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Abstract
Immuno-oncology is an emerging field that has revolutionized cancer treatment. Most immunomodulatory strategies focus on enhancing T cell responses, but there has been a recent surge of interest in harnessing the relatively underexplored natural killer (NK) cell compartment for therapeutic interventions. NK cells show cytotoxic activity against diverse tumour cell types, and some of the clinical approaches originally developed to increase T cell cytotoxicity may also activate NK cells. Moreover, increasing numbers of studies have identified novel methods for increasing NK cell antitumour immunity and expanding NK cell populations ex vivo, thereby paving the way for a new generation of anticancer immunotherapies. The role of other innate lymphoid cells (group 1 innate lymphoid cell (ILC1), ILC2 and ILC3 subsets) in tumours is also being actively explored. This Review provides an overview of the field and summarizes current immunotherapeutic approaches for solid tumours and haematological malignancies.
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52
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Freund-Brown J, Chirino L, Kambayashi T. Strategies to enhance NK cell function for the treatment of tumors and infections. Crit Rev Immunol 2019; 38:105-130. [PMID: 29953390 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2018025248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells equipped with the ability to rapidly kill stressed cells that are neoplastic or virally infected. These cells are especially important in settings where these stressed cells downregulate MHC class I molecules and evade recognition by cytotoxic T cells. However, the activity of NK cells alone is often suboptimal to fully control tumor growth or to clear viral infections. Thus, the enhancement of NK cell function is necessary to fully harness their antitumor or antiviral potential. In this review, we discuss how NK cell function can be augmented by the modulation of signal transduction pathways, by the manipulation of inhibitory/activating receptors on NK cells, and by cytokine-induced activation. We also discuss how some of these strategies are currently impacting NK cells in the treatment of cancer and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Freund-Brown
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Leilani Chirino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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53
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Železnjak J, Lisnić VJ, Popović B, Lisnić B, Babić M, Halenius A, L'Hernault A, Roviš TL, Hengel H, Erhard F, Redwood AJ, Vidal SM, Dölken L, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S. The complex of MCMV proteins and MHC class I evades NK cell control and drives the evolution of virus-specific activating Ly49 receptors. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1809-1827. [PMID: 31142589 PMCID: PMC6683999 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Železnjak et al. demonstrate that two MCMV-encoded proteins interact with MHC I molecules, forming an altered-self complex that prevents missing self recognition by increasing specificity for inhibitory Ly49 receptors. This led to the evolution of CMV-specific activating Ly49s. CMVs efficiently target MHC I molecules to avoid recognition by cytotoxic T cells. However, the lack of MHC I on the cell surface renders the infected cell susceptible to NK cell killing upon missing self recognition. To counter this, mouse CMV (MCMV) rescues some MHC I molecules to engage inhibitory Ly49 receptors. Here we identify a new viral protein, MATp1, that is essential for MHC I surface rescue. Rescued altered-self MHC I molecules show increased affinity to inhibitory Ly49 receptors, resulting in inhibition of NK cells despite substantially reduced MHC I surface levels. This enables the virus to evade recognition by licensed NK cells. During evolution, this novel viral immune evasion mechanism could have prompted the development of activating NK cell receptors that are specific for MATp1-modified altered-self MHC I molecules. Our study solves a long-standing conundrum of how MCMV avoids recognition by NK cells, unravels a fundamental new viral immune evasion mechanism, and demonstrates how this forced the evolution of virus-specific activating MHC I–restricted Ly49 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Železnjak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Branka Popović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Berislav Lisnić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marina Babić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Centre, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Halenius
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne L'Hernault
- Precision Medicine and Genomics, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tihana Lenac Roviš
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Erhard
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alec J Redwood
- Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Silvia M Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill Center for Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lars Dölken
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia .,Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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54
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Caspase-8-dependent control of NK- and T cell responses during cytomegalovirus infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:555-571. [PMID: 31098689 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-8 (CASP8) impacts antiviral immunity in expected as well as unexpected ways. Mice with combined deficiency in CASP8 and RIPK3 cannot support extrinsic apoptosis or RIPK3-dependent programmed necrosis, enabling studies of CASP8 function without complications of unleashed necroptosis. These extrinsic cell death pathways are naturally targeted by murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-encoded cell death suppressors, showing they are key to cell-autonomous host defense. Remarkably, Casp8-/-Ripk3-/-, Ripk1-/-Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- and Casp8-/-Ripk3K51A/K51A mice mount robust antiviral T cell responses to control MCMV infection. Studies in Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice show that CASP8 restrains expansion of MCMV-specific natural killer (NK) and CD8 T cells without compromising contraction or immune memory. Infected Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- or Casp8-/-Ripk3K51A/K51A mice have higher levels of virus-specific NK cells and CD8 T cells compared to matched RIPK3-deficient littermates or WT mice. CASP8, likely acting downstream of Fas death receptor, dampens proliferation of CD8 T cells during expansion. Importantly, contraction proceeds unimpaired in the absence of extrinsic death pathways owing to intact Bim-dependent (intrinsic) apoptosis. CD8 T cell memory develops in Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice, but memory inflation characteristic of MCMV infection is not sustained in the absence of CASP8 function. Despite this, Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice are immune to secondary challenge. Interferon (IFN)γ is recognized as a key cytokine for adaptive immune control of MCMV. Ifngr-/-Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice exhibit increased lifelong persistence in salivary glands as well as lungs compared to Ifngr-/- and Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice. Thus, mice deficient in CASP8 and RIPK3 are more dependent on IFNγ mechanisms for sustained T cell immune control of MCMV. Overall, appropriate NK- and T cell immunity to MCMV is dependent on host CASP8 function independent of RIPK3-regulated pathways.
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55
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Wagner AK, Alici E, Lowdell MW. Characterization of human natural killer cells for therapeutic use. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:315-326. [PMID: 30910383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As a part of the innate immune system, natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that can exert cytotoxic activity against infected or transformed cells. Furthermore, due to their expression of a functional Fc receptor, they have also been eluded as a major effector fraction in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. These characteristics have led to multiple efforts to use them for adoptive immunotherapy against various malignancies. There are now at least 70 clinical trials testing the safety and efficacy of NK cell products around the world in early-phase clinical trials. NK cells are also being tested in the context of tumor retargeting via chimeric antigen receptors, other genetic modification strategies, as well as tumor-specific activation strategies such as bispecific engagers with or without cytokine stimulations. One advantage of the use of NK cells for adoptive immunotherapy is their potential to overcome HLA barriers. This has led to a plethora of sources, such as cord blood hematopoietic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, which can generate comparatively high cytotoxic NK cells to peripheral blood counterparts. However, the variety of the sources has led to a heterogeneity in the characterization of the final infusion product. Therefore, in this review, we will discuss a comparative assessment strategy, from characterization of NK cells at collection to final product release by various phenotypic and functional assays, in an effort to predict potency of the cellular product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnika K Wagner
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evren Alici
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark W Lowdell
- Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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56
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NK cell recognition of hematopoietic cells by SLAM-SAP families. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:452-459. [PMID: 30911116 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors (SFRs) are ubiquitously expressed on immune cells, and they regulate multiple immune events by recruiting SH2 (Src homology 2) domain-containing SAP family adapters, including SAP and its homologs, Ewing's sarcoma-associated transcript 2 (EAT-2) and EAT-2 related transducer (ERT). In human patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease, which is caused by SAP mutations, SFRs alternatively bind other inhibitory SH2 domain-containing molecules to suppress immune cell activation and development. NK cells express multiple SFRs and all SAP family adapters. In recent decades, SFRs have been found to be critical for enhancing NK cell activation in response to abnormal hematopoietic cells in SAP-family-intact NK cells; however, SFRs might suppress NK cell activation in SAP-family-deficient mice or patients with XLP1. In this paper, we review how these two distinct SFR signaling pathways orchestrate NK cell activation and inhibition and highlight the importance of SFR regulation of NK cell biology and their physiological status and pathological relevance in patients with XLP1.
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57
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Lisovsky I, Kant S, Tremblay-McLean A, Isitman G, Kiani Z, Dupuy FP, Gilbert L, Bruneau J, Shoukry NH, Lebouché B, Bernard NF. Differential contribution of education through KIR2DL1, KIR2DL3, and KIR3DL1 to antibody-dependent (AD) NK cell activation and ADCC. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:551-563. [PMID: 30698860 PMCID: PMC6916277 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0617-242rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The engagement of activating NK receptors (aNKR) stimulates NK cell activity, provided that interactions between inhibitory NK receptors (iNKR) with their HLA ligands do not override them. Abs bound to target cells can also activate NK cells by engaging the CD16 aNKR. NK cell education status is an important factor for Ab‐dependent NK cell activation (ADNKA) of some NK cell subsets. However, whether NK cell education also influences Ab‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) levels is not fully known. ADCC‐GranToxiLux (GTL) assays measured ADCC activity as the frequency of granzyme B positive (%GzB+) target cells. Target cells were anti‐HIV Immunoglobulin G (HIVIG)‐opsonized CEM‐NKr.CCR5 (CEM) cells. Lymphocytes and sorted single positive (SP) NKG2A+, KIR2DL1+, KIR2DL3+, and KIR3DL1+ NK cells, to self‐ and nonself HLA, were used as effectors in ADCC‐GTL assays to examine how education status influenced ADCC activity. ADNKA activity was assessed by stimulating lymphocytes with HIVIG‐opsonized CEMs and measuring the frequency of NK cell populations defined by their expression of iNKRs, along with IFN‐γ, CCL4, and CD107a functions. ADCC: the %GzB+ CEM cells generated by self‐ versus nonself HLA‐specific SPiNKR did not differ. ADNKA: More NK cells educated through KIR2DL1 and KIR3DL1, but not KIR2DL3, responded to ADNKA than their uneducated counterparts. CD16 engagement induced ADCC and ADNKA activity. With the proviso that groups’ sizes were small, our results support the notion that NK cell education does not influence ADCC levels but does contribute to ADNKA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lisovsky
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sanket Kant
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tremblay-McLean
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gamze Isitman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zahra Kiani
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Franck P Dupuy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louise Gilbert
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Naglaa H Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bertrand Lebouché
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicole F Bernard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Clinical Immunology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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58
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Fauteux-Daniel S, Faure F, Marotel M, Geary C, Daussy C, Sun JC, Walzer T. Styk1 expression is a hallmark of murine NK cells and other NK1.1 + subsets but is dispensable for NK-cell development and effector functions. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:677-685. [PMID: 30690705 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To gain insight into the biology of NK cells, others and we previously identified the NK-cell signature, defined as the set of transcripts which expression is highly enriched in these cells compared to other immune subtypes. The transcript encoding the Serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase 1 (Styk1) is part of this signature. However, the role of Styk1 in the immune system is unknown. Here, we report the generation of a novel transgenic mouse model, in which Styk1 expression is invalidated and replaced by an EGFP reporter cassette. We demonstrated that Styk1 expression is a hallmark of NK cells and other NK1.1 expressing cells such as liver type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1) and NK1.1+ γδ T cells. Styk1 expression is maintained by IL-15 in NK cells and negatively correlates with the expression of educating NK-cell receptors. Analysis of phosphorylation levels of mTOR substrates suggested that Styk1 could moderately contribute to the activity of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. However, Styk1-deficient NK cells develop normally and have normal in vitro and in vivo effector functions. Thus Styk1 expression is a hallmark of NK cells, ILC1 and NK1.1+ T cells but is dispensable for their development and immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Fauteux-Daniel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Fabrice Faure
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Marotel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Clair Geary
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cécile Daussy
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thierry Walzer
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
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59
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Bern MD, Parikh BA, Yang L, Beckman DL, Poursine-Laurent J, Yokoyama WM. Inducible down-regulation of MHC class I results in natural killer cell tolerance. J Exp Med 2018; 216:99-116. [PMID: 30559128 PMCID: PMC6314522 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are thought to kill cells that down-regulate MHC class I (MHC-I) through "missing-self" recognition. NK cells from B2m-/- mice that lack surface MHC-I, however, are not autoreactive as predicted by the missing-self hypothesis. As a result, it is unclear if MHC-I down-regulation in vivo induces NK cell reactivity or tolerance to missing-self. Here, we generated a floxed B2m mouse to acutely down-regulate MHC-I in vivo in a host that normally expresses MHC-I. Global down-regulation of MHC-I induced NK cell hyporesponsiveness and tolerance to missing-self without overt missing-self reactivity. In contrast, down-regulation of MHC-I on a small fraction of hematopoietic cells triggered missing-self reactivity. Surprisingly, down-regulation of MHC-I only on CD4+ T cells predominately induced tolerance to missing-self without resetting NK cell responsiveness. In this setting, inflammation triggered substantial missing-self reactivity. These results show that MHC-I down-regulation can induce either NK cell tolerance or killing in vivo and that inflammation promotes missing-self reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Bern
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Bijal A Parikh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Liping Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Diana L Beckman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jennifer Poursine-Laurent
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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60
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Fleischhauer K, Hsu KC, Shaw BE. Prevention of relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation by donor and cell source selection. Bone Marrow Transplant 2018; 53:1498-1507. [PMID: 29795435 PMCID: PMC7286200 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-018-0218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the most established form of cancer immunotherapy and has been successfully applied for the treatment and cure of otherwise lethal neoplastic blood disorders. Cancer immune surveillance is mediated to a large extent by alloreactive T and natural killer (NK) cells recognizing genetic differences between patient and donor. Profound insights into the biology of these effector cells has been obtained over recent years and used for the development of innovative strategies for intelligent donor selection, aiming for improved graft-versus-leukemia effect without unmanageable graft-versus-host disease. The cellular composition of the stem cell source plays a major role in modulating these effects. This review summarizes the current state-of the-art of donor selection according to HLA, NK alloreactivity and stem cell source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Fleischhauer
- Institute for Experimental Cellular Therapy, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Katharine C Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Bronwen E Shaw
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR), Froedtert & the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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61
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Brown MG, Gamache A, Nash WT, Cronk J. Natural selection for killer receptors and their MHC class I ligands: In pursuit of gene pairs that fit well in tandem. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:489-495. [PMID: 30500089 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ri0818-315r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the genetic basis of host resistance to viral infection and disease has progressed significantly over the last century. Numerous genes coding for modifiers of immune functions have been identified, which impact a variety of critical cellular processes, including signaling via lymphocyte receptors and their ligands, signal transduction, cytokine signaling, production and release of cytotoxic effectors, transcriptional regulation, and proliferation. Genome-wide association studies implicate an important role for both highly polymorphic NK cell receptors and their MHC class I ligands in modifying host resistance. These findings indicate NK cells are critical mediators of viral control with considerable potential to affect morbidity and mortality outcomes. They further suggest that both stimulatory and inhibitory NK receptor polymorphisms alter NK cell sensing of MHC I ligands on viral targets, which influences how NK cells respond to infection. In many cases, however, the underlying causes associated with host outcomes remain elusive. Herein, we discuss several modes of NK cell sensing of MHC I and MHC I-like molecules on viral targets, and the role of genetic diversity in this evolutionarily dynamic process. We further suggest that natural selection for paired NK receptors with opposing function, but shared MHC I ligands may give rise to rare, but highly effective MHC I-dependent modes of NK cell sensing of viral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Awndre Gamache
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - William T Nash
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - John Cronk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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62
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Shi L, Li K, Guo Y, Banerjee A, Wang Q, Lorenz UM, Parlak M, Sullivan LC, Onyema OO, Arefanian S, Stelow EB, Brautigan DL, Bullock TNJ, Brown MG, Krupnick AS. Modulation of NKG2D, NKp46, and Ly49C/I facilitates natural killer cell-mediated control of lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11808-11813. [PMID: 30381460 PMCID: PMC6243255 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804931115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in controlling malignancies. Susceptibility or resistance to lung cancer, for example, specifically depends on NK cell function. Nevertheless, intrinsic factors that control NK cell-mediated clearance of lung cancer are unknown. Here we report that NK cells exposed to exogenous major histocompatibility class I (MHCI) provide a significant immunologic barrier to the growth and progression of malignancy. Clearance of lung cancer is facilitated by up-regulation of NKG2D, NKp46, and other activating receptors upon exposure to environmental MHCI. Surface expression of the inhibitory receptor Ly49C/I, on the other hand, is down-regulated upon exposure to tumor-bearing tissue. We thus demonstrate that NK cells exhibit dynamic plasticity in surface expression of both activating and inhibitory receptors based on the environmental context. Our data suggest that altering the activation state of NK cells may contribute to immunologic control of lung and possibly other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710049, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Kang Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi 710049, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Yizhan Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Ulrike M Lorenz
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Mahmut Parlak
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Lucy C Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Oscar Okwudiri Onyema
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Saeed Arefanian
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 43110
| | - Edward B Stelow
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - David L Brautigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Timothy N J Bullock
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Michael G Brown
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Alexander Sasha Krupnick
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908;
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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SLAM family receptors in natural killer cells - Mediators of adhesion, activation and inhibition via cis and trans interactions. Clin Immunol 2018; 204:37-42. [PMID: 30359773 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SLAM family receptors are important for the fine-tuning of immune reactions. Their expression is restricted to cells of hematopoietic origin and most SLAM family receptors are their own ligand. Here we review how these receptors are involved in regulating the functions of Natural Killer (NK) cells. We discuss that promoting cellular adhesion may be a main function of SLAM family receptors in NK cells. The homophilic interactions of SLAM family receptors can not only occur in trans between different cells, but also in cis on the surface of the same cell. This cis interaction additionally modulates the function of the receptors and subsequently affects the activities of NK cells. Finally, SLAM-family receptors can also mediate inhibitory signals under certain conditions. These inhibitory signals can contribute to the functional maturation of NK cells during NK cell education. Therefore, SLAM family receptors are critically involved in many aspects of NK cell functionality.
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64
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Suen WCW, Lee WYW, Leung KT, Pan XH, Li G. Natural Killer Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy: A Review on 10 Years Completed Clinical Trials. Cancer Invest 2018; 36:431-457. [PMID: 30325244 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2018.1515315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
NK cell cancer immunotherapy is an emerging anti-tumour therapeutic strategy that explores NK cell stimulation. In this review, we address strategies developed to circumvent limitations to clinical application of NK cell-based therapies, and comprehensively review the design and results of clinical trials conducted in the past 10 years (2008-2018) to test their therapeutic potential. NK cell-based immunotherapy of solid cancers remains controversial, but merit further detailed investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade Chun-Wai Suen
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital , Shatin , Hong Kong.,b Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , Bao-An People's Hospital , Shenzhen , PR China.,c Department of Haematology , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Wayne Yuk-Wai Lee
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital , Shatin , Hong Kong.,d Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital , Shatin , Hong Kong
| | - Kam-Tong Leung
- e Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong
| | - Xiao-Hua Pan
- b Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology , Bao-An People's Hospital , Shenzhen , PR China
| | - Gang Li
- a Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital , Shatin , Hong Kong.,d Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital , Shatin , Hong Kong.,f The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System , The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute , Shenzhen , PR China
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65
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Escudero A, Martínez-Romera I, Fernández L, Valentín J, González-Vicent M, Vicario JL, Madero-Jarabo R, Diaz MÁ, Pérez-Martínez A. Donor KIR Genotype Impacts on Clinical Outcome after T Cell-Depleted HLA Matched Related Allogeneic Transplantation for High-Risk Pediatric Leukemia Patients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018; 24:2493-2500. [PMID: 30145228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary data suggest that ex vivo T cell-depleted matched related donor (MRD) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is feasible and confers a clinically beneficial reduction in graft-versus-host disease. Classically, T cell-depleted grafts were associated with reduction of the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect because of delayed T cell immune reconstitution. However, natural killer (NK) cell alloreactivity is also critical for an early GVL effect as well as for lymphocyte immune reconstitution. Here, we study the role of NK cells in MRD T cell-depleted HSCT, which is still poorly understood. Given that MRD ligands for inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are matched, we focused on activating KIR receptors. We retrospectively analyzed KIR genotyping in patients and MRDs in 40 ex vivo T cell-depleted pediatric HSCTs. The log-rank test and Cox proportional risk test were performed to correlate genotype with clinical outcome (relapse rate, disease-free survival, and overall survival) and immune reconstitution. The statistical analysis revealed poorer overall survival when donors have a KIR-B content score of ≥2, a best/better subtype, or present the KIR2DS1 gene. The patient's relapse rate was higher when donors present the KIR2DL5A gene, as well as a poorer probability of disease-free survival when the donor is classified with a best/better subtype. Regarding immune reconstitution, donor KIR haplotype A or the presence of inhibitory KIR genes promote best recovery of T lymphocytes, whereas donor KIR haplotype B or the presence of activating KIR genes confer better expansion of NK cells. These findings suggest that the selection of MRDs with an inhibitory KIR phenotype improve T cell expansion as well as the clinical outcome after pediatric ex vivo T cell-depleted HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Escudero
- Traslational Research in Pediatric Oncology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Cell Therapy, INGEMM-IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lucía Fernández
- Hematological Research Program, Cancer Research National Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Valentín
- Traslational Research in Pediatric Oncology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Cell Therapy, INGEMM-IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta González-Vicent
- Department of Hemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Miguel Ángel Diaz
- Department of Hemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Pérez-Martínez
- Traslational Research in Pediatric Oncology, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Cell Therapy, INGEMM-IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, La Paz University Hospital. Madrid, Spain.
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66
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Abel AM, Yang C, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. Natural Killer Cells: Development, Maturation, and Clinical Utilization. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1869. [PMID: 30150991 PMCID: PMC6099181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 625] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the predominant innate lymphocyte subsets that mediate anti-tumor and anti-viral responses, and therefore possess promising clinical utilization. NK cells do not express polymorphic clonotypic receptors and utilize inhibitory receptors (killer immunoglobulin-like receptor and Ly49) to develop, mature, and recognize “self” from “non-self.” The essential roles of common gamma cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, and IL-15 in the commitment and development of NK cells are well established. However, the critical functions of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12, IL-18, IL-27, and IL-35 in the transcriptional-priming of NK cells are only starting to emerge. Recent studies have highlighted multiple shared characteristics between NK cells the adaptive immune lymphocytes. NK cells utilize unique signaling pathways that offer exclusive ways to genetically manipulate to improve their effector functions. Here, we summarize the recent advances made in the understanding of how NK cells develop, mature, and their potential translational use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Abel
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Chao Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Center of Excellence in Prostate Cancer, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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67
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Hens J, Goovaerts O, Ceulemans A, Jennes W, Kestens L. Impact of the Variable Killer Ig-Like Receptor-Human Leukocyte Antigen Interactions on Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity Toward Foreign CD4 T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1588. [PMID: 30038628 PMCID: PMC6046604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural killer (NK) cells are known to mount a response against foreign target cells, where the absence of the dominant inhibitory killer Ig-like receptor (KIR)–human leukocyte antigen (HLA) interaction immensely lowers the threshold for NK cell activation. NK cells could thus constitute a vital part in the mucosal defense against cell-associated sexually transmitted diseases. Here, we performed a detailed analysis of hitherto unexplored KIR–HLA-incompatible NK cell interactions. Methods and findings In vitro, healthy NK cells were cocultured with CD4+ T cells derived from human immunodeficiency virus-1 patients, and the KIR-specific NK cell cytotoxicity was measured using flow cytometry. Genotyping of KIR and HLA predicted the KIR–HLA interactions occurring during these 124 allogeneic encounters. KIR2DL1+ NK cells were seen as the strongest intrinsic responders in the absence of their ligand with a 3.2-fold increase in KIR2DL1+ NK cells in the total NK cell response. An association between the size of the alloreactive NK cell population and the amount of CD4+ T cell death (p = 0.0023) and NK cell degranulation (p = 0.0036) was only present in NK cell donors with an activating KIR haplotype. Conclusion We demonstrate differences in the activating effect of KIR–HLA incompatibility according to the KIR involved, with KIR2DL1 as the strongest responder. An activating KIR haplotype optimized the contribution of KIR–HLA-incompatible NK cells in the total NK cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jef Hens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Odin Goovaerts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ann Ceulemans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Jennes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Kestens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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68
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Sun HS, Liu DX, Bai YY, Hu NW. Disease-association of different killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and HLA-C gene combinations in reactive arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2018; 29:531-537. [PMID: 29848119 DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2018.1483292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sheng Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dong Xia Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Yan Bai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Nai Wen Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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69
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Bernson E, Hallner A, Sander FE, Nicklasson M, Nilsson MS, Christenson K, Aydin E, Liljeqvist JÅ, Brune M, Foà R, Aurelius J, Martner A, Hellstrand K, Thorén FB. Cytomegalovirus Serostatus Affects Autoreactive NK Cells and Outcomes of IL2-Based Immunotherapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:1110-1119. [PMID: 29980537 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is reported to promote NK cell differentiation and education. The CMV-induced generation of highly differentiated adaptive-like NK cells has been proposed to affect favorably on the maintenance of remission in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). The impact of CMV infection and adaptive-like NK cells on relapse and survival of patients with AML not receiving allo-SCT remains unknown. We assayed CMV IgG serostatus to determine past CMV infection in 81 nontransplanted AML patients who were receiving relapse-prevention immunotherapy comprising histamine dihydrochloride and low-dose interleukin-2 (HDC/IL2; NCT01347996). CMV seropositivity correlated negatively with leukemia-free and overall survival of patients receiving HDC/IL2, but did not correlate with outcomes in a contemporary control cohort. Analysis of outcome after stratification of patients based on concordant or discordant killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and HLA genotypes implied that the negative impact of CMV seropositivity was restricted to patients lacking a ligand to inhibitory KIRs (iKIR). Previous CMV infection was also associated with fewer NK cells expressing only nonself iKIRs (NS-iKIR). We propose that CMV-driven NK cell education depletes the population of NS-iKIR NK cells, which in turn reduces the clinical benefit of relapse-preventive immunotherapy in AML. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(9); 1110-9. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Bernson
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Hallner
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frida E Sander
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Nicklasson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin S Nilsson
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Christenson
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ebru Aydin
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Liljeqvist
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Brune
- Department of Hematology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robin Foà
- Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University, Sapienza, Italy
| | - Johan Aurelius
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Hematology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Martner
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Hellstrand
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik B Thorén
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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70
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Rapp M, Wiedemann GM, Sun JC. Memory responses of innate lymphocytes and parallels with T cells. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:343-355. [PMID: 29808388 PMCID: PMC6054893 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are classified as innate immune cells, given their ability to rapidly respond and kill transformed or virally infected cells without prior sensitization. Recently, accumulating evidence suggests that NK cells also exhibit many characteristics similar to cells of the adaptive immune system. Analogous to T cells, NK cells acquire self-tolerance during development, express antigen-specific receptors, undergo clonal-like expansion, and can become long-lived, self-renewing memory cells with potent effector function providing potent protection against reappearing pathogens. In this review, we discuss the requirements for memory NK cell generation and highlight the similarities with the formation of memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Rapp
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 408 East 69th Street, ZRC-1462, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Gabriela M Wiedemann
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 408 East 69th Street, ZRC-1462, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 408 East 69th Street, ZRC-1462, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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71
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Gupta P, Bigley AB, Markofski M, Laughlin M, LaVoy EC. Autologous serum collected 1 h post-exercise enhances natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 71:81-92. [PMID: 29656052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Natural Killer cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize and eliminate tumor cells. Exercise enhances NK cell cytotoxic activity (NKCA), yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Exercise-induced shifts in NK-cell subsets has been proposed as one mechanism. Alternatively, exercise alters stress hormone and cytokine levels, which are also known to affect NKCA. AIM Determine the role(s) of exercise-induced shifts in the proportions of NK-cell subsets found in the blood, and changes in serum IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α and cortisol, on exercise-induced changes in NKCA. METHODS Twelve adults cycled 30 min at 115% of their lactate threshold power. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum were isolated from blood collected pre-, post-, and 1 h post-exercise. To investigate the effect of shifts in NK-cell subsets, pre-, post- and 1 h post-exercise NK cells were incubated with target cells (K562 and U266) in the presence of autologous pre-exercise serum. The effects of hormones and cytokines released during exercise were determined by incubating pre-exercise PBMCs with tumor target cells (K562 and U266) in the presence of pre-, post-, and 1 h post-exercise serum. NKCA and phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Although exercise mobilized high-differentiated NK cell subsets (NKG2A-/KIR+), NKCA per cell was not altered post-exercise in the presence of pre-exercise serum. Conversely, 1 h post-exercise serum significantly increased the cytotoxicity of pre-exercise NK cells against HLA-expressing target cells (U266). This increase associated with lower levels of cortisol, and occurred when serum contained higher levels of IFN-γ. CONCLUSIONS Exercise-induced shifts in NK-cell subsets did not fully explain changes in NKCA. Rather, factors present in serum during exercise recovery enhanced NKCA against target cells. Our results suggest lower cortisol and higher IFN-γ levels may explain exercise-induced changes in NKCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Gupta
- Department of Health & Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Austin B Bigley
- Department of Health & Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melissa Markofski
- Department of Health & Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mitzi Laughlin
- Department of Health & Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emily C LaVoy
- Department of Health & Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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72
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Modak S, Le Luduec JB, Cheung IY, Goldman DA, Ostrovnaya I, Doubrovina E, Basu E, Kushner BH, Kramer K, Roberts SS, O'Reilly RJ, Cheung NKV, Hsu KC. Adoptive immunotherapy with haploidentical natural killer cells and Anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody m3F8 for resistant neuroblastoma: Results of a phase I study. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1461305. [PMID: 30221057 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1461305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antibody-dependent toxicity is a potent mechanism of action of the anti-GD2 murine monoclonal antibody 3F8 (m3F8). Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and HLA genotypes modulate NK activity and are key prognostic markers in m3F8-treated patients with neuroblastoma. Endogenous NK-cells are suppressed in the setting of high tumor burden and chemotherapy. Allogeneic NK-cells however, demonstrate potent anti-neuroblastoma activity. We report on the results of a phase I clinical trial of haploidentical NK-cells plus m3F8 administered to patients with high-risk neuroblastoma after conditioning chemotherapy. The primary objective was to determine the maximum tolerated NK-cell dose (MTD). Secondary objectives included assessing anti-neuroblastoma activity and its relationship to donor-recipient KIR/HLA genotypes, NK function, and donor NK chimerism. Patients received a lymphodepleting regimen prior to infusion of haploidentical CD3-CD56+ NK-cells, followed by m3F8. Overall and progression free survival (PFS) were assessed from the time of first NK-cell dose. Univariate Cox regression assessed relationship between dose and outcomes. Thirty-five patients received NK-cells at one of five dose levels ranging from <1×106 to 50×106 CD3-CD56+cells/kg. One patient experienced grade 3 hypertension and grade 4 pneumonitis. MTD was not reached. Ten patients (29%) had complete or partial response; 17 (47%) had no response; and eight (23%) had progressive disease. No relationship was found between response and KIR/HLA genotype or between response and FcγRIII receptor polymorphisms. Patients receiving >10×106 CD56+cells/kg had improved PFS (HR: 0.36, 95%CI: 0.15-0.87, p = 0.022). Patient NK-cells displayed high NKG2A expression, leading to inhibition by HLA-E-expressing neuroblastoma cells. Adoptive NK-cell therapy in combination with m3F8 is safe and has anti-neuroblastoma activity at higher cell doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Modak
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Irene Y Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Debra A Goldman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Irina Ostrovnaya
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Ellen Basu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Brian H Kushner
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kim Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Stephen S Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Richard J O'Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Katharine C Hsu
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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73
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Schmidt S, Tramsen L, Rais B, Ullrich E, Lehrnbecher T. Natural killer cells as a therapeutic tool for infectious diseases - current status and future perspectives. Oncotarget 2018; 9:20891-20907. [PMID: 29755697 PMCID: PMC5945539 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are involved in the host immune response against infections due to viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens, all of which are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Since the recovery of the immune system has a major impact on the outcome of an infectious complication, there is major interest in strengthening the host response in immunocompromised patients, either by using cytokines or growth factors or by adoptive cellular therapies transfusing immune cells such as granulocytes or pathogen-specific T-cells. To date, relatively little is known about the potential of adoptively transferring NK cells in immunocompromised patients with infectious complications, although the anti-cancer property of NK cells is already being investigated in the clinical setting. This review will focus on the antimicrobial properties of NK cells and the current standing and future perspectives of generating and using NK cells as immunotherapy in patients with infectious complications, an approach which is promising and might have an important clinical impact in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw Schmidt
- Division for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lars Tramsen
- Division for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bushra Rais
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Laboratory for Cellular Immunology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Cellular Immunology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Laboratory for Cellular Immunology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Cellular Immunology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Lehrnbecher
- Division for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Cellular Immunology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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74
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Wilk AJ, Blish CA. Diversification of human NK cells: Lessons from deep profiling. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:629-641. [PMID: 29350874 PMCID: PMC6133712 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.6ri0917-390r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphocytes with important roles in immunoregulation, immunosurveillance, and cytokine production. Originally defined on the functional basis of their "natural" ability to lyse tumor targets and thought to be a relatively homogeneous group of lymphocytes, NK cells possess a remarkable degree of phenotypic and functional diversity due to the combinatorial expression of an array of activating and inhibitory receptors. Diversification of NK cells is multifaceted: mechanisms of NK cell education that promote self-tolerance result in a heterogeneous repertoire that further diversifies upon encounters with viral pathogens. Here, we review the genetic, developmental, and environmental sources of NK cell diversity with a particular focus on deep profiling and single-cell technologies that will enable a more thorough and accurate dissection of this intricate and poorly understood lymphocyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Wilk
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A. Blish
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, and Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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75
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Jeong JU, Uong TNT, Chung WK, Nam TK, Ahn SJ, Song JY, Kim SK, Shin DJ, Cho E, Kim KW, Cho D, Yoon MS. Effect of irradiation-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity toward human cancer cells. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:715-727. [PMID: 29572116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Irradiation enhances the adhesion between natural killer (NK) cells and target cells by up-regulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on target cells. Therefore, we investigated the effect of irradiation-induced ICAM-1 expression on human cancer cells on NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. METHODS Expression levels of ICAM-1 on the target cell surface before and after irradiation of six human cancer cell lines (HL60, SKBR-3, T47D, HCT-116, U937 and U251) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Ex vivo expansion of NK cells from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was performed by co-culture with irradiated K562 cells. The related adhesion molecule lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) on NK cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and WST-8 assays were performed to check NK cell cytotoxicity. Finally, blocking assays were performed using monoclonal antibodies against ICAM-1 or LFA-1. RESULTS LFA-1 expression increased on NK cells after expansion (P <0.001). The expression of ICAM-1 was significantly upregulated by irradiation after 24 h in various cell lines, including HL60 (P <0.001), SKBR-3 (P <0.001), T47D (P <0.001) and U937 (P <0.001), although the level of expression depended on the cell line. ICAM-1 expression was extremely low before and after irradiation in U251 cells. NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity increased after irradiation of HL60 (P <0.001), SKBR-3 (P <0.001), T47D (P = 0.003), and U937 (P = 0.004) cells, in which ICAM-1 expression was significantly increased after irradiation. IFN-γ production by NK cells in response to HL60 (P <0.001) and T47D (P = 0.011) cells significantly increased after irradiation. NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against irradiated SKBR-3 (P <0.001) and irradiated T47D cells (P = 0.035) significantly decreased after blocking of ICAM-1. Blocking of LFA-1 on NK cells resulted in reduced cytotoxicity against irradiated HL60 (P <0.001) and irradiated SKBR-3 (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Irradiation upregulates ICAM-1 expression on the surface of human cancer cells and enhances activated NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Therefore, irradiation combined with NK cell therapy may improve the antitumor effects of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Uk Jeong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tung Nguyen Thanh Uong
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Ki Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Keun Nam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ja Ahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ki Kim
- Department of Companion & Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Shin
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Companion & Laboratory Animal Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Cho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Won Kim
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Sun Yoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Chonnam National University Graduate School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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76
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Wensveen FM, Jelenčić V, Polić B. NKG2D: A Master Regulator of Immune Cell Responsiveness. Front Immunol 2018; 9:441. [PMID: 29568297 PMCID: PMC5852076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
NKG2D is an activating receptor that is mostly expressed on cells of the cytotoxic arm of the immune system. Ligands of NKG2D are normally of low abundance, but can be induced in virtually any cell in response to stressors, such as infection and oncogenic transformation. Engagement of NKG2D stimulates the production of cytokines and cytotoxic molecules and traditionally this receptor is, therefore, viewed as a molecule that mediates direct responses against cellular threats. However, accumulating evidence indicates that this classical view is too narrow. During NK cell development, engagement of NKG2D has a long-term impact on the expression of NK cell receptors and their responsiveness to extracellular cues, suggesting a role in NK cell education. Upon chronic NKG2D engagement, both NK and T cells show reduced responsiveness of a number of activating receptors, demonstrating a role of NKG2D in induction of peripheral tolerance. The image that emerges is that NKG2D can mediate both inhibitory and activating signals, which depends on the intensity and duration of ligand engagement. In this review, we provide an overview of the impact of NKG2D stimulation during hematopoietic development and during acute and chronic stimulation in the periphery on responsiveness of other receptors than NKG2D. We propose that NKG2D interprets the context of the immunological environment through detection of cellular cues and in response sets the appropriate activation threshold for a large number of immune receptors. This perspective is of particular importance for future therapies that aim to exploit NKG2D signaling to fight tumors or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vedrana Jelenčić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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77
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Mace EM. Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase Signaling in Human Natural Killer Cells: New Insights from Primary Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2018; 9:445. [PMID: 29563913 PMCID: PMC5845875 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the control of viral infections and malignancy. Their importance in human health and disease is illustrated by severe viral infections in patients with primary immunodeficiencies that affect NK cell function and/or development. The recent identification of patients with phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-signaling pathway mutations that can cause primary immunodeficiency provides valuable insight into the role that PI3K signaling plays in human NK cell maturation and lytic function. There is a rich literature that demonstrates a requirement for PI3K in multiple key aspects of NK cell biology, including development/maturation, homing, priming, and function. Here, I briefly review these previous studies and place them in context with recent findings from the study of primary immunodeficiency patients, particularly those with hyperactivating mutations in PI3Kδ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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78
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Staaf E, Hedde PN, Bagawath Singh S, Piguet J, Gratton E, Johansson S. Educated natural killer cells show dynamic movement of the activating receptor NKp46 and confinement of the inhibitory receptor Ly49A. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/517/eaai9200. [PMID: 29440510 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aai9200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Educated natural killer (NK) cells have inhibitory receptors specific for self major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and kill cancer cells more efficiently than do NK cells that do not have such receptors (hyporesponsive NK cells). The mechanism behind this functional empowerment through education has so far not been fully described. In addition, distinctive phenotypic markers of educated NK cells at the single-cell level are lacking. We developed a refined version of the image mean square displacement (iMSD) method (called iMSD carpet analysis) and used it in combination with single-particle tracking to characterize the dynamics of the activating receptor NKp46 and the inhibitory receptor Ly49A on resting educated versus hyporesponsive murine NK cells. Most of the NKp46 and Ly49A molecules were restricted to microdomains; however, individual NKp46 molecules resided in these domains for shorter periods and diffused faster on the surface of educated, compared to hyporesponsive, NK cells. In contrast, the movement of Ly49A was more constrained in educated NK cells compared to hyporesponsive NK cells. Either disrupting the actin cytoskeleton or adding cholesterol to the cells prohibited activating signaling, suggesting that the dynamics of receptor movements within the cell membrane are critical for the proper activation of NK cells. The faster and more dynamic movement of NKp46 in educated NK cells may facilitate a swifter response to interactions with target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Staaf
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Niklas Hedde
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2715, USA
| | - Sunitha Bagawath Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joachim Piguet
- Experimental Biomolecular Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2715, USA
| | - Sofia Johansson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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79
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Gianchecchi E, Delfino DV, Fierabracci A. NK cells in autoimmune diseases: Linking innate and adaptive immune responses. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:142-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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80
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Pugh JL, Nemat-Gorgani N, Norman PJ, Guethlein LA, Parham P. Human NK Cells Downregulate Zap70 and Syk in Response to Prolonged Activation or DNA Damage. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:1146-1158. [PMID: 29263215 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The extent of NK cell activity during the innate immune response affects downstream immune functions and, ultimately, the outcome of infectious or malignant disease. However, the mechanisms that terminate human NK cell responses have yet to be defined. When activation receptors expressed on NK cell surfaces bind to ligands on diseased cells, they initiate a signal that is propagated by a number of intracellular kinases, including Zap70 and Syk, eventually leading to NK cell activation. We assayed Zap70 and Syk content in NK cells from healthy human donors and identified a subset of NK cells with unusually low levels of these two kinases. We found that this Zap70lowSyklow subset consisted of NK cells expressing a range of surface markers, including CD56hi and CD56low NK cells. Upon in vitro stimulation with target cells, Zap70lowSyklow NK cells failed to produce IFN-γ and lysed target cells at one third the capacity of Zap70hiSykhi NK cells. We determined two independent in vitro conditions that induce the Zap70lowSyklow phenotype in NK cells: continuous stimulation with activation beads and DNA damage. The expression of inhibitory receptors, including NKG2A and inhibitory killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs), was negatively correlated with the Zap70lowSyklow phenotype. Moreover, expression of multiple KIRs reduced the likelihood of Zap70 downregulation during continuous activation, regardless of whether NK cells had been educated through KIR-HLA interactions in vivo. Our findings show that human NK cells are able to terminate their functional activity without the aid of other immune cells through the downregulation of activation kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Pugh
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Neda Nemat-Gorgani
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Paul J Norman
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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81
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Identification of GAD65 AA 114-122 reactive 'memory-like' NK cells in newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetic patients by HLA-class I pentamers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189615. [PMID: 29236750 PMCID: PMC5728516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease, in which pancreatic β cells are destroyed by autoreactive T cells in genetically predisposed individuals. Serum beta cell autoantibody specificities have represented the mainstay for classifying diabetes as autoimmune-mediated and for stratifying risk in first-degree relatives. In recent years, approaches were attempted to solve the difficult issue of detecting rare antigen-specific autoreactive T cells and their significance to etiopathogenesis such as the use of the MHC multimer technology. This tool allowed the specific detection of increased percentages of GAD65 autoreactive T cells by means of HLA A*02:01 GAD65 AA 114–122 pentamers in newly diagnosed diabetics. Here we provide evidence that GAD65 AA 114–122 pentamers can depict a GAD65 AA114-122 peptide expandable population of functionally and phenotypically skewed, preliminary characterized CD3-CD8dullCD56+ ‘memory-like’ NK cells in PBMC of newly diagnosed diabetics. Our data suggest that the NK cell subset could bind the HLA class I GAD65 AA 114–122 pentamer through ILT2 inhibitory receptor. CD107a expression revealed increased degranulation of CD3-CD8dullCD56+ NK cells in GAD65 AA 114–122 and FLU peptide expanded peripheral blood mononuclear cells of diabetics following GAD65 AA 114–122 peptide HLA A*02:01 presentation in respect to the unpulsed condition. CD107a expression was enriched in ILT2 positive NK cells. As opposite to basal conditions where similar percentages of CD3-CD56+ILT2+ cells were detected in diabetics and controls, CD3-CD56+CD107a+ and CD3-CD56+ILT2+CD107a+ cells were significantly increased in T1D PBMC either GAD65 AA 114–122 or FLU peptides stimulated after co-culture with GAD65 AA 114–122 pulsed APCs. As control, healthy donor NK cells showed similar degranulation against both GAD65 AA 114–122 pulsed and unpulsed APCs. The pathogenetic significance of the CD3-CD8dullCD56+ ‘memory-like NK cell subset’ with increased response upon secondary challenge in diabetics remains to be elucidated.
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82
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Thompson TW, Kim AB, Li PJ, Wang J, Jackson BT, Huang KTH, Zhang L, Raulet DH. Endothelial cells express NKG2D ligands and desensitize antitumor NK responses. eLife 2017; 6:30881. [PMID: 29231815 PMCID: PMC5792093 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells confer protection from tumors and infections by releasing cytotoxic granules and pro-inflammatory cytokines upon recognition of diseased cells. The responsiveness of NK cells to acute stimulation is dynamically tuned by steady-state receptor-ligand interactions of an NK cell with its cellular environment. Here, we demonstrate that in healthy WT mice the NK activating receptor NKG2D is engaged in vivo by one of its ligands, RAE-1ε, which is expressed constitutively by lymph node endothelial cells and highly induced on tumor-associated endothelium. This interaction causes internalization of NKG2D from the NK cell surface and transmits an NK-intrinsic signal that desensitizes NK cell responses globally to acute stimulation, resulting in impaired NK antitumor responses in vivo. White blood cells called “natural killer cells” are part of the first line of immune defense. Often called NK cells for short, one job of these cells is to help prevent cancer by killing tumor cells. If an NK cell spots a tumor cell, it must become energized so that it can deliver the killing blow, which comes in the form of a packet of cell-killing “cytotoxic” granules. Yet tumor cells look very similar to healthy cells, and NK cells must be able to tell the difference to be effective. Molecules on the outer surface of the NK cell control how the cell recognizes tumors, and deliver the signals the cell needs to become energized. One of these surface molecules is called NKG2D. It interacts with “partner” molecules found on the surface of cancer cells and tells the NK cell to attack. These partner molecules are not usually found on healthy cells, helping the immune system to tell the difference. After NKG2D interacts with its partner molecules, it moves inside the NK cell. This makes the cell less able to become energized. If the NK cells do not encounter any partner molecules in healthy mice, blocking the interactions should have no effect on NKG2D levels. But now, Thompson et al. find that blocking one of these interactions increased the levels of NKG2D on the surface of NK cells in healthy mice. Further experiments revealed that NK cells in mice constantly encounter an NKG2D partner molecule called RAE-1ε. A search for the source of RAE-1ε in healthy mice pointed to blood vessels inside the lymph nodes. NK cells pass through theses organs as part of their normal path around the body. Thompson et al. also saw that NK cells from healthy mice were less responsive than NK cells from mutant mice that lacked RAE-1ε. As a result of their encounters with RAE-1ε in healthy mice, the NK cells were less able to kill tumor cells. Blocking the interaction between NKG2D and RAE-1ε in mice re-energized their NK cells. More cells were able to enter tumors in these mice and the cells became better at killing tumors. Together these findings increase the current understanding of the biological processes that control NK cells. Further research may lead to new treatments for diseases like cancer. But first, scientists need to find out whether NK cells behave in the same way in humans as they do in mice. If so, developing ways to block the interaction could re-energize human NK cells to better kill cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thornton W Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Alexander Byungsuk Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - P Jonathan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Jiaxi Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Benjamin T Jackson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Kristen Ting Hui Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Lily Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - David H Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, United States
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83
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Brown MG, Gamache A. Editorial: On matters of maturity, self-control, and responsiveness: inhibitory NK receptors in the driver's seat? J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1281-1284. [PMID: 29191865 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1ce0717-280rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Brown
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; and.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Awndre Gamache
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; and.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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84
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Schmidt S, Tramsen L, Lehrnbecher T. Natural Killer Cells in Antifungal Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1623. [PMID: 29213274 PMCID: PMC5702641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are still an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients such as patients suffering from hematological malignancies or patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantion. In addition, other populations such as human immunodeficiency virus-patients are at higher risk for invasive fungal infection. Despite the availability of new antifungal compounds and better supportive care measures, the fatality rate of invasive fungal infection remained unacceptably high. It is therefore of major interest to improve our understanding of the host-pathogen interaction to develop new therapeutic approaches such as adoptive immunotherapy. As experimental methodologies have improved and we now better understand the complex network of the immune system, the insight in the interaction of the host with the fungus has significantly increased. It has become clear that host resistance to fungal infections is not only associated with strong innate immunity but that adaptive immunity (e.g., T cells) also plays an important role. The antifungal activity of natural killer (NK) cells has been underestimated for a long time. In vitro studies demonstrated that NK cells from murine and human origin are able to attack fungi of different genera and species. NK cells exhibit not only a direct antifungal activity via cytotoxic molecules but also an indirect antifungal activity via cytokines. However, it has been show that fungi exert immunosuppressive effects on NK cells. Whereas clinical data are scarce, animal models have clearly demonstrated that NK cells play an important role in the host response against invasive fungal infections. In this review, we summarize clinical data as well as results from in vitro and animal studies on the impact of NK cells on fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw Schmidt
- Division for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lars Tramsen
- Division for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Lehrnbecher
- Division for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
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85
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Abstract
Natural killer cells readily kill target cells, and education ensures tolerance to self. In this issue of Immunity, Boudreau et al. (2016) and Chen et al. (2016) report new mechanisms of human and mouse natural killer cell education by inhibitory and activating receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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86
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Gumbleton M, Sudan R, Fernandes S, Engelman RW, Russo CM, Chisholm JD, Kerr WG. Dual enhancement of T and NK cell function by pulsatile inhibition of SHIP1 improves antitumor immunity and survival. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/500/eaam5353. [PMID: 29018171 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam5353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The success of immunotherapy in some cancer patients has revealed the profound capacity for cytotoxic lymphocytes to eradicate malignancies. Various immunotherapies work by blocking key checkpoint proteins that suppress immune cell activity. The phosphatase SHIP1 (SH2-containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase) limits signaling from receptors that activate natural killer (NK) cells and T cells. However, unexpectedly, genetic ablation studies have shown that the effector functions of SHIP1-deficient NK and T cells are compromised in vivo. Because chronic activation of immune cells renders them less responsive to activating signals (a host mechanism to avoid autoimmunity), we hypothesized that the failure of SHIP1 inhibition to induce antitumor immunity in those studies was caused by the permanence of genetic ablation. Accordingly, we found that reversible and pulsatile inhibition of SHIP1 with 3-α-aminocholestane (3AC; "SHIPi") increased the antitumor response of NK and CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. Transient SHIP1 inhibition in mouse models of lymphoma and colon cancer improved the median and long-term tumor-free survival rates. Adoptive transfer assays showed evidence of immunological memory to the tumor in hematolymphoid cells from SHIPi-treated, long-term surviving mice. The findings suggest that a pulsatile regimen of SHIP1 inhibition might be an effective immunotherapy in some cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gumbleton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Raki Sudan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Sandra Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Robert W Engelman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,H. Lee Moffitt Comprehensive Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | | | - John D Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - William G Kerr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.,Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
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87
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Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif-dependent functions of an MHC class I-specific NK cell receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E8440-E8447. [PMID: 28923946 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713064114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells express MHC class I (MHC-I)-specific receptors, such as Ly49A, that inhibit killing of cells expressing self-MHC-I. Self-MHC-I also "licenses" NK cells to become responsive to activating stimuli and regulates the surface level of NK-cell inhibitory receptors. However, the mechanisms of action resulting from these interactions of the Ly49s with their MHC-I ligands, particularly in vivo, have been controversial. Definitive studies could be derived from mice with targeted mutations in inhibitory Ly49s, but there are inherent challenges in specifically altering a single gene within a multigene family. Herein, we generated a knock-in mouse with a targeted mutation in the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) of Ly49A that abolished the inhibitory function of Ly49A in cytotoxicity assays. This mutant Ly49A caused a licensing defect in NK cells, but the surface expression of Ly49A was unaltered. Moreover, NK cells that expressed this mutant Ly49A exhibited an altered inhibitory receptor repertoire. These results demonstrate that Ly49A ITIM signaling is critical for NK-cell effector inhibition, licensing, and receptor repertoire development.
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88
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Paul S, Lal G. The Molecular Mechanism of Natural Killer Cells Function and Its Importance in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1124. [PMID: 28955340 PMCID: PMC5601256 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that show strong cytolytic function against physiologically stressed cells such as tumor cells and virus-infected cells. NK cells show a broad array of tissue distribution and phenotypic variability. NK cells express several activating and inhibitory receptors that recognize the altered expression of proteins on target cells and control the cytolytic function. NK cells have been used in several clinical trials to control tumor growth. However, the results are encouraging only in hematological malignancies but not very promising in solid tumors. Increasing evidence suggests that tumor microenvironment regulate the phenotype and function of NK cells. In this review, we discussed the NK cell phenotypes and its effector function and impact of the tumor microenvironment on effector and cytolytic function of NK cells. We also summarized various NK cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies used in the past and the possibilities to improve the function of NK cell for the better clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Paul
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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89
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Marçais A, Marotel M, Degouve S, Koenig A, Fauteux-Daniel S, Drouillard A, Schlums H, Viel S, Besson L, Allatif O, Bléry M, Vivier E, Bryceson Y, Thaunat O, Walzer T. High mTOR activity is a hallmark of reactive natural killer cells and amplifies early signaling through activating receptors. eLife 2017; 6:26423. [PMID: 28875936 PMCID: PMC5628014 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cell education is the process through which chronic engagement of inhibitory NK cell receptors by self MHC-I molecules preserves cellular responsiveness. The molecular mechanisms responsible for NK cell education remain unclear. Here, we show that mouse NK cell education is associated with a higher basal activity of the mTOR/Akt pathway, commensurate to the number of educating receptors. This higher activity was dependent on the SHP-1 phosphatase and essential for the improved responsiveness of reactive NK cells. Upon stimulation, the mTOR/Akt pathway amplified signaling through activating NK cell receptors by enhancing calcium flux and LFA-1 integrin activation. Pharmacological inhibition of mTOR resulted in a proportional decrease in NK cell reactivity. Reciprocally, acute cytokine stimulation restored reactivity of hyporesponsive NK cells through mTOR activation. These results demonstrate that mTOR acts as a molecular rheostat of NK cell reactivity controlled by educating receptors and uncover how cytokine stimulation overcomes NK cell education. The cells of the immune system patrol the body to detect and destroy harmful microbes and diseased cells. Natural killer cells are immune cells with a natural capacity to kill infected or cancerous cells, as their name suggests. Importantly, they do so while sparing the surrounding healthy cells. As natural killer cells mature they go through an “education” process to learn to distinguish between normal and abnormal cells. During education, the natural killer cells interact continuously with nearby healthy cells. However, it remains unknown how these interactions change the natural killer cells, or how these changes control their killing activity. Marçais et al. now show that a protein called mTOR is essential to the education of natural killer cells. Comparing natural killer cells that had or had not completed the education process revealed that mTOR is more active in the educated cells. Moreover, inhibiting the activity of mTOR caused educated natural killer cells to lose their ability to identify diseased cells, while stimulating mTOR activity in uneducated natural killer cells mimicked the education process, allowing them to recognize and eliminate diseased host cells. Certain nutrients are known to control the activity of mTOR, which suggests these nutrients could also affect how natural killer cells develop. In addition, manipulating the activity of mTOR could be used to control the response of natural killer cells to diseased host cells, and so could form part of treatments for cancer and infectious diseases. However, given that mTOR plays numerous roles within different body cells, any potential therapies that are developed would need to be able to manipulate mTOR specifically in natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Marçais
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Marie Marotel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Degouve
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Alice Koenig
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Fauteux-Daniel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Annabelle Drouillard
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Heinrich Schlums
- Centre for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sébastien Viel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Laurie Besson
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Omran Allatif
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | | | - Eric Vivier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Service d'Immunologie, Marseille, France
| | - Yenan Bryceson
- Centre for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.,Broegelmann Research Laboratory, The Gades Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olivier Thaunat
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Walzer
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - International Center for Infectiology Research, Lyon, France.,Inserm, U1111, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
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90
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Memory responses of natural killer cells. Semin Immunol 2017; 31:11-19. [PMID: 28863960 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have traditionally been classified as a cellular component of the innate immune system, given their ability to rapidly produce effector cytokines and kill infected or transformed cells without prior exposure. More recently, NK cells have been shown to possess features of adaptive immunity such as clonal expansion, longevity, and robust recall responses. NK cell memory can be broadly divided into two categories: antigen-specific and antigen-independent. In the first case, exposure to certain viral or hapten stimuli endows NK cells with antigen-specific immunological memory, similar to T and B cells. In the second case, exposure of NK cells to specific cytokine milieus can imprint long-lasting changes on effector functions, resulting in antigen-independent memory-like NK cells. In this review, we discuss the various conditions that promote generation of these two categories of memory NK cells, and the mechanistic requirements underlying these processes.
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91
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Bernard NF, Kiani Z, Tremblay-McLean A, Kant SA, Leeks CE, Dupuy FP. Natural Killer (NK) Cell Education Differentially Influences HIV Antibody-Dependent NK Cell Activation and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1033. [PMID: 28883824 PMCID: PMC5574056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) endowed with Fc-mediated effector functions has been shown to be critical for protecting or controlling viral replication in animal models. In human, the RV144 Thai trial was the first trial to demonstrate a significant protection against HIV infection following vaccination. Analysis of the correlates of immune protection in this trial identified an association between the presence of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediated by immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies (Abs) to HIV envelope (Env) V1/V2 loop structures and protection from infection, provided IgA Abs with competing specificity were not present. Systems serology analyses implicated a broader range of Ab-dependent functions in protection from HIV infection, including but not limited to ADCC and Ab-dependent NK cell activation (ADNKA) for secretion of IFN-γ and CCL4 and expression of the degranulation marker CD107a. The existence of such correlations in the absence of bNAbs in the RV144 trial suggest that NK cells could be instrumental in protecting against HIV infection by limiting viral spread through Fc-mediated functions such as ADCC and the production of antiviral cytokines/chemokines. Beside the engagement of FcγRIIIa or CD16 by the Fc portion of anti-Env IgG1 and IgG3 Abs, natural killer (NK) cells are also able to directly kill infected cells and produce cytokines/chemokines in an Ab-independent manner. Responsiveness of NK cells depends on the integration of activating and inhibitory signals through NK receptors, which is determined by a process during their development known as education. NK cell education requires the engagement of inhibitory NK receptors by their human leukocyte antigen ligands to establish tolerance to self while allowing NK cells to respond to self cells altered by virus infection, transformation, stress, and to allogeneic cells. Here, we review recent findings regarding the impact of inter-individual differences in NK cell education on Ab-dependent functions such as ADCC and ADNKA, including what is known about the HIV Env epitope specificity of ADCC competent Abs and the conformation of HIV Env on target cells used for ADCC assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Bernard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Clinical Immunology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zahra Kiani
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandra Tremblay-McLean
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sanket A Kant
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher E Leeks
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Franck P Dupuy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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92
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Adams NM, O'Sullivan TE, Geary CD, Karo JM, Amezquita RA, Joshi NS, Kaech SM, Sun JC. NK Cell Responses Redefine Immunological Memory. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:2963-2970. [PMID: 27824591 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory has traditionally been regarded as a unique trait of the adaptive immune system. Nevertheless, there is evidence of immunological memory in lower organisms and invertebrates, which lack an adaptive immune system. Despite their innate ability to rapidly produce effector cytokines and kill virally infected or transformed cells, NK cells also exhibit adaptive characteristics such as clonal expansion, longevity, self-renewal, and robust recall responses to antigenic or nonantigenic stimuli. In this review, we highlight the intracellular and extracellular requirements for memory NK cell generation and describe the emerging evidence for memory precursor NK cells and their derivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Adams
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | | | - Clair D Geary
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jenny M Karo
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Robert A Amezquita
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Nikhil S Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065; .,Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
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93
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Immune selection during tumor checkpoint inhibition therapy paves way for NK-cell "missing self" recognition. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:547-556. [PMID: 28699110 PMCID: PMC5537320 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-1011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of NK cells to specifically recognize cells lacking expression of self-MHC class I molecules was discovered over 30 years ago. It provided the foundation for the "missing self" hypothesis. Research in the two past decades has contributed to a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms that determine the specificity and strength of NK cell-mediated "missing self" responses to tumor cells. However, in light of the recent remarkable breakthroughs in clinical cancer immunotherapy, the cytolytic potential of NK cells still remains largely untapped in clinical settings. There is abundant evidence demonstrating partial or complete loss of HLA class I expression in a wide spectrum of human tumor types. Such loss may result from immune selection of escape variants by tumor-specific CD8 T cells and has more recently also been linked to acquired resistance to checkpoint inhibition therapy. In the present review, we discuss the early predictions of the "missing self" hypothesis, its molecular basis and outline the potential for NK cell-based adoptive immunotherapy to convert checkpoint inhibitor therapy-resistant patients into clinical responders.
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94
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Genome-Wide Exome Analysis of Cmv5-Disparate Mouse Strains that Differ in Host Resistance to Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:1979-1984. [PMID: 28450376 PMCID: PMC5473773 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.042531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Host resistance to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) varies in different strains of laboratory mice due to differences in expression of determinants that control and clear viral infection. The major histocompatibility complex class I Dk molecule is one such determinant that controls MCMV through the action of natural killer (NK) cells. However, the extent of NK cell–mediated Dk-dependent resistance to infection varies in different mouse strains. The molecular genetic basis of this variation remains unclear. Previous work to examine the Dk effect on MCMV resistance in MA/My × C57L offspring discovered multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) that may serve to modify NK cells or their capacity to respond during MCMV infection. One QTL in particular, Cmv5, was found to regulate the frequency of NK cells and secondary lymphoid organ structure in spleen during MCMV infection. Cmv5 alleles, however, have not been identified. We therefore sequenced and analyzed genome-wide exome (GWE) variants, including those aligned to the critical genetic interval, in Cmv5-disparate mouse strains. Their GWE variant profiles were compared to assess strain-specific sequence data integrity and to analyze mouse strain relatedness across the genome. GWE content was further compared against data from the Mouse Genomes Project. This approach was developed as a platform for using GWE variants to define genomic regions of divergence and similarity in different mouse strains while also validating the overall quality of GWE sequence data. Moreover, the analysis provides a framework for the selection of novel QTL candidate sequences, including at the Cmv5 critical region.
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95
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Wagner AK, Kadri N, Snäll J, Brodin P, Gilfillan S, Colonna M, Bernhardt G, Höglund P, Kärre K, Chambers BJ. Expression of CD226 is associated to but not required for NK cell education. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15627. [PMID: 28561023 PMCID: PMC5460037 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNAX accessory molecule-1 (DNAM-1, also known as CD226) is an activating receptor expressed on subsets of natural killer (NK) and T cells, interacts with its ligands CD155 or CD112, and has co-varied expression with inhibitory receptors. Since inhibitory receptors control NK-cell activation and are necessary for MHC-I-dependent education, we investigated whether DNAM-1 expression is also involved in NK-cell education. Here we show an MHC-I-dependent correlation between DNAM-1 expression and NK-cell education, and an association between DNAM-1 and NKG2A that occurs even in MHC class I deficient mice. DNAM-1 is expressed early during NK-cell development, precedes the expression of MHC-I-specific inhibitory receptors, and is modulated in an education-dependent fashion. Cd226−/− mice have missing self-responses and NK cells with a normal receptor repertoire. We propose a model in which NK-cell education prevents or delays downregulation of DNAM-1. This molecule endows educated NK cells with enhanced effector functions but is dispensable for education. CD226 is an activating receptor expressed in a co-varied manner with inhibitory receptors on natural killer (NK) cells, but whether CD226 is involved in NK cell education is unclear. Here the authors show that CD226 expression is plastic depending on the MHC environment and endows educated NK cells enhanced effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnika K Wagner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Nadir Kadri
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Johanna Snäll
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, F59, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Brodin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Campus Box 8118, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Campus Box 8118, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Günter Bernhardt
- Institute of Immunology, Building 11, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Straße1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Petter Höglund
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, 14157 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Klas Kärre
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benedict J Chambers
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, F59, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
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96
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Bernson E, Hallner A, Sander FE, Wilsson O, Werlenius O, Rydström A, Kiffin R, Brune M, Foà R, Aurelius J, Martner A, Hellstrand K, Thorén FB. Impact of killer-immunoglobulin-like receptor and human leukocyte antigen genotypes on the efficacy of immunotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2017; 31:2552-2559. [PMID: 28529313 PMCID: PMC5729331 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between killer-immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and their HLA class I ligands are instrumental in natural killer (NK) cell regulation and protect normal tissue from NK cell attack. Human KIR haplotypes comprise genes encoding mainly inhibitory receptors (KIR A) or activating and inhibitory receptors (KIR B). A substantial fraction of humans lack ligands for inhibitory KIRs (iKIRs), that is, a ‘missing ligand’ genotype. KIR B/x and missing ligand genotypes may thus give rise to potentially autoreactive, unlicensed NK cells. Little is known regarding the impact of such genotypes in untransplanted acute myeloid leukemia (AML). For this study, NK cell phenotypes and KIR/HLA genotypes were determined in 81 AML patients who received immunotherapy with histamine dihydrochloride and low-dose IL-2 for relapse prevention (NCT01347996). We observed that presence of unlicensed NK cells impacted favorably on clinical outcome, in particular among patients harboring functional NK cells reflected by high expression of the natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) NKp46. Genotype analyses suggested that the clinical benefit of high NCR expression was restricted to patients with a missing ligand genotype and/or a KIR B/x genotype. These data imply that functional NK cells are significant anti-leukemic effector cells in patients with KIR/HLA genotypes that favor NK cell autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bernson
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Hallner
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - F E Sander
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - O Wilsson
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - O Werlenius
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Hematology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Rydström
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Kiffin
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Brune
- Department of Hematology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Foà
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - J Aurelius
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Hematology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Martner
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K Hellstrand
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - F B Thorén
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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97
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Zamora AE, Aguilar EG, Sungur CM, Khuat LT, Dunai C, Lochhead GR, Du J, Pomeroy C, Blazar BR, Longo DL, Venstrom JM, Baumgarth N, Murphy WJ. Licensing delineates helper and effector NK cell subsets during viral infection. JCI Insight 2017; 2:87032. [PMID: 28515356 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells can be divided into phenotypic subsets based on expression of receptors that bind self-MHC-I molecules, a concept termed licensing or education. Here we show NK cell subsets with different migratory, effector, and immunoregulatory functions in dendritic cell and antigen (ag)-specific CD8+ T cell responses during influenza and murine cytomegalovirus infections. Shortly after infection, unlicensed NK cells localized in draining lymph nodes and produced GM-CSF, which correlated with the expansion and activation of dendritic cells, and resulted in greater and sustained ag-specific T cell responses. In contrast, licensed NK cells preferentially migrated to infected tissues and produced IFN-γ. Importantly, human NK cell subsets exhibited similar phenotypic characteristics. Collectively, our studies demonstrate a critical demarcation between the functions of licensed and unlicensed NK cell subsets, with the former functioning as the classical effector subset and the latter as the stimulator of adaptive immunity helping to prime immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - G Raymond Lochhead
- Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Claire Pomeroy
- President of Lasker Foundation, Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dan L Longo
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology.,Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
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98
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Rathmann S, Keck C, Kreutz C, Weit N, Müller M, Timmer J, Glatzel S, Follo M, Malkovsky M, Werner M, Handgretinger R, Finke J, Fisch P. Partial break in tolerance of NKG2A−/LIR-1− single KIR+ NK cells early in the course of HLA-matched, KIR-mismatched hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2017; 52:1144-1155. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2017.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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99
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Gaynor LM, Colucci F. Uterine Natural Killer Cells: Functional Distinctions and Influence on Pregnancy in Humans and Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:467. [PMID: 28484462 PMCID: PMC5402472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of development and function of natural killer (NK) cells has progressed significantly in recent years. However, exactly how uterine NK (uNK) cells develop and function is still unclear. To help investigators that are beginning to study tissue NK cells, we summarize in this review our current knowledge of the development and function of uNK cells, and what is yet to be elucidated. We compare and contrast the biology of human and mouse uNK cells in the broader context of the biology of innate lymphoid cells and with reference to peripheral NK cells. We also review how uNK cells may regulate trophoblast invasion and uterine spiral arterial remodeling in human and murine pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Gaynor
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesco Colucci
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
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100
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He Y, Peng H, Sun R, Wei H, Ljunggren HG, Yokoyama WM, Tian Z. Contribution of inhibitory receptor TIGIT to NK cell education. J Autoimmun 2017; 81:1-12. [PMID: 28438433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Engagement of inhibitory receptors by cognate host MHC-I molecules triggers NK cell education, resulting in functional maturation and allowing NK cells to sense missing-self. However, NK cells also express inhibitory receptors for non-MHC-I ligands and their role in NK cell education is poorly understood. TIGIT is a recently identified inhibitory receptor that recognizes a non-MHC-I ligand CD155. Here, we demonstrated that TIGIT+ NK cells from wild-type mice exerted augmented responsiveness to various stimuli, including targets that lacked expression of CD155 ligand. TIGIT+ NK cells derived from CD155-deficient hosts, however, exhibited functional impairment, indicating that the engagement of TIGIT receptor by host CD155 promoted NK cell functional maturation. Furthermore, TIGIT deficiency impaired NK cell-mediated missing-self recognition and rejection of CD155- targets, such as allogenic splenocytes and certain tumor cells, in an MHC-I-independent and CD226-unrelated manner. Thus, TIGIT-CD155 pathway is also involved in the acquisition of optimal NK cell effector function, representing a novel MHC-I-independent education mechanism for NK cell tolerance and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke He
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 16451, Sweden
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63123, USA
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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