of binding to the Fc portion of IgG Abs and manipulating the behavior of numerous cell types. Through a variety of receptors, isoforms, and cellular expression patterns, they are able to fine-tune and direct appropriate responses. Furthermore, they are key determinants of mAb immunotherapy, with mAb isotype and FcγR interaction governing therapeutic efficacy. Critical to understanding the biology of this complex family of receptors are reagents that are robust and highly specific for each receptor. In this study, we describe the development and characterization of mAb panels specific for both mouse and human FcγR for use in flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and immunocytochemistry. We highlight key differences in expression between the two species and also patterns of expression that will likely impact on immunotherapeutic efficacy and translation of therapeutic agents from mouse to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Tutt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stéphanie A Laversin
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas R W Tipton
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Margaret Ashton-Key
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew T Vaughan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lang Dou
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alexander Earley
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Chen Lu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Melanie Dunscombe
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jinny H Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elizabeth A Potter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sean H Lim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
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Lee FH, Mason R, Welles H, Learn GH, Keele BF, Roederer M, Bar KJ. Breakthrough Virus Neutralization Resistance as a Correlate of Protection in a Nonhuman Primate Heterologous Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Challenge Study. J Virol 2015; 89:12388-400. [PMID: 26423953 PMCID: PMC4665252 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01531-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Comprehensive assessments of immune correlates of protection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trials are essential to vaccine design. Neutralization sieve analysis compares the neutralization sensitivity of the breakthrough transmitted/founder (TF) viruses from vaccinated and control animals to infer the molecular mechanisms of vaccine protection. Here, we report a robust neutralization sieve effect in a nonhuman primate simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine trial (DNA prime/recombinant adenovirus type 5 [rAd5] boost) (VRC-10-332) that demonstrated substantial protective efficacy and revealed a genetic signature of neutralization resistance in the C1 region of env. We found significant enrichment for neutralization resistance in the vaccine compared to control breakthrough TF viruses when tested with plasma from vaccinated study animals, plasma from chronically SIV-infected animals, and a panel of SIV-specific monoclonal antibodies targeting six discrete Env epitopes (P < 0.008 for all comparisons). Neutralization resistance was significantly associated with the previously identified genetic signature of resistance (P < 0.0001), and together, the results identify virus neutralization as a correlate of protection. These findings further demonstrate the in vivo relevance of our previous in vitro analyses of the SIVsmE660 challenge stock, which revealed a broad range of neutralization sensitivities of its component viruses. In sum, this report demonstrates proof-of-concept that phenotypic sieve analyses can elucidate mechanistic correlates of immune protection following vaccination and raises a cautionary note for SIV and SHIV (simian-human immunodeficiency virus) vaccine studies that employ challenge strains with envelope glycoproteins that fail to exhibit neutralization resistance profiles typical of TF viruses. IMPORTANCE With more than 2 million new infections annually, the development of an effective vaccine against HIV-1 is a global health priority. Understanding immunologic correlates of protection generated in vaccine trials is critical to advance vaccine development. Here, we assessed the role of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies in a recent nonhuman primate study of a vaccine that showed significant protection against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge and suggested a genetic signature of neutralization sensitivity. We found that breakthrough viruses able to establish infection in vaccinated animals were substantially more resistant to antibody-mediated neutralization than were viruses from controls. These findings suggest that vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies selectively blocked the transmission of more sensitive challenge viruses. Sieve analysis also corroborated a genetic signature of neutralization sensitivity and highlighted the impact of challenge swarm diversity. Our findings suggest an important role for neutralization sieve analyses as an informative component of comprehensive immune-correlates analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Hua Lee
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rosemarie Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hugh Welles
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gerald H Learn
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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84
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Hargreaves CE, Iriyama C, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Nagelkerke SQ, Hussain K, Ganderton R, Lee C, Machado LR, Hollox EJ, Parker H, Latham KV, Kuijpers TW, Potter KN, Coupland SE, Davies A, Stackpole M, Oates M, Pettitt AR, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS, Strefford JC. Evaluation of High-Throughput Genomic Assays for the Fc Gamma Receptor Locus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142379. [PMID: 26545243 PMCID: PMC4636148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has been revolutionised by the use monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that function through their interaction with Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs). The low-affinity FcγR genes are highly homologous, map to a complex locus at 1p23 and harbour single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variation (CNV) that can impact on receptor function and response to therapeutic mAbs. This complexity can hinder accurate characterisation of the locus. We therefore evaluated and optimised a suite of assays for the genomic analysis of the FcγR locus amenable to peripheral blood mononuclear cells and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) material that can be employed in a high-throughput manner. Assessment of TaqMan genotyping for FCGR2A-131H/R, FCGR3A-158F/V and FCGR2B-232I/T SNPs demonstrated the need for additional methods to discriminate genotypes for the FCGR3A-158F/V and FCGR2B-232I/T SNPs due to sequence homology and CNV in the region. A multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay provided high quality SNP and CNV data in PBMC cases, but there was greater data variability in FFPE material in a manner that was predicted by the BIOMED-2 multiplex PCR protocol. In conclusion, we have evaluated a suite of assays for the genomic analysis of the FcγR locus that are scalable for application in large clinical trials of mAb therapy. These assays will ultimately help establish the importance of FcγR genetics in predicting response to antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal E. Hargreaves
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Chisako Iriyama
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Sietse Q. Nagelkerke
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind Ganderton
- Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Lee
- Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Lee R. Machado
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
- School of Health, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN2 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Hollox
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Parker
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Kate V. Latham
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Taco W. Kuijpers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kathleen N. Potter
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Coupland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Davies
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Stackpole
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Oates
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Pettitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Glennie
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C. Strefford
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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85
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Dimitrov D, Kublin JG, Ramsey S, Corey L. Are Clade Specific HIV Vaccines a Necessity? An Analysis Based on Mathematical Models. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:2062-9. [PMID: 26844286 PMCID: PMC4703729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As HIV-1 envelope immune responses are critical to vaccine related protection, most candidate HIV vaccines entering efficacy trials are based upon a clade specific design. This need for clade specific vaccine prototypes markedly reduces the implementation of potentially effective HIV vaccines. We utilized a mathematical model to determine the effectiveness of immediate roll-out of a non-clade matched vaccine with reduced efficacy compared to constructing clade specific vaccines, which would take considerable time to manufacture and test in safety and efficacy trials. We simulated the HIV epidemic in San Francisco (SF) and South Africa (SA) and projected effectiveness of three vaccination strategies: i) immediate intervention with a 20–40% vaccine efficacy (VE) non-matched vaccine, ii) delayed intervention by developing a 50% VE clade-specific vaccine, and iii) immediate intervention with a non-matched vaccine replaced by a clade-specific vaccine when developed. Immediate vaccination with a non-clade matched vaccine, even with reduced efficacy, would prevent thousands of new infections in SF and millions in SA over 30 years. Vaccination with 50% VE delayed for five years needs six and 12 years in SA to break-even with immediate 20 and 30% VE vaccination, respectively, while not able to surpass the impact of immediate 40% VE vaccination over 30 years. Replacing a 30% VE with a 50% VE vaccine after 5 years reduces the HIV acquisition by 5% compared to delayed vaccination. The immediate use of an HIV vaccine with reduced VE in high risk communities appears desirable over a short time line but higher VE should be the pursued to achieve strong long-term impact. Our analysis illustrates the importance of developing surrogate markers (correlates of protection) to allow bridging types of immunogenicity studies to support more rapid assessment of clade specific vaccines. Rapid deployment of non-clade matched HIV vaccines would be an effective public-health strategy in high risk populations. Pursuit of further incremental increase in vaccine efficacy is justified and will result in better long term effectiveness. Reduced condom use by vaccinated individuals may diminish the advantage of the replacement vaccination strategy. Reliable surrogate markers of vaccine efficacy are needed to speed up the development of effective HIV vaccines.
The HIV vaccine field has followed the concept of clade specific (clade matched) vaccines for over 30 years. We investigate the implementation of non-clade matched and clade specific vaccines by simulating the HIV epidemics in San Francisco and South Africa: two regions of the world where the epidemics are well characterized. Our analysis suggests that rapid deployment of a non-clade matched vaccine would be an effective public health strategy. The most effective 10-year vaccination strategy is to employ non-clade matched vaccines in highest risk populations followed by the rapid development of a more effective clade matched prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobromir Dimitrov
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 357155, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Scott Ramsey
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 357155, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 357155, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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86
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Hargreaves CE, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Machado LR, Iriyama C, Hollox EJ, Cragg MS, Strefford JC. Fcγ receptors: genetic variation, function, and disease. Immunol Rev 2015; 268:6-24. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal E. Hargreaves
- Cancer Genomics Group; Cancer Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
- Antibody and Vaccine Group; Cancer Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | | | - Lee R. Machado
- Department of Genetics; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
- School of Health; University of Northampton; Northampton UK
| | - Chisako Iriyama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | | | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group; Cancer Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | - Jonathan C. Strefford
- Cancer Genomics Group; Cancer Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
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87
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Corey L, Gilbert PB, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF, Pantaleo G, Fauci AS. Immune correlates of vaccine protection against HIV-1 acquisition. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:310rv7. [PMID: 26491081 PMCID: PMC4751141 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac7732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The partial efficacy reported in the RV144 HIV vaccine trial in 2009 has driven the HIV vaccine field to define correlates of risk associated with HIV-1 acquisition and connect these functionally to preventing HIV infection. Immunological correlates, mainly including CD4(+) T cell responses to the HIV envelope and Fc-mediated antibody effector function, have been connected to reduced acquisition. These immunological correlates place immunological and genetic pressure on the virus. Indeed, antibodies directed at conserved regions of the V1V2 loop and antibodies that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to HIV envelope in the absence of inhibiting serum immunoglobulin A antibodies correlated with decreased HIV risk. More recently, researchers have expanded their search with nonhuman primate studies using vaccine regimens that differ from that used in RV144; these studies indicate that non-neutralizing antibodies are associated with protection from experimental lentivirus challenge as well. These immunological correlates have provided the basis for the design of a next generation of vaccine regimens to improve upon the qualitative and quantitative degree of magnitude of these immune responses on HIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Corey
- HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Lausanne University Hospital and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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88
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Milligan C, Richardson BA, John-Stewart G, Nduati R, Overbaugh J. FCGR2A and FCGR3A Genotypes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Mother-to-Child Transmission. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015; 2:ofv149. [PMID: 26613093 PMCID: PMC4653957 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Fc-mediated effector functions have been suggested to influence human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition and disease progression. Analyzing the role of host Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) polymorphisms on HIV outcome in mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) will increase our understanding of how host genetics may alter immune responses in prevention, therapy, and disease. This study analyzed the impact of FCGR2A and FCGR3A genotypes on MTCT in a cohort in which Fc-mediated antibody functions are predictive of infant HIV outcome. Methods. Human immunodeficiency virus-positive mothers and their infants from a historical MTCT cohort were genotyped for FCGR2A and FCGR3A. We assessed the impact of these genotypes on transmission and acquisition of HIV and disease progression using χ(2) tests, survival analyses, and logistic regression. Results. Among 379 mother-infant pairs, infant FCGR2A and FCGR3A genotypes were not associated with infant HIV infection or disease progression. Maternal FCGR2A was not associated with transmission, but there was a trend between maternal FCGR3A genotype and transmission (P = .07). When dichotomizing mothers into FCGR3A homozygotes and heterozygotes, heterozygotes had a 64.5% higher risk of transmission compared with homozygotes (P = .02). This risk was most evident in the early breastfeeding window, but a trend was only observed when restricting analyses to breastfeeding mothers (hazards ratio, 1.64; P = .064). Conclusions. Infant FCGR2A and FCGR3A genotypes were not associated with HIV infection or disease progression, and, thus, host FcγR genotype may not significantly impact vaccination or therapeutic regimens that depend on Fc-mediated antibody functions. Maternal FCGR3A genotype may influence early breastfeeding transmission risk, but more studies should be conducted to clarify this association and its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Milligan
- Division of Human Biology ; Medical Scientist Training Program , University of Washington School of Medicine ; Departments of Global Health
| | - Barbra A Richardson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center ; Departments of Global Health ; Biostatistics
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Departments of Global Health ; Medicine ; Epidemiology ; Pediatrics , University of Washington , Seattle
| | - Ruth Nduati
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health , University of Nairobi , Kenya
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology ; Medical Scientist Training Program , University of Washington School of Medicine
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89
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Dai JY, Zhang XC, Wang CY, Kooperberg C. Augmented case-only designs for randomized clinical trials with failure time endpoints. Biometrics 2015; 72:30-8. [PMID: 26347982 DOI: 10.1111/biom.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Under suitable assumptions and by exploiting the independence between inherited genetic susceptibility and treatment assignment, the case-only design yields efficient estimates for subgroup treatment effects and gene-treatment interaction in a Cox model. However it cannot provide estimates of the genetic main effect and baseline hazards, that are necessary to compute the absolute disease risk. For two-arm, placebo-controlled trials with rare failure time endpoints, we consider augmenting the case-only design with random samples of controls from both arms, as in the classical case-cohort sampling scheme, or with a random sample of controls from the active treatment arm only. The latter design is motivated by vaccine trials for cost-effective use of resources and specimens so that host genetics and vaccine-induced immune responses can be studied simultaneously in a bigger set of participants. We show that these designs can identify all parameters in a Cox model and that the efficient case-only estimator can be incorporated in a two-step plug-in procedure. Results in simulations and a data example suggest that incorporating case-only estimators in the classical case-cohort design improves the precision of all estimated parameters; sampling controls only in the active treatment arm attains a similar level of efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Y Dai
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Xinyi Cindy Zhang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ching-Yun Wang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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90
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Huang Y. Identifying optimal biomarker combinations for treatment selection through randomized controlled trials. Clin Trials 2015; 12:348-56. [PMID: 25948620 PMCID: PMC4506270 DOI: 10.1177/1740774515580126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Biomarkers associated with treatment-effect heterogeneity can be used to make treatment recommendations that optimize individual clinical outcomes. To accomplish this, statistical methods are needed to generate marker-based treatment-selection rules that can most effectively reduce the population burden due to disease and treatment. Compared to the standard approach of risk modeling to derive treatment-selection rules, a more robust approach is to directly minimize an unbiased estimate of total disease and treatment burden among a pre-specified class of rules. This problem is one of minimizing a weighted sum of 0-1 loss function, which is computationally challenging to solve due to the nonsmoothness of 0-1 loss. Huang and Fong, among others, proposed a method that uses the Ramp loss to approximate the 0-1 loss and solves the minimization problem through repetitive constrained optimizations. The algorithm was shown to have comparable or better performance than other comparative estimators in various settings. Our aim in this article is to further extend the algorithm to allow for variable selection in the presence of a large number of candidate markers. METHODS We develop an alternative method to derive marker combinations to minimize the weighted sum of Ramp loss in Huang and Fong, based on data from randomized trials. The new algorithm estimates treatment-selection rules by repetitively minimizing a smooth and differentiable objective function. Through the use of an L1 penalty, we expand the method to allow for feature selection and develop an algorithm based on the coordinate descent method to build the treatment-selection rule. RESULTS Through extensive simulation studies, we compared performance of the proposed estimator to four existing approaches: (1) a logistic regression risk modeling approach, and three other "direct optimizing" approaches including (2) the estimator in Huang and Fong, (3) the weighted support vector machine, and (4) the weighted logistic regression. The proposed estimator performs comparably to that of Huang and Fong, and comparably or better than other estimators. Allowing for variable selection using the proposed estimator in the presence of a large number of markers further improves treatment-selection performance. The proposed estimator is also advantageous for selecting variables relevant to treatment selection compared to L1 penalized logistic regression and weighted logistic regression. We illustrate the application of the proposed methods in host-genetics data from an HIV vaccine trial. CONCLUSION The proposed estimator is appealing considering its effectiveness and conceptual simplicity. It has significant potential to contribute to the selection and combination of biomarkers for treatment selection in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA Department of biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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91
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Nelson WC, Pyo CW, Vogan D, Wang R, Pyon YS, Hennessey C, Smith A, Pereira S, Ishitani A, Geraghty DE. An integrated genotyping approach for HLA and other complex genetic systems. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:928-38. [PMID: 26027777 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinical immunogenetics laboratories performing routine sequencing of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes in support of hematopoietic cell transplantation are motivated to upgrade to next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology by its potential for cost savings as well as testing accuracy and flexibility. While NGS machines are available and simple to operate, there are few systems available that provide comprehensive sample preparation and data analysis workflows to complete the process. We report on the development and testing of the Integrated Genotyping System (IGS), which has been designed to specifically address the challenges associated with the adoption of NGS in clinical laboratories. To validate the system for a variety of sample DNA sources, we have tested 336 DNA specimens from whole blood, dried blood spots, buccal swabs, and lymphoblastoid cell lines. HLA class I and class II genotypes were derived from amplicon sequencing of HLA-A, -B, -C for exons 1-7 and HLA-DPA1, -DPB1, -DQA1, -DQB1, -DRB1, -DRB3, -DRB4, -DRB5 for exons 1-4. Additionally, to demonstrate the extensibility of the IGS to other genetic loci, KIR haplotyping of 93 samples was carried out in parallel with HLA typing using a workflow based on the HLA system. These results are discussed with respect to their applications in the clinical setting and consequent potential for advancing precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt C Nelson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Scisco Genetics Inc., Seattle, WA 98115, United States
| | - Chul-Woo Pyo
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Scisco Genetics Inc., Seattle, WA 98115, United States
| | - David Vogan
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Scisco Genetics Inc., Seattle, WA 98115, United States
| | - Ruihan Wang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Scisco Genetics Inc., Seattle, WA 98115, United States
| | - Yoon-Soo Pyon
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Carly Hennessey
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Anajane Smith
- Scisco Genetics Inc., Seattle, WA 98115, United States
| | | | - Akiko Ishitani
- Scisco Genetics Inc., Seattle, WA 98115, United States; Scisco Genetics Inc., Shinga-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-0006, Japan
| | - Daniel E Geraghty
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Scisco Genetics Inc., Seattle, WA 98115, United States; Scisco Genetics Inc., Shinga-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-0006, Japan.
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92
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Vaccine-Induced Linear Epitope-Specific Antibodies to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 Envelope Are Distinct from Those Induced to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope in Nonhuman Primates. J Virol 2015; 89:8643-50. [PMID: 26018159 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03635-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate antibody specificities induced by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) versus human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope antigens in nonhuman primate (NHP), we profiled binding antibody responses to linear epitopes in NHP studies with HIV-1 or SIV immunogens. We found that, overall, HIV-1 Env IgG responses were dominated by V3, with the notable exception of the responses to the vaccine strain A244 Env that were dominated by V2, whereas the anti-SIVmac239 Env responses were dominated by V2 regardless of the vaccine regimen.
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93
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Tjiam MC, Taylor JPA, Morshidi MA, Sariputra L, Burrows S, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Tan DBA, Lee S, Fernandez S, French MA. Viremic HIV Controllers Exhibit High Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell-Reactive Opsonophagocytic IgG Antibody Responses against HIV-1 p24 Associated with Greater Antibody Isotype Diversification. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5320-8. [PMID: 25911748 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the mechanisms of natural control of HIV-1 infection could lead to novel approaches to prevent or cure HIV infection. Several studies have associated natural control of HIV-1 infection with IgG Abs against HIV-1 Gag proteins (e.g., p24) and/or production of IgG2 Abs against HIV-1 proteins. These Abs likely exert their effect by activating antiviral effector cell responses rather than virus neutralization. We hypothesized that an opsonophagocytic IgG Ab response against HIV-1 p24 that activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) through FcγRIIa would be associated with control of HIV and that this would be enhanced by Ab isotype diversification. Using the Gen2.2 pDC cell line, we demonstrated that pDC-reactive opsonophagocytic IgG Ab responses against HIV-1 p24 were higher in HIV controllers (HIV RNA < 2000 copies/ml) than noncontrollers (HIV RNA > 10,000 copies/ml), particularly in controllers with low but detectable viremia (HIV RNA 75-2000 copies/ml). Opsonophagocytic Ab responses correlated with plasma levels of IgG1 and IgG2 anti-HIV-1 p24 and, notably, correlated inversely with plasma HIV RNA levels in viremic HIV patients. Phagocytosis of these Abs was mediated via FcγRIIa. Isotype diversification (toward IgG2) was greatest in HIV controllers, and depletion of IgG2 from Ig preparations indicated that IgG2 Abs to HIV-1 p24 do not enhance phagocytosis, suggesting that they enhance other aspects of Ab function, such as Ag opsonization. Our findings emulate those for pDC-reactive opsonophagocytic Ab responses against coxsackie, picorna, and influenza viruses and demonstrate a previously undefined immune correlate of HIV-1 control that may be relevant to HIV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christian Tjiam
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital and PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - James P A Taylor
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Mazmah A Morshidi
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Lucy Sariputra
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Sally Burrows
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Jeffrey N Martin
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117
| | - Steven G Deeks
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117
| | - Dino B A Tan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Centre for Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Research, Lung Institute of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; and
| | - Silvia Lee
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Perth Hospital and PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - Sonia Fernandez
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Martyn A French
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital and PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia;
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94
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Brown J, Excler JL, Kim JH. New prospects for a preventive HIV-1 vaccine. J Virus Erad 2015; 1:78-88. [PMID: 26523292 PMCID: PMC4625840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune correlates of risk analysis and recent non-human primate (NHP) challenge studies have generated hypotheses that suggest HIV-1 envelope may be essential and, perhaps, sufficient to induce protective antibody responses against HIV-1 acquisition at the mucosal entry. New prime-boost mosaic and conserved-sequence, together with replicating vector immunisation strategies aiming at inducing immune responses or greater breadth, as well as the development of immunogens inducing broadly neutralising antibodies and mucosal responses, should be actively pursued and tested in humans. Whether the immune correlates of risk identified in RV144 can be extended to other vaccines, other populations, or different modes and intensity of transmission, and against increasing HIV-1 genetic diversity, remains to be demonstrated. Although NHP challenge studies may guide vaccine development, human efficacy trials remain key for answering the critical questions leading to the development of a global HIV-1 vaccine for licensure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Louis Excler
- US Military HIV Research Program,
Bethesda,
MD,
USA,The Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine,
Bethesda,
MD,
USA,Corresponding author: Jean-Louis Excler,
US Military HIV Research Program,
6720-A Rockledge Drive, Suite 400Bethesda,
MD20817,
USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program,
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research,
Silver Spring,
MD,
USA
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95
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Weis JF, McClelland RS, Jaoko W, Mandaliya KN, Overbaugh J, Graham SM. Short communication: Fc gamma receptors IIa and IIIa genetic polymorphisms do not predict HIV-1 disease progression in Kenyan women. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:288-92. [PMID: 25312792 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms of the Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) IIa and IIIa have been implicated in the rate of HIV-1 disease progression, but results are inconsistent. We aimed to determine the association between these polymorphisms and disease progression in a cohort of HIV-1 seroconverters from Mombasa, Kenya. Neither FcγRIIa nor FcγRIIIa genotypes were predictive of set point viral load, viral load increase, CD4 decline, or HIV-1 disease progression (time to CD4 count <200 cells/mm(3), death, or treatment initiation). Our results suggest that FcγR polymorphisms might not be an important indicator of viral control and disease progression in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie F. Weis
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Institute for Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - R. Scott McClelland
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Walter Jaoko
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Susan M. Graham
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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96
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Huang Y, Fong Y. Identifying optimal biomarker combinations for treatment selection via a robust kernel method. Biometrics 2014; 70:891-901. [PMID: 25124089 PMCID: PMC4277554 DOI: 10.1111/biom.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Treatment-selection markers predict an individual's response to different therapies, thus allowing for the selection of a therapy with the best predicted outcome. A good marker-based treatment-selection rule can significantly impact public health through the reduction of the disease burden in a cost-effective manner. Our goal in this article is to use data from randomized trials to identify optimal linear and nonlinear biomarker combinations for treatment selection that minimize the total burden to the population caused by either the targeted disease or its treatment. We frame this objective into a general problem of minimizing a weighted sum of 0-1 loss and propose a novel penalized minimization method that is based on the difference of convex functions algorithm (DCA). The corresponding estimator of marker combinations has a kernel property that allows flexible modeling of linear and nonlinear marker combinations. We compare the proposed methods with existing methods for optimizing treatment regimens such as the logistic regression model and the weighted support vector machine. Performances of different weight functions are also investigated. The application of the proposed method is illustrated using a real example from an HIV vaccine trial: we search for a combination of Fc receptor genes for recommending vaccination in preventing HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Public Health Sciences, 1100
Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109-1024, University of Washington, Department
of Biostatistics, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Youyi Fong
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Public Health Sciences, 1100
Fairview Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109-1024, University of Washington, Department
of Biostatistics, Seattle, WA, 98195
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