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Neubauer N, Scifo L, Navratilova J, Gondikas A, Mackevica A, Borschneck D, Chaurand P, Vidal V, Rose J, von der Kammer F, Wohlleben W. Nanoscale Coloristic Pigments: Upper Limits on Releases from Pigmented Plastic during Environmental Aging, In Food Contact, and by Leaching. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11669-11680. [PMID: 28988475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The life cycle of nanoscale pigments in plastics may cause environmental or human exposure by various release scenarios. We investigated spontaneous and induced release with mechanical stress during/after simulated sunlight and rain degradation of polyethylene (PE) with organic and inorganic pigments. Additionally, primary leaching in food contact and secondary leaching from nanocomposite fragments with an increased surface into environmental media was examined. Standardized protocols/methods for release sampling, detection, and characterization of release rate and form were applied: Transformation of the bulk material was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray-tomography and Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); releases were quantified by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), single-particle-ICP-MS (sp-ICP-MS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUC), and UV/Vis spectroscopy. In all scenarios, the detectable particulate releases were attributed primarily to contaminations from handling and machining of the plastics, and were not identified with the pigments, although the contamination of 4 mg/kg (Fe) was dwarfed by the intentional content of 5800 mg/kg (Fe as Fe2O3 pigment). We observed modulations (which were at least partially preventable by UV stabilizers) when comparing as-produced and aged nanocomposites, but no significant increase of releases. Release of pigments was negligible within the experimental error for all investigated scenarios, with upper limits of 10 mg/m2 or 1600 particles/mL. This is the first holistic confirmation that pigment nanomaterials remain strongly contained in a plastic that has low diffusion and high persistence such as the polyolefin High Density Polyethylene (HDPE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Neubauer
- BASF SE, Material Physics, GMC/R, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Lorette Scifo
- CEREGE UR 34 Aix Marseille University - CNRS - IRD , 13545, Marseille, Aix-en-Provence France
| | - Jana Navratilova
- University of Vienna , Department of Environmental Geosciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gondikas
- University of Vienna , Department of Environmental Geosciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Aiga Mackevica
- Technical University of Denmark , Department of Environmental Engineering, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Daniel Borschneck
- CEREGE UR 34 Aix Marseille University - CNRS - IRD , 13545, Marseille, Aix-en-Provence France
| | - Perrine Chaurand
- CEREGE UR 34 Aix Marseille University - CNRS - IRD , 13545, Marseille, Aix-en-Provence France
| | - Vladimir Vidal
- CEREGE UR 34 Aix Marseille University - CNRS - IRD , 13545, Marseille, Aix-en-Provence France
| | - Jerome Rose
- CEREGE UR 34 Aix Marseille University - CNRS - IRD , 13545, Marseille, Aix-en-Provence France
| | - Frank von der Kammer
- University of Vienna , Department of Environmental Geosciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Material Physics, GMC/R, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Starost K, Frijns E, Van Laer J, Faisal N, Egizabal A, Elizextea C, Blazquez M, Nelissen I, Njuguna J. Assessment of nanoparticles release into the environment during drilling of carbon nanotubes/epoxy and carbon nanofibres/epoxy nanocomposites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 340:57-66. [PMID: 28711833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The risk assessment, exposure and understanding of the release of embedded carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) from commercial high performance composites during machining processes are yet to be fully evaluated and quantified. In this study, CNTs and CNFs were dispersed in epoxy matrix through calendaring process to form nanocomposites. The automated drilling was carried out in a specially designed drilling chamber that allowed elimination of background noise from the measurements. Emission measurements were taken using condensed particle counter (CPC), scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and DMS50 Fast Particulate Size Spectrometer. In comparison to the neat epoxy, the study results revealed that the nano-filled samples produced an increase of 102% and 227% for the EP/CNF and EP/CNT sample respectively in average particle number concentration emission. The particle mass concentration indicated that the EP/CNT and EP/CNF samples released demands a vital new perspective on CNTs and CNFs embedded within nanocomposite materials to be considered and evaluated for occupational exposure assessment. Importantly, the increased concentration observed at 10nm aerosol particle sizes measurements strongly suggest that there are independent CNTs being released at this range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Starost
- Centre for Advanced Engineering Materials, School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Nadimul Faisal
- Centre for Advanced Engineering Materials, School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Maria Blazquez
- INKOA SISTEMAS, SL. Ribera de Axpe 11, Edificio D1, Dpto 208. 48950, Erandio, Bizkaia Spain
| | | | - James Njuguna
- Centre for Advanced Engineering Materials, School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom.
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Boonruksa P, Bello D, Zhang J, Isaacs JA, Mead JL, Woskie SR. Exposures to nanoparticles and fibers during injection molding and recycling of carbon nanotube reinforced polycarbonate composites. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:379-390. [PMID: 27189256 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the characteristics of airborne particles generated during injection molding and grinding processes of carbon nanotube reinforced polycarbonate composites (CNT-PC) were investigated. Particle number concentration, size distribution, and morphology of particles emitted from the processes were determined using real-time particle sizers and transmission electron microscopy. The air samples near the operator's breathing zone were collected on filters and analyzed using scanning electron microscope for particle morphology and respirable fiber count. Processing and grinding during recycling of CNT-PC released airborne nanoparticles (NPs) with a geometric mean (GM) particle concentration from 4.7 × 103 to 1.7 × 106 particles/cm3. The ratios of the GM particle concentration measured during the injection molding process with exhaust ventilation relative to background were up to 1.3 (loading), 1.9 (melting), and 1.4 (molding), and 101.4 for grinding process without exhaust ventilation, suggesting substantial NP exposures during these processes. The estimated mass concentration was in the range of 1.6-95.2 μg/m3. Diverse particle morphologies, including NPs, NP agglomerates, particles with embedded or protruding CNTs and fibers, were observed. No free CNTs were found during any of the investigated processes. The breathing zone respirable fiber concentration during the grinding process ranged from non-detectable to 0.13 fiber/cm3. No evidence was found that the emissions were affected by the number of recycling cycles. Institution of exposure controls is recommended during these processes to limit exposures to airborne NPs and CNT-containing fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongsit Boonruksa
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
- School of Occupational Health and Safety, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jinde Zhang
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Isaacs
- Department of Mechanical &Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joey L Mead
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan R Woskie
- Department of Work Environment, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
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Boyes WK, Thornton BLM, Al-Abed SR, Andersen CP, Bouchard DC, Burgess RM, Hubal EAC, Ho KT, Hughes MF, Kitchin K, Reichman JR, Rogers KR, Ross JA, Rygiewicz PT, Scheckel KG, Thai SF, Zepp RG, Zucker RM. A comprehensive framework for evaluating the environmental health and safety implications of engineered nanomaterials. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:767-810. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1328400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William K. Boyes
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Brittany Lila M. Thornton
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Souhail R. Al-Abed
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Christian P. Andersen
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Dermont C. Bouchard
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert M. Burgess
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Elaine A. Cohen Hubal
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kay T. Ho
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Michael F. Hughes
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kirk Kitchin
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jay R. Reichman
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kim R. Rogers
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Ross
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Paul T. Rygiewicz
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kirk G. Scheckel
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sheau-Fung Thai
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Richard G. Zepp
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert M. Zucker
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Fewtrell L, Majuru B, Hunter PR. A re-assessment of the safety of silver in household water treatment: rapid systematic review of mammalian in vivo genotoxicity studies. Environ Health 2017; 16:66. [PMID: 28633660 PMCID: PMC5477731 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite poor evidence of their effectiveness, colloidal silver and silver nanoparticles are increasingly being promoted for treating potentially contaminated drinking water in low income countries. Recently, however, concerns have been raised about the possible genotoxicity of particulate silver. OBJECTIVES The goal of this paper was to review the published mammalian in vivo genotoxicity studies using silver micro and nanoparticles. METHODS SCOPUS and Medline were searched using the following search string: ("DNA damage" OR genotox* OR Cytotox* OR Embryotox*) AND (silver OR AgNP). Included papers were any mammalian in vivo experimental studies investigating genotoxicity of silver particles. Studies were quality assessed using the ToxRTool. RESULTS 16 relevant papers were identified. There were substantial variations in study design including the size of silver particles, animal species, target organs, silver dose, route of administration and the method used to detect genotoxicity. Thus, it was not possible to produce a definitive pooled result. Nevertheless, most studies showed evidence of genotoxicity unless using very low doses. We also identified one human study reporting evidence of "severe DNA damage" in silver jewellery workers occupationally exposed to silver particles. CONCLUSIONS With the available evidence it is not possible to be definitive about risks to human health from oral exposure to silver particulates. However, the balance of evidence suggests that there should be concerns especially when considering the evidence from jewellery workers. There is an urgent need to determine whether people exposed to particulate silver as part of drinking water treatment have evidence of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Fewtrell
- Centre for Research into Environment and Health, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Batsirai Majuru
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Paul R. Hunter
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
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56
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Hu X, Kang W, Mu L. Aqueously Released Graphene Oxide Embedded in Epoxy Resin Exhibits Different Characteristics and Phytotoxicity of Chlorella vulgaris from the Pristine Form. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5425-5433. [PMID: 28437605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The environmental release of nanoparticles is attracting increasing attention. Graphene oxide (GO) embedded in epoxy resin (ER) is a popular composite that has been used in various fields, but the environmental release of GO-ER composites and the effects on organisms in the environment remain unknown. The present work found that GO-ER composites in water for 2-7 days resulted in the release of 0.3-2.1% GO-ER at nanoscale (2-3 nm thickness and approximately 70-130 nm lateral length). Interestingly, pristine GO quenched 30-45% hydroxyl and 12% nitroxide free radicals, whereas this capacity was not observed for the released particles from GO-ER. At environmentally relevant concentrations (μg/L), released GO-ER particles, but not GO or ER matrix, promoted algal reproduction by 34% and chlorophyll biosynthesis by 65-127% at 96 h. Released GO-ER entered algal cells and induced a slight increase in reactive oxygen species but did not elicit notable cell structure damage. The upregulated amino acids and phenylalanine metabolism, and the downregulated fatty acid biosynthesis contributed to algal growth promoted by released GO-ER. Previous studies of pristine nanoparticles were unable to reflect the environmental effects of released nanoparticles into the environment, and our research on the exposure-toxicological continuum adds important contributions to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weilu Kang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li Mu
- Institute of Agro-environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
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57
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Emissions and Possible Environmental Implication of Engineered Nanomaterials (ENMs) in the Atmosphere. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8050084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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58
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Singh D, Schifman LA, Watson-Wright C, Sotiriou GA, Oyanedel-Craver V, Wohlleben W, Demokritou P. Nanofiller Presence Enhances Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Profile on Nanoparticles Released during Thermal Decomposition of Nano-enabled Thermoplastics: Potential Environmental Health Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5222-5232. [PMID: 28397486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nano-enabled products are ultimately destined to reach end-of-life with an important fraction undergoing thermal degradation through waste incineration or accidental fires. Although previous studies have investigated the physicochemical properties of released lifecycle particulate matter (called LCPM) from thermal decomposition of nano-enabled thermoplastics, critical questions about the effect of nanofiller on the chemical composition of LCPM still persist. Here, we investigate the potential nanofiller effects on the profiles of 16 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on LCPM from thermal decomposition of nano-enabled thermoplastics. We found that nanofiller presence in thermoplastics significantly enhances not only the total PAH concentration in LCPM but most importantly also the high molecular weight (HMW, 4-6 ring) PAHs that are considerably more toxic than the low molecular weight (LMW, 2-3 ring) PAHs. This nano-specific effect was also confirmed during in vitro cellular toxicological evaluation of LCPM for the case of polyurethane thermoplastic enabled with carbon nanotubes (PU-CNT). LCPM from PU-CNT shows significantly higher cytotoxicity compared to PU which could be attributed to its higher HMW PAH concentration. These findings are crucial and make the case that nanofiller presence in thermoplastics can significantly affect the physicochemical and toxicological properties of LCPM released during thermal decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilpreet Singh
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University , 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Laura Arabella Schifman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island , 1 Lippitt Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Christa Watson-Wright
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University , 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Georgios A Sotiriou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University , 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Vinka Oyanedel-Craver
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island , 1 Lippitt Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | | | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University , 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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59
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Nguyen T, Petersen EJ, Pellegrin B, Gorham JM, Lam T, Zhao M, Sung L. Impact of UV irradiation on multiwall carbon nanotubes in nanocomposites: formation of entangled surface layer and mechanisms of release resistance. CARBON 2017; 116:191-200. [PMID: 28603293 PMCID: PMC5460675 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are nanofillers used in consumer and structural polymeric products to enhance a variety of properties. Under weathering, the polymer matrix will degrade and the nanofillers may be released from the products potentially impacting ecological or human health. In this study, we investigated the degradation of a 0.72 % (by mass) MWCNT/amine-cured epoxy nanocomposite irradiated with high intensity ultraviolet (UV) light at various doses, the effects of UV exposure on the surface accumulation and potential release of MWCNTs, and possible mechanisms for the release resistance of the MWCNT surface layer formed on nanocomposites by UV irradiation. Irradiated samples were characterized for chemical degradation, mass loss, surface morphological changes, and MWCNT release using a variety of analytical techniques. Under 295 nm to 400 nm UV radiation up to a dose of 4865 MJ/m2, the nanocomposite matrix underwent photodegradation, resulting in formation of a dense, entangled MWCNT network structure on the surface. However, no MWCNT release was detected, even at very high UV doses, suggesting that the MWCNT surface layer formed from UV irradiation of polymer nanocomposites resist release. Four possible release resistance mechanisms of the UV-induced MWCNT surface layer are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinh Nguyen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Elijah J Petersen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Bastien Pellegrin
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Justin M Gorham
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Thomas Lam
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Minhua Zhao
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Lipiin Sung
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
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Müller K, Bugnicourt E, Latorre M, Jorda M, Echegoyen Sanz Y, Lagaron JM, Miesbauer O, Bianchin A, Hankin S, Bölz U, Pérez G, Jesdinszki M, Lindner M, Scheuerer Z, Castelló S, Schmid M. Review on the Processing and Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites and Nanocoatings and Their Applications in the Packaging, Automotive and Solar Energy Fields. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E74. [PMID: 28362331 PMCID: PMC5408166 DOI: 10.3390/nano7040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
For the last decades, nanocomposites materials have been widely studied in the scientific literature as they provide substantial properties enhancements, even at low nanoparticles content. Their performance depends on a number of parameters but the nanoparticles dispersion and distribution state remains the key challenge in order to obtain the full nanocomposites' potential in terms of, e.g., flame retardance, mechanical, barrier and thermal properties, etc., that would allow extending their use in the industry. While the amount of existing research and indeed review papers regarding the formulation of nanocomposites is already significant, after listing the most common applications, this review focuses more in-depth on the properties and materials of relevance in three target sectors: packaging, solar energy and automotive. In terms of advances in the processing of nanocomposites, this review discusses various enhancement technologies such as the use of ultrasounds for in-process nanoparticles dispersion. In the case of nanocoatings, it describes the different conventionally used processes as well as nanoparticles deposition by electro-hydrodynamic processing. All in all, this review gives the basics both in terms of composition and of processing aspects to reach optimal properties for using nanocomposites in the selected applications. As an outlook, up-to-date nanosafety issues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Elodie Bugnicourt
- IRIS, Parc Mediterrani de la Tecnologia, Avda. Carl Friedrich Gauss 11, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marcos Latorre
- ITENE Instituto Tecnológico del Embalaje, Transporte y Logística, Albert Einstein, 1, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Maria Jorda
- ITENE Instituto Tecnológico del Embalaje, Transporte y Logística, Albert Einstein, 1, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Echegoyen Sanz
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA)-CSIC, Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
- Science Education Department, Facultat de Magisteri, Universitat de València, 46022 València, Spain.
| | - José M Lagaron
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA)-CSIC, Avda. Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Oliver Miesbauer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Alvise Bianchin
- MBN Nanomaterialia, via Bortolan 42, 31040 Vascon di Carbonera, Italy.
| | - Steve Hankin
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK.
| | - Uwe Bölz
- HPX Polymers GmbH, Ziegeleistraße 1, 82327 Tutzing, Germany.
| | - Germán Pérez
- Eurecat, Av. Universitat Autònoma 23, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marius Jesdinszki
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Martina Lindner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Zuzana Scheuerer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Sara Castelló
- Bioinicia, Calle Algepser, 65-Nave 3 | Polígono Industrial Táctica | 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain.
| | - Markus Schmid
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, 85354 Freising, Germany.
- Chair for Food Packaging Technology, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Steig 22, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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61
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Sun TY, Mitrano DM, Bornhöft NA, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K, Nowack B. Envisioning Nano Release Dynamics in a Changing World: Using Dynamic Probabilistic Modeling to Assess Future Environmental Emissions of Engineered Nanomaterials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2854-2863. [PMID: 28157288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The need for an environmental risk assessment for engineered nanomaterials (ENM) necessitates the knowledge about their environmental emissions. Material flow models (MFA) have been used to provide predicted environmental emissions but most current nano-MFA models consider neither the rapid development of ENM production nor the fact that a large proportion of ENM are entering an in-use stock and are released from products over time (i.e., have a lag phase). Here we use dynamic probabilistic material flow modeling to predict scenarios of the future flows of four ENM (nano-TiO2, nano-ZnO, nano-Ag and CNT) to environmental compartments and to quantify their amounts in (temporary) sinks such as the in-use stock and ("final") environmental sinks such as soil and sediment. In these scenarios, we estimate likely future amounts if the use and distribution of ENM in products continues along current trends (i.e., a business-as-usual approach) and predict the effect of hypothetical trends in the market development of nanomaterials, such as the emergence of a new widely used product or the ban on certain substances, on the flows of nanomaterials to the environment in years to come. We show that depending on the scenario and the product type affected, significant changes of the flows occur over time, driven by the growth of stocks and delayed release dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yin Sun
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich , CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Denise M Mitrano
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaus A Bornhöft
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Informatics, University of Zurich , Binzmühlestrasse 14, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich , CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- RECETOX, Masaryk University , 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich , CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Lu H, Dong H, Fan W, Zuo J, Li X. Aging and behavior of functional TiO 2 nanoparticles in aqueous environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 325:113-119. [PMID: 27923145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are usually functionalized with various surface capping moieties in practical applications. Understand the behavior and fate of them is critical to evaluate or even predict their risk to environment. However, little attention has been denoted on this issue until now. Using three commercial TiO2 nanoparticles with different capping moieties, their aging procedures and corresponding change as well as their byproducts were systematically studied. Comprehensive microscopic and spectrometric measurements demonstrated a capping agent-dependent with the aging procedure. All the aging agents exhibited sharp change in morphologies compared to the fresh counterparts. The degraded degree and surface properties including surface charge and hydrophobicity of the functional TiO2 nanoparticles were varied depended on the capping moieties. Furthermore, the behaviors of these byproducts in various background media had also been investigated. Contrastively, environment factors such as pH, electrolyte valence, and humic acid regardless of capping moieties govern the behavior of these byproducts, despite of the capping moieties slightly affect the point of zero charge. This study highlights the influence of the capping moieties and environmental factors to the transformation progress of functional nanomaterials in environment exposure, which contributes to design and assess the environmental risk of other analogous functional nanoparticles in practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Lu
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Haifeng Dong
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Wenhong Fan
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Jinxing Zuo
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
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63
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Wohlleben W, Kingston C, Carter J, Sahle-Demessie E, Vázquez-Campos S, Acrey B, Chen CY, Walton E, Egenolf H, Müller P, Zepp R. NanoRelease: Pilot interlaboratory comparison of a weathering protocol applied to resilient and labile polymers with and without embedded carbon nanotubes. CARBON 2017; 113:346-360. [PMID: 30147114 PMCID: PMC6104645 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A major use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is as functional fillers embedded in a solid matrix, such as plastics or coatings. Weathering and abrasion of the solid matrix during use can lead to environmental releases of the MWCNTs. Here we focus on a protocol to identify and quantify the primary release induced by weathering, and assess reproducibility, transferability, and sensitivity towards different materials and uses. We prepared 132 specimens of two polymer-MWCNT composites containing the same grade of MWCNTs used in earlier OECD hazard assessments but without UV stabilizer. We report on a pilot inter-laboratory comparison (ILC) with four labs (two US and two EU) aging by UV and rain, then shipping for analysis. Two labs (one US and one EU) conducted the release sampling and analysis by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Inductively Coupled Plasma- Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), UltravioleteVisible Spectroscopy (UVeVis), Analytical Ultracentrifugation (AUC), and Asymmetric Flow Field Flow Fractionation (AF4). We compare results between aging labs, between analysis labs and between materials. Surprisingly, we found quantitative agreement between analysis labs for TEM, ICP-MS, UVeVis; low variation between aging labs by all methods; and consistent rankings of release between TEM, ICP-MS, UVeVis, AUC. Significant disagreement was related primarily to differences in aging, but even these cases remained within a factor of two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Dept. Material Physics and Analytics, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Janet Carter
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), USA
| | - E. Sahle-Demessie
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development (ORD), National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL), Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Brad Acrey
- EPA, ORD, National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL), 960 College Station Rd., Athens, GA, USA
- Student Services Associate
| | - Chia-Ying Chen
- EPA, ORD, National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL), 960 College Station Rd., Athens, GA, USA
- National Research Council Associate
| | - Ernest Walton
- EPA, Region 4, Science and Ecosystem Support Division (SESD), Athens, GA, USA
| | - Heiko Egenolf
- BASF SE, Dept. Material Physics and Analytics, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Philipp Müller
- BASF SE, Dept. Material Physics and Analytics, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Richard Zepp
- EPA, ORD, National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL), 960 College Station Rd., Athens, GA, USA
- Corresponding author. (R. Zepp)
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64
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Mitrano DM, Nowack B. The need for a life-cycle based aging paradigm for nanomaterials: importance of real-world test systems to identify realistic particle transformations. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:072001. [PMID: 28074782 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/28/7/072001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the risks of manufactured nanomaterials (MNM) has been almost exclusively focused on the pristine, as-produced materials with far fewer studies delving into more complex, real world scenarios. However, when considering a life-cycle perspective, it is clear that MNM released from commercial products during manufacturing, use and disposal are far more relevant both in terms of more realistic environmental fate and transport as well as environmental risk. The quantity in which the particles are released and their (altered) physical and chemical form should be identified and it is these metrics that should be used to assess the exposure and hazard the materials pose. The goal of this review is to (1) provide a rationale for using a life-cycle based approach when dealing with MNM transformations, (2) to elucidate the different chemical and physical forces which age and transform MNM and (3) assess the pros and cons of current analytical techniques as they pertain to the measurement of aged and transformed MNM in these complex release scenarios. Specifically, we will describe the possible transformations common MNM may undergo during the use or disposal of nano-products based on how these products will be used by the consumer by taking stock of the current nano-enabled products on the market. Understanding the impact of these transformations may help forecast the benefits and/or risks associated with the use of products containing MNM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Mitrano
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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65
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DeLoid GM, Cohen JM, Pyrgiotakis G, Demokritou P. Preparation, characterization, and in vitro dosimetry of dispersed, engineered nanomaterials. Nat Protoc 2017; 12:355-371. [PMID: 28102836 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence continues to grow of the importance of in vitro and in vivo dosimetry in the hazard assessment and ranking of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Accurate dose metrics are particularly important for in vitro cellular screening to assess the potential health risks or bioactivity of ENMs. To ensure meaningful and reproducible quantification of in vitro dose, with consistent measurement and reporting between laboratories, it is necessary to adopt standardized and integrated methodologies for (i) generation of stable ENM suspensions in cell culture media; (ii) colloidal characterization of suspended ENMs, particularly of properties that determine particle kinetics in an in vitro system (size distribution and formed agglomerate effective density); and (iii) robust numerical fate and transport modeling for accurate determination of the ENM dose delivered to cells over the course of the in vitro exposure. Here we present an integrated comprehensive protocol based on such a methodology for in vitro dosimetry, including detailed standardized procedures for each of these three critical aims. The entire protocol requires ∼6-12 h to complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen M DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joel M Cohen
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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66
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Bressot C, Manier N, Pagnoux C, Aguerre-Chariol O, Morgeneyer M. Environmental release of engineered nanomaterials from commercial tiles under standardized abrasion conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 322:276-283. [PMID: 27321746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The study presented here focuses on commercial antibacterial tiles whose emissivity of (nano) particles due to abrasion has yet barely been investigated. The tiles have been characterized regarding their surface properties and composition throughout their chain-of-use, i.e. from their state of commercialization until the experimental end-of-service life. In contrast to plane standard tiles, their surfaces form hilly surfaces. In the depressions, titanium dioxide is found at the surface, thus theoretically protected by the hilly areas against abrasion on the tile's surface. Furthermore, a deposition technique has been put in place by producers allowing for coating the before mentioned commercial tiles with titanium dioxide, thus being similar to those commercially available. It consists in depositing titanium dioxide on the surface, latter one allowing fixing the first. This development allows for better understanding the future options for product formulation and thus improvement with respect to particle release. The tests reveal the aerosolization from commercial antibacterial tiles of micronic and submicronic particles in the inhalable region or particles that can subjected to be released in the environment (<10μm). The aersolization of the particles from the coated tiles was found to be significantly higher compared to the non coated tiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Bressot
- Direction de Risques Chroniques, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil en Halatte, France.
| | - Nicolas Manier
- Direction de Risques Chroniques, Unité EXES, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil en Halatte, France.
| | | | - Olivier Aguerre-Chariol
- Direction de Risques Chroniques, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil en Halatte, France.
| | - Martin Morgeneyer
- Génie de Procédés Industriels, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC), Compiègne, France.
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67
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Bossa N, Chaurand P, Levard C, Borschneck D, Miche H, Vicente J, Geantet C, Aguerre-Chariol O, Michel FM, Rose J. Environmental exposure to TiO 2 nanomaterials incorporated in building material. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:1160-1170. [PMID: 27876222 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are increasingly being used to improve the properties and functions of common building materials. A new type of self-cleaning cement incorporating TiO2 nanomaterials (TiO2-NMs) with photocatalytic properties is now marketed. This promising cement might provide air pollution-reducing properties but its environmental impact must be validated. During cement use and aging, an altered surface layer is formed that exhibits increased porosity. The surface layer thickness alteration and porosity increase with the cement degradation rate. The hardened cement paste leaching behavior has been fully documented, but the fate of incorporated TiO2-NMs and their state during/after potential release is currently unknown. In this study, photocatalytic cement pastes with increasing initial porosity were leached at a lab-scale to produce a range of degradation rates concerning the altered layer porosity and thickness. No dissolved Ti was released during leaching, only particulate TiO2-NM release was detected. The extent of release from this batch test simulating accelerated worst-case scenario was limited and ranged from 18.7 ± 2.1 to 33.5 ± 5.1 mg of Ti/m2 of cement after 168 h of leaching. TiO2-NMs released into neutral aquatic media (simulate pH of surface water) were not associated or coated by cement minerals. The TiO2-NM release mechanism is suspected to start from freeing of TiO2-NMs in the altered layer pore network due to partial cement paste dissolution followed by diffusion into the bulk pore solution to the surface. The extent of TiO2-NM release was not solely related to the cement degradation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Bossa
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France; INERIS (Unités NOVA), 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; ICEINT, CNRS, Duke Univ. International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Perrine Chaurand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France; ICEINT, CNRS, Duke Univ. International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Clément Levard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France; ICEINT, CNRS, Duke Univ. International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Daniel Borschneck
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France; ICEINT, CNRS, Duke Univ. International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Hélène Miche
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Jérôme Vicente
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IUSTI UMR 7343, 13013 Marseille, France
| | | | | | - F Marc Michel
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA; Center for Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), USA
| | - Jérôme Rose
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France; ICEINT, CNRS, Duke Univ. International Consortium for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Aix-en-Provence, France.
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68
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González-Gálvez D, Janer G, Vilar G, Vílchez A, Vázquez-Campos S. The Life Cycle of Engineered Nanoparticles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 947:41-69. [PMID: 28168665 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47754-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The first years in the twenty-first century have meant the inclusion of nanotechnology in most industrial sectors, from very specific sensors to construction materials. The increasing use of nanomaterials in consumer products has raised concerns about their potential risks for workers, consumers and the environment. In a comprehensive risk assessment or life cycle assessment, a life cycle schema is the starting point necessary to build up the exposure scenarios and study the processes and mechanisms driving to safety concerns. This book chapter describes the processes that usually occur at all the stages of the life cycle of the nano-enabled product, from the nanomaterial synthesis to the end-of-life of the products. Furthermore, release studies reported in literature related to these processes are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David González-Gálvez
- LEITAT Technological Center, C/ de la Innovació 2, 08225, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Gemma Janer
- LEITAT Technological Center, C/ de la Innovació 2, 08225, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Gemma Vilar
- LEITAT Technological Center, C/ de la Innovació 2, 08225, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Alejandro Vílchez
- LEITAT Technological Center, C/ de la Innovació 2, 08225, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
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69
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Jokar M, Pedersen GA, Loeschner K. Six open questions about the migration of engineered nano-objects from polymer-based food-contact materials: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:434-450. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1271462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jokar
- Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Gitte Alsing Pedersen
- Division for Risk Assessment and Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Katrin Loeschner
- Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
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70
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van Hest JJHA, Blab GA, Gerritsen HC, Donega CDM, Meijerink A. Incorporation of Ln-Doped LaPO4 Nanocrystals as Luminescent Markers in Silica Nanoparticles. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:261. [PMID: 27209405 PMCID: PMC4875915 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide ions are promising for the labeling of silica nanoparticles with a specific luminescent fingerprint due to their sharp line emission at characteristic wavelengths. With the increasing use of silica nanoparticles in consumer products, it is important to label silica nanoparticles in order to trace the biodistribution, both in the environment and living organisms.In this work, we synthesized LaPO4 nanocrystals (NCs) with sizes ranging from 4 to 8 nm doped with europium or cerium and terbium. After silica growth using an inverse micelle method, monodisperse silica spheres were obtained with a single LaPO4 NC in the center. We demonstrate that the size of the silica spheres can be tuned in the 25-55 nm range by addition of small volumes of methanol during the silica growth reaction. Both the LaPO4 core and silica nanocrystal showed sharp line emission characteristic for europium and terbium providing unique optical labels in silica nanoparticles of variable sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobine J H A van Hest
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard A Blab
- Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C Gerritsen
- Molecular Biophysics, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Celso de Mello Donega
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Meijerink
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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71
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Lee GH, Ahn KH, Yu IJ. Testing of Nanoparticle Release from a Composite Containing Nanomaterial Using a Chamber System. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27911389 DOI: 10.3791/54449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of nanotechnology as one of the most important technologies in the 21st century, interest in the safety of consumer products containing nanomaterials is also increasing. Evaluating the nanomaterial release from products containing nanomaterials is a crucial step in assessing the safety of these products, and has resulted in several international efforts to develop consistent and reliable technologies for standardizing the evaluation of nanomaterial release. In this study, the release of nanomaterials from products containing nanomaterials is evaluated using a chamber system that includes a condensation particle counter, optical particle counter, and sampling ports to collect filter samples for electron microscopy analysis. The proposed chamber system is tested using an abrasor and disc-type nanocomposite material specimens to determine whether the nanomaterial release is repeatable and consistent within an acceptable range. The test results indicate that the total number of particles in each test is within 20% from the average after several trials. The release trends are similar and they show very good repeatability. Therefore, the proposed chamber system can be effectively used for nanomaterial release testing of products containing nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Ho Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University
| | - Kang-Ho Ahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University;
| | - Il Je Yu
- Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University;
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72
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Martin DP, Melby NL, Jordan SM, Bednar AJ, Kennedy AJ, Negrete ME, Chappell MA, Poda AR. Nanosilver conductive ink: A case study for evaluating the potential risk of nanotechnology under hypothetical use scenarios. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 162:222-227. [PMID: 27497530 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are being incorporated into a variety of consumer products due to unique properties that offer a variety of advantages over bulk materials. Understanding of the nano-specific risk associated with nano-enabled technologies, however, continues to lag behind research and development, registration with regulators, and commercialization. One example of a nano-enabled technology is nanosilver ink, which can be used in commercial ink-jet printers for the development of low-cost printable electronics. This investigation utilizes a tiered EHS framework to evaluate the potential nano-specific release, exposure and hazard associated with typical use of both nanosilver ink and printed circuits. The framework guides determination of the potential for ENM release from both forms of the technology in simulated use scenarios, including spilling of the ink, aqueous release (washing) from the circuits and UV light exposure. The as-supplied ink merits nano-specific consideration based on the presence of nanoparticles and their persistence in environmentally-relevant media. The material released from the printed circuits upon aqueous exposure was characterized by a number of analysis techniques, including ultracentrifugation and single particle ICP-MS, and the results suggest that a vast majority of the material was ionic in nature and nano-specific regulatory scrutiny may be less relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Martin
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States.
| | - Nicolas L Melby
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States
| | | | - Anthony J Bednar
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States
| | - Alan J Kennedy
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States
| | | | - Mark A Chappell
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States
| | - Aimee R Poda
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States
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73
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Jacobs DS, Huang SR, Cheng YL, Rabb SA, Gorham JM, Krommenhoek PJ, Yu LL, Nguyen T, Sung L. Surface Degradation and Nanoparticle Release of a Commercial Nanosilica/Polyurethane Coating Under UV Exposure. JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH 2016; 13:735-751. [PMID: 27818724 PMCID: PMC5094463 DOI: 10.1007/s11998-016-9796-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Many coatings properties such as mechanical, electrical, and ultra violet (UV) resistance are greatly enhanced by the addition of nanoparticles, which can potentially increase the use of nanocoatings for many outdoor applications. However, because polymers used in all coatings are susceptible to degradation by weathering, nanoparticles in a coating may be brought to the surface and released into the environment during the life cycle of a nanocoating. Therefore, the goal of this study is to investigate the process and mechanism of surface degradation and potential particle release from a commercial nanosilica/polyurethane coating under accelerated UV exposure. Recent research at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has shown that the matrix in an epoxy nanocomposite undergoes photodegradation during exposure to UV radiation, resulting in surface accumulation of nanoparticles and subsequent release from the composite. In this study, specimens of a commercial polyurethane (PU) coating, to which a 5 mass % surface treated silica nanoparticles solution was added, were exposed to well-controlled, accelerated UV environments. The nanocoating surface morphological changes and surface accumulation of nanoparticles as a function of UV exposure were measured, along with chemical change and mass loss using a variety of techniques. Particles from the surface of the coating were collected using a simulated rain process developed at NIST, and the collected runoff specimens were measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to determine the amount of silicon released from the nanocoatings. The results demonstrated that the added silica nanoparticle solution decreased the photodegradation rate (i.e., stabilization) of the commercial PU nanocoating. Although the degradation was slower than the previous nanosilica epoxy model system, the degradation of the PU matrix resulted in accumulation of silica nanoparticles on the nanocoating surface and release to the environment by simulated rain. These experimental data are valuable for developing models to predict the long-term release of nanosilica from commercial PU nanocoatings used outdoors and, therefore, are essential for assessing the health and environmental risks during the service life of exterior PU nanocoatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S Jacobs
- Materials and Structural Systems Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Sin-Ru Huang
- Materials and Structural Systems Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yu-Lun Cheng
- Materials and Structural Systems Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Savelas A Rabb
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Justin M Gorham
- Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Krommenhoek
- Materials and Structural Systems Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Lee L Yu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Tinh Nguyen
- Materials and Structural Systems Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Lipiin Sung
- Materials and Structural Systems Division, Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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ODZIOMEK KATARZYNA, USHIZIMA DANIELA, OBERBEK PRZEMYSLAW, KURZYDŁOWSKI KRZYSZTOFJAN, PUZYN TOMASZ, HARANCZYK MACIEJ. Scanning electron microscopy image representativeness: morphological data on nanoparticles. J Microsc 2016; 265:34-50. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- KATARZYNA ODZIOMEK
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdansk Gdansk Poland
- Computational Research Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California U.S.A
| | - DANIELA USHIZIMA
- Computational Research Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California U.S.A
| | - PRZEMYSLAW OBERBEK
- Materials Design Division Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering Warsaw University of Technology Warsaw Poland
| | - KRZYSZTOF JAN KURZYDŁOWSKI
- Materials Design Division Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering Warsaw University of Technology Warsaw Poland
| | - TOMASZ PUZYN
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdansk Gdansk Poland
| | - MACIEJ HARANCZYK
- Computational Research Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California U.S.A
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75
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Caballero-Guzman A, Nowack B. A critical review of engineered nanomaterial release data: Are current data useful for material flow modeling? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:502-517. [PMID: 26970875 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Material flow analysis (MFA) is a useful tool to predict the flows of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) to the environment. The quantification of release factors is a crucial part of MFA modeling. In the last years an increasing amount of literature on release of ENM from materials and products has been published. The purpose of this review is to analyze the strategies implemented by MFA models to include these release data, in particular to derive transfer coefficients (TC). Our scope was focused on those articles that analyzed the release from applications readily available in the market in settings that resemble average use conditions. Current MFA studies rely to a large extent on extrapolations, authors' assumptions, expert opinions and other informal sources of data to parameterize the models. We were able to qualitatively assess the following aspects of the release literature: (i) the initial characterization of ENM provided, (ii) quantitative information on the mass of ENM released and its characterization, (iii) description of transformation reactions and (iv) assessment of the factors determining release. Although the literature on ENM release is growing, coverage of exposure scenarios is still limited; only 20% of the ENMs used industrially and 36% of the product categories involved have been investigated in release studies and only few relevant release scenarios have been described. Furthermore, the information provided is rather incomplete concerning descriptions and characterizations of ENMs and the released materials. Our results show that both the development of methods to define the TCs and of protocols to enhance assessment of ENM release from nano-applications will contribute to increase the exploitability of the data provided for MFA models. The suggestions we provide in this article will likely contribute to an improved exposure modeling by providing ENM release estimates closer to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Caballero-Guzman
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nowack
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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76
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Lee JH, Han JH, Kim JH, Kim B, Bello D, Kim JK, Lee GH, Sohn EK, Lee K, Ahn K, Faustman EM, Yu IJ. Exposure monitoring of graphene nanoplatelets manufacturing workplaces. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:281-91. [PMID: 27055369 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2016.1163442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Graphenes have emerged as a highly promising, two-dimensional engineered nanomaterial that can possibly substitute carbon nanotubes. They are being explored in numerous R&D and industrial applications in laboratories across the globe, leading to possible human and environmental exposures to them. Yet, there are no published data on graphene exposures in occupational settings and no readily available methods for their detection and quantitation exist. This study investigates for the first time the potential exposure of workers and research personnel to graphenes in two research facilities and evaluates the status of the control measures. One facility manufactures graphene using graphite exfoliation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), while the other facility grows graphene on a copper plate using CVD, which is then transferred to a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheet. Graphene exposures and process emissions were investigated for three tasks - CVD growth, exfoliation, and transfer - using a multi-metric approach, which utilizes several direct reading instruments, integrated sampling, and chemical and morphological analysis. Real-time instruments included a dust monitor, condensation particle counter (CPC), nanoparticle surface area monitor, scanning mobility particle sizer, and an aethalometer. Morphologically, graphenes and other nanostructures released from the work process were investigated using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Graphenes were quantified in airborne respirable samples as elemental carbon via thermo-optical analysis. The mass concentrations of total suspended particulate at Workplaces A and B were very low, and elemental carbon concentrations were mostly below the detection limit, indicating very low exposure to graphene or any other particles. The real-time monitoring, especially the aethalometer, showed a good response to the released black carbon, providing a signature of the graphene released during the opening of the CVD reactor at Workplace A. The TEM observation of the samples obtained from Workplaces A and B showed graphene-like structures and aggregated/agglomerated carbon structures. Taken together, the current findings on common scenarios (exfoliation, CVD growth, and transfer), while not inclusive of all graphene manufacturing processes, indicate very minimal graphene or particle exposure at facilities manufacturing graphenes with good manufacturing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Lee
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA .,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Jong Hun Han
- c School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- d Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials , Daejeon , Korea
| | - Boowook Kim
- e Occupational Lung Disease Institute, KCOMWEL , Incheon , Korea
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- f Department of Work Environment , University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell , MA , USA
| | - Jin Kwon Kim
- g Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University , Asan , Korea , and
| | - Gun Ho Lee
- h Department of Mechanical Engineering , Hanyang University , Ansan , Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Sohn
- g Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University , Asan , Korea , and
| | - Kyungmin Lee
- e Occupational Lung Disease Institute, KCOMWEL , Incheon , Korea
| | - Kangho Ahn
- h Department of Mechanical Engineering , Hanyang University , Ansan , Korea
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA .,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Il Je Yu
- g Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University , Asan , Korea , and
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77
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Guo H, Xing B, He L. Development of a filter-based method for detecting silver nanoparticles and their heteroaggregation in aqueous environments by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 211:198-205. [PMID: 26774766 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The rising application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and subsequent release into aquatic systems have generated public concerns over their potential risk and harm to aquatic organisms and human health. Effective and practical analytical methods for AgNPs are urgently needed for their risk assessment. In this study we established an innovative approach to detect trace levels of AgNPs in environmental water through integrating a filtration technique into surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and compared it with previously established centrifuge-based method. The purpose of filtration was to trap and enrich salt-aggregated AgNPs from water samples onto the filter membrane, through which indicator was then passed and complexed with AgNPs. The enhanced SERS signals of indicator could reflect the presence and quantity of AgNPs in the samples. The most favorable benefit of filtration is being able to process large volume samples, which is more practical for water samples, and greatly improves the sensitivity of AgNP detection. In this study, we tested 20 mL AgNPs-containing samples and the filter-based method is able to detect AgNPs as low as 5 μg/L, which is 20 folds lower than the centrifuge-based method. In addition, the speed and precision of the detection were greatly improved. This approach was used to detect trace levels of AgNPs in real environmental water successfully. Meanwhile, the heteroaggregation of AgNPs with minerals in water was reliably monitored by the new method. Overall, a combination of the filtration-SERS approach provides a rapid, simple, and sensitive way to detect AgNPs and analyze their environmental behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Guo
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Lili He
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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78
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Nowack B, Boldrin A, Caballero A, Hansen SF, Gottschalk F, Heggelund L, Hennig M, Mackevica A, Maes H, Navratilova J, Neubauer N, Peters R, Rose J, Schäffer A, Scifo L, van Leeuwen SV, von der Kammer F, Wohlleben W, Wyrwoll A, Hristozov D. Meeting the Needs for Released Nanomaterials Required for Further Testing-The SUN Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2747-2753. [PMID: 26866387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of the potential risks of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) has so far been almost exclusively focused on the pristine, as-produced particles. However, when considering a life-cycle perspective, it is clear that ENM released from genuine products during manufacturing, use, and disposal is far more relevant. Research on the release of materials from nanoproducts is growing and the next necessary step is to investigate the behavior and effects of these released materials in the environment and on humans. Therefore, sufficient amounts of released materials need to be available for further testing. In addition, ENM-free reference materials are needed since many processes not only release ENM but also nanosized fragments from the ENM-containing matrix that may interfere with further tests. The SUN consortium (Project on "Sustainable Nanotechnologies", EU seventh Framework funding) uses methods to characterize and quantify nanomaterials released from composite samples that are exposed to environmental stressors. Here we describe an approach to provide materials in hundreds of gram quantities mimicking actual released materials from coatings and polymer nanocomposites by producing what is called "fragmented products" (FP). These FP can further be exposed to environmental conditions (e.g., humidity, light) to produce "weathered fragmented products" (WFP) or can be subjected to a further size fractionation to isolate "sieved fragmented products" (SFP) that are representative for inhalation studies. In this perspective we describe the approach, and the used methods to obtain released materials in amounts large enough to be suitable for further fate and (eco)toxicity testing. We present a case study (nanoparticulate organic pigment in polypropylene) to show exemplarily the procedures used to produce the FP. We present some characterization data of the FP and discuss critically the further potential and the usefulness of the approach we developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nowack
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alessio Boldrin
- Technical University of Denmark , Department of Environmental Engineering, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alejandro Caballero
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Foss Hansen
- Technical University of Denmark , Department of Environmental Engineering, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Laura Heggelund
- Technical University of Denmark , Department of Environmental Engineering, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael Hennig
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Aiga Mackevica
- Technical University of Denmark , Department of Environmental Engineering, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanna Maes
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jana Navratilova
- University of Vienna , Department of Environmental Geosciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ruud Peters
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research Centre , Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jerome Rose
- CEREGE CNRS - IRD - Aix Marseille Université, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lorette Scifo
- CEREGE CNRS - IRD - Aix Marseille Université, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | | | - Frank von der Kammer
- University of Vienna , Department of Environmental Geosciences, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Anne Wyrwoll
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Danail Hristozov
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice , Venice, Italy
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79
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Fernández-Rosas E, Vilar G, Janer G, González-Gálvez D, Puntes V, Jamier V, Aubouy L, Vázquez-Campos S. Influence of Nanomaterial Compatibilization Strategies on Polyamide Nanocomposites Properties and Nanomaterial Release during the Use Phase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2584-2594. [PMID: 26830469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of small amounts of nanofillers in polymeric matrices has enabled new applications in several industrial sectors. The nanofiller dispersion can be improved by modifying the nanomaterial (NM) surface or predispersing the NMs to enhance compatibility. This study evaluates the effect of these compatibilization strategies on migration/release of the nanofiller and transformation of polyamide-6 (PA6), a thermoplastic polymer widely used in industry during simulated outdoors use. Two nanocomposites (NCs) containing SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with different surface properties and two multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) NCs obtained by different addition methods were produced and characterized, before and after accelerated wet aging conditions. Octyl-modified SiO2 NPs, though initially more aggregated than uncoated SiO2 NPs, reduced PA6 hydrolysis and, consequently, NM release. Although no clear differences in dispersion were observed between the two types of MWCNT NCs (masterbatch vs direct addition) after manufacture, the use of the MWCNT masterbatch reduced PA6 degradation during aging, preventing MWCNT accumulation on the surface and further release or potential exposure by direct contact. The amounts of NM released were lower for MWCNTs (36 and 108 mg/m(2)) than for SiO2 NPs (167 and 730 mg/m(2)), being lower in those samples where the NC was designed to improve the nanofiller-matrix interaction. Hence, this study shows that optimal compatibilization between NM and matrix can improve NC performance, reducing polymer degradation and exposure and/or release of the nanofiller.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Fernández-Rosas
- LEITAT Technological Center , C/de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
- Centre for NanoBioSafety and Sustainability (CNBSS) , 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Gemma Vilar
- LEITAT Technological Center , C/de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
- Centre for NanoBioSafety and Sustainability (CNBSS) , 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Gemma Janer
- LEITAT Technological Center , C/de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
| | - David González-Gálvez
- LEITAT Technological Center , C/de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Victor Puntes
- Centre for NanoBioSafety and Sustainability (CNBSS) , 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) , Campus de la UAB, Edifici CM3, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Vincent Jamier
- Centre for NanoBioSafety and Sustainability (CNBSS) , 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) , Campus de la UAB, Edifici CM3, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Laurent Aubouy
- LEITAT Technological Center , C/de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
- Centre for NanoBioSafety and Sustainability (CNBSS) , 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Socorro Vázquez-Campos
- LEITAT Technological Center , C/de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain
- Centre for NanoBioSafety and Sustainability (CNBSS) , 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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80
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Guseva Canu I, Bateson TF, Bouvard V, Debia M, Dion C, Savolainen K, Yu IJ. Human exposure to carbon-based fibrous nanomaterials: A review. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:166-75. [PMID: 26752069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In an emerging field of nanotechnologies, assessment of exposure to carbon nanotubes (CNT) and carbon nanofibers (CNF) is an integral component of occupational and environmental epidemiology, risk assessment and management, as well as regulatory actions. The current state of knowledge on exposure to carbon-based fibrous nanomaterials among workers, consumers and general population was studied in frame of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs-Volume 111 "Some Nanomaterials and Some Fibres". Completeness and reliability of available exposure data for use in epidemiology and risk assessment were assessed. Occupational exposure to CNT/CNF may be of concern at all stages of the material life-cycle from research through manufacture to use and disposal. Consumer and environmental exposures are only estimated by modeled data. The available information of the final steps of the life-cycle of these materials remains incomplete so far regarding amounts of handled materials and levels of exposure. The quality and amount of information available on the uses and applications of CNT/CNF should be improved to enable quantitative assessment of human exposure to these materials. For that, coordinated effort in producing surveys and exposure inventories based on harmonized strategy of material test, exposure measurement and reporting results is strongly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Guseva Canu
- Institut de veille sanitaire, Département Santé-Travail, Saint-Maurice, France.
| | - Thomas F Bateson
- Environmental Protection Agency, Effects Identification & Characterization Group, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Veronique Bouvard
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), IARC Monographs Section, Lyon, France
| | - Maximilien Debia
- Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, Montreal, Canada
| | - Chantal Dion
- Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal, Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, Montreal, Canada; Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et sécurité du travail, Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kai Savolainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Nanosafety Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Il-Je Yu
- Hoseo University, Toxicological Research Center, Asan, South Korea
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81
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Wang Y, Kalinina A, Sun T, Nowack B. Probabilistic modeling of the flows and environmental risks of nano-silica. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 545-546:67-76. [PMID: 26745294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nano-silica, the engineered nanomaterial with one of the largest production volumes, has a wide range of applications in consumer products and industry. This study aimed to quantify the exposure of nano-silica to the environment and to assess its risk to surface waters. Concentrations were calculated for four environmental (air, soil, surface water, sediments) and two technical compartments (wastewater, solid waste) for the EU and Switzerland using probabilistic material flow modeling. The corresponding median concentration in surface water is predicted to be 0.12 μg/l in the EU (0.053-3.3 μg/l, 15/85% quantiles). The concentrations in sediments in the complete sedimentation scenario were found to be the largest among all environmental compartments, with a median annual increase of 0.43 mg/kg · y in the EU (0.19-12 mg/kg · y, 15/85% quantiles). Moreover, probabilistic species sensitivity distributions (PSSD) were computed and the risk of nano-silica in surface waters was quantified by comparing the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) with the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) distribution, which was derived from the cumulative PSSD. This assessment suggests that nano-silica currently poses no risk to aquatic organisms in surface waters. Further investigations are needed to assess the risk of nano-silica in other environmental compartments, which is currently not possible due to a lack of ecotoxicological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Anna Kalinina
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Tianyin Sun
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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82
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Mackevica A, Foss Hansen S. Release of nanomaterials from solid nanocomposites and consumer exposure assessment - a forward-looking review. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:641-53. [PMID: 26667577 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1132346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The European chemical legislation requires manufacturers and importers of chemicals to do consumer exposure assessment when the chemical has certain hazards associated to it (e.g. explosive, carcinogenicity, and hazardous to the aquatic environment), but the question is how this obligation can be met in light of the scientific uncertainty and technical challenges related to exposure assessment of nanomaterials. In this paper, we investigate to what extent the information and data in the literature can be used to perform consumer exposure assessment according to the REACH requirements and we identify and discuss the key data needs and provide recommendations for consumer exposure assessment of nanomaterials. In total, we identified 76 studies of relevance. Most studies have analyzed the release of Ag and TiO2 from textiles and paints, and CNT and SiO2 from nanocomposites. Less than half of the studies report their findings in a format that can be used for exposure assessment under REACH, and most do not include characterization of the released particles. Although inhalation, dermal, and oral exposures can be derived using the guidelines on how to complete consumer exposure assessments under REACH, it is clear that the equations are not developed to take the unique properties of nanomaterials into consideration. Future research is therefore needed on developing more generalized methods for representing nanomaterial release from different product groups at relevant environmental conditions. This includes improving the analytical methods for determining nanomaterial alteration and transformation, as well as quantification, which could subsequently lead to more nano-specific consumer exposure assessment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiga Mackevica
- a Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Steffen Foss Hansen
- a Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby , Denmark
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84
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Arts JHE, Irfan MA, Keene AM, Kreiling R, Lyon D, Maier M, Michel K, Neubauer N, Petry T, Sauer UG, Warheit D, Wiench K, Wohlleben W, Landsiedel R. Case studies putting the decision-making framework for the grouping and testing of nanomaterials (DF4nanoGrouping) into practice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 76:234-61. [PMID: 26687418 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Case studies covering carbonaceous nanomaterials, metal oxide and metal sulphate nanomaterials, amorphous silica and organic pigments were performed to assess the Decision-making framework for the grouping and testing of nanomaterials (DF4nanoGrouping). The usefulness of the DF4nanoGrouping for nanomaterial hazard assessment was confirmed. In two tiers that rely exclusively on non-animal test methods followed by a third tier, if necessary, in which data from rat short-term inhalation studies are evaluated, nanomaterials are assigned to one of four main groups (MGs). The DF4nanoGrouping proved efficient in sorting out nanomaterials that could undergo hazard assessment without further testing. These are soluble nanomaterials (MG1) whose further hazard assessment should rely on read-across to the dissolved materials, high aspect-ratio nanomaterials (MG2) which could be assessed according to their potential fibre toxicity and passive nanomaterials (MG3) that only elicit effects under pulmonary overload conditions. Thereby, the DF4nanoGrouping allows identifying active nanomaterials (MG4) that merit in-depth investigations, and it provides a solid rationale for their sub-grouping to specify the further information needs. Finally, the evaluated case study materials may be used as source nanomaterials in future read-across applications. Overall, the DF4nanoGrouping is a hazard assessment strategy that strictly uses animals as a last resort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Delina Lyon
- Shell Health, Shell Oil Company, Houston TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
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85
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Kühn M, Ivleva NP, Klitzke S, Niessner R, Baumann T. Investigation of coatings of natural organic matter on silver nanoparticles under environmentally relevant conditions by surface-enhanced Raman scattering. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 535:122-130. [PMID: 25554386 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of engineered inorganic nanoparticles (EINP) leads to a growing risk for an unintended release into the environment. Despite the good characterization of EINP in regard to their function scale and the application areas, there is still a gap of knowledge concerning their behaviour in the different environmental compartments. Due to their high surface to volume ratio, surface properties and existence or development of a coating are of high importance for their stability and transport behaviour. However, analytical methods to investigate organic coatings on nanoparticles in aqueous media are scarce. We used Raman microspectroscopy in combination with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to investigate humic acid coatings on silver nanoparticles under environmentally relevant conditions and in real world samples. This setup is more challenging than previous mechanistic studies using SERS to characterize the humic acids in tailored settings where only one type of organic matter is present and the concentrations of the nanoparticles can be easily adjusted to the experimental needs. SERS offers the unique opportunity to work with little sample preparation directly with liquid samples, thus significantly reducing artefacts. SERS spectra of different natural organic matter brought into contact with silver nanoparticles indicate humic acid in close proximity to the nanoparticles. This coating was also present after several washing steps by centrifugation and resuspension in deionized water and after an increase in ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kühn
- Technische Universität München, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Marchioninistr. 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Natalia P Ivleva
- Technische Universität München, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Marchioninistr. 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sondra Klitzke
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Soil Ecology, D-79085 Freiburg, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Soil Science, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Niessner
- Technische Universität München, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Marchioninistr. 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Baumann
- Technische Universität München, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Marchioninistr. 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
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86
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Brame JA, Poda AR, Kennedy AJ, Steevens JA. EHS Testing of Products Containing Nanomaterials: What is Nano Release? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11245-11246. [PMID: 26373313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon A Brame
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6199, United States
| | - Aimee R Poda
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6199, United States
| | - Alan J Kennedy
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6199, United States
| | - Jeffery A Steevens
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6199, United States
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87
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Part F, Zecha G, Causon T, Sinner EK, Huber-Humer M. Current limitations and challenges in nanowaste detection, characterisation and monitoring. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 43:407-420. [PMID: 26117420 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are already extensively used in diverse consumer products. Along the life cycle of a nano-enabled product, ENMs can be released and subsequently accumulate in the environment. Material flow models also indicate that a variety of ENMs may accumulate in waste streams. Therefore, a new type of waste, so-called nanowaste, is generated when end-of-life ENMs and nano-enabled products are disposed of. In terms of the precautionary principle, environmental monitoring of end-of-life ENMs is crucial to allow assessment of the potential impact of nanowaste on our ecosystem. Trace analysis and quantification of nanoparticulate species is very challenging because of the variety of ENM types that are used in products and low concentrations of nanowaste expected in complex environmental media. In the framework of this paper, challenges in nanowaste characterisation and appropriate analytical techniques which can be applied to nanowaste analysis are summarised. Recent case studies focussing on the characterisation of ENMs in waste streams are discussed. Most studies aim to investigate the fate of nanowaste during incineration, particularly considering aerosol measurements; whereas, detailed studies focusing on the potential release of nanowaste during waste recycling processes are currently not available. In terms of suitable analytical methods, separation techniques coupled to spectrometry-based methods are promising tools to detect nanowaste and determine particle size distribution in liquid waste samples. Standardised leaching protocols can be applied to generate soluble fractions stemming from solid wastes, while micro- and ultrafiltration can be used to enrich nanoparticulate species. Imaging techniques combined with X-ray-based methods are powerful tools for determining particle size, morphology and screening elemental composition. However, quantification of nanowaste is currently hampered due to the problem to differentiate engineered from naturally-occurring nanoparticles. A promising approach to face these challenges in nanowaste characterisation might be the application of nanotracers with unique optical properties, elemental or isotopic fingerprints. At present, there is also a need to develop and standardise analytical protocols regarding nanowaste sampling, separation and quantification. In general, more experimental studies are needed to examine the fate and transport of ENMs in waste streams and to deduce transfer coefficients, respectively to develop reliable material flow models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Part
- Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Waste Management, Muthgasse 107, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gudrun Zecha
- Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Waste Management, Muthgasse 107, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Causon
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva-Kathrin Sinner
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11/II, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Huber-Humer
- Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Waste Management, Muthgasse 107, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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88
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Hincapié I, Caballero-Guzman A, Hiltbrunner D, Nowack B. Use of engineered nanomaterials in the construction industry with specific emphasis on paints and their flows in construction and demolition waste in Switzerland. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 43:398-406. [PMID: 26164852 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
One sector where the use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is supposed to offer novel or improved functionalities is the construction industry. During the renovation or demolition of buildings, ENMs contained in former construction materials will enter recycling systems or become construction waste. Currently, information about ENM flows in these processes is insufficient. The potential for the release of ENMs from this waste into the environment is unknown, as are the environmental impacts. To evaluate whether there is currently any nano-relevant construction and demolition waste (C&DW) originating from buildings, we evaluated the sources and flows of ENMs in C&DW and identified their potential exposure pathways. A survey of business representatives of Swiss companies in this sector found that ENMs are mainly used in paints and cement. The most frequently used ENMs in the Swiss housing construction industry are nano-TiO2, nano-SiO2, nano-ZnO, and nano-Ag. Using a bottom-up, semi-quantitative approach, we estimated the flows of ENMs contained in paints along the product's life cycle from buildings to recycling and landfill. The flows of ENMs are determined by their associated flows of building materials. We estimated an annual amount of ENMs used in paints of 14t of TiO2, 12t of SiO2, 5t of ZnO, and 0.2t of Ag. The majority of ENMs contained in paints in Switzerland enter recycling systems (23t/y), a smaller amount is disposed directly in landfills (7t/y), and a tiny fraction of ENM waste is incinerated (0.01t/y). Our results allow a qualitative determination of the potential release of ENMs into technical or environmental compartments, with the highest potential release expected during recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Hincapié
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Caballero-Guzman
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - David Hiltbrunner
- FOEN, Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Waste and Resources Division, Worblentalstrasse 68, CH-3063 Ittigen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nowack
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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89
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Pal AK, Watson CY, Pirela SV, Singh D, Chalbot MCG, Kavouras I, Demokritou P. Linking Exposures of Particles Released From Nano-Enabled Products to Toxicology: An Integrated Methodology for Particle Sampling, Extraction, Dispersion, and Dosing. Toxicol Sci 2015; 146:321-33. [PMID: 25997654 PMCID: PMC4607749 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-enabled products (NEPs) represent a growing economic global market that integrates nanotechnology into our everyday lives. Increased consumer use and disposal of NEPs at their end of life has led to increased environmental, health and safety (EHS) concerns, due to the potential environmental release of constituent engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) used in the production of NEPs. Although, there is an urgent need to assess particulate matter (PM) release scenarios and potential EHS implications, no current standardized methodologies exist across the exposure-toxicological characterization continuum. Here, an integrated methodology is presented, that can be used to sample, extract, disperse and estimate relevant dose of life cycle-released PM (LCPM), for in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies. The proposed methodology was utilized to evaluate two "real world" LCPM systems simulating consumer use and disposal of NEPs. This multi-step integrated methodology consists of: (1) real-time monitoring and sampling of size fractionated LCPM; (2) efficient extraction of LCPM collected on substrates using aqueous or ethanol extraction protocols to ensure minimal physicochemical alterations; (3) optimized LCPM dispersion preparation and characterization; (4) use of dosimetric techniques for in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies. This comprehensive framework provides a standardized protocol to assess the release and toxicological implications of ENMs released across the life cycle of NEPs and will help in addressing important knowledge gaps in the field of nanotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop K Pal
- *Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Christa Y Watson
- *Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Sandra V Pirela
- *Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Dilpreet Singh
- *Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Marie-Cecile G Chalbot
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Public Health, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199
| | - Ilias Kavouras
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Public Health, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199
| | - Philip Demokritou
- *Department of Environmental Health, Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
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90
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Harper S, Wohlleben W, Doa M, Nowack B, Clancy S, Canady R, Maynard A. Measuring Nanomaterial Release from Carbon Nanotube Composites: Review of the State of the Science. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/617/1/012026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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91
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Caballero-Guzman A, Sun T, Nowack B. Flows of engineered nanomaterials through the recycling process in Switzerland. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 36:33-43. [PMID: 25524750 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in diverse applications has increased during the last years and this will likely continue in the near future. As the number of applications increase, more and more waste with nanomaterials will be generated. A portion of this waste will enter the recycling system, for example, in electronic products, textiles and construction materials. The fate of these materials during and after the waste management and recycling operations is poorly understood. The aim of this work is to model the flows of nano-TiO2, nano-ZnO, nano-Ag and CNT in the recycling system in Switzerland. The basis for this study is published information on the ENMs flows on the Swiss system. We developed a method to assess their flow after recycling. To incorporate the uncertainties inherent to the limited information available, we applied a probabilistic material flow analysis approach. The results show that the recycling processes does not result in significant further propagation of nanomaterials into new products. Instead, the largest proportion will flow as waste that can subsequently be properly handled in incineration plants or landfills. Smaller fractions of ENMs will be eliminated or end up in materials that are sent abroad to undergo further recovery processes. Only a reduced amount of ENMs will flow back to the productive process of the economy in a limited number of sectors. Overall, the results suggest that risk assessment during recycling should focus on occupational exposure, release of ENMs in landfills and incineration plants, and toxicity assessment in a small number of recycled inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Caballero-Guzman
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Tianyin Sun
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nowack
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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92
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The Flows of Engineered Nanomaterials from Production, Use, and Disposal to the Environment. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2015_402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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93
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Smulders S, Luyts K, Brabants G, Golanski L, Martens J, Vanoirbeek J, Hoet PH. Toxicity of nanoparticles embedded in paints compared to pristine nanoparticles, in vitro study. Toxicol Lett 2015; 232:333-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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94
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Nanomaterials Release from Nano-Enabled Products. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2015_409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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95
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Wallis LK, Diamond SA, Ma H, Hoff DJ, Al-Abed SR, Li S. Chronic TiO₂ nanoparticle exposure to a benthic organism, Hyalella azteca: impact of solar UV radiation and material surface coatings on toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 499:356-62. [PMID: 25203828 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is limited information on the chronic effects of nanomaterials to benthic organisms, as well as environmental mitigating factors that might influence this toxicity. The present study aimed to fill these data gaps by examining various growth endpoints (weight gain, instantaneous growth rate, and total protein content) for up to a 21 d sediment exposure of TiO2 nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) to a representative benthic species, Hyalella azteca. An uncoated standard, P25, and an Al(OH)3 coated nano-TiO2 used in commercial products were added to sediment at 20 mg/L or 100 mg/L Under test conditions, UV exposure alone was shown to be a greater cause of toxicity than even these high levels of nano-TiO2 exposure, indicating that different hazards need to be addressed in toxicity testing scenarios. In addition, this study showed the effectiveness of a surface coating on the decreased photoactivity of the material, as the addition of an Al(OH)3 coating showed a dramatic decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, this reduced photoactivity was found to be partially restored when the coating had been degraded, leading to the need for future toxicity tests which examine the implications of weathering events on particle surface coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Wallis
- Office of Research and Development, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
| | | | - Hongbo Ma
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Zilber School of Public Health, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Dale J Hoff
- Office of Research and Development, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA
| | - Souhail R Al-Abed
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Shibin Li
- Office of Research and Development, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA.
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96
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Göhler D, Stintz M. Granulometric characterization of airborne particulate release during spray application of nanoparticle-doped coatings. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 16:2520. [PMID: 25152690 PMCID: PMC4129227 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-014-2520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particle release during the spray application of coatings was analyzed in the nanometre and micrometre size range. In order to represent realistic conditions of domestic and handcraft use, the spray application was performed using two types of commercial propellant spray cans and a manual gravity spray gun. Four different types of coatings doped with three kinds of metal-oxide tracer nanoparticle additives (TNPA) were analyzed. Depending on the used coating and the kind of spray unit, particulate release numbers between 5 × 108 and 3 × 1010 particles per gram ejection mass were determined in the dried spray aerosols. The nanoparticulate fraction amounted values between 10 and 60 no%. The comparison between nanoparticle-doped coatings with non-doped ones showed no TNPA-attributed differences in both the macroscopic spray process characteristics and the particle release numbers. SEM, TEM and EDX-analyzes showed that the spray aerosols were composed of particles made up solely from matrix material and sheathed pigments, fillers and TNPAs. Isolated ZnO- or Fe2O3-TNPAs could not be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Göhler
- Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Münchner Platz 3, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Stintz
- Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Münchner Platz 3, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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