51
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Shalev I. Theory of Motivated Cue-Integration and COVID-19: Between Interoception, Somatization, and Radicalization. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:631758. [PMID: 34177640 PMCID: PMC8226015 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.631758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The global dissemination of COVID-19 creates confusion and ambiguity in nearly every aspect of life, including fear of contagion, heightened awareness of the mortality of self and family members, lack of power, and distrust of experts and decision-makers. In this stressful situation, the question arises as to what mechanisms distinguish between adaptive and maladaptive self-regulation. The theory of Motivated Cue-Integration (MCI) is a novel theory of self-regulation that provides a new perspective on the effect of COVID-19 on self-regulation deficiency as an example of psychological distress. Inspired by predictive coding, social cognition, embodied cognition, and experiential approach, MCI suggests that self-regulation is based on interaction between (1) high-level values and goals, (2) low-level interoceptive and exteroceptive signals, and (3) trust in epistemic authority or a significant other. Motivated Cue-Integration posits that individuals create meaning by making moment-to-moment predictions that affect their interpretation of the experience of ambiguity influenced by their relationship with epistemic authority. According to MCI, deficiency in self-regulation during COVID-19 could result either from over-sensitivity or under-sensitivity to low-level interoceptive and exteroceptive cues; rigidity or ambiguity of high-level goals, poor integration between the two levels of processing as well as distrust in epistemic authority. According to MCI, variations of these deficiencies may occur in various clinical phenomena such as alexithymia and somatization, as well as in social phenomena such as goal radicalization. Based on this reasoning, MCI claims that the mentalization of the relationship between interoceptive cues, exteroceptive cues, goals, and psychological needs of the person, as well as the improvement of confidence in epistemic authority, can promote adaptive self-regulation. Psychological intervention can foster trust in epistemic authority, increase the mentalization of interoceptive and exteroceptive cues, and their association with adaptive goals. As such, the integration of these elements in a way that facilitates incentives pathways and insight fosters a more integrated subjective experience, higher clarity of emotion, and positive internal dialogue which promotes action tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idit Shalev
- Laboratory for Embodiment and Self-Regulation, Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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52
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Omran M, Belcher EK, Mohile NA, Kesler SR, Janelsins MC, Hohmann AG, Kleckner IR. Review of the Role of the Brain in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:693133. [PMID: 34179101 PMCID: PMC8226121 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.693133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common, debilitating, and dose-limiting side effect of many chemotherapy regimens yet has limited treatments due to incomplete knowledge of its pathophysiology. Research on the pathophysiology of CIPN has focused on peripheral nerves because CIPN symptoms are felt in the hands and feet. However, better understanding the role of the brain in CIPN may accelerate understanding, diagnosing, and treating CIPN. The goals of this review are to (1) investigate the role of the brain in CIPN, and (2) use this knowledge to inform future research and treatment of CIPN. We identified 16 papers using brain interventions in animal models of CIPN and five papers using brain imaging in humans or monkeys with CIPN. These studies suggest that CIPN is partly caused by (1) brain hyperactivity, (2) reduced GABAergic inhibition, (3) neuroinflammation, and (4) overactivation of GPCR/MAPK pathways. These four features were observed in several brain regions including the thalamus, periaqueductal gray, anterior cingulate cortex, somatosensory cortex, and insula. We discuss how to leverage this knowledge for future preclinical research, clinical research, and brain-based treatments for CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Omran
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | | - Nimish A Mohile
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Shelli R Kesler
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | | | - Andrea G Hohmann
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience and Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Ian R Kleckner
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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53
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Zhang J, Scholtens LH, Wei Y, van den Heuvel MP, Chanes L, Barrett LF. Topography Impacts Topology: Anatomically Central Areas Exhibit a "High-Level Connector" Profile in the Human Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1357-1365. [PMID: 31504277 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Degree centrality is a widely used measure in complex networks. Within the brain, degree relates to other topological features, with high-degree nodes (i.e., hubs) exhibiting high betweenness centrality, participation coefficient, and within-module z-score. However, increasing evidence from neuroanatomical and predictive processing literature suggests that topological properties of a brain network may also be impacted by topography, that is, anatomical (spatial) distribution. More specifically, cortical limbic areas (agranular and dysgranular cortices), which occupy an anatomically central position, have been proposed to be topologically central and well suited to initiate predictions in the cerebral cortex. We estimated anatomical centrality and showed that it positively correlated with betweenness centrality, participation coefficient, and communicability, analogously to degree. In contrast to degree, however, anatomical centrality negatively correlated with within-module z-score. Our data suggest that degree centrality and anatomical centrality reflect distinct contributions to cortical organization. Whereas degree would be more related to the amount of information integration performed by an area, anatomical centrality would be more related to an area's position in the predictive hierarchy. Highly anatomically central areas may function as "high-level connectors," integrating already highly integrated information across modules. These results are consistent with a high-level, domain-general limbic workspace, integrated by highly anatomically central cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lianne H Scholtens
- Connectome Lab, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yongbin Wei
- Connectome Lab, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn P van den Heuvel
- Connectome Lab, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lorena Chanes
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology-Serra Húnter Programme, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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54
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The self in context: brain systems linking mental and physical health. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 22:309-322. [PMID: 33790441 PMCID: PMC8447265 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that mental health and physical health are linked by neural systems that jointly regulate somatic physiology and high-level cognition. Key systems include the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the related default-mode network. These systems help to construct models of the 'self-in-context', compressing information across time and sensory modalities into conceptions of the underlying causes of experience. Self-in-context models endow events with personal meaning and allow predictive control over behaviour and peripheral physiology, including autonomic, neuroendocrine and immune function. They guide learning from experience and the formation of narratives about the self and one's world. Disorders of mental and physical health, especially those with high co-occurrence and convergent alterations in the functionality of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the default-mode network, could benefit from interventions focused on understanding and shaping mindsets and beliefs about the self, illness and treatment.
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55
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Vaisvaser S. The Embodied-Enactive-Interactive Brain: Bridging Neuroscience and Creative Arts Therapies. Front Psychol 2021; 12:634079. [PMID: 33995190 PMCID: PMC8121022 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.634079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The recognition and incorporation of evidence-based neuroscientific concepts into creative arts therapeutic knowledge and practice seem valuable and advantageous for the purpose of integration and professional development. Moreover, exhilarating insights from the field of neuroscience coincide with the nature, conceptualization, goals, and methods of Creative Arts Therapies (CATs), enabling comprehensive understandings of the clinical landscape, from a translational perspective. This paper contextualizes and discusses dynamic brain functions that have been suggested to lie at the heart of intra- and inter-personal processes. Touching upon fundamental aspects of the self and self-other interaction, the state-of-the-art neuroscientific-informed views will shed light on mechanisms of the embodied, predictive and relational brain. The conceptual analysis introduces and interweaves the following contemporary perspectives of brain function: firstly, the grounding of mental activity in the lived, bodily experience will be delineated; secondly, the enactive account of internal models, or generative predictive representations, shaped by experience, will be defined and extensively deliberated; and thirdly, the interpersonal simulation and synchronization mechanisms that support empathy and mentalization will be thoroughly considered. Throughout the paper, the cross-talks between the brain and the body, within the brain through functionally connected neural networks and in the context of agent-environment dynamics, will be addressed. These communicative patterns will be elaborated on to unfold psychophysiological linkage, as well as psychopathological shifts, concluding with the neuroplastic change associated with the formulation of CATs. The manuscript suggests an integrative view of the brain-body-mind in contexts relevant to the therapeutic potential of the expressive creative arts and the main avenues by which neuroscience may ground, enlighten and enrich the clinical psychotherapeutic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Vaisvaser
- School of Society and the Arts, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
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56
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Jagini KK. Temporal Binding in Multisensory and Motor-Sensory Contexts: Toward a Unified Model. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:629437. [PMID: 33841117 PMCID: PMC8026855 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.629437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our senses receive a manifold of sensory signals at any given moment in our daily lives. For a coherent and unified representation of information and precise motor control, our brain needs to temporally bind the signals emanating from a common causal event and segregate others. Traditionally, different mechanisms were proposed for the temporal binding phenomenon in multisensory and motor-sensory contexts. This paper reviews the literature on the temporal binding phenomenon in both multisensory and motor-sensory contexts and suggests future research directions for advancing the field. Moreover, by critically evaluating the recent literature, this paper suggests that common computational principles are responsible for the temporal binding in multisensory and motor-sensory contexts. These computational principles are grounded in the Bayesian framework of uncertainty reduction rooted in the Helmholtzian idea of unconscious causal inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Kumar Jagini
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
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57
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Burleson MH, Quigley KS. Social interoception and social allostasis through touch: Legacy of the Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion. Soc Neurosci 2021; 16:92-102. [PMID: 31810428 PMCID: PMC7299836 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2019.1702095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
John Cacioppo and colleagues' Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion (SAME) highlighted the importance of interoception in emotional experience. Here we compare how the SAME and the more recent theory of constructed emotion (TCE) view the role of interoceptive signals in creating emotional experiences. We describe the characteristics of touch sensations that are carried by thin, unmyelinated fibers called C-tactile afferents (CTs) to the posterior insula, and are thus deemed interoceptive despite their typically social (external) origin. We explore how this social interoceptive input might contribute to the emotion-related effects of social touch more generally, and speculate that all social touch, with or without CT afferent stimulation, can directly influence allostasis, or the predictive regulation of short- and long-term energy resources required by the body. Finally, we describe several features of CT-optimal touch that make it a potentially useful tool to help illuminate basic interoceptive mechanisms, emotion-related phenomena, and disorders involving atypical affect or somatosensation. These proposed ideas demonstrate the long intellectual reach of John Cacioppo and Gary Berntson's highly productive scientific collaboration, which was formative for the fields of social neuroscience, social psychophysiology, and affective neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Burleson
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University , Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Karen S Quigley
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (CHOIR) and Social and Community Reintegration Research (SoCRR) Program, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial VA , Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University , Boston, MA, USA
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58
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Mills C, Zamani A, White R, Christoff K. Out of the blue: understanding abrupt and wayward transitions in thought using probability and predictive processing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 376:20190692. [PMID: 33308075 PMCID: PMC7741073 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoughts that appear to come to us ‘out of the blue’ or ‘out of nowhere’ are a familiar aspect of mental experience. Such thoughts tend to elicit feelings of surprise and spontaneity. Although we are beginning to understand the neural processes that underlie the arising of such thoughts, little is known about what accounts for their peculiar phenomenology. Here, we focus on one central aspect of this phenomenology—the experience of surprise at their occurrence, as it relates to internal probabilistic predictions regarding mental states. We introduce a distinction between two phenomenologically different types of transitions in thought content: (i) abrupt transitions, which occur at surprising times but lead to unsurprising thought content, and (ii) wayward transitions, which occur at surprising times and also lead to surprising thought content. We examine these two types of transitions using a novel approach that combines probabilistic and predictive processing concepts and principles. We employ two different probability metrics—transition and occurrence probability—to characterize and differentiate between abrupt and wayward transitions. We close by discussing some potentially beneficial ways in which these two kinds of transitions in thought content may contribute to mental function, and how they may be implemented at the neural level. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Offline perception: voluntary and spontaneous perceptual experiences without matching external stimulation’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Mills
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Andre Zamani
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rebecca White
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Kalina Christoff
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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59
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Djalovski A, Dumas G, Kinreich S, Feldman R. Human attachments shape interbrain synchrony toward efficient performance of social goals. Neuroimage 2020; 226:117600. [PMID: 33249213 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain has undergone massive expansion across primate evolution through life amidst multi-layered social attachments; within families, among friends, and between clan members and this enabled humans to coordinate their brains with those of others toward the execution of complex social goals. We examined how human attachments facilitate efficient, resource-sensitive performance of social goals by balancing neural and behavioral synchrony. Using hyperscanning EEG, we collected neural data from male-female pairs in three groups (N=158, 79 pairs); long-term couples, best friends, and unfamiliar group members, during two ecologically-valid naturalistic tasks; motor coordination and empathy giving. Across groups and tasks, neural synchrony was supported by behavior coordination and orchestrated multiple neural rhythms. In the goal-directed motor task, interbrain synchrony implicated beta and gamma rhythms localized to sensorimotor areas. Couples showed the highest neural synchrony combined with greatest behavioral synchrony and such brain-behavior linkage resulted in speedy performance, conserving energy in the long run. The socially-oriented empathy task triggered neural synchrony in widely-distributed sensorimotor and bilateral temporal regions, integrated alpha, beta, and gamma rhythms, and implicated brain-behavior complementarity; couples displayed the highest behavioral synchrony combined with lowest neural synchrony toward greatest felt support while strangers exhibited the opposite pattern. Findings suggest that human attachments provide a familiar backdrop of temporal regularities, required for the brain's allostatic function, and interbrain and behavioral synchrony are sculpted by familiarity and closeness toward resource-sensitive performance of survival-related social goals, toiled by two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Djalovski
- Center for Developmental Social Neuroscience, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel; Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Precision Psychiatry and Social Physiology laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Human Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Sivan Kinreich
- Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ruth Feldman
- Center for Developmental Social Neuroscience, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel; Child Study Center, Yale University,.
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60
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Behavioral, Physiological, and Neural Signatures of Surprise during Naturalistic Sports Viewing. Neuron 2020; 109:377-390.e7. [PMID: 33242421 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Surprise signals a discrepancy between past and current beliefs. It is theorized to be linked to affective experiences, the creation of particularly resilient memories, and segmentation of the flow of experience into discrete perceived events. However, the ability to precisely measure naturalistic surprise has remained elusive. We used advanced basketball analytics to derive a quantitative measure of surprise and characterized its behavioral, physiological, and neural correlates in human subjects observing basketball games. We found that surprise was associated with segmentation of ongoing experiences, as reflected by subjectively perceived event boundaries and shifts in neocortical patterns underlying belief states. Interestingly, these effects differed by whether surprising moments contradicted or bolstered current predominant beliefs. Surprise also positively correlated with pupil dilation, activation in subcortical regions associated with dopamine, game enjoyment, and long-term memory. These investigations support key predictions from event segmentation theory and extend theoretical conceptualizations of surprise to real-world contexts.
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61
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Federmeier KD, Jongman SR, Szewczyk JM. Examining the Role of General Cognitive Skills in Language Processing: A Window into Complex Cognition. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 29:575-582. [PMID: 33584021 DOI: 10.1177/0963721420964095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Whenever we use language to communicate, sounds, signs, and/or letters are combined into words that, in turn, form sentences, which together tell a story. Both language production and language comprehension rely on representations at different levels of granularity that need to be continuously and rapidly activated, selected, and combined. The representations themselves are specific to language, but many processes that regulate their use, such as inhibition of competitors or updating of working memory with new information, are so-called domain-general abilities that apply across different kinds of tasks. Here, we provide an overview of the behavioral and neurophysiological evidence in favor of domain-general abilities underpinning language skills and describe which particular aspects of production and comprehension draw upon such cognitive resources. We discuss how this line of research not only reveals important similarities between production and comprehension but also helps to establish links between language and other cognitive domains. Finally, we argue that studying how domain-general abilities are used in language will lead to important insights into the highly dynamic and efficient communication between brain networks that is necessary to successfully go from sounds to stories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara D Federmeier
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Suzanne R Jongman
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Jakub M Szewczyk
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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62
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The misrepresentation of spatial uncertainty in visual search: Single- versus joint-distribution probability cues. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 83:603-623. [PMID: 33025465 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study used information theory to quantify the extent to which different spatial cues conveyed the entropy associated with the identity and location of a visual search target. Single-distribution cues reflected the probability that the target would appear at one fixed location whereas joint-distribution cues reflected the probability that the target would appear at the location where another cue (arrow) pointed. The present study used a novel demand-selection paradigm to examine the extent to which individuals explicitly preferred one type of probability cue over the other. Although both cues conveyed equal entropy, the main results suggested representation of greater target entropy for joint- than for single-distribution cues based on a comparison between predicted and observed probability cue choices across four experiments. The present findings emphasize the importance of understanding how individuals represent basic information-theoretic quantities that underlie more complex decision-theoretic processes such as Bayesian and active inference.
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63
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Iserson KV. Empowering Clinician Education With Patient-outcome Feedback. AEM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 2020; 4:395-402. [PMID: 33150282 PMCID: PMC7592814 DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Emergency physicians (EPs) often lack the information they need about their patients' outcomes so that they can both optimally adjust and refine their diagnostic and treatment processes and recognize their clinical errors. Patient-outcome feedback (POF) provides that information by informing clinicians about a patient's clinical course after that clinician's evaluation and treatment. This feedback may encompass the period after the EP has transferred a patient's care to another EP or after the patient has left the ED or hospital. EPs obtain POF through various active and passive methods, depending on their institutional and medical record systems. Active methods require that clinicians or others spend time and effort acquiring the information; passive methods deliver it automatically. POF is an excellent performance-based measurement that helps clinicians to stimulate their learning and to build their own validated mental library of outcomes with which to make clinical decisions, i.e., heuristics and System 1 thinking. POF offers especially useful feedback about patients who have been admitted, were referred to specialists, had major interventions, had potentially significant tests pending on discharge, or were handed off to another EP. The current health care system makes it difficult for EPs to discover their patients' outcomes, squandering significant educational opportunities. Three stimuli to improve this situation would be to require EPs to receive passive POF as part of hospital accreditation, for reviewing POF to be classified as a Category 1 Continuing Medical Education activity, and to reimburse clinicians for learning activities related to POF. Research indicates that our health care institutions and systems would be well served to provide clinicians with ongoing automatic information about their patients' outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth V. Iserson
- From theDepartment of Emergency MedicineThe University of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
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64
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Abstract
Neuroscientists Ralph Adolphs and Lisa Feldman Barrett discuss the nature of emotion, moderated by physicist and science writer Leonard Mlodinow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Adolphs
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Leonard Mlodinow
- Breckenridge Institute, 62 Emmett Lode Road, Breckenridge, CO 80424, USA.
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Northeastern University, Department of Psychology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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65
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Hoemann K, Khan Z, Feldman MJ, Nielson C, Devlin M, Dy J, Barrett LF, Wormwood JB, Quigley KS. Context-aware experience sampling reveals the scale of variation in affective experience. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12459. [PMID: 32719368 PMCID: PMC7385108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion research typically searches for consistency and specificity in physiological activity across instances of an emotion category, such as anger or fear, yet studies to date have observed more variation than expected. In the present study, we adopt an alternative approach, searching inductively for structure within variation, both within and across participants. Following a novel, physiologically-triggered experience sampling procedure, participants' self-reports and peripheral physiological activity were recorded when substantial changes in cardiac activity occurred in the absence of movement. Unsupervised clustering analyses revealed variability in the number and nature of patterns of physiological activity that recurred within individuals, as well as in the affect ratings and emotion labels associated with each pattern. There were also broad patterns that recurred across individuals. These findings support a constructionist account of emotion which, drawing on Darwin, proposes that emotion categories are populations of variable instances tied to situation-specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Northeastern University, Boston, USA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, USA
| | - Jolie B Wormwood
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, USA
| | - Karen S Quigley
- Northeastern University, Boston, USA
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, USA
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66
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Shalev I. Motivated Cue-Integration and Emotion Regulation: Awareness of the Association Between Interoceptive and Exteroceptive Embodied Cues and Personal Need Creates an Emotion Goal. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1630. [PMID: 32754097 PMCID: PMC7367138 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on emotion suggests that individuals regulate their emotions to attain hedonic or instrumental goals. However, little is known of emotion regulation under low emotional clarity. The theory of motivated cue integration (MCI) suggests that emotion regulation under low emotional clarity should be understood as dissociation between a high-level individual hierarchical system of goals and low level interoceptive and exteroceptive embodied cues. MCI conceptualizes low emotional clarity as the product of low access to signals of emotion that result in prediction error associated with mismatch between the current bodily state and the predicted state. This deficit in emotional processing could be understood as a problem of means substitution, suggesting that use of alternative multisensory data may facilitate situational evaluation. Based on this reasoning, a new perspective on emotion regulation under low emotional clarity is presented, according to which interchangeable attention to multisensory data associated with words, associations, and images may help in cue integration, enabling the creation of a link between concrete bodily cues, abstract mental representation, and a more accurate prediction. Based on the idea that emotional episodes are conceptualized as special types of goal-directed action episodes, this process will lead to the creation of broader integrative meaning, results in the development of emotion goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idit Shalev
- Laboratory for Embodiment and Self-Regulation, Department of Psychology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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67
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Krupnik V. Trauma or Drama: A Predictive Processing Perspective on the Continuum of Stress. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1248. [PMID: 32714230 PMCID: PMC7344261 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The notion of psychological trauma has been liberally used both in clinical literature and general discourse. However, no consensus exists on its exact meaning and definition. Whereas traditionally trauma has been mostly associated with criterion A of acute and posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSDs) as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, many researchers find this definition too constraining and not accounting for the complexity and many aspects of trauma. This touched off a quest for a broader more accommodating trauma concept, and a dimensional view of trauma with PTSD as its extreme manifestation has been suggested. The dimensional view also has its detractors arguing that "conceptual bracket creep" may undermine the category's utility. Both categorical and dimensional views mostly rely on trauma's clinical phenomenology and lack a unified theoretical basis. In an attempt to reconcile this contradiction, a hybrid categorical-dimensional model of trauma based on the general theory of stress has been recently proposed (Krupnik, 2019). Herein, I explore the categorical boundary of the trauma concept, as posited by the model, within the predictive processing framework (PPF). I integrate the PPF view with the theory of stress. In conclusion, I briefly discuss how the proposed model of trauma may guide clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Krupnik
- Department of Mental Health, Naval Hospital Camp Pendleton, Camp Pendleton, CA, United States
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68
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Bachmann T. The Set of Priors Related Concepts Instrumental in Understanding Conscious Perception Begs Clarification. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1293. [PMID: 32655453 PMCID: PMC7324745 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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69
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Theory of mind network activity is associated with metaethical judgment: An item analysis. Neuropsychologia 2020; 143:107475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Beginning with biology: “Aspects of cognition” exist in the service of the brain's overall function as a resource-regulator. Behav Brain Sci 2020; 43:e26. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x19001705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lieder and Griffiths rightly urge that computational cognitive models be constrained by resource usage, but they should go further. The brain's primary function is to regulate resource usage. As a consequence, resource usage should not simply select among algorithmic models of “aspects of cognition.” Rather, “aspects of cognition” should be understood as existing in the service of resource management.
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72
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Siegel JP. Digging Deeper: An Object Relations Couple Therapy Update. FAMILY PROCESS 2020; 59:10-20. [PMID: 31778213 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, neurobiology research has added clarity to the process of emotional and behavioral change. In turn, this has led to endorsement of interventions that appear to be most helpful in individual and couple therapy. In addition to research on emotional dysregulation, contemporary studies have focused on the construction of meaning and its relevance to interpersonal relationships. According to Lisa Barrett, Richard Lane, and others, the brain references concepts to rapidly arrive at the most probable conclusions. Encoded experience and memory fragments guide this process and are vital in understanding partners' emotional responses. These findings support an object relations perspective that emphasizes the importance of past relational experiences that inform the present. This is particularly relevant in work with couples, as each individual's beliefs, expectations, and capacity for intimacy are invariably tied to earlier relationships. Research findings on memory reconstruction provide a basis for interventions that can add to the existing treatment approach, as it is suggested that working in a specific way with emotionally based memories has the potential to modify and reduce their predictive power and ability to unleash beliefs and behaviors that work against intimacy. The therapist who is informed by emerging neuroscience research can better uncover and actively work with memories that may be compromising a couple's relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith P Siegel
- Silver School of Social Work, New York University, New York, NY
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73
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Fugate JMB, MacDonald C, O'Hare AJ. Emotion Words' Effect on Visual Awareness and Attention of Emotional Faces. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2896. [PMID: 32010012 PMCID: PMC6974626 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore whether the meaning of a word changes visual processing of emotional faces (i.e., visual awareness and visual attention), we performed two complementary studies. In Experiment 1, we presented participants with emotion and control words and then tracked their visual awareness for two competing emotional faces using a binocular rivalry paradigm. Participants experienced the emotional face congruent with the emotion word for longer than a word-incongruent emotional face, as would be expected if the word was biasing awareness toward the (unseen) face. In Experiment 2, we similarly presented participants with emotion and control words prior to presenting emotional faces using a divided visual field paradigm. Emotion words were congruent with either the emotional face in the right or left visual field. After the presentation of faces, participants saw a dot in either the left or right visual field. Participants were slower to identify the location of the dot when it appeared in the same visual field as the emotional face congruent with the emotion word. The effect was limited to the left hemisphere (RVF), as would be expected for linguistic integration of the word with the face. Since the task was not linguistic, but rather a simple dot-probe task, participants were slower in their responses under these conditions because they likely had to disengage from the additional linguistic processing caused by the word-face integration. These findings indicate that emotion words bias visual awareness for congruent emotional faces, as well as shift attention toward congruent emotional faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M B Fugate
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States
| | - Cameron MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States
| | - Aminda J O'Hare
- Department of Psychology, Weber State University, Ogden, UT, United States
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Hoemann K, Devlin M, Barrett LF. Comment: Emotions Are Abstract, Conceptual Categories That Are Learned by a Predicting Brain. EMOTION REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073919897296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In their review, Ruba and Repacholi summarize the methods used to assess preverbal infants’ understanding of emotions, and analyze the existing evidence in light of classical and constructionist accounts of emotional development. They conclude that aspects of both accounts are plausible and propose a perceptual-to-conceptual shift in infants’ emotional development. In this comment, we clarify the nature of emotions as abstract, conceptual categories and suggest that infants may learn them as such from the start by using language to infer functional similarities across highly variable instances. This hypothesis is supported by predictive processing accounts of brain function, which can speak to the context-dependent nature of emotion and may be able to resolve debates in the study of emotion concept development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, USA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, USA
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75
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Theriault JE, Young L, Barrett LF. The sense of should: A biologically-based framework for modeling social pressure. Phys Life Rev 2020; 36:100-136. [PMID: 32008953 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
What is social pressure, and how could it be adaptive to conform to others' expectations? Existing accounts highlight the importance of reputation and social sanctions. Yet, conformist behavior is multiply determined: sometimes, a person desires social regard, but at other times she feels obligated to behave a certain way, regardless of any reputational benefit-i.e. she feels a sense of should. We develop a formal model of this sense of should, beginning from a minimal set of biological premises: that the brain is predictive, that prediction error has a metabolic cost, and that metabolic costs are prospectively avoided. It follows that unpredictable environments impose metabolic costs, and in social environments these costs can be reduced by conforming to others' expectations. We elaborate on a sense of should's benefits and subjective experience, its likely developmental trajectory, and its relation to embodied mental inference. From this individualistic metabolic strategy, the emergent dynamics unify social phenomenon ranging from status quo biases, to communication and motivated cognition. We offer new solutions to long-studied problems (e.g. altruistic behavior), and show how compliance with arbitrary social practices is compelled without explicit sanctions. Social pressure may provide a foundation in individuals on which societies can be built.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liane Young
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Psychiatric Neuroimaging Division, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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76
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Hoemann K, Wu R, LoBue V, Oakes LM, Xu F, Barrett LF. Developing an Understanding of Emotion Categories: Lessons from Objects. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 24:39-51. [PMID: 31787499 PMCID: PMC6943182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
How and when infants and young children begin to develop emotion categories is not yet well understood. Research has largely treated the learning problem as one of identifying perceptual similarities among exemplars (typically posed, stereotyped facial configurations). However, recent meta-analyses and reviews converge to suggest that emotion categories are abstract, involving high-dimensional and situationally variable instances. In this paper we consult research on the development of abstract object categorization to guide hypotheses about how infants might learn abstract emotion categories because the two domains present infants with similar learning challenges. In particular, we consider how a developmental cascades framework offers opportunities to understand how and when young children develop emotion categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Hoemann
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Wu
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Vanessa LoBue
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Lisa M Oakes
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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77
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Ho SS, Muzik M, Rosenblum KL, Morelen D, Nakamura Y, Swain JE. Potential Neural Mediators of Mom Power Parenting Intervention Effects on Maternal Intersubjectivity and Stress Resilience. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:568824. [PMID: 33363481 PMCID: PMC7752922 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.568824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress resilience in parenting depends on the parent's capacity to understand subjective experiences in self and child, namely intersubjectivity, which is intimately related to mimicking other's affective expressions (i. e., mirroring). Stress can worsen parenting by potentiating problems that can impair intersubjectivity, e.g., problems of "over-mentalizing" (misattribution of the child's behaviors) and "under-coupling" (inadequate child-oriented mirroring). Previously we have developed Mom Power (MP) parenting intervention to promote maternal intersubjectivity and reduce parenting stress. This study aimed to elucidate neural mechanisms underlying the effects of MP with a novel Child Face Mirroring Task (CFMT) in functional magnetic-resonance-imaging settings. In CFMT, the participants responded to own and other's child's facial pictures in three task conditions: (1) empathic mirroring (Join), (2) non-mirroring observing (Observe), and (3) voluntary responding (React). In each condition, each child's neutral, ambiguous, distressed, and joyful expressions were repeatedly displayed. We examined the CFMT-related neural responses in a sample of healthy mothers (n = 45) in Study 1, and MP effects on CFMT with a pre-intervention (T1) and post-intervention (T2) design in two groups, MP (n = 19) and Control (n = 17), in Study 2. We found that, from T1 to T2, MP (vs. Control) decreased parenting stress, decreased dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) during own-child-specific voluntary responding (React to Own vs. Other's Child), and increased activity in the frontoparietal cortices, midbrain, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala during own-child-specific empathic mirroring (Join vs. Observe of Own vs. Other's Child). We identified that MP effects on parenting stress were potentially mediated by T1-to-T2 changes in: (1) the left superior-temporal-gyrus differential responses in the contrast of Join vs. Observe of own (vs. other's) child, (2) the dmPFC-PAG (periaqueductal gray) differential functional connectivity in the same contrast, and (3) the left amygdala differential responses in the contrast of Join vs. Observe of own (vs. other's) child's joyful vs. distressed expressions. We discussed these results in support of the notion that MP reduces parenting stress via changing neural activities related to the problems of "over-mentalizing" and "under-coupling." Additionally, we discussed theoretical relationships between parenting stress and intersubjectivity in a novel dyadic active inference framework in a two-agent system to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shaun Ho
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Maria Muzik
- Departments of Psychiatry, Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Katherine L Rosenblum
- Departments of Psychiatry, Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Diana Morelen
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Yoshio Nakamura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Research Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - James E Swain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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78
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Zhang J, Abiose O, Katsumi Y, Touroutoglou A, Dickerson BC, Barrett LF. Intrinsic Functional Connectivity is Organized as Three Interdependent Gradients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15976. [PMID: 31685830 PMCID: PMC6828953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic functional architecture of the brain supports moment-to-moment maintenance of an internal model of the world. We hypothesized and found three interdependent architectural gradients underlying the organization of intrinsic functional connectivity within the human cerebral cortex. We used resting state fMRI data from two samples of healthy young adults (N's = 280 and 270) to generate functional connectivity maps of 109 seeds culled from published research, estimated their pairwise similarities, and multidimensionally scaled the resulting similarity matrix. We discovered an optimal three-dimensional solution, accounting for 98% of the variance within the similarity matrix. The three dimensions corresponded to three gradients, which spatially correlate with two functional features (external vs. internal sources of information; content representation vs. attentional modulation) and one structural feature (anatomically central vs. peripheral) of the brain. Remapping the three dimensions into coordinate space revealed that the connectivity maps were organized in a circumplex structure, indicating that the organization of intrinsic connectivity is jointly guided by graded changes along all three dimensions. Our findings emphasize coordination between multiple, continuous functional and anatomical gradients, and are consistent with the emerging predictive coding perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Olamide Abiose
- Center for Law, Brain and Behavior, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yuta Katsumi
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra Touroutoglou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th St., Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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79
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Fridman J, Barrett LF, Wormwood JB, Quigley KS. Applying the Theory of Constructed Emotion to Police Decision Making. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1946. [PMID: 31572250 PMCID: PMC6749088 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Law enforcement personnel commonly make decisions in stressful circumstances, where the costs associated with errors are high and sometimes fatal. In this paper, we apply a powerful theoretical approach, the theory of constructed emotion (TCE), to understand decision making under evocative circumstances. This theory posits that the primary purpose of a brain is to predictively regulate physiological resources to coordinate the body's motor activity and learning in the short term, and to meet the body's needs for growth, survival, and reproduction in the long term. This process of managing the brain and body's energy needs, called allostasis, is based on the premise that a brain anticipates bodily needs and attempts to meet those needs before they arise (e.g., vestibular activity that raises sympathetic nervous system activity before standing), because this is more efficient than responding to energetic needs after the fact. In this view, all mental events-cognition, emotion, perception, and action-are shaped by allostasis, and thus all decision making is embodied, predictive, and concerned with balancing energy needs. We also posit a key role for the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in regulating short-term energy expenditures, such that the ANS influences experience and behavior under stressful circumstances, including police decision making. In this paper, we first explain the core features of the TCE, and then offer insights for understanding police decision making in complex, real-world situations. In so doing, we describe how the TCE can be used to guide future studies of realistic decision making in occupations in which people commonly make decisions in evocative situations or under time pressure, such as in law enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Fridman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jolie B. Wormwood
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Karen S. Quigley
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Bedford, MA, United States
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80
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Mobbs D, Adolphs R, Fanselow MS, Barrett LF, LeDoux JE, Ressler K, Tye KM. Viewpoints: Approaches to defining and investigating fear. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:1205-1216. [PMID: 31332374 PMCID: PMC6943931 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is disagreement on how best to define and investigate fear. Nature Neuroscience asked Dean Mobbs to lead experts from the fields of human and animal affective neuroscience to discuss their viewpoints on how to define fear and how to move forward with the study of fear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Mobbs
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.
| | - Ralph Adolphs
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Michael S Fanselow
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph E LeDoux
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute, New York State Office of Mental Health, New York, New York, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical School, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kerry Ressler
- Division of Depression & Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kay M Tye
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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