51
|
Primo D, Pacheco GT, Timenetsky MDCST, Luchs A. Surveillance and molecular characterization of human adenovirus in patients with acute gastroenteritis in the era of rotavirus vaccine, Brazil, 2012–2017. J Clin Virol 2018; 109:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
52
|
Gilani S, Shin JJ. Time and geographic clustering of adult patients with unilateral idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Med Hypotheses 2018; 122:184-187. [PMID: 30593408 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
For the preponderance of patients with unilateral idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL), the etiology is unknown. The pathogenesis of disease and a definitive mechanism for this abrupt hearing loss has not yet been elucidated. We hypothesize that there is a time-clustered presentation for idiopathic SSNHL; from an epidemiological standpoint, this suggests an environmental or infectious etiology. At a tertiary referral center in the northeast United States, we have observed that adult patients with SSNHL present in clusters with interspersed intervals of time with no presentations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sapideh Gilani
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Jennifer J Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, United States
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Sam IC, Noraini W, Sandhu SS, Norizah I, Selvanesan S, Thayan R, Yusof MA, Hassan A, Jafar FL, Chan YF. Seasonal influenza activity based on laboratory surveillance in Malaysia, 2011-2016. J Med Virol 2018; 91:498-502. [PMID: 30199092 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Influenza seasonality in equatorial countries is little understood. Seasonal and alert influenza thresholds were determined for Malaysia, using laboratory-based data obtained from the Malaysia Influenza Surveillance System and a major teaching hospital, from 2011 to 2016. Influenza was present year-round, with no clear annual seasons. Variable periods of higher transmission occurred inconsistently, in November to December, January to March, July to September, or a combination of these. These coincide with seasons in the nearby southeast Asian countries or winter seasons of the northern and southern hemispheres. Changes in the predominant circulating influenza type were only sometimes associated with increased transmission. The data can provide public health interventions such as vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Noraini
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Ismail Norizah
- Virology Section, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Sengol Selvanesan
- Virology Section, National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Ravindran Thayan
- Virology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Apandi Yusof
- Virology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ardalinah Hassan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Faizatul Lela Jafar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Kurskaya O, Ryabichenko T, Leonova N, Shi W, Bi H, Sharshov K, Kazachkova E, Sobolev I, Prokopyeva E, Kartseva T, Alekseev A, Shestopalov A. Viral etiology of acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children in Novosibirsk City, Russia (2013 - 2017). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200117. [PMID: 30226876 PMCID: PMC6143185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) cause a considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide especially in children. However, there are few studies of the etiological structure of ARIs in Russia. In this work, we analyzed the etiology of ARIs in children (0–15 years old) admitted to Novosibirsk Children’s Municipal Clinical Hospital in 2013–2017. Methods We tested nasal and throat swabs of 1560 children with upper or lower respiratory infection for main respiratory viruses (influenza viruses A and B, parainfluenza virus types 1–4, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, four human coronaviruses, rhinovirus, adenovirus and bocavirus) using a RT-PCR Kit. Results We detected 1128 (72.3%) samples were positive for at least one virus. The most frequently detected pathogens were respiratory syncytial virus (358/1560, 23.0%), influenza virus (344/1560, 22.1%), and rhinovirus (235/1560, 15.1%). Viral co-infections were found in 163 out of the 1128 (14.5%) positive samples. We detected significant decrease of the respiratory syncytial virus-infection incidence in children with increasing age, while the reverse relationship was observed for influenza viruses. Conclusions We evaluated the distribution of respiratory viruses in children with ARIs and showed the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus in the etiological structure of infections. This study is important for the improvement and optimization of diagnostic tactics, control and prevention of the respiratory viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kurskaya
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Tatyana Ryabichenko
- Department of Propaedeutic of Childhood Diseases, Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalya Leonova
- Department of Children’s Diseases, Novosibirsk Children’s Municipal Clinical Hospital №6, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical College, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Hongtao Bi
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, CAS, Xining, China
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Eugenia Kazachkova
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Prokopyeva
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana Kartseva
- Department of Propaedeutic of Childhood Diseases, Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Alekseev
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Department of Experimental Modeling and Pathogenesis of Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Obodai E, Odoom JK, Adiku T, Goka B, Wolff T, Biere B, Schweiger B, Reiche J. The significance of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) in children from Ghana with acute lower respiratory tract infection: A molecular epidemiological analysis, 2006 and 2013-2014. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203788. [PMID: 30199549 PMCID: PMC6130863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Globally, human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the most common pathogen of ALRI in infants and children. However, age-stratified HRSV disease burden data are largely absent from Africa, which is a key gap in informing an evidence-based recommendation for the introduction of an HRSV vaccine by the WHO. Methods This study investigated the presence of HRSV in respiratory specimens from 552 children <5 years old with ALRI from Accra, Ghana in 2006 and 2013–2014 by real-time PCR. Of HRSV-positive samples the second hypervariable region of the viral G protein gene was sequenced and analyzed for phylogeny, characteristic amino acid substitutions, and potential glycosylation patterns. Further, HRSV infections have been characterized by age, symptoms and timely occurrence. Results HRSV was observed in 23% (127/552) of the children with ALRI, with the highest incidence in infants younger than one year (33%, 97/295, p = 0.013). Within the observed seasonal circulation time of HRSV from June (mid-wet season) to December (beginning of the dry season) the incidence of ALRI due to HRSV was as high as 46% (125/273). HRSV disease was significantly associated with (broncho-) pneumonia, bronchiolitis, LRTI, and difficulty in breathing. Phylogenetic characterization of HRSV strains from Ghana identified the circulation of the currently worldwide prevailing genotypes ON1 and BA9, and shows evidence of an independent molecular evolution of ON1 and BA9 strains in Ghana resulting in potentially new subgenotypes within ON1 and BA9, provisionally named ON1.5, ON1.6, and BA9-IV. Conclusion This study addresses important knowledge gaps in the forefront of introducing the HRSV vaccine by providing information on the molecular evolution and incidence of HRSV in Accra (Ghana, Africa).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangeline Obodai
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (EO); (JR)
| | - John Kofi Odoom
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Theophilus Adiku
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Bamenla Goka
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Biere
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Schweiger
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Reiche
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (EO); (JR)
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Fieldhouse JK, Toh TH, Lim WH, Ting J, Ha SJ, Hii KC, Kong CI, Wong TM, Wong SC, Warkentien TE, Gray GC. Surveillance for respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus among patients hospitalized with pneumonia in Sarawak, Malaysia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202147. [PMID: 30110367 PMCID: PMC6093684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus (PIV) are frequent causes of pneumonia and death among children at Sibu and Kapit Hospitals in Sarawak, Malaysia. Objectives To determine the prevalence and risk factors for RSV subtypes A and B and PIV types 1–4 among patients hospitalized with pneumonia. Methods In a cross-sectional, pilot study nasopharyngeal swabs were studied with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Concurrently, we helped Sibu and Kapit Hospitals adapt their first molecular diagnostics for RSV and PIV. Results Of 129 specimens collected (June to July 2017), 39 tested positive for RSV-A (30.2%), two were positive for RSV B (1.6%), one was positive for PIV-3 (0.8%) and one was positive for PIV-4 (0.8%). No samples were positive for PIV-1 or PIV-2. Of the 39 RSV-A positive specimens, 46.2% were collected from children under one year of age and only 5.1% were from patients over the age of 18. A multivariable analysis found the odds of children <1 year of age testing positive for RSV-A were 32.7 (95% CI: 3.9, 276.2) times larger than >18 years of age, and the odds of patients hospitalized at Kapit Hospital testing positive for RSV-A were 3.2 (95% CI: 1.3, 7.8) times larger than patients hospitalized at Sibu Hospital. Conclusion This study found an unusually high prevalence of RSV-A among pneumonia patients admitted to the two hospitals. Subsequently, Sibu Hospital adapted the molecular assays with the goal of providing more directed care for such pneumonia patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane K. Fieldhouse
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Teck-Hock Toh
- Clinical Research Center, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Department of Paediatrics, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University Sibu Clinical Campus, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Wei-Honn Lim
- Clinical Research Center, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Jakie Ting
- Clinical Research Center, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Siaw-Jing Ha
- Clinical Research Center, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Department of Paediatrics, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Toh-Mee Wong
- Department of Medicine, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - See-Chang Wong
- Department of Paediatrics, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, SEGi University Sibu Clinical Campus, Sibu Hospital, Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | | | - Gregory C. Gray
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Althouse BM, Flasche S, Minh LN, Thiem VD, Hashizume M, Ariyoshi K, Anh DD, Rodgers GL, Klugman KP, Hu H, Yoshida LM. Seasonality of respiratory viruses causing hospitalizations for acute respiratory infections in children in Nha Trang, Vietnam. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 75:18-25. [PMID: 30118916 PMCID: PMC7110808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hospitalizations for respiratory viruses are seasonal in Vietnam Respiratory syncytial virus peaks in the late summer months, and inuenza A in April to June No clear seasonality is seen for human rhinovirus Human parainuenza 3 and human rhinovirus are positively associated with dew point This work can inform the timing of inuenza and RSV vaccination and the judicious use of antibiotics in Vietnam
Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the most common causes of death in children under 5 years of age. While the etiology of most pneumonia and ARI episodes is undiagnosed, a broad range of ARI-causing viruses circulate widely in South East Asia. However, the patterns and drivers of the seasonal transmission dynamics are largely unknown. Here we identify the seasonal patterns of multiple circulating viruses associated with hospitalizations for ARIs in Nha Trang, Vietnam. Methods Hospital based enhanced surveillance of childhood ARI is ongoing at Khanh Hoa General Hospital in Nha Trang. RT-PCR was performed to detect 13 respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal samples from enrolled patients. Seasonal patterns of childhood ARI hospital admissions of various viruses were assessed, as well as their association with rainfall, temperature, and dew point. Results Respiratory syncytial virus peaks in the late summer months, and influenza A in April to June. We find significant associations between detection of human parainfluenza 3 and human rhinovirus with the month's mean dew point. Using a cross-wavelet transform we find a significant out-of-phase relationship between human parainfluenza 3 and temperature and dew point. Conclusions Our results are important for understanding the temporal risk associated with circulating pathogens in Southern Central Vietnam. Specifically, our results can inform timing of routing seasonal influenza vaccination and for when observed respiratory illness is likely viral, leading to judicious use of antibiotics in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Althouse
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, WA, USA; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
| | - Stefan Flasche
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, USA
| | - Le Nhat Minh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Dinh Thiem
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Koya Ariyoshi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Japan
| | - Dang Duc Anh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Hao Hu
- Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, WA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Famoroti T, Sibanda W, Ndung'u T. Prevalence and seasonality of common viral respiratory pathogens, including Cytomegalovirus in children, between 0-5 years of age in KwaZulu-Natal, an HIV endemic province in South Africa. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:240. [PMID: 30031377 PMCID: PMC6054853 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory tract infections contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality among young children in resource-poor countries. However, studies on the viral aetiology of acute respiratory infections, seasonality and the relative contributions of comorbidities such as immune deficiency states to viral respiratory tract infections in children in these countries are limited. Methods A retrospective analysis of laboratory test results of upper or lower respiratory specimens of children between 0 and 5 years of age collected between 1st January 2011 and 31st July 2015 from hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Respiratory specimens were tested for viral respiratory pathogens using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), HIV testing was performed either by serological or PCR methods. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) respiratory infection was determined using the CMV R-gene PCR kit. Results In total 2172 specimens were analysed, of which 1175 (54.1%) were from males. The median age was 3.0 months (interquartile range [IQR] 1–7). Samples from the lower respiratory tract accounted for 1949 (89.7%) of all specimens. Respiratory multiplex PCR results were positive in 834 (45.7%) specimens. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most commonly detected virus in 316 (32.1%) patients, followed by adenovirus (ADV) in 215 (21.8%), human rhinovirus (Hrhino) in 152 (15.4%) and influenza A (FluA) in 50 (5.1%). A seasonal time series pattern was observed for ADV (winter peak), enterovirus (EV) (autumn), human bocavirus (HBoV) (summer), and parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3 (PIV1 and 3) (spring). Stationary or untrended seasonal variation was observed for FluA (winter peak) and RSV (summer). HIV results were available for 1475 (67.9%) specimens; of these 348 (23.6%) were positive. CMV results were available for 714 (32.9%) specimens, of which 416 (58.3%) were positive. There was a statistically significant association between the coinfection of HIV and CMV with ADV. Conclusions In this study, we identified the most common respiratory viral pathogens detected among hospitalized children in KwaZulu-Natal. The coinfection between HIV and CMV was found to be associated with an increased risk of only adenovirus infection. Most viral pathogens showed a seasonal trend of occurrence. Our data has implications for the rational design of public health programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Temitayo Famoroti
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
| | - Wilbert Sibanda
- Biostatistics Unit, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Lekana-Douki SE, Behillil S, Enouf V, Leroy EM, Berthet N. Detection of human bocavirus-1 in both nasal and stool specimens from children under 5 years old with influenza-like illnesses or diarrhea in Gabon. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:495. [PMID: 30029615 PMCID: PMC6053798 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3605-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a viral pathogen which causes respiratory tract diseases and acute gastroenteritis worldwide. This virus mainly affected children under 5 years old. There is little information on HBoV in Gabon. Two first studies was conducted to determine the prevalence of respiratory and enteric viruses in children under 5 years old who visited health centers for influenza-like illness (ILI) or diarrhea in Gabon from March 2010 to June 2011. However, HBoV was not included in the screening. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the prevalence and the HBoV genotype in children under 5 years old with ILI or diarrhea in Gabon. Results A total of 810 nasal swabs and 317 feces samples collected during the two first study were analyzed among which 32 (4.4%) and 7 (2.2%) were positive for HBoV respectively. While there were no significant differences in prevalence between age groups in children with ILI, all children with diarrhea were under 12 months of age. Moreover, 84.4 and 42.8% were diagnosed in co-infections with at least one other respiratory virus, or enteric viruses respectively. Finally, HBoV subtype 1 has been detected in both respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts with very low variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvie Behillil
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du docteur Roux, Paris, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3569, 25 rue du docteur Roux, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Enouf
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Centre National de Référence des Virus des Infections Respiratoires, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du docteur Roux, Paris, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3569, 25 rue du docteur Roux, Paris, France
| | - Eric M Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,UMR (IRD 224/CNRS 5290/UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3569, 25 rue du docteur Roux, Paris, France.,Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du docteur Roux, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Hassan DA, Rachid SK, Ziebuhr J. A Single-Center Study of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in Hospitalized Children From the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Glob Pediatr Health 2018; 5:2333794X18784996. [PMID: 30014009 PMCID: PMC6042015 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x18784996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections are among the most common causes of disease in humans, particularly in young children, and remain a major public health problem worldwide. For many geographic regions, there is limited epidemiological information on the main causative agents of these diseases. In this article, we investigated, in a prospective study, the viral agents leading to acute respiratory disease in children younger than 15 years of age who were admitted to the pediatric emergency unit of a major teaching hospital in Erbil City, capital of the Kurdistan region, Iraq. Nasopharyngeal samples obtained from 269 hospitalized children were analyzed for viral respiratory pathogens using the xTAG Respiratory Virus Panel Fast assay, and the data were correlated with the clinical and demographic information available for these patients. One or more respiratory virus(es) were detected in 203 out of 269 (75.5%) samples. The most frequent viruses were enterovirus/rhinovirus (n = 88; 32.7%), respiratory syncytial virus (n = 55; 20.4%), and human metapneumovirus (n = 36; 13.4%). In 42 samples (15.6%), coinfections with 2 or more respiratory viruses were detected, with enterovirus/rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and adenovirus being identified as the most common agents in viral coinfections in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dlshad A Hassan
- Public Health Laboratory Management, Virology Unit, Hawler, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | | | - John Ziebuhr
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Bacterial and Viral Etiology of Acute Respiratory Illness among Children from two Different Geographical Localities of Odisha, 2015-2016. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.2.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
62
|
Chittaganpitch M, Waicharoen S, Yingyong T, Praphasiri P, Sangkitporn S, Olsen SJ, Lindblade KA. Viral etiologies of influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infections in Thailand. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018. [PMID: 29518269 PMCID: PMC6005612 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Information on the burden, characteristics and seasonality of non‐influenza respiratory viruses is limited in tropical countries. Objectives Describe the epidemiology of selected non‐influenza respiratory viruses in Thailand between June 2010 and May 2014 using a sentinel surveillance platform established for influenza. Methods Patients with influenza‐like illness (ILI; history of fever or documented temperature ≥38°C, cough, not requiring hospitalization) or severe acute respiratory infection (SARI; history of fever or documented temperature ≥38°C, cough, onset <10 days, requiring hospitalization) were enrolled from 10 sites. Throat swabs were tested for influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), metapneumovirus (MPV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV) 1‐3, and adenoviruses by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real‐time reverse transcriptase‐PCR. Results We screened 15 369 persons with acute respiratory infections and enrolled 8106 cases of ILI (5069 cases <15 years old) and 1754 cases of SARI (1404 cases <15 years old). Among ILI cases <15 years old, influenza viruses (1173, 23%), RSV (447, 9%), and adenoviruses (430, 8%) were the most frequently identified respiratory viruses tested, while for SARI cases <15 years old, RSV (196, 14%) influenza (157, 11%) and adenoviruses (90, 6%) were the most common. The RSV season significantly overlapped the larger influenza season from July to November in Thailand. Conclusions The global expansion of influenza sentinel surveillance provides an opportunity to gather information on the characteristics of cases positive for non‐influenza respiratory viruses, particularly seasonality, although adjustments to case definitions may be required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Prabda Praphasiri
- Influenza Program, Thailand Ministry of Public Health - U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Somchai Sangkitporn
- National Institute of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kim A Lindblade
- Influenza Program, Thailand Ministry of Public Health - U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand.,Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Swamy MA, Malhotra B, Janardhan Reddy PV, Tiwari J. Profile of Respiratory Pathogens Causing Acute Respiratory Infections in Hospitalised Children at Rajasthan a 4 Year’s Study. Indian J Med Microbiol 2018; 36:163-171. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_18_84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
64
|
Yousafzai MT, Ibrahim R, Thobani R, Aziz F, Ali A. Human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children less than 5 years of age in Pakistan. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1027-1032. [PMID: 29424432 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is the second leading cause of death in children less than 5 years of age worldwide. Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) is associated with around 5-7% of the total pneumonia admissions in children. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of hMPV associated hospitalizations among children, in Karachi, Pakistan. A 3 years prospective study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), from August 2009 to June 2012. Children less than 5 years of age, admitted with ARIs, were enrolled. Throat swabs were collected and tested for hMPV using real-time PCR. Multivariable log binomial regression analysis was performed. Out of 1150 children enrolled, hMPV was detected among 84/1150 (7%). About 87% of the enrolled children presented with cough, followed by fever (73%), nasal congestion (69%) and shortness of breath (68%). Of the hMPV positive subjects, most (56/84, 67%) were less than 12 months of age. The most common diagnosis in hMPV positive infants was pneumonia, followed by asthma and bronchiolitis. HMPV was identified year round, with peaks during February and August. Sore throat was found to be significantly associated with the hMPV infection (Adjusted RR 2.23; 95%CI 1.42-3.52). The proportion of hMPV was higher among hospitalized infants with ARI. Pneumonia was the primary discharge diagnoses of patients who tested positive for hMPV. hMPV could be a target for future vaccine to further decrease the burden of ARI morbidity and possibly mortality in developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Yousafzai
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Romesa Ibrahim
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rozina Thobani
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Aziz
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asad Ali
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Jennings L, Huang QS, Barr I, Lee PI, Kim WJ, Buchy P, Sanicas M, Mungall BA, Chen J. Literature review of the epidemiology of influenza B disease in 15 countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:383-411. [PMID: 29127742 PMCID: PMC5907823 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza control strategies focus on the use of trivalent influenza vaccines containing two influenza A virus subtypes and one of the two circulating influenza type B lineages (Yamagata or Victoria). Mismatches between the vaccine B lineage and the circulating lineage have been regularly documented in many countries, including those in the Asia‐Pacific region. We conducted a literature review with the aim of understanding the relative circulation of influenza B viruses in Asia‐Pacific countries. PubMed and Western Pacific Region Index Medicus were searched for relevant articles on influenza type B published since 1990 in English language for 15 Asia‐Pacific countries. Gray literature was also accessed. From 4834 articles identified, 121 full‐text articles were analyzed. Influenza was reported as an important cause of morbidity in the Asia‐Pacific region, affecting all age groups. In all 15 countries, influenza B was identified and associated with between 0% and 92% of laboratory‐confirmed influenza cases in any one season/year. Influenza type B appeared to cause more illness in children aged between 1 and 10 years than in other age groups. Epidemiological data for the two circulating influenza type B lineages remain limited in several countries in the Asia‐Pacific, although the co‐circulation of both lineages was seen in countries where strain surveillance data were available. Mismatches between circulating B lineages and vaccine strains were observed in all countries with available data. The data suggest that a shift from trivalent to quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccines could provide additional benefits by providing broader protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lance Jennings
- Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Qiu Sue Huang
- WHO National Influenza Centre, Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Porirua, New Zealand
| | - Ian Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ping-Ing Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Woo Joo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Kuan CS, Yew SM, Hooi PS, Lee LM, Ng KP. Detection of Respiratory Viruses from ARTI Patients by xTAG RVP Fast v2 Assay and Conventional Methods. Malays J Med Sci 2018; 24:33-43. [PMID: 29386970 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2017.24.5.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in paediatric patients. Therefore, early detection of the viral aetiologies of ARTIs is essential for patient management and infection control. In this study, we evaluated the performance of a new multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel [RVP] Fast v2) in the detection of respiratory viruses by comparing it with that of viral culture and direct immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Methods Nasopharyngeal swab and aspirate samples were collected prospectively from 199 patients who presented with ARTIs at the University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia during a 10-month period. The PCR assay was conducted in parallel with conventional culture and direct IF staining methods. Results The positive rate of the xTAG RVP Fast v2 assay (78.4%) in detecting respiratory viruses was higher than that of the viral isolation (7.5%) and direct IF (23.1%) methods. Using the xTAG RVP Fast v2 assay, human enterovirus/human rhinovirus (HEV/HRV) was the most frequently detected (46.2%). The xTAG RVP Fast v2 assay revealed mixed infection caused by two or three respiratory viruses in 40 specimens, and these were undetected by the viral isolation and direct IF methods. Conclusion The xTAG RVP Fast v2 assay was superior to conventional methods in the identification of common respiratory viruses, with higher sensitivity and shorter turnaround times for laboratory results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chee Sian Kuan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Su Mei Yew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Poh Sim Hooi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lu Mei Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kee Peng Ng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Malhotra B, Swamy MA, Janardhan Reddy PV, Gupta ML. Viruses causing severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in children ≤5 years of age at a tertiary care hospital in Rajasthan, India. Indian J Med Res 2018; 144:877-885. [PMID: 28474624 PMCID: PMC5433280 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_22_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) is one of the leading causes of death among children worldwide. As different respiratory viruses exhibit similar symptoms, simultaneous detection of these viruses in a single reaction mixture can save time and cost. The present study was done in a tertiary care children's hospital for rapid identification of viruses causing SARI among children less than or equal to five years of age using multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) kit. METHODS A total of 155 throat swabs were collected from equal number of children suspected to have SARI and processed for extraction of nucleic acids using automated extraction system. Multiplex real-time RT-PCR was done to identify the viruses in the samples. RESULTS The overall positivity for viruses in the study was found to be 72.9 per cent with a co-infection rate of 19.5 per cent. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) was the predominant virus detected in 25.7 per cent children followed by influenza A (H1N1)pdm09, human rhinovirus (HRV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in 19.9, 11.0 and 8.8 per cent children, respectively. The HMPV was at its peak in February 2013, HAdV showed two peaks in March-April, 2012 and November 2012-March 2013 while HRV was detected throughout the year. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Multiplex real-time PCR helped in rapid identification of viruses. Seventeen viruses were detected in SARI cases with overall positivity of 72.9 per cent. HMPV was the most predominant virus. However, for better clinico-virological correlation, studies are required with complete work up of all the aetiological agents, clinical profile of patients and treatment outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, (ICMR Grade - I Viral Diagnostics & Research Laboratory), Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - M Anjaneya Swamy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, (ICMR Grade - I Viral Diagnostics & Research Laboratory), Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - P V Janardhan Reddy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Advanced Basic Sciences & Clinical Research Laboratory, (ICMR Grade - I Viral Diagnostics & Research Laboratory), Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India
| | - M L Gupta
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, J. K. Lone Hospital, Jaipur, India
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Abdel-Hady DM, Al Balushi RM, Al Abri BA, Al Abri SS, Al Kindi HS, Al-Jardani AK, Al Yaqubi FM, Al Abaidani IS. Estimating the burden of influenza-associated hospitalization and deaths in Oman (2012-2015). Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 12:146-152. [PMID: 29205882 PMCID: PMC5818336 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza is a serious vaccine‐preventable disease with high incidence, hospitalization, and mortality in high‐risk groups. The epidemiology, seasonality, and risk factors for influenza are well defined in most of the temperate countries, but estimating influenza burden in the World Health Organization (WHO) Region for the Eastern Mediterranean is scarce. In Oman, despite the advancements in influenza surveillance, the clinical burden and seasonality of influenza remain not fully understood. Objectives To estimate the incidence of influenza‐associated hospitalizations and in‐hospital death in Oman. Patients and methods Influenza‐associated hospitalizations and in‐hospital deaths were estimated using hospital discharge records based on ICD‐10 codes (J09‐J18), results of virological analysis and population census for the period between 2012 and 2015. Results During 2012 and 2015, we identified a total of 19 405 influenza‐associated hospitalization and 847 deaths. Influenza positivity percentage ranged from 6.4% in 2013 to 20.6% in 2015. Influenza‐associated hospitalization incidence rate was 7.3 (95% CI: 6.4‐8.1) per 100 000 in 2013 and 27.5 (95% CI: 25.9‐29.1) per 100 000 in 2015 with an overall rate of 20.6 (95% CI: 19.9‐21.3) per 100 000. The highest incidence of influenza‐associated death was among those aged ≥65 years and ranged between 39.5 (95% CI: 27.3‐51.8) per 100 000 in 2014 and 11.3 (95% CI: 7.5‐15.1) in 2015. Conclusions Influenza causes a substantial number of hospitalizations and deaths in Oman. Hospitalization rates were highest among children, and adults ≥65 years showed the highest death rate. The potential value of using seasonal influenza vaccine in these groups should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M Abdel-Hady
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of health, Muscat, Oman.,Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rima M Al Balushi
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Badr A Al Abri
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Seif S Al Abri
- Directorate General for Diseases Surveillance & Control, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Hanan S Al Kindi
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Fatma M Al Yaqubi
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of health, Muscat, Oman
| | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Lim TK, Siow WT. Pneumonia in the tropics. Respirology 2017; 23:28-35. [PMID: 28763150 PMCID: PMC7169137 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia in the tropics poses a heavy disease burden. The complex interplay of climate change, human migration influences and socio-economic factors lead to changing patterns of respiratory infections in tropical climate but also increasingly in temperate countries. Tropical and poorer countries, especially South East Asia, also bear the brunt of the global tuberculosis (TB) pandemic, accounting for almost one-third of the burden. But, as human migration patterns evolve, we expect to see more TB cases in higher income as well as temperate countries, and rise in infections like scrub typhus from ecotourism activities. Fuelled by the ease of air travel, novel zoonotic infections originating from the tropics have led to global respiratory pandemics. As such, clinicians worldwide should be aware of these new conditions as well as classical tropical bacterial pneumonias such as melioidosis. Rarer entities such as co-infections of leptospirosis and chikungunya or dengue will need careful consideration as well. In this review, we highlight aetiologies of pneumonia seen more commonly in the tropics compared with temperate regions, their disease burden, variable clinical presentations as well as impact on healthcare delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tow Keang Lim
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Wen Ting Siow
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Ramaekers K, Keyaerts E, Rector A, Borremans A, Beuselinck K, Lagrou K, Van Ranst M. Prevalence and seasonality of six respiratory viruses during five consecutive epidemic seasons in Belgium. J Clin Virol 2017; 94:72-78. [PMID: 28772168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) are a major health problem, especially in young children and the elderly. OBJECTIVES Insights into the seasonality of respiratory viruses can help us understand when the burden on society is highest and which age groups are most vulnerable. STUDY DESIGN We monitored six respiratory viruses during five consecutive seasons (2011-2016) in Belgium. Patient specimens (n=22876), tested for one or more of the following respiratory viruses, were included in this analysis: Influenza viruses (IAV & IBV), Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), Adenovirus (ADV) and Human parainfluenza virus (hPIV). Data were analysed for four age categories: <6y, 6-17y, 18-64y and ≥65y. RESULTS Children <6y had the highest infection rates (39% positive vs. 20% positive adults) and the highest frequency of co-infections. hRSV (28%) and IAV (32%) caused the most common respiratory viral infections and followed, like hMPV, a seasonal pattern with winter peaks. hRSV followed an annual pattern with two peaks: first in young children and ±7 weeks later in elderly. This phenomenon has not been described in literature so far. hPIV and ADV occurred throughout the year with higher rates in winter. CONCLUSIONS Children <6y are most vulnerable for respiratory viral infections and have a higher risk for co-infections. hRSV and IAV are the most common respiratory infections with peaks during the winter season in Belgium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaat Ramaekers
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven. Herestraat 49 box 1040, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Els Keyaerts
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven. Herestraat 49 box 1040, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Annabel Rector
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven. Herestraat 49 box 1040, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Annie Borremans
- University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kurt Beuselinck
- University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven. Herestraat 49 box 1040, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Nyoka R, Omony J, Mwalili SM, Achia TNO, Gichangi A, Mwambi H. Effect of climate on incidence of respiratory syncytial virus infections in a refugee camp in Kenya: A non-Gaussian time-series analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178323. [PMID: 28570627 PMCID: PMC5453485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the major causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) in children. Children younger than 1 year are the most susceptible to RSV infection. RSV infections occur seasonally in temperate climate regions. Based on RSV surveillance and climatic data, we developed statistical models that were assessed and compared to predict the relationship between weather and RSV incidence among refugee children younger than 5 years in Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya. Most time-series analyses rely on the assumption of Gaussian-distributed data. However, surveillance data often do not have a Gaussian distribution. We used a generalized linear model (GLM) with a sinusoidal component over time to account for seasonal variation and extended it to a generalized additive model (GAM) with smoothing cubic splines. Climatic factors were included as covariates in the models before and after timescale decompositions, and the results were compared. Models with decomposed covariates fit RSV incidence data better than those without. The Poisson GAM with decomposed covariates of climatic factors fit the data well and had a higher explanatory and predictive power than GLM. The best model predicted the relationship between atmospheric conditions and RSV infection incidence among children younger than 5 years. This knowledge helps public health officials to prepare for, and respond more effectively to increasing RSV incidence in low-resource regions or communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Nyoka
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Jimmy Omony
- Molecular Genetics Department, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Samuel M. Mwalili
- Statistics Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thomas N. O. Achia
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Anthony Gichangi
- Jhpiego - an affiliate of John Hopkins University, Westlands, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Henry Mwambi
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu- Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Ng KF, Tan KK, Sam ZH, Ting GS, Gan WY. Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, laboratory findings and severity of respiratory syncytial virus acute lower respiratory infection in Malaysian children, 2008-2013. J Paediatr Child Health 2017; 53:399-407. [PMID: 27704652 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to describe epidemiology, clinical features, laboratory data and severity of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in Malaysian children and to determine risk factors associated with prolonged hospital stay, paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission and mortality. METHODS Retrospective data on demographics, clinical presentation, outcomes and laboratory findings of 450 children admitted into Tuanku Jaafar Hospital in Seremban, Malaysia from 2008 to 2013 with documented diagnosis of RSV ALRI were collected and analysed. RESULTS Most admissions were children below 2 years old (85.8%; 386/450). Commonest symptoms were fever (84.2%; 379/450), cough (97.8%; 440/450) and rhinorrhea (83.6%; 376/450). The median age among febrile patients (n = 379) was 9.0 months with interquartile range (IQR) of 4.0-19.0 months whereas the median age among those who were apyrexial (n = 71) was 2 months with IQR of 1-6 months (P-value <0.001). 15.3% (69/450) needed intensive care and 1.6% (7/450) died. Young age, history of prematurity, chronic comorbidity and thrombocytosis were significantly associated with prolonged hospital stay, PICU admission and mortality. CONCLUSIONS Infants less than 6 months old with RSV ALRI tend to be afebrile at presentation. Younger age, history of prematurity, chronic comorbidity and thrombocytosis are predictors of severe RSV ALRI among Malaysian children. Case fatality rate for Malaysian children below 5 years of age with RSV ALRI in our centre is higher than what is seen in developed countries, suggesting that there is room for improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khuen F Ng
- Pediatric Department, Tuanku Jaafar Hospital, Seremban, Malaysia.,Paediatric Infectious Disease and Immunology Department, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kah K Tan
- Pediatric Department, Tuanku Jaafar Hospital, Seremban, Malaysia
| | - Zhi H Sam
- Pediatric Department, Tuanku Jaafar Hospital, Seremban, Malaysia.,Paediatric Department, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Grace Ss Ting
- Pediatric Department, Tuanku Jaafar Hospital, Seremban, Malaysia
| | - Wan Y Gan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Tian DD, Jiang R, Chen XJ, Ye Q. Meteorological factors on the incidence of MP and RSV pneumonia in children. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173409. [PMID: 28282391 PMCID: PMC5345804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumonia is common in children and mostly caused by many pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the incidence of pediatric mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) pneumonia and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia was associated with meteorological factors in Hangzhou, China. Methods A total of 36500 pneumonia patients were recruited to participate in the study. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected for the detection of MP and RSV using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and direct immunofluorescence (DIF) assays, respectively. We used a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) to evaluate the correlations between the MP/RSV incidence and meteorological factors. Results The detection rates of MP and RSV were 18.4% and 10.4%, respectively. There was a positive correlation between temperature and the MP infection rate, but RSV infection rate was negatively associated with temperature. Moreover, the impact of temperature on infection with RSV presented evident lag and cumulative effects. There was also an evident lag effect of temperature on the infection rate of MP; however, there was no evident cumulative effect. Conclusions In this study, the results showed meteorological factors play an important role in the incidence of these two pathogens. All these results can provide the laboratory basis for the early diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-dan Tian
- Clinical Laboratory, The Children´s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory, The Children´s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-jun Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, The Children´s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Clinical Laboratory, The Children´s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Patterns of Human Respiratory Viruses and Lack of MERS-Coronavirus in Patients with Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Southwestern Province of Saudi Arabia. Adv Virol 2017; 2017:4247853. [PMID: 28348590 PMCID: PMC5350310 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4247853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We undertook enhanced surveillance of those presenting with respiratory symptoms at five healthcare centers by testing all symptomatic outpatients between November 2013 and January 2014 (winter time). Nasal swabs were collected from 182 patients and screened for MERS-CoV as well as other respiratory viruses using RT-PCR and multiplex microarray. A total of 75 (41.2%) of these patients had positive viral infection. MERS-CoV was not detected in any of the samples. Human rhinovirus (hRV) was the most detected pathogen (40.9%) followed by non-MERS-CoV human coronaviruses (19.3%), influenza (Flu) viruses (15.9%), and human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) (13.6%). Viruses differed markedly depending on age in which hRV, Flu A, and hCoV-OC43 were more prevalent in adults and RSV, hCoV-HKU1, and hCoV-NL63 were mostly restricted to children under the age of 15. Moreover, coinfection was not uncommon in this study, in which 17.3% of the infected patients had dual infections due to several combinations of viruses. Dual infections decreased with age and completely disappeared in people older than 45 years. Our study confirms that MERS-CoV is not common in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia and shows high diversity and prevalence of other common respiratory viruses. This study also highlights the importance and contribution of enhanced surveillance systems for better infection control.
Collapse
|
75
|
Ali A, Yousafzai MT, Waris R, Jafri F, Aziz F, Abbasi IN, Zaidi A. RSV associated hospitalizations in children in Karachi, Pakistan: Implications for vaccine prevention strategies. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1151-1157. [PMID: 28092107 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Major progress is being made in vaccines against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), with multiple vaccine candidates currently in the clinical phase of development. Making an investment case for public sector financing of RSV vaccine will require estimation of burden, cost-effectiveness, and impact. The aim of this study is to determine the proportion, age distribution and clinical spectrum of RSV associated hospitalizations in children in Karachi, Pakistan. A three years prospective study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital in Karachi, a city of 20 million in south Pakistan, from August 2009 to June 2012. Children less than five years old admitted with acute respiratory infections (ARI) were enrolled. Throat swabs were collected and tested for RSV using real-time PCR. Multivariable log binomial regression analysis was performed to identify the associated factors of RSV infection. Out of 1150 children enrolled, RSV was detected among 223 (19%). Highest rate of RSV detection was in young infants less than 3 months of age (48/168, 29%), which accounted for 22% of all RSV detected. Most common diagnosis in RSV positive infants (<12 months of age) was bronchiolitis followed by pneumonia, while in older children between the ages of one and 5 years of age, pneumonia and asthma were the most common diagnosis. Although identified year-round, RSV was most prevalent from August to October with peak in September, coinciding with the rainy season. This study identified RSV to be independently associated with younger age (P = 0.036), rainy season (P < 0.001), post-tussive emesis (P = 0.008), intubation (P = 0.003), and discharge diagnosis of bronchiolitis (P = 0.004). Vaccines against RSV that target this age group are likely to yield remarkable benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ali
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Rabbia Waris
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Jafri
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Aziz
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Imran Naeem Abbasi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Anita Zaidi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
deBruyne J, Nathan A, Qiao Y, Jafar F, Chan YF, Eg K, Thavagnanam S, Bakar S, Sam IC. Viruses and hospitalization for childhood lower respiratory tract infection in Malaysia: A prospective study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4103/prcm.prcm_2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
77
|
Kamigaki T, Chaw L, Tan AG, Tamaki R, Alday PP, Javier JB, Olveda RM, Oshitani H, Tallo VL. Seasonality of Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Viruses and the Effect of Climate Factors in Subtropical-Tropical Asia Using Influenza-Like Illness Surveillance Data, 2010 -2012. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167712. [PMID: 28002419 PMCID: PMC5176282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The seasonality of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is well known, and many analyses have been conducted in temperate countries; however, this is still not well understood in tropical countries. Previous studies suggest that climate factors are involved in the seasonality of these viruses. However, the extent of the effect of each climate variable is yet to be defined. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the pattern of seasonality and the effect of climate variables on influenza and RSV at three sites of different latitudes: the Eastern Visayas region and Baguio City in the Philippines, and Okinawa Prefecture in Japan. Wavelet analysis and the dynamic linear regression model were applied. Climate variables used in the analysis included mean temperature, relative and specific humidity, precipitation, and number of rainy days. The Akaike Information Criterion estimated in each model was used to test the improvement of fit in comparison with the baseline model. RESULTS At all three study sites, annual seasonal peaks were observed in influenza A and RSV; peaks were unclear for influenza B. Ranges of climate variables at the two Philippine sites were narrower and mean variables were significantly different among the three sites. Whereas all climate variables except the number of rainy days improved model fit to the local trend model, their contributions were modest. Mean temperature and specific humidity were positively associated with influenza and RSV at the Philippine sites and negatively associated with influenza A in Okinawa. Precipitation also improved model fit for influenza and RSV at both Philippine sites, except for the influenza A model in the Eastern Visayas. CONCLUSIONS Annual seasonal peaks were observed for influenza A and RSV but were less clear for influenza B at all three study sites. Including additional data from subsequent more years would help to ascertain these findings. Annual amplitude and variation in climate variables are more important than their absolute values for determining their effect on the seasonality of influenza and RSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kamigaki
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Liling Chaw
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Alvin G. Tan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Raita Tamaki
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Portia P. Alday
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jenaline B. Javier
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Remigio M. Olveda
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Manila, Philippines
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Veronica L. Tallo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Health, Manila, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Viral Agents Causing Acute Respiratory Infections in Children under Five: A Study from Eastern India. Int J Pediatr 2016; 2016:7235482. [PMID: 28018433 PMCID: PMC5149672 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7235482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are important cause of mortality and morbidity in children under five in developing country. Methods. This observational study was conducted over two-year period in a tertiary care teaching hospital of Eastern India. Nasal and throat swabs were collected, transported to the laboratory at 2-8°C in viral transport media, and then processed for detection of viruses using mono/multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results. A total of 300 children aged 2-60 months with ARIs were included. The most common age group affected with LRI was 2-12 mo and with URI was >12-60 mo. Viruses were detected in 248 cases. In URI, 77 were positive for single virus and 19 were positive for more than one virus; in LRI, 113 were positive for single virus and 12 were positive for more than one virus. The most common viruses isolated from URI cases were rhinovirus and adenovirus. The most common viruses isolated from LRI cases were respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus. Most cases occurred in the months of January, December, and August. Conclusion. Viruses constitute a significant cause of ARI in children under five. RSV, ADV, RV, and IFV were the most prevalent viruses isolated.
Collapse
|
79
|
Sundell N, Andersson LM, Brittain-Long R, Lindh M, Westin J. A four year seasonal survey of the relationship between outdoor climate and epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections in a temperate climate. J Clin Virol 2016; 84:59-63. [PMID: 27723525 PMCID: PMC7106483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relation between weather conditions, viral transmission and seasonal activity of respiratory viruses is not fully understood. OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of outdoor weather in a temperate climate setting on the seasonal epidemiology of viruses causing respiratory tract infections, particularly influenza A (IFA). STUDY DESIGN In total, 20,062 clinical nasopharyngeal swab samples referred for detection of respiratory pathogens using a multiplex PCR panel, between October 2010 and July 2013, were included. Results of PCR detection were compared with local meteorological data for the same period. RESULTS Low temperature and vapor pressure (VP) were associated with weekly incidence of IFA, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, bocavirus and adenovirus but no association with relative humidity was found. The incidence of human rhinovirus and enterovirus was independent of temperature. During seasonal IFA outbreaks, the weekly drop of average temperature (compared with the week before) was strongly associated with the IFA incidence recorded the following week. CONCLUSION A sudden drop in outdoor temperature might activate the annual influenza epidemic in a temperate climate by facilitating aerosol spread in dry air. These conditions also seem to affect the incidence of other respiratory pathogens but not human rhino- or enterovirus, suggesting that routes of infection other than aerosol may be relevant for these agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicklas Sundell
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Clinical Virology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Lars-Magnus Andersson
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Clinical Virology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robin Brittain-Long
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Clinical Virology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Westin
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Clinical Virology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Abstract
SUMMARYIn temperate zones, human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) outbreaks typically occur in cold weather, i.e. in late autumn and winter. However, recent outbreaks in Japan have tended to start during summer and autumn. This study examined associations of meteorological conditions with the numbers of HRSV cases reported in summer in Japan. Using data from the HRSV national surveillance system and national meteorological data for summer during the period 2007–2014, we utilized negative binomial logistic regression analysis to identify associations between meteorological conditions and reported cases of HRSV. HRSV cases increased when summer temperatures rose and when relative humidity increased. Consideration of the interaction term temperature × relative humidity enabled us to show synergistic effects of high temperature with HRSV occurrence. In particular, HRSV cases synergistically increased when relative humidity increased while the temperature was ⩾28·2 °C. Seasonal-trend decomposition analysis using the HRSV national surveillance data divided by 11 climate divisions showed that summer HRSV cases occurred in South Japan (Okinawa Island), Kyushu, and Nankai climate divisions, which are located in southwest Japan. Higher temperature and higher relative humidity were necessary conditions for HRSV occurrence in summer in Japan. Paediatricians in temperate zones should be mindful of possible HRSV cases in summer, when suitable conditions are present.
Collapse
|
81
|
Yan XL, Li YN, Tang YJ, Xie ZP, Gao HC, Yang XM, Li YM, Liu LJ, Duan ZJ. Clinical characteristics and viral load of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus in children hospitaled for acute lower respiratory tract infection. J Med Virol 2016; 89:589-597. [PMID: 27632796 PMCID: PMC7166468 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) are two common viral pathogens in acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI). However, the association of viral load with clinical characteristics is not well‐defined in ALRTI. To explore the correlation between viral load and clinical characteristics of RSV and HMPV in children hospitalized for ALRTI in Lanzhou, China. Three hundred and eighty‐seven children hospitalized for ALRTI were enrolled. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) were sampled from each children. Real‐time PCR was used to screen RSV, HMPV, and twelve additional respiratory viruses. Bronchiolitis was the leading diagnoses both in RSV and HMPV positive patients. A significantly greater frequency of wheezing (52% vs. 33.52%, P = 0.000) was noted in RSV positive and negative patients. The RSV viral load was significant higher in children aged <1 year (P = 0.003), children without fever and wheezing (P = 0.015 and P = 0.000), days of illness <14 days (P = 0.002), children with bronchiolitis (P = 0.012) and children with RSV single infections (P = 0.000). No difference was found in the clinical features of HMPV positive and negative patients. The HMPV viral load had no correlation with any clinical characteristics. The incidences of severe disease were similar between single infection and coinfection for the two viruses (RSV, P = 0.221; HMPV, P = 0.764) and there has no statistical significance between severity and viral load (P = 0.166 and P = 0.721). Bronchiolitis is the most common disease caused by RSV and HMPV. High viral load or co‐infection may be associated with some symptoms but neither has a significant impact on disease severity for the two viruses. J. Med. Virol. 89:589–597, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Ning Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yi-Jie Tang
- Department of Respiration, Beijing Electric Power Hospital of The North China Grid Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Chun Gao
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Mei Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yu-Mei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Li-Jun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Banerjee A, De P, Manna B, Chawla-Sarkar M. Molecular characterization of enteric adenovirus genotypes 40 and 41 identified in children with acute gastroenteritis in Kolkata, India during 2013-2014. J Med Virol 2016; 89:606-614. [PMID: 27584661 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human enteric adenovirus (HAdV) belonging to species F is one of the most common pathogens responsible for infantile gastroenteritis worldwide. This study was initiated to estimate prevalence and types of HAdV among children below 5 years of age seeking health care facility for treatment of diarrhea in Kolkata, Eastern India. A total of 1,562 stool specimens were tested during 2013-2014 and among them, 185 (11.8%) were positive for enteric HAdV. Maximum number of positive cases were observed among children between 6 and 12 months of age (13.9%). HAdV infection occurred at a low frequency throughout the year, with an increased incidence in the month of March-July in both the years. Among HAdV positive samples (n = 185), 44.8% showed coinfection with rotavirus. Genotyping based on hypervariable region of hexon and partial shaft region of fiber genes, revealed prevalence of HAdV-40 over HAdV-41 genotype during this study period. Nucleotide sequence analysis of HAdV-40 strains exhibited more than 99% similarity among themselves and 98.5% with the prototype strain Dugan. Sequence analysis of six hypervariable regions (HVRs) of hexon genes from all the HAdV-41 strains revealed co-circulation of both genome type cluster 1(GTC1) and GTC2. The presence of both types of GTCs reflects accumulation of amino acid (aa) mutations in HVR of hexon gene. A recombination event was evident in a subset of HAdV-41 strains where hexon gene belonged to GTC1 whereas, fiber gene clustered with GTC2. Sequence analysis of fiber gene shaft region of HAdV-41 strains revealed 15 aa deletion from the 15th repeat motif. J. Med. Virol. 89:606-614, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Banerjee
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Papiya De
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Byomkesh Manna
- Division of Data Management and Biostatistics, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Kenmoe S, Tchendjou P, Vernet M, Moyo‐Tetang S, Mossus T, Njankouo‐Ripa M, Kenne A, Penlap Beng V, Vabret A, Njouom R. Viral etiology of severe acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children in Cameroon, 2011-2013. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:386-93. [PMID: 27012372 PMCID: PMC4947949 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) is recognized as an important cause of morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization among children in developing countries. Little is known, however, in tropical countries like Cameroon about the cause and seasonality of respiratory infections, especially in hospitalized settings. OBJECTIVES Our study investigates the viral etiology and seasonality of SARI in hospitalized children in Yaounde, Cameroon. METHODS Prospective clinic surveillance was conducted to identify hospitalized children aged ≤15 years presenting with respiratory symptoms ≤5-day duration. Demographic and clinical data, and respiratory specimens were collected. Nasopharyngeal samples were tested for 17 respiratory viruses using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The viral distribution and demographic data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS From September 2011 through September 2013, 347 children aged ≤15 years were enrolled. At least one virus was identified in each of 65·4% children, of which 29·5% were coinfections; 27·3% were positive for human adenovirus (hAdV), 13·2% for human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), 11·5% for rhinovirus/enterovirus (RV/EV), 10·6% for human bocavirus (hBoV), 9·8% for influenza virus (Inf), 6·6% for human parainfluenza virus (hPIV), 5·7% for human coronavirus (hCoV), and 2·3% for human metapneumovirus (hMPV). While hRSV showed seasonal patterns, hAdV and RV/EV were detected throughout the year and no evident temporal patterns were observed for the remaining viruses. CONCLUSION Respiratory viruses were associated with a high burden of hospitalizations among children in Cameroon. Nevertheless, additional studies evaluating asymptomatic Cameroonian children will be important in understanding the relationship between viral carriage and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Kenmoe
- Centre Pasteur of CameroonInternational Network of Pasteur InstitutesYaoundeCameroon
- Département de BiochimieUniversité de Yaoundé 1YaoundeCameroun
- Virology ServicePôle de BiologieCHU de CaenCaenFrance
| | - Patrice Tchendjou
- Centre Pasteur of CameroonInternational Network of Pasteur InstitutesYaoundeCameroon
| | - Marie‐Astrid Vernet
- Centre Pasteur of CameroonInternational Network of Pasteur InstitutesYaoundeCameroon
| | | | - Tatiana Mossus
- Centre Pasteur of CameroonInternational Network of Pasteur InstitutesYaoundeCameroon
| | | | - Angeladine Kenne
- Centre Pasteur of CameroonInternational Network of Pasteur InstitutesYaoundeCameroon
| | | | - Astrid Vabret
- Virology ServicePôle de BiologieCHU de CaenCaenFrance
| | - Richard Njouom
- Centre Pasteur of CameroonInternational Network of Pasteur InstitutesYaoundeCameroon
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Goktas S, Sirin MC. Prevalence and Seasonal Distribution of Respiratory Viruses During the 2014 - 2015 Season in Istanbul. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e39132. [PMID: 27800148 PMCID: PMC5086027 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.39132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) is one of the most common infections worldwide, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Objectives This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and seasonal distribution of respiratory viruses in our region, in children and adults with a pre-diagnosis of ARTI. Methods A total of 845 nasopharyngeal swab specimens were analyzed with the RespiFinder Smart 22 kit (PathoFinder BV, Netherlands) and the Rotor-Gene 6000 real-time PCR system. Results At least one pathogen was detected in 612 (72.4%) of the specimens. Overall, 902 pathogens were detected; 821 (91%) were viruses and 81 (9%) were bacteria. The most commonly detected pathogens were influenza A virus (IFV-A) (n = 219), influenza B virus (IFV-B) (n=157), rhinovirus/enterovirus (n = 107), human bocavirus (HBoV) (n = 91), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A/B (n = 64), adenovirus (n = 56), human coronaviruses (n = 51), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (n = 49), parainfluenza viruses (n = 40), human metapneumovirus (n = 36), Bordetella pertussis (n = 15), Legionella pneumophila (n = 11), and Chlamydophila pneumoniae (n = 6), respectively. Among the 215 (25.4%) co-infected cases, IFV-A/HBoV and IFV-A/IFV-B were the most common co-infections. IFV-A was the most prevalent agent in all age groups except for children under 5 years of age, in whom RSV A/B was the most common pathogen. Approximately two thirds of the respiratory viruses were detected in early spring and winter, with peaks in January, March, and April. Conclusions With regard to the prevalence and seasonal distribution of respiratory viruses, our epidemiological data for the 2014 - 2015 season in Istanbul showed a predominance of IFV-A infections with a peak activity in early spring. Enhanced surveillance and early detection of respiratory viral pathogens can be useful in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ARTIs, and for guiding the development of appropriate public health strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safak Goktas
- Gelisim Medical Laboratories, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mumtaz Cem Sirin
- Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Department of Medical Microbiology, Izmir, Turkey
- Corresponding author: Mumtaz Cem Sirin, Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Department of Medical Microbiology, Izmir, Turkey. Tel: +90-5327905288, Fax: +90-2324330756, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Khaw YS, Chan YF, Jafar FL, Othman N, Chee HY. Comparative Genetic Analyses of Human Rhinovirus C (HRV-C) Complete Genome from Malaysia. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:543. [PMID: 27199901 PMCID: PMC4851184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus-C (HRV-C) has been implicated in more severe illnesses than HRV-A and HRV-B, however, the limited number of HRV-C complete genomes (complete 5′ and 3′ non-coding region and open reading frame sequences) has hindered the in-depth genetic study of this virus. This study aimed to sequence seven complete HRV-C genomes from Malaysia and compare their genetic characteristics with the 18 published HRV-Cs. Seven Malaysian HRV-C complete genomes were obtained with newly redesigned primers. The seven genomes were classified as HRV-C6, C12, C22, C23, C26, C42, and pat16 based on the VP4/VP2 and VP1 pairwise distance threshold classification. Five of the seven Malaysian isolates, namely, 3430-MY-10/C22, 8713-MY-10/C23, 8097-MY-11/C26, 1570-MY-10/C42, and 7383-MY-10/pat16 are the first newly sequenced complete HRV-C genomes. All seven Malaysian isolates genomes displayed nucleotide similarity of 63–81% among themselves and 63–96% with other HRV-Cs. Malaysian HRV-Cs had similar putative immunogenic sites, putative receptor utilization and potential antiviral sites as other HRV-Cs. The genomic features of Malaysian isolates were similar to those of other HRV-Cs. Negative selections were frequently detected in HRV-Cs complete coding sequences indicating that these sequences were under functional constraint. The present study showed that HRV-Cs from Malaysia have diverse genetic sequences but share conserved genomic features with other HRV-Cs. This genetic information could provide further aid in the understanding of HRV-C infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yam Sim Khaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Faizatul Lela Jafar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norlijah Othman
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Hui Yee Chee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Rashed AN, Wong ICK, Wilton L, Tomlin S, Neubert A. Drug Utilisation Patterns in Children Admitted to a Paediatric General Medical Ward in Five Countries. Drugs Real World Outcomes 2015; 2:397-410. [PMID: 26690854 PMCID: PMC4674526 DOI: 10.1007/s40801-015-0049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate and compare drug prescription patterns in children admitted to a paediatric general medical ward in five countries. Methods A prospective cohort study conducted on paediatric medical wards in the UK, Germany, Australia, Hong Kong (HK) and Malaysia. Data were collected over 3 months in each country except in Australia (1 month). All medications prescribed were classified according to the WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification. For each drug, frequency of prescriptions and patient exposures were calculated for ATC anatomical and therapeutic levels overall and by country. Results One thousand two hundred and seventy-eight patients were included (Australia 146, Germany 376, UK 313, HK 143 and Malaysia 300); 89.2 % of patients (1140) received medications, median 3 (interquartile range 2–5) drugs per patient. 5367 drugs were prescribed. The most frequently prescribed therapeutic groups in all countries were: systemic antibacterials (1355; 25.2 %), analgesics/non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (1173; 21.8 %) and drugs for obstructive airway diseases (472; 8.8 %). Overall, 65.1 % (742) of patients received at least one systemic antibacterial, 63.7 % (726) received one or more analgesic/NSAIDs, and 23.6 % (269) received ‘drugs for obstructive airway diseases’. The number of patients exposed to these groups differed significantly between countries (p < 0.05). Paracetamol was the most frequently prescribed in all countries, but metamizole was only used in Germany. Morphine was mainly prescribed in the UK. Conclusion This study provides an overview of drug use patterns in five culturally and ethnically diverse countries. The most frequently used therapeutic groups were similar, but the proportion of patients treated differed between countries. Also within a therapeutic group the specific drug used varied between countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asia N Rashed
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, King's Health Partners, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK ; Pharmacy Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Ian C K Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ; UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | | | - Stephen Tomlin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, King's Health Partners, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK ; Pharmacy Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Antje Neubert
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Liu T, Li Z, Zhang S, Song S, Julong W, Lin Y, Guo N, Xing C, Xu A, Bi Z, Wang X. Viral Etiology of acute respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children and adults in Shandong Province, China. Virol J 2015; 12:168. [PMID: 26467854 PMCID: PMC4606902 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dominant viral etiologies responsible for acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are poorly understood, particularly among hospitalized patients. Improved etiological insight is needed to improve clinical management and prevention of ARIs. Methods Clinical and demographic information and throat swabs were collected from 607 patients from 2011 to 2013 in Shandong Province, China. Multiplex RT-PCR (SeeplexTM RV detection, Seegene) was performed to detected 12 respiratory viral pathogens. Results A total of 607 hospitalized patients were enrolled from 2011 to 2013. Viruses were identified in 35.75 % (217/607) of cases, including 78 influenza virus A and B (IVA and IVB), 47 para-influenza viruses (PIVs), 41 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and 38 adenovirus (ADV). For the children under 15 year old, the common detected viruses were influenza viruses, RSV, PIVS and ADV, while the principal respiratory viruses were human coronaviruses (HCoV), PIVs, influenza viruses for the old adults. Co-infections with multiple viruses were detected in 15.67 % of patients. Children under 5 years were more likely to have one or more detectable virus associated with their ARI. The peak of ARI caused by the respiratory viruses occurred in winter. Conclusion This study demonstrated respiratory viruses were the major cause of hospitalized ARI patients in Shandong Province, influenza virus was the most common detected, RSV was the highest incidence among the young children (≤5 years). These findings also gave a better understand of virus distribution among different age and seasons, which help to consider potential therapeutic approaches and develop effective prevention strategies for respiratory virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ti Liu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute for Prevention Medicine, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhong Li
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute for Prevention Medicine, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Shengyang Zhang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute for Prevention Medicine, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Shaoxia Song
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute for Prevention Medicine, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Wu Julong
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute for Prevention Medicine, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Yi Lin
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute for Prevention Medicine, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Nongjian Guo
- Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Chunyan Xing
- Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Aiqiang Xu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute for Prevention Medicine, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhenqiang Bi
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute for Prevention Medicine, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Xianjun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Shandong University Institute for Prevention Medicine, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Evolution of Influenza B Virus in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, between 1995 and 2008. J Virol 2015; 89:9689-92. [PMID: 26136576 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00708-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus causes significant disease but remains understudied in tropical regions. We sequenced 72 influenza B viruses collected in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from 1995 to 2008. The predominant circulating lineage (Victoria or Yamagata) changed every 1 to 3 years, and these shifts were associated with increased incidence of influenza B. We also found poor lineage matches with recommended influenza virus vaccine strains. While most influenza B virus lineages in Malaysia were short-lived, one circulated for 3 to 4 years.
Collapse
|
89
|
Wong-Chew RM, Espinoza MA, Taboada B, Aponte FE, Arias-Ortiz MA, Monge-Martínez J, Rodríguez-Vázquez R, Díaz-Hernández F, Zárate-Vidal F, Santos-Preciado JI, López S, Arias CF. Prevalence of respiratory virus in symptomatic children in private physician office settings in five communities of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:261. [PMID: 26108920 PMCID: PMC4479372 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Many studies have described the frequency of viruses in hospitalized patients, but studies describing the prevalence of viruses in the community setting are limited, particularly in developing countries, where most of the deaths from serious respiratory diseases occur. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of respiratory viruses in the community setting using molecular diagnostic tools, as well as the clinical characteristics of respiratory viral infections in the general pediatric practice in Mexico. METHODS Children with respiratory tract infections attending private pediatric practices during a 10-month period in five cities of the state of Veracruz were included. Nasal swabs were taken and processed by a multiplex detection kit for 15 respiratory viruses. RESULTS 525 children were included from July 2011 to May 2012; 44% were female, mean age was 45 months. The 3 most frequent clinical diagnosis were: rhinopharyngitis 68%, pharyngitis 18%, and 3.3% influenza-like illness. 71.5% of the samples were positive for virus. The five most frequent pathogens were respiratory syncycitial virus in 18.3% of the children, rhinovirus in 17.5%, influenza A 9.1%, adenovirus 7.2%, and enterovirus 3.4%, although all 15 viruses were detected; there were viral coinfections in 14.1%, and 28.5% of the samples were negative. CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of respiratory infections in the community setting in Mexico was associated to viruses. Although testing for common respiratory pathogens in children with acute respiratory tract infections may lead to a better understanding of the role of viral pathogens in, and eventually to improvement in the management of, individual patients, additional prospective studies are required to study the need of routinely using such tests in general pediatric practices in resource-limited countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Wong-Chew
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Colonia Doctores, CP 06726, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Marco A Espinoza
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Blanca Taboada
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Fernando E Aponte
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José I Santos-Preciado
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Colonia Doctores, CP 06726, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Susana López
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Carlos F Arias
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Foong Ng K, Kee Tan K, Hong Ng B, Nair P, Ying Gan W. Epidemiology of adenovirus respiratory infections among hospitalized children in Seremban, Malaysia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015; 109:433-9. [PMID: 26038572 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is scarcity of data regarding epidemiology and clinical aspects of human adenovirus acute respiratory infection (ARI) among children in developing countries. METHODS Retrospective data on demographics, clinical presentation, outcomes and laboratory findings of 116 children admitted into Tuanku Jaafar Hospital in Seremban, Malaysia from 2012 to 2013 with documented diagnosis of community-acquired adenovirus ARI were collected and analyzed. RESULTS Male to female ratio was 1.70. Median age was 14 (1-107) months. The commonest symptoms were fever (94.8%; 110/116), cough (82.8%, 96), rhinorrhea (63.8%; 74), interrupted feeding (66.4%; 77), diarrhea (33.6%; 39) and conjunctivitis (21.6%; 25). Mean temperature on admission was 38.4°C±0.9°C. Among all 116 subjects, 20.7% (24) needed oxygen supplementation, 57.8% (67) required intravenous hydration, 11.2% (13) were admitted into the pediatric intensive care unit and 6.9% (8) required mechanical ventilation. Only 1% (1/87) had positive blood culture (Streptococcus pneumoniae) among 87 who received antibiotic treatment. Case fatality rate was 2.6% (3/116) and 1.7% (2/116) developed bronchiolitis obliterans. Median length of hospital stay was 4 (1-50) days. CONCLUSION Adenovirus ARI caused significant morbidity and substantial resource utilization among hospitalized Malaysian children. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infants below two years presenting with ARI associated with high fever. Antibiotics should not be prescribed as secondary bacterial infections are uncommon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khuen Foong Ng
- Pediatric Department, Tuanku Jaafar Hospital, 70300 Seremban, Malaysia
| | - Kah Kee Tan
- Pediatric Department, Tuanku Jaafar Hospital, 70300 Seremban, Malaysia
| | - Boon Hong Ng
- Pediatric Department, Tuanku Jaafar Hospital, 70300 Seremban, Malaysia
| | - Pritiss Nair
- Pediatric Department, Tuanku Jaafar Hospital, 70300 Seremban, Malaysia
| | - Wan Ying Gan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43300 Serdang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Wei L, Liu W, Zhang XA, Liu EM, Wo Y, Cowling BJ, Cao WC. Detection of viral and bacterial pathogens in hospitalized children with acute respiratory illnesses, Chongqing, 2009-2013. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e742. [PMID: 25906103 PMCID: PMC4602679 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) cause large disease burden each year. The codetection of viral and bacterial pathogens is quite common; however, the significance for clinical severity remains controversial. We aimed to identify viruses and bacteria in hospitalized children with ARI and the impact of mixed detections.Hospitalized children with ARI aged ≤16 were recruited from 2009 to 2013 at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) were collected for detection of common respiratory viruses by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or PCR. Bacteria were isolated from NPAs by routine culture methods. Detection and codetection frequencies and clinical features and severity were compared.Of the 3181 hospitalized children, 2375 (74.7%) were detected with ≥1 virus and 707 (22.2%) with ≥1 bacteria, 901 (28.3%) with ≥2 viruses, 57 (1.8%) with ≥2 bacteria, and 542 (17.0%) with both virus and bacteria. The most frequently detected were Streptococcus pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and influenza virus. Clinical characteristics were similar among different pathogen infections for older group (≥6 years old), with some significant difference for the younger. Cases with any codetection were more likely to present with fever; those with ≥2 virus detections had higher prevalence of cough; cases with virus and bacteria codetection were more likely to have cough and sputum. No significant difference in the risk of pneumonia, severe pneumonia, and intensive care unit admission were found for any codetection than monodetection.There was a high codetection rate of common respiratory pathogens among hospitalized pediatric ARI cases, with fever as a significant predictor. Cases with codetection showed no significant difference in severity than those with single pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wei
- From the School of Public Health (LW, BJC), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity (WL, XAZ, YW, WCC), Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing; and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (EML), Chongqing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Puerari D, Camargo C, Gratura S, Watanabe ASA, Granato C, Bellei NCJ. [Application of molecular assay for adenovirus detection among different pediatric patients]. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2015; 33:136-41. [PMID: 25890444 PMCID: PMC4516365 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpped.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Adenoviruses play an important role in the etiology of severe acute lower
respiratory infection, especially in young children. The aim of the present study
was to evaluate the Human Adenovirus (HAdV) detection by different methods (Direct
Fluorescence Assay DFA and Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction nested PCR), among
samples collected from different groups of pediatric patients. METHODS: Collection of samples was made in children with congenital heart disease (CHD 123
nasal aspirates collected in the years of 2005, 2007 and 2008) and in community
children (CC 165 nasal aspirates collected in 2008). Children were eligible if
they presented acute respiratory infection (ARI) of probable viral etiology,
within up to 7 days of symptoms' onset. All studied samples were evaluated by DFA
and nested PCR assay. RESULTS: Of the 290 samples included during the study period, 43 (14.8%) were positive on
at least one test: 17/165 (10.3%) of the CC and 26/125 (20.8%) of the CHD
children. The nested PCR detection rates in the community children were 15/165
(9.1%), and for children with CHD, 24/125 (19.2%). Molecular method showed higher
detection rates when compared to the DFA test (p<0.001).
Univariate analysis showed that children with congenital heart disease presented a
significantly higher chance for acquiring the HAdV (Odds Ratio 2.3; 95% CI:
1.18-4.43). CONCLUSIONS: Based on data obtained in the present evaluation, we suggest that a routine
surveillance should be performed in high risk patients by molecular methods, thus
improving diagnostic flow and efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Puerari
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Clarice Camargo
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Sandra Gratura
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Celso Granato
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Cui B, Zhang D, Pan H, Zhang F, Farrar J, Law F, van Doorn HR, Wu B, Ba-Thein W. Viral aetiology of acute respiratory infections among children and associated meteorological factors in southern China. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:124. [PMID: 25884513 PMCID: PMC4365542 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are common in children and mostly caused by viruses, but the significance of the detection of multiple viruses in ARIs is unclear. This study investigated 14 respiratory viruses in ARIs among children and associated meteorological factors in Shantou, southern China. METHODS Paired nasal/throat-flocked swabs collected from 1,074 children with ARIs, who visited outpatient walk-in clinics in a tertiary hospital between December 2010 and November 2011, were examined for fourteen respiratory viruses--influenza viruses (FluA, FluB), respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV A and B), human coronaviruses (hCoV: 229E, OC43, HKU1, NL63), human metapneumoviruses (hMPV A and B), parainfluenza viruses (PIV1-4), human rhinoviruses (HRV A, B, C), enteroviruses (EV), adenoviruses (ADV), human bocavirus (hBoV), and human parechoviruses (hPeV)--by multiplex real-time PCR. RESULTS We identified at least one virus in 82.3% (884/1,074) and multiple viruses in 38.6% (415/1,074) of patients. EV and HRV were the most frequently detected single viruses (42.3%, 374/884 and 39.9%, 353/884 respectively) and co-detected pair (23.1%, 96/415). Overlapping seasonal trends of viruses were recorded over the year, with dual peaks for EV and single peaks for the others. By logistic regression analysis, EV was positively associated with the average temperature and humidity, hCoV, and PIV4, but negatively with HRV, PIV3, and hBoV. HRV was inversely associated with EV and PIV3. CONCLUSIONS This study reports high viral detection and co-detection rates in pediatric ARI cases mainly due to EV and HRV. Many viruses circulated throughout the year with similar seasonal trends in association with temperature, humidity, and wind velocity. Statistically significant associations were present among the viruses. Understanding the polyviral etiology and viral interactions in the cases with multiple viruses warrants further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Cui
- Pediatric Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Dangui Zhang
- The Research Center of Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Hui Pan
- Shantou-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Jeremy Farrar
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Frieda Law
- Consultant Office, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - H Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Beiyan Wu
- Pediatric Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - William Ba-Thein
- Shantou-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Chou CA, Lin TI, Chen YS, Liu PY, Huang YF, Chen YY, Hsieh KS, Chen YS, Ger LP. Comparisons of etiology and diagnostic tools of lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized young children in Southern Taiwan in two seasons. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2014; 49:539-45. [PMID: 25442857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) play an important role in pediatric diseases; however, there are limited data about LRTIs in Southern Taiwan. This study aimed to investigate the clinical and epidemiological data of LRTIs in this area. METHODS Children aged under 5 years who were hospitalized at a medical center in Southern Taiwan with acute LRTIs from July 2010 to October 2010 (summer) and from March 2011 to May 2011 (spring) were prospectively enrolled. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained and sent for viral cultures, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and traditional quick tests. The clinical features, laboratory data, and imaging findings were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 90 children were enrolled, 70 of whom had detectable pathogens. The positive rate of conventional viral and bacterial cultures was 25.6%, which increased to 77.77% after combining with the two multiplex PCR methods. Adenovirus and enterovirus were the most common viral etiologies identified (26.5% of cases) and Streptococcus pneumoniae was the leading bacterial etiology (46.4%). The seasonal trend of viral infections in Southern Taiwan was different from Northern Taiwan. There were no differences in demographic data, severity of disease, or hospital stay between single and mixed infections. A similar result was found between nonpneumococcal and pneumococcal infections. CONCLUSION Viral infections were the main etiologies of LRTIs in young children. Multiplex PCR methods are rapid assays that can increase the diagnostic yield rate. Mixed infections do not seem to affect the severity of disease. Early detection may aid clinicians in appropriate decision-making and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-An Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Ting-I Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shen Chen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Pingtung Branch of Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Feng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Yao Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Sheng Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Luo-Ping Ger
- Department of Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Singh AK, Jain A, Jain B, Singh KP, Dangi T, Mohan M, Dwivedi M, Kumar R, Kushwaha RAS, Singh JV, Mishra AC, Chhaddha MS. Viral aetiology of acute lower respiratory tract illness in hospitalised paediatric patients of a tertiary hospital: one year prospective study. Indian J Med Microbiol 2014; 32:13-8. [PMID: 24399381 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.124288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI), ranked as the second leading cause of death are the primary cause of hospitalisation in children. Viruses are the most important causative agents of ALRI. AIM To study the viral aetiology of ALRI in children at a tertiary care hospital. SETTING AND DESIGN One year prospective observational study in a tertiary care hospital of King George's Medical University, Lucknow. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) was collected from children admitted with signs and symptoms of ALRI who were aged 0-14 years. Samples were transported to the laboratory at 4°C in viral transport media and processed for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A and B, influenza virus A and B, adenovirus (ADV), human Boca virus (HBoV), human metapneumo virus (hMPV) and parainfluenzavirus 1, 2, 3 and 4 using mono/multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). STATA was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS In one year, 188 NPAs were screened for respiratory viruses, of which 45.7% tested positive. RSV was most commonly detected with 21.3% positivity followed by measles virus (8.5%), influenza A virus (7.4%), ADV (5.3%), influenza B virus (1.6%), hMPV (1.1%) and HBoV (0.5%). Month wise maximum positivity was seen in December and January. Positivity rate of RSV was highest in children aged < 1 year, which decreased with increase in age, while positive rate of influenza virus increased with increasing age. CONCLUSION The occurrence of viral predominance in ALRI is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - A Jain
- Department of Microbiology, NIV, Infl uenza division, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Chen Y, Williams E, Kirk M. Risk factors for acute respiratory infection in the Australian community. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101440. [PMID: 25032810 PMCID: PMC4102462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors for ARI in the Australian community. METHODS We used a national survey of 7578 randomly selected respondents in 2008-2009 to identify the risk factors of ARI. A case was defined as a person experiencing cold or flu with one or more symptoms of: fever, chills, sore throat, runny nose, or cough in the previous four weeks. RESULTS There were 19.8% (1505/7578) of respondents who reported ARI in the four weeks prior to the survey. Age was an independent risk factor for ARI, with the risk of acquiring ARI decreasing as age increased. Respondents reporting asthma (OR 1.4, 95%CI: 1.2-1.7) or having someone in their house attending childcare (OR 1.6, 95%CI: 1.2-2.1) were more likely to report ARI. CONCLUSIONS It is important to identify ways of interrupting transmission of ARI amongst children. Improving identification of risk factors will enable targeted interventions for this exceedingly common syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Chen
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Emlyn Williams
- Statistical Consulting Unit, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Martyn Kirk
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Lekana-Douki SE, Nkoghe D, Drosten C, Ngoungou EB, Drexler JF, Leroy EM. Viral etiology and seasonality of influenza-like illness in Gabon, March 2010 to June 2011. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:373. [PMID: 25000832 PMCID: PMC4107952 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surveillance of influenza-like illness (ILI) in Central Africa began only recently, and few data are therefore available on the circulation of influenza virus and other respiratory viruses. In Gabon, a Central African country, we established a surveillance network in four major towns in order to analyze cases of ILI among patients who visited health centers between March 2010 and June 2011, and to determine the viral etiology. Methods Nasal swabs were sent for analysis to the Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, where they were screened for 17 respiratory viruses in a multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for all pathogens according the following pairs: adenovirus/parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus/human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus 1/parainfluenza virus 2, pandemic influenza virus A/seasonal influenza virus A (H1N1, H3N2)/seasonal influenza virus B, human coronaviruses 229E/OC43, human coronaviruses NL63/HKU1, rhinovirus/human parechovirus, and enterovirus/parainfluenza virus 3. Results We analyzed a total of 1041 specimens, of which 639 (61%) were positive for at least one virus. Three-quarters of the patients were children under five years old. We therefore focused on this age group, in which 68.1% of patients were positive for at least one virus. The most common viruses were adenoviruses (17.5%), followed by parainfluenza viruses (PIVs) 1–4 (16.8%), enteroviruses (EV) (14.7%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (13.5%), and influenza virus (11.9%). The prevalence of some viruses was subject to geographic and seasonal variations. One-third of positive samples contained more than one virus. Conclusions Like most studies in the world, the virus PIVs, EV, RSV, Influenza virus, HRV were predominant among children under five years old in Gabon. An exception is made for adenoviruses which have a high prevalence in our study. However adenoviruses can be detected in asymptomatic persons. These finding gave a better knowledge of the circulation and the seasonality of the viruses involved in ILI in Gabon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric M Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon.
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
The influence of diurnal temperature range on the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus in Japan. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:813-20. [PMID: 25092407 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814001575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been reported to exhibit seasonal variation. However, the impact of diurnal temperature range (DTR) on RSV has not been investigated. After acquiring data related to cases of RSV and weather parameters of DTR in Fukuoka, Japan, between 2006 and 2012, we used negative binomial generalized linear models and distributed lag nonlinear models to assess the possible relationship between DTR and RSV cases, adjusting for confounding factors. Our analysis revealed that the weekly number of RSV cases increased with a relative risk of 3·30 (95% confidence interval 1·65-6·60) for every 1°C increase in DTR. Our study provides quantitative evidence that the number of RSV cases increased significantly with increasing DTR. We suggest that preventive measures for limiting the spread of RSV should be considered during extended periods of high DTR.
Collapse
|
99
|
Gülen F, Yıldız B, Çiçek C, Demir E, Tanaç R. Ten year retrospective evaluation of the seasonal distribution of agent viruses in childhood respiratory tract infections. Turk Arch Pediatr 2014; 49:42-6. [PMID: 26078631 DOI: 10.5152/tpa.2014.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Infections caused by respiratory viruses sometimes occur as epidemias or pandemias and are an important public health problem in the whole world. These viral agents may lead to severe respiratory diseases especially in young children and in the elderly. The aim of this study was to determine the seasonal distribution of agent viruses in childhood respiratory infections in our region. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, nasopharyngeal swab sample was obtained from 1 326 patients who presented to Ege University, Medical Faculty Children's Hospital between 2002 and 2012 and who were thought to have respiratory tract infection. Influenza virus type A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus and parainfluenza virus type 1-3 were investigated using shell-vial cell culture method and direct fluorescent antibody test and/or multiplex PCR test. Parainfluenza virus type 4, human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, human bocavirus were investigated using multiplex PCR test. The seasonal distributions of the viruses were determined according to the results obtained from Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Microbiology Clinical Virology Laboratory. Approval was obtained from the ethics committee (Ege University Clinical Researches Ethics Committee, 12.02.2013, number: 13-1/46). RESULTS The majority of the patients who presented were outpatients (n:888, 67%) and the remainder were hospitalized patients (33%, n:438). Respiratory viruses were found in 503 of the nasopharyngeal swab samples (38%). Parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus were found most frequently in December-february (58% and 59%, respectively, influenza viruses were found most frequently in November-december (72%) and adenoviruses were found most frequently in may-september (56%). CONCLUSION Although only supportive therapies are administered generally in viral infections, viral investigations are important in terms of determining the measures to be taken by determining the causes as well as in terms of establishing a general database. Another benefit of this study would be strengthening clinical approach to patients and decreasing unnecessary antibiotic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Figen Gülen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Chest Diseases, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Başak Yıldız
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Candan Çiçek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Esen Demir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Chest Diseases, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Remziye Tanaç
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Chest Diseases, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Bradley BD, Howie SRC, Chan TCY, Cheng YL. Estimating oxygen needs for childhood pneumonia in developing country health systems: a new model for expecting the unexpected. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89872. [PMID: 24587089 PMCID: PMC3930752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Planning for the reliable and cost-effective supply of a health service commodity such as medical oxygen requires an understanding of the dynamic need or 'demand' for the commodity over time. In developing country health systems, however, collecting longitudinal clinical data for forecasting purposes is very difficult. Furthermore, approaches to estimating demand for supplies based on annual averages can underestimate demand some of the time by missing temporal variability. METHODS A discrete event simulation model was developed to estimate variable demand for a health service commodity using the important example of medical oxygen for childhood pneumonia. The model is based on five key factors affecting oxygen demand: annual pneumonia admission rate, hypoxaemia prevalence, degree of seasonality, treatment duration, and oxygen flow rate. These parameters were varied over a wide range of values to generate simulation results for different settings. Total oxygen volume, peak patient load, and hours spent above average-based demand estimates were computed for both low and high seasons. FINDINGS Oxygen demand estimates based on annual average values of demand factors can often severely underestimate actual demand. For scenarios with high hypoxaemia prevalence and degree of seasonality, demand can exceed average levels up to 68% of the time. Even for typical scenarios, demand may exceed three times the average level for several hours per day. Peak patient load is sensitive to hypoxaemia prevalence, whereas time spent at such peak loads is strongly influenced by degree of seasonality. CONCLUSION A theoretical study is presented whereby a simulation approach to estimating oxygen demand is used to better capture temporal variability compared to standard average-based approaches. This approach provides better grounds for health service planning, including decision-making around technologies for oxygen delivery. Beyond oxygen, this approach is widely applicable to other areas of resource and technology planning in developing country health systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beverly D. Bradley
- Centre for Global Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen R. C. Howie
- Child Survival Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Timothy C. Y. Chan
- Centre for Global Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yu-Ling Cheng
- Centre for Global Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|