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Goodman AJ, Scircle A, Kimble A, Harris W, Calvitti B, Sirkis D, Mathurin L, Grassi V, Ranville JF, Bednar AJ. Critical metal geochemistry in groundwaters influenced by dredged material. Sci Total Environ 2023; 884:163725. [PMID: 37116809 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated critical metal (CM) geochemistry including rare earth elements (REEs), Co, Ni, and Mn in groundwaters below and surrounding two dredged material placement facilities (DMPFs). Metal concentrations are elevated at both sites, spanning several orders of magnitude. The highest CM concentrations measured exceed many environments considered as aqueous resources (Co and Ni > 1 mg L-1, REEs > 3 mg L-1). Correlations between sulfur and iron, major cations, and CMs indicate that oxidation of sulfides present in the DM releases metals both directly from sulfide minerals and indirectly through acid dissolution of and/or desorption from additional minerals. REE fractionation patterns indicate that their mobility in the groundwaters may be influenced by interactions with silicate, carbonate, and phosphate minerals. Significant positive Gd and Eu anomalies were observed, which may be attributed to increased mobility of Eu2+ and anthropogenic Gd. Nanogeochemical analysis of filtered samples revealed several REE-bearing nanoparticulate (diameter < 100 nm) species, some of which co-occurred with aluminum, suggesting an (oxy)hydroxide or a clay mineral component. Further characterization of soluble and nano scale geochemical speciation is needed to fully assess the viability of CM recovery from DM-associated groundwater. CM recovery from DM-associated waters can provide a beneficial use, both offsetting costs associated with disposal, and supplementing domestic CM resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Goodman
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, United States of America
| | - Austin Scircle
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, United States of America
| | - Ashley Kimble
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, United States of America
| | - William Harris
- US Army Corps of Engineers Philadelphia District, United States of America
| | - Bailey Calvitti
- US Army Corps of Engineers Philadelphia District, United States of America
| | - Daniel Sirkis
- US Army Corps of Engineers Philadelphia District, United States of America
| | - Leanne Mathurin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, United States of America
| | - Vincent Grassi
- US Environmental Protection Agency, United States of America
| | - James F Ranville
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, United States of America
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, United States of America.
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Lotufo GR, Biedenbach JM, Farrar JD, Chanov MK, Hester BW, Warbritton CR, Steevens JA, Netchaev JM, Bednar AJ, Moore DW. Interlaboratory Comparison of Three Sediment Bioaccumulation Tests. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022; 41:1260-1275. [PMID: 35349191 PMCID: PMC9310598 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Standard bioaccumulation tests are commonly conducted using Macoma nasuta (clam), and Alitta virens (polychaete) for marine tests, and Lumbriculus variegatus (an oligochaete) for freshwater tests. Because the interlaboratory variability associated with these tests is unknown, four experienced laboratories conducted standard 28-day bioaccumulation tests with the above species using sediments contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Chemical analysis of tissue samples was performed by a single laboratory. The intralaboratory variance among replicates was relatively low for PCB tissue concentrations, with coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 9% to 28% for all laboratories and species, with the exception of one laboratory reporting higher variability for L. variegatus (CV = 51%). Intralaboratory variance for PCB tissue concentrations was higher than interlaboratory variance for A. virens and L. variegatus, and the magnitude of difference (MOD) for laboratory means ranged from 1.4 to 2.0 across species. Intralaboratory variability was also low for lipid content, and lipid normalization of PCB and PAH body residues generally had little impact on variability. In addition to variability across bioassay laboratories, analytical variability was evaluated by different laboratories measuring the concentration of PCBs and total lipids in a subsample of tissue homogenate of sediment-exposed test organisms. Variability associated with tissue analysis was higher than bioassay laboratory variability only in tests with L. variegatus. Statistical differences between samples may be observed due to the low intralaboratory variability; however, the biological significance of these differences may be limited because the MOD is low. Considering the MOD when comparing bioaccumulation across treatments accounts for uncertainty related to inherent variability of the test in the interpretation of statistically significant results. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1260-1275. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. Daniel Farrar
- US Army Engineer Research and Development CenterVicksburgMississippiUSA
| | | | | | - C. Ryan Warbritton
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research CenterColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Jeffery A. Steevens
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research CenterColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | | | - Anthony J. Bednar
- US Army Engineer Research and Development CenterVicksburgMississippiUSA
| | - David W. Moore
- US Army Engineer Research and Development CenterVicksburgMississippiUSA
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Perkins EJ, To KT, St. Mary L, Laber CH, Bednar AJ, Truong L, Tanguay RL, Garcia-Reyero N. Developmental, Behavioral and Transcriptomic Changes in Zebrafish Embryos after Smoke Dye Exposure. Toxics 2022; 10:210. [PMID: 35622624 PMCID: PMC9171585 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Disperse Blue 14, Disperse Red 9, Solvent Red 169 and Solvent Yellow 33 have been used to color smoke; however, they have not been comprehensively assessed for their potential health hazards. (2) Methods: To assess the effects of these dyes, zebrafish embryos were exposed from 6 to 120 h post fertilization (hpf) to 10-55 µM Disperse Red 9, 1-50 µM Solvent Red 169, 7.5-13.5 µM Solvent Yellow 33 or 133-314 µM Disperse Blue 14. Embryos were monitored for adverse effects on gene expression at 48 hpf as well as for mortality, development and behavior at 120 hpf. The dyes were examined for their potential to cross the blood-brain barrier. (3) Results: Solvent Yellow 33 and Disperse Blue 14 impaired development and behavior at all concentrations. Disperse Red 9 impaired behavior at all concentrations and development at all concentrations except for 10 µM. Solvent Red 169 caused no effects. Mortality was only seen in Disperse Blue 14 at 261.5 and 314 µM. Gene expression indicated impacts on neurodevelopment and folate and retinol metabolism as potential mechanisms of toxicity. (4) Conclusions: Smoke dyes have a high potential for causing developmental changes and neurotoxicity and should be examined more closely using comprehensive approaches as used here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Perkins
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA; (E.J.P.); (K.T.T.); (C.H.L.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Kimberly T. To
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA; (E.J.P.); (K.T.T.); (C.H.L.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Lindsey St. Mary
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA; (L.S.M.); (L.T.); (R.L.T.)
| | - Charles H. Laber
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA; (E.J.P.); (K.T.T.); (C.H.L.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Anthony J. Bednar
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA; (E.J.P.); (K.T.T.); (C.H.L.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Lisa Truong
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA; (L.S.M.); (L.T.); (R.L.T.)
| | - Robyn L. Tanguay
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA; (L.S.M.); (L.T.); (R.L.T.)
| | - Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA; (E.J.P.); (K.T.T.); (C.H.L.); (A.J.B.)
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Lotufo GR, Boyd RE, Harmon AR, Bednar AJ, Smith JC, Simini M, Sunahara GI, Hawari J, Kuperman RG. Accumulation of Insensitive Munition Compounds in the Earthworm Eisenia andrei from Amended Soil: Methodological Considerations for Determination of Bioaccumulation Factors. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021; 40:1713-1725. [PMID: 33646621 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the bioaccumulation of the insensitive munition compounds 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), developed for future weapons systems to replace current munitions containing sensitive explosives. The earthworm Eisenia andrei was exposed to sublethal concentrations of DNAN or NTO amended in Sassafras sandy loam. Chemical analysis indicated that 2- and 4-amino-nitroanisole (2-ANAN and 4-ANAN, respectively) were formed in DNAN-amended soils. The SumDNAN (sum of DNAN, 2-ANAN, and 4-ANAN concentrations) in soil decreased by 40% during the 14-d exposure period. The SumDNAN in the earthworm body residue increased until day 3 and decreased thereafter. Between days 3 and 14, there was a 73% decrease in tissue uptake that was greater than the 23% decrease in the soil concentration, suggesting that the bioavailable fraction may have decreased over time. By day 14, the DNAN concentration accounted for only 45% of the SumDNAN soil concentration, indicating substantial DNAN transformation in the presence of earthworms. The highest bioaccumulation factor (BAF; the tissue-to-soil concentration ratio) was 6.2 ± 1.0 kg/kg (dry wt) on day 3 and decreased to 3.8 ± 0.8 kg/kg by day 14. Kinetic studies indicated a BAF of 2.3 kg/kg, based on the earthworm DNAN uptake rate of 2.0 ± 0.24 kg/kg/d, compared with the SumDNAN elimination rate of 0.87 d-1 (half-life = 0.79 d). The compound DNAN has a similar potential to bioaccumulate from soil compared with trinitrotoluene. The NTO concentration in amended soil decreased by 57% from the initial concentration (837 mg NTO/kg dry soil) during 14 d, likely due to the formation of unknown transformation products. The bioaccumulation of NTO was negligible (BAF ≤ 0.018 kg/kg dry wt). Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1713-1725. © 2021 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Lotufo
- Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - R E Boyd
- Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - A R Harmon
- Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - A J Bednar
- Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - J C Smith
- Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, US Army, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - M Simini
- US Army Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - G I Sunahara
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - J Hawari
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - R G Kuperman
- US Army Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
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Barker AJ, Clausen JL, Douglas TA, Bednar AJ, Griggs CS, Martin WA. Environmental impact of metals resulting from military training activities: A review. Chemosphere 2021; 265:129110. [PMID: 33272677 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of metals into the environment as a result of military training activities remains a long-term concern for Defense organizations across the globe. Of particular concern for deposition and potential mobilization are antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and tungsten (W), which are the focus of this review article. The fate, transport, and mobilization of these metals are complicated and depend on a variety of environmental factors that are often convoluted, heterogeneous, and site-dependent. While there have been many studies investigating contaminant mobilization on military training lands there exists a lack of cohesiveness surrounding the current state of knowledge for these five metals. The focus of this review article is to compile the current knowledge of the fate, transport, and ultimate risks presented by metals associated with different military training activities particularly as a result of small arms training activities, artillery/mortar ranges, battleruns, rocket ranges, and grenade courts. From there, we discuss emerging research results and finish with suggestions of where future research efforts and training range designs could be focused toward further reducing the deposition, limiting the migration, and decreasing risks presented by metals in the environment. Additionally, information presented here may offer insights into Sb, As, Cu, Pb, and W in other environmental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Barker
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Ft. Wainwright, Alaska, 99703, United States.
| | - Jay L Clausen
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States
| | - Thomas A Douglas
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center-Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Ft. Wainwright, Alaska, 99703, United States
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center-Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, United States
| | - Christopher S Griggs
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center-Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, United States
| | - William A Martin
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center-Installation Support Division, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, United States
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6
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Rand LN, Bi Y, Poustie A, Bednar AJ, Hanigan DJ, Westerhoff P, Ranville JF. Quantifying temporal and geographic variation in sunscreen and mineralogic titanium-containing nanoparticles in three recreational rivers. Sci Total Environ 2020; 743:140845. [PMID: 32758854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Detection of metal nanoparticles (NPs) in the environment is an analytical challenge of interest due to increasing use of nanomaterials in consumer and industrial products. Detecting NPs associated with human activities is affected by both the magnitude and variation in background concentrations of natural NPs. In this work, we investigated the potential release of titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs from sunscreen in three recreational rivers, with a time-intensive sampling regime on one river, in order to determine the range and variability of natural, background titania (Ti). Conventional ICP analysis for total metal concentrations, single particle ICP-MS for NP concentrations, and electron microscopy aided in assessing mineralogical morphology and composition. Oxybenzone, a widely-used organic sunscreen, was measured and used as a surrogate for the intensity of recreational activity in the water. Statistically significant increases in Ti concentrations were observed in Clear Creek, CO during one recreation period, but the significance of other instances of recreation-associated Ti increases was unclear, in part due to storm impacts on the natural suspended sediment load of the stream. A comparison of three recreational rivers showed increases in both Ti mass concentrations and NP sizes occur during recreation in both Clear Creek, CO and the Salt River, AZ, but no detectable changes in the Truckee River, NV. However, size distributions were variable in background samples, which make the significance of differences observed during recreation unclear. These results underline that the release of engineered nanoparticles to a natural system cannot be detected without a well-defined background, including measures of its variability during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan N Rand
- Colorado School of Mines, Department of Chemistry, Golden, CO, United States of America.
| | - Yuqiang Bi
- Arizona State University, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Andrew Poustie
- University of Nevada Reno, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, United States of America
| | - David J Hanigan
- University of Nevada Reno, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Arizona State University, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - James F Ranville
- Colorado School of Mines, Department of Chemistry, Golden, CO, United States of America
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Crouch RA, Smith JC, Stromer BS, Hubley CT, Beal S, Lotufo GR, Butler AD, Wynter MT, Russell AL, Coleman JG, Wayne KM, Clausen JL, Bednar AJ. Methods for simultaneous determination of legacy and insensitive munition (IM) constituents in aqueous, soil/sediment, and tissue matrices. Talanta 2020; 217:121008. [PMID: 32498881 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Currently, no standard method exists for analyzing insensitive munition (IM) compounds in environmental matrices, with or without concurrent legacy munition compounds, resulting in potentially inaccurate determinations. The primary objective of this work was to develop new methods of extraction, pre-concentration, and analytical separation/quantitation of 17 legacy munition compounds along with several additional IM compounds, IM breakdown products, and other munition compounds that are not currently included in U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 8330B. The eight additional compounds included were nitroguanidine, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one, picric acid, 2,4-dinitroanisole, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, and new surrogate ortho-nitrobenzoic acid (o-NBA). Analytical methods were developed to enable sensitive, simultaneous detection and quantitation of the 24 IM and legacy compounds, including two orthogonal high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column separations with either ultraviolet (UV) or mass spectrometric (MS) detection. Procedures were developed for simultaneous extraction of all 24 analytes and two surrogates (1,2-dinitrobenzene, 1,2-DNB; o-NBA) from high- and low-level aqueous matrices and solid matrices, using acidification, solid phase extraction (SPE), or solvent extraction (SE), respectively. For low-level aqueous samples extracted by SPE, all compounds were recovered within current Department of Defense Quality Systems Manual (DoD QSM) Ver5.3 accepted limits for aqueous samples analyzed by EPA Method 8330B (57-135%), except NQ, which was consistently recovered at approximately 50%. Likewise, all compounds were recovered from six geographically/geochemically unique soil types within current QSM accepted limits for solid samples analyzed by EPA Method 8330B (64-135%). Further, the majority of compounds were recovered from four tissue types within current limits for solids, with generally low recovery only for Tetryl (from 4 to 62%). A preparatory chromatographic interference removal procedure was adapted for tissue extracts, as various analytical interferences were observed for all studied tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Crouch
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
| | - Jared C Smith
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Bobbi S Stromer
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Christian T Hubley
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Samuel Beal
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Rd, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Guilherme R Lotufo
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Afrachanna D Butler
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Michelle T Wynter
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Amber L Russell
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Jessica G Coleman
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Katrinka M Wayne
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, P.O. Box 117, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-0117, USA
| | - Jay L Clausen
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Rd, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
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Peel HR, Crouch RA, Martin D, Stromer BS, Bednar AJ. Binding Capacity and Selectivity of Functionalized and Un-functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Development of Copper-Detecting Printable Sensor. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2020; 104:455-463. [PMID: 32108243 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have unique properties which can be modified through surface functionalization. The ability of several functionalized and un-functionalized CNTs to bind copper was investigated as a first step toward developing a printable CNT-based sensor to detect copper in aqueous systems. Binding capacity and specificity were shown to vary by functionalization and vendor. CNTs from two vendors were tested, and the equilibrium binding data was fitted using two isotherm models. Calculated qmax (mg/g) values indicated one vendor's carboxyl-functionalized CNTs had the greatest binding capacity (94-115 mg/g), while other carboxyl-functionalized CNTs and amine-functionalized CNTs had similar capacities to un-functionalized CNTs (15-30 mg/g). Hydroxyl-functionalized CNTs had the lowest copper binding capacity (7-8 mg/g) of the CNTs tested. Freundlich isotherms showed no obvious trends in binding affinity, but suggested that binding was primarily due to chemisorption. Variations in CNT size, functionalization percentage, and purity could explain, partially, the observed adsorption differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Peel
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Building 3270, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Rebecca A Crouch
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Building 3270, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - David Martin
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Building 3270, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Bobbi S Stromer
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Building 3270, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Building 3270, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
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Moores LC, Kennedy AJ, May L, Jordan SM, Bednar AJ, Jones SJ, Henderson DL, Gurtowski L, Gust KA. Identifying degradation products responsible for increased toxicity of UV-Degraded insensitive munitions. Chemosphere 2020; 240:124958. [PMID: 31726587 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of insensitive munitions (IMs) by ultraviolet (UV) light has become a topic of concern following observations that some UV-degradation products have increased toxicity relative to parent compounds in aquatic organisms. The present investigation focused on the Army's IM formulation, IMX-101, which is composed of three IM constituents: 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine (NQ). The IM constituents and IMX-101 were irradiated in a UV photo-reactor and then administered to Daphnia pulex in acute (48 h) exposures comparing toxicities relative to the parent materials. UV-degradation of DNAN had little effect on mortality whereas mortality for UV-degraded NTO and NQ (and associated degradation products) increased by factors of 40.3 and 1240, respectively, making UV-degraded NQ the principle driver of toxicity when IMX-101 is UV-degraded. Toxicity investigations for specific products formed during UV-degradation of NQ, confirmed greater toxicity than the parent NQ for degradation products including guanidine, nitrite, ammonia, nitrosoguanidine, and cyanide. Summation of the individual toxic units for the complete set of individually measured UV-degradation products identified for NQ only accounted for 25% of the overall toxicity measured in the exposures to the UV-degraded NQ product mixture. From these toxic unit calculations, nitrite followed by CN- were the principal degradation products contributing to toxicity. Given the underestimation of toxicity using the sum toxic units for the individually measured UV-degradation products of NQ, we conclude that: (1) other unidentified NQ degradation products contributed principally to toxicity and/or (2) synergistic toxicological interactions occurred among the NQ degradation product mixture that exacerbated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee C Moores
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
| | - Alan J Kennedy
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Lauren May
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Shinita M Jordan
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Stacy J Jones
- HX5, 212 Eglin Parkway SE, Ft, Walton Beach, FL, 32548, USA
| | - David L Henderson
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Luke Gurtowski
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Kurt A Gust
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
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McAlexander HR, Giles SA, Crouch RA, Peel HR, Jones S, Bednar AJ, Shukla MK. An integrated quantum chemical and experimental approach for exploring the structures and properties of insensitive munitions interacting with ions in bulk water. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Kennedy AJ, Biber TW, May LR, Lotufo GR, Farrar JD, Bednar AJ. Sensitivity of the Marine Calanoid Copepod Pseudodiaptomus pelagicus to Copper, Phenanthrene, and Ammonia. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:1221-1230. [PMID: 30790342 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There are limited acute toxicity test methods for native North American marine species that are considered zooplankton for their entire life cycle. Examples of standardized marine zooplankton methods include mussel, bivalve, and echinoderm development tests that use a relatively short-lived planktonic larval stage, chronic life-cycle toxicity tests using epibenthic copepods, and a 24-h Acartia tonsa copepod test method. The objectives of the present study were to: 1) develop and evaluate a novel, 48-h acute toxicity test method using the marine North American copepod Pseudodiaptomus pelagicus that is planktonic for its entire life cycle, and 2) determine the sensitivity of P. pelagicus relative to commonly tested marine toxicity test species. The average (±1 standard deviation) median lethal concentrations (LC50s) for copper (Cu), phenanthrene, and un-ionized ammonia were 32 ± 15 µg/L, 161 ± 51 µg/L, and 1.08 ± 0.30 mg NH3 /L, respectively. These results placed P. pelagicus on the more sensitive end of Cu and phenanthrene species sensitivity distributions. The copepod was less sensitive to un-ionized ammonia than commonly tested marine species. This finding suggests that the acute P. pelagicus test method will allow a focus on assessing the impacts of persistent contaminants of concern with less confounding impact from naturally occurring ammonia released to the water from sources such as suspended sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1221-1230. Published 2019 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Kennedy
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Thomas W Biber
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Lauren R May
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Guilherme R Lotufo
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - J Daniel Farrar
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
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12
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Johnson DR, Boyd RE, Bednar AJ, Weiss CA, Hull MS, Coleman JG, Kennedy AJ, Banks CJ, Steevens JA. Effects of soot by-product from the synthesis of engineered metallofullerene nanomaterials on terrestrial invertebrates. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:1594-1605. [PMID: 29473669 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials is often inefficient, generating large amounts of soot with metals as waste by-product. Currently, there are no specific regulations for disposal of engineered nanomaterials or the waste by-products resulting from their synthesis, so it is presumed that by-products are disposed of in the same way as the parent (bulk) materials. We studied the terrestrial toxicity of soot from gadolinium metallofullerene nanomanufacturing on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and isopods (Porcellio scaber). The metallofullerene soot consisted of carbon particle agglomerates in the nanometer and submicrometer ranges (1-100 and 101-999 nm, respectively), with metals used during nanomanufacturing detectable on the particles. Despite high metal concentrations (>100 000 mg/kg) in the soot, only a relatively small amount of metals leached out of a spiked field soil, suggesting only moderate mobility. Seven- and 14-d exposures in field soil demonstrated that the soot was only toxic to earthworms at high concentrations (>10 000 mg/kg); however, earthworms avoided spiked soils at lower concentrations (as low as 500 mg/kg) and at lower soil pH. The presence of soot in food and soil did not cause isopod avoidance. These data demonstrate that metallofullerene soot from nanomanufacturing may only be toxic to earthworms at high concentrations representative of improper disposal or accidental spills. However, our results indicate that terrestrial invertebrates may avoid soils contaminated with soot at sublethal concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;9999:1-12. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work, and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Johnson
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Robert E Boyd
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
- SpecPro, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Charles A Weiss
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Matt S Hull
- NanoEarth: Virginia Tech National Center for Earth and Environmental Nanotechnology Infrastructure, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- NanoSafe, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jessica G Coleman
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Alan J Kennedy
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Cynthia J Banks
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jeffery A Steevens
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
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13
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Lindsay JH, Kennedy AJ, Seiter-Moser JM, Bednar AJ, Boyd RE, Johnson DR, Allison P, Tappero RV. Uptake Kinetics and Trophic Transfer of Tungsten from Cabbage to a Herbivorous Animal Model. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:13755-13762. [PMID: 29053267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This investigation builds on previous studies on military-relevant tungsten (W) to more thoroughly explore environmental pathways and bioaccumulation kinetics during direct soil exposure versus trophic transfer and elucidate its relative accumulation and speciation in different snail organs. The modeled steady-state concentration and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of W from soil into cabbage were 302 mg/kg and 0.55, respectively. Steady-state concentrations (34 mg/kg) and BAF values (0.05) obtained for the snail directly exposed to contaminated soil were lower than trophic transfer by consumption of W-contaminated cabbage (tissue concentration of 86 mg/kg; BAF of 0.36). Thus, consumption of contaminated food is the most important pathway for W mobility in this food chain. The highest concentrations of W compartmentalization were in the snail's hepatopancreas based on wet chemistry and synchrotron-based investigations. Chemical speciation via inductively couple plasma mass spectrometry showed a higher degree of polytungstate partitioning in the hepatopancreas relative to the rest of the body. Based on synchrotron analysis, W was incorporated into the shell matrix during exposure, particularly during the regeneration of damaged shell. This offers the potential for application of the shell as a longer-term biomonitoring and forensics tool for historic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Lindsay
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Alan J Kennedy
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Jennifer M Seiter-Moser
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Robert E Boyd
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | | | - Paul Allison
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alabama , P.O. Box 870276, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35406, United States
| | - Ryan V Tappero
- National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
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Harmon AR, Kennedy AJ, Laird JG, Bednar AJ, Steevens JA. Comparison of acute to chronic ratios between silver and gold nanoparticles, using Ceriodaphnia dubia. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:1127-1139. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1399219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R. Harmon
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Alan J. Kennedy
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Jennifer G. Laird
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Anthony J. Bednar
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
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15
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Kennedy AJ, Poda AR, Melby NL, Moores LC, Jordan SM, Gust KA, Bednar AJ. Aquatic toxicity of photo-degraded insensitive munition 101 (IMX-101) constituents. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:2050-2057. [PMID: 28059482 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Insensitive munitions are desirable alternatives to historically used formulations, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), because of their so-called insensitivity to unintended detonation. The insensitive munition IMX-101 is a mixture of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine (NQ). Environmental releases of munitions may be from production wastewaters or training; these munitions may be exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. Therefore, it is useful to understand the relative toxicity of IMX-101 and its constituents both before and after photodegradation. The intent of the present study was to generate relative hazard information by exposing the standard ecotoxicological model Ceriodaphnia dubia to each insensitive munition constituent individually and to IMX-101 before and after the exposure solution was irradiated in a UV photoreactor. Without photodegradation, DNAN was more toxic (median lethal concentration [LC50] = 43 mg/L) than the other 2 constituents and it contributed predominantly to the toxicity of IMX-101 (LC50 = 206 mg/L) based on toxic units. Toxicity was observed only at high levels of NQ (LC50 = 1174 mg/L) and pH-adjusted NTO (LC50 = 799 mg/L). The toxicity of IMX-101 is lower than literature-reported TNT toxicity. Photodegradation efficiency was greater at lower insensitive munition concentrations. The observed degradation was greatest for NQ (42-99%), which in turn corresponded to the greatest relative increase in toxicity (100-1000-fold). Modest percent of degradation (4-18%) and increases in phototoxicity (2-100-fold) were observed for NTO and DNAN. Photodegraded NQ products were the predominant source of toxicity of photodegraded IMX-101. Future work involves research to enable analytical and computational confirmation of the specific degradation compounds inducing the observed photoenhanced toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2050-2057. Published 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Kennedy
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Aimee R Poda
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Nicolas L Melby
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | | | - Shinita M Jordan
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Kurt A Gust
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
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16
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Peel HR, Martin DP, Bednar AJ. Extraction and characterization of ternary complexes between natural organic matter, cations, and oxyanions from a natural soil. Chemosphere 2017; 176:125-130. [PMID: 28260653 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) can have a significant influence on the mobility and fate of inorganic oxyanions, such as arsenic and selenium, in the environment. There is evidence to suggest that interactions between NOM and these oxyanions are facilitated by bridging cations (primarily Fe3+) through the formation of ternary complexes. Building on previous work characterizing ternary complexes formed in the laboratory using purified NOM, this study describes the extraction and characterization of intact ternary complexes directly from a soil matrix. The complexes are stable to the basic extraction conditions (pH 12) and do not appear to change when the pH of the extract is adjusted back to neutral. The results suggest that ternary complexes between NOM, cations, and inorganic oxyanions exist in natural soils and could play a role in the speciation of inorganic oxyanions in environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Peel
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - David P Martin
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA.
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
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17
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Kennedy AJ, Coleman JG, Diamond SA, Melby NL, Bednar AJ, Harmon A, Collier ZA, Moser R. Assessing nanomaterial exposures in aquatic ecotoxicological testing: Framework and case studies based on dispersion and dissolution. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:546-557. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1317863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan J. Kennedy
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Jessica G. Coleman
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | | | - Nicolas L. Melby
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Anthony J. Bednar
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Ashley Harmon
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Zachary A. Collier
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Robert Moser
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS, USA
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18
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Martin DP, Seiter JM, Lafferty BJ, Bednar AJ. Exploring the ability of cations to facilitate binding between inorganic oxyanions and humic acid. Chemosphere 2017; 166:192-196. [PMID: 27697707 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The mobility and fate of inorganic oxyanions in the environment can be greatly influenced by interactions with natural organic matter (NOM). There is increasing evidence that this interaction between two anionic species is facilitated by cationic bridges, but detailed mechanistic studies into this system are challenging due to the heterogeneous nature of NOM. This work examines the ability of cations (FeIII, CrIII, AlIII, or GaIII) to form ternary complexes with Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) and the oxyanions of As (AsIII and AsV) and Se (SeIV and SeVI). Complexes were characterized by separating SRHA from unbound species using size exclusion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS to determine its metal content. Unlike CrIII and FeIII, the post-transition metal ions AlIII and GaIII proved ineffective at forming ternary complexes with any of the oxyanions, although minor complexation was observed with GaIII, suggesting that electrostatic interactions are not the primary driving force behind the stabilization of these ternary complexes. The results also show differences in the behavior of FeIII and CrIII that may indicate that the two cations stabilize the ternary complexes by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Martin
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Seiter
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Brandon J Lafferty
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
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19
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Martin DP, Melby NL, Jordan SM, Bednar AJ, Kennedy AJ, Negrete ME, Chappell MA, Poda AR. Nanosilver conductive ink: A case study for evaluating the potential risk of nanotechnology under hypothetical use scenarios. Chemosphere 2016; 162:222-227. [PMID: 27497530 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are being incorporated into a variety of consumer products due to unique properties that offer a variety of advantages over bulk materials. Understanding of the nano-specific risk associated with nano-enabled technologies, however, continues to lag behind research and development, registration with regulators, and commercialization. One example of a nano-enabled technology is nanosilver ink, which can be used in commercial ink-jet printers for the development of low-cost printable electronics. This investigation utilizes a tiered EHS framework to evaluate the potential nano-specific release, exposure and hazard associated with typical use of both nanosilver ink and printed circuits. The framework guides determination of the potential for ENM release from both forms of the technology in simulated use scenarios, including spilling of the ink, aqueous release (washing) from the circuits and UV light exposure. The as-supplied ink merits nano-specific consideration based on the presence of nanoparticles and their persistence in environmentally-relevant media. The material released from the printed circuits upon aqueous exposure was characterized by a number of analysis techniques, including ultracentrifugation and single particle ICP-MS, and the results suggest that a vast majority of the material was ionic in nature and nano-specific regulatory scrutiny may be less relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Martin
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States.
| | - Nicolas L Melby
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States
| | | | - Anthony J Bednar
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States
| | - Alan J Kennedy
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States
| | | | - Mark A Chappell
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States
| | - Aimee R Poda
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States
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20
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Lotufo GR, Coleman JG, Harmon AR, Chappell MA, Bednar AJ, Russell AL, Smith JC, Brasfield SM. Accumulation of 2,4-dinitroanisole in the earthworm Eisenia fetida from chemically spiked and aged natural soils. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:1835-1842. [PMID: 26666709 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An initiative within the US military is targeting the replacement of traditional munitions constituents with insensitive munitions to reduce the risk of accidental detonation. The bioavailability and bioaccumulative potential of the insensitive munitions compound 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) to Eisenia fetida was assessed in soils with different geochemical characteristics. Prior to exposure, soils were chemically spiked with DNAN and aged for 1 wk or 29 wk. Transformation products 2- and 4-amino-nitroanisole (2A-4NAN and 4A-2NAN) occurred in aged soils and their porewater but never at concentrations higher than the residual DNAN. The sum of DNAN, 2A-4NAN, and 4A-2NAN (sumDNAN) in soil decreased with aging, likely by irreversible binding. Both clay and organic matter contents of the soil appeared to affect the bioavailability of DNAN. The sumDNAN body residues of earthworms approached apparent steady state after 1 d and remained relatively constant through to day 7. Higher concentrations of 2A-4NAN and 4A-2NAN measured in worm tissues relative to those in soil suggest reductive transformation of DNAN in the tissues. Mean bioaccumulation factors (ratio of tissue to soil concentrations) varied from 1.2 to 4.3, whereas mean bioconcentration factors (ratio of tissue to porewater concentrations) ranged from 1.4 to 3.2. Porewater seems to play a significant role in the accumulation of DNAN in earthworms, consistent with equilibrium partitioning theory. The concentration of DNAN in soil porewater could serve as an indicator of bioavailability as well as a predictor of the concentration of that compound in earthworms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1835-1842. Publlished 2015 SETAC. This article is a US Government work, and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme R Lotufo
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Jessica G Coleman
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Ashley R Harmon
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Mark A Chappell
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Amber L Russell
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Jared C Smith
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
| | - Sandra M Brasfield
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi
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21
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Russell AL, Martin DP, Cuddy MF, Bednar AJ. A Rapid, Fluorescence-Based Field Screening Technique for Organic Species in Soil and Water Matrices. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2016; 96:773-778. [PMID: 26988223 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Real-time detection of hydrocarbon contaminants in the environment presents analytical challenges because traditional laboratory-based techniques are cumbersome and not readily field portable. In the current work, a method for rapid and semi-quantitative detection of organic contaminants, primarily crude oil, in natural water and soil matrices has been developed. Detection limits in the parts per million and parts per billion were accomplished when using visual and digital detection methods, respectively. The extraction technique was modified from standard methodologies used for hydrocarbon analysis and provides a straight-forward separation technique that can remove interference from complex natural constituents. For water samples this method is semi-quantitative, with recoveries ranging from 70 % to 130 %, while measurements of soil samples are more qualitative due to lower extraction efficiencies related to the limitations of field-deployable procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Russell
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - David P Martin
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Michael F Cuddy
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
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22
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Butler AD, Wynter M, Medina VF, Bednar AJ. Depleted Uranium Toxicity, Accumulation, and Uptake in Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda) and Aristida purpurea (Purple Threeawn). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2016; 96:714-719. [PMID: 27016940 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Yuma Proving Grounds (YPG) in western Arizona is a testing range where Depleted uranium (DU) penetrators have been historically fired. A portion of the fired DU penetrators are being managed under controlled conditions by leaving them in place. The widespread use of DU in armor-penetrating weapons has raised environmental and human health concerns. The present study is focused on the onsite management approach and on the potential interactions with plants local to YPG. A 30 day study was conducted to assess the toxicity of DU corrosion products (e.g., schoepite and meta-schoepite) in two grass species that are native to YPG, Bermuda (Cynodon dactylon) and Purple Threeawn (Aristida purpurea). In addition, the ability for plants to uptake DU was studied. The results of this study show a much lower threshold for biomass toxicity and higher plant concentrations, particularly in the roots than shoots, compared to previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrachanna D Butler
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
| | - Michelle Wynter
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Victor F Medina
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, USA
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Kennedy AJ, Hull MS, Diamond S, Chappell M, Bednar AJ, Laird JG, Melby NL, Steevens JA. Gaining a Critical Mass: A Dose Metric Conversion Case Study Using Silver Nanoparticles. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:12490-12499. [PMID: 26375160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mass concentration is the standard convention to express exposure in ecotoxicology for dissolved substances. However, nanotoxicology has challenged the suitability of the mass concentration dose metric. Alternative metrics often discussed in the literature include particle number, surface area, and ion release (kinetics, equilibrium). It is unlikely that any single metric is universally applicable to all types of nanoparticles. However, determining the optimal metric for a specific type of nanoparticle requires novel studies to generate supportive data and employ methods to compensate for current analytical capability gaps. This investigation generated acute toxicity data for two standard species (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas) exposed to five sizes (10, 20, 30, 60, 100 nm) of monodispersed citrate- and polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles. Particles were sized by various techniques to populate available models for expressing the particle number, surface area, and dissolved fraction. Results indicate that the acute toxicity of the tested silver nanoparticles is best expressed by ion release, and is relatable to total exposed surface area. Particle number was not relatable to the observed acute silver nanoparticle effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Kennedy
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Matthew S Hull
- Virginia Tech Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) , Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
- NanoSafe, Inc. , Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | | | - Mark Chappell
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Anthony J Bednar
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Jennifer G Laird
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Nicholas L Melby
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Jeffery A Steevens
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center , Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
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Sviatenko L, Kinney C, Gorb L, Hill FC, Bednar AJ, Okovytyy S, Leszczynski J. Comprehensive investigations of kinetics of alkaline hydrolysis of TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), DNT (2,4-dinitrotoluene), and DNAN (2,4-dinitroanisole). Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:10465-10474. [PMID: 25083594 DOI: 10.1021/es5026678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Combined experimental and computational techniques were used to analyze multistep chemical reactions in the alkaline hydrolysis of three nitroaromatic compounds: 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN). The study reveals common features and differences in the kinetic behavior of these compounds. The analysis of the predicted pathways includes modeling of the reactions, along with simulation of UV-vis spectra, experimental monitoring of reactions using LC/MS techniques, development of the kinetic model by designing and solving the system of differential equations, and obtaining computationally predicted kinetics for decay and accumulation of reactants and products. Obtained results suggest that DNT and DNAN are more resistant to alkaline hydrolysis than TNT. The direct substitution of a nitro group by a hydroxide represents the most favorable pathway for all considered compounds. The formation of Meisenheimer complexes leads to the kinetic first-step intermediates in the hydrolysis of TNT. Janovsky complexes can also be formed during hydrolysis of TNT and DNT but in small quantities. Methyl group abstraction is one of the suggested pathways of DNAN transformation during alkaline hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmyla Sviatenko
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University , 1325 J.R. Lynch Street, P.O. Box 17910, Jackson, Mississippi 39217-0510, United States
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25
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Harmon AR, Kennedy AJ, Poda AR, Bednar AJ, Chappell MA, Steevens JA. Determination of nanosilver dissolution kinetics and toxicity in an environmentally relevant aqueous medium. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:1783-1791. [PMID: 24753094 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the dissolution of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in laboratory test media and in the aquatic environment is critical for determining toxicity. In the present study, the ion-release kinetics for 20-nm, 50-nm, and 80-nm AgNPs in environmentally relevant freshwaters with different electrical conductivity values (30 µS/cm, 150 µS/cm) were examined and related to the associated impact on Daphnia magna. The acute toxicity of the AgNP suspensions to D. magna was assessed after 0 d and 7 d of interaction time between the particles and test media. When 48-h lethal median concentrations were expressed as total silver, D. magna was more sensitive to AgNPs suspended in low ionic strength media relative to higher ionic strength media, with the exception of 50-nm AgNPs suspended in the 150-µS/cm medium. A 3.3-fold increase in hydrodynamic diameter measured by dynamic light scattering and field flow fractionation was observed over time for 20-nm particles in the 150-µS/cm medium, but only a small increase in aggregation size for 50-nm and 80-nm particles (1.4-fold and 1.2-fold increase, respectively) was observed. At a lower conductivity of 30 µS/cm, a 1.7-fold, 1.0-fold, and 1.2-fold increase in aggregation size was observed in the 20-nm, 50-nm, and 80-nm particles, respectively. Thus, the impact of higher conductivity test media on increased aggregation and decreased toxicity (after 7 d) was relatively greater for the smaller (20-nm) AgNP higher compared to the 50-80 nm AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Harmon
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi
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Stanley JK, Coleman JG, Brasfield SM, Bednar AJ, Ang CY. Environmental assessment of depleted uranium used in military armor-piercing rounds in terrestrial systems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:1308-1314. [PMID: 24549573 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Depleted uranium (DU) from the military testing and use of armor-piercing kinetic energy penetrators has been shown to accumulate in soils; however, little is known about the toxicity of DU geochemical species created through corrosion or weathering. The purpose of the present study was to assess the toxic effects and bioaccumulation potential of field-collected DU oxides to the model terrestrial invertebrates Eisenia fetida (earthworm) and Porcellio scaber (isopod). Earthworm studies were acute (72 h) dermal exposures or 28-d spiked soil exposures that used noncontaminated field-collected soils from the US Army's Yuma and Aberdeen Proving Grounds. Endpoints assessed in earthworm testing included bioaccumulation, growth, reproduction, behavior (soil avoidance), and cellular stress (neutral red uptake in coelomocytes). Isopod testing used spiked food, and endpoints assessed included bioaccumulation, survival, and feeding behavior. Concentration-dependent bioaccumulation of DU in earthworms was observed with a maximum bioaccumulation factor of 0.35; however, no significant reductions in survival or impacts to cellular stress were observed. Reproduction lowest-observed-effect concentrations (LOEC) of 158 mg/kg and 96 mg/kg were observed in Yuma Proving Ground and a Mississippi reference soil (Karnac Ferry), respectively. Earthworm avoidance of contaminated soils was not observed in 48-h soil avoidance studies; however, isopods were shown to avoid food spiked with 12.7% by weight DU oxides through digital tracking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob K Stanley
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
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27
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Brame JA, Kennedy AJ, Lounds CD, Bednar AJ, Alvarez PJJ, Scott AM, Stanley JK. Influence of carbon and metal oxide nanomaterials on aqueous concentrations of the munition constituents cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and tungsten. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:1035-1042. [PMID: 24464681 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing likelihood of interactions between nanomaterials and munitions constituents in the environment resulting from the use of nanomaterials as additives to energetic formulations and potential contact in waste streams from production facilities and runoff from training ranges. The purpose of the present research was to determine the ability of nano-aluminum oxide (Al(2)O(3)) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to adsorb the munitions constituents cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and tungsten (W) from aqueous solution as a first step in determining the long-term exposure, transport, and bioavailability implications of such interactions. The results indicate significant adsorption of RDX by MWCNTs and of W by nano-Al(2)O(3) (but not between W and MWCNT or RDX and nano-Al(2)O(3)). Kinetic sorption and desorption investigations indicated that the most sorption occurs nearly instantaneously (<5 min), with a relatively slower, secondary binding leading to statistically significant but relatively smaller increases in adsorption over 30 d. The RDX sorption that occurred during the initial interaction was irreversible, with long-term, reversible sorption likely the result of a secondary interaction; as interaction time increased, however, the portion of W irreversibly sorbed onto nano-Al(2)O(3) also increased. The present study shows that strong interactions between some munitions constituents and nanomaterials following environmental release are likely. Time-dependent binding has implications for the bioavailability, migration, transport, and fate of munitions constituents in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon A Brame
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA; Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
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Stanley JK, Biedenbach JM, Russell AL, Bednar AJ. Algal growth stimulation and toxicity in response to exposure to the new insensitive military high-nitrogen energetic triaminoguanidinium-1-methyl-5-nitriminotetrazolate. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:616-620. [PMID: 24464919 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Triaminoguanidinium-1-methyl-5-nitriminotetrazolate (TAG-MNT) is a nitrogen-rich energetic compound being developed as a potential component of insensitive munition formulations. The purpose of the present study was to assess the toxicity of TAG-MNT to the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata as well as to determine whether the high N content of TAG-MNT could result in increased algal growth in aquatic systems and potentially contribute to eutrophication using a 96-h algal growth bioassay in N-limited test media. Results were compared with algal exposures to current-use energetics 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and royal demolition explosive (RDX). The TNT exposure resulted in a lowest-observed-adverse-effect concentration (LOAEC) for algal growth of 1.72 mg/L and a 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) and 95% confidence limits of 0.972 mg/L (0.955, 0.973). The RDX algal growth LOAEC was 0.10 mg/L, and the RDX IC50 was 0.635 (0.416, 0.875). Neither TNT nor RDX exposure resulted in stimulation of algal growth. In repeated testing, TAG-MNT exposure resulted in LOAECs of 0.55 and 5.20 mg/L. Stimulation of algal growth was observed at 0.06 mg/L at a mean increase of 163.2% (± 71.7) relative to the control in TAG-MNT test A and at the 0.005 mg/L treatment at a mean increase of 174.3% (± 59.9) in TAG-MNT test B. The authors' results indicate the potential for high-N energetics to significantly stimulate algal growth at low concentrations in N-limited systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob K Stanley
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA
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29
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Chappell MA, Seiter JM, Bednar AJ, Price CL, Averett D, Lafferty B, Tappero R, Stanley JS, Kennedy AJ, Steevens JA, Zhou P, Morikawa E, Merchan G, Roy A. Stability of solid-phase selenium species in fly ash after prolonged submersion in a natural river system. Chemosphere 2014; 95:174-181. [PMID: 24095615 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) chemistry can be very complex in the natural environment, exhibiting different valence states (-2, 0, +4, +6) representing multiple inorganic, methylated, or complexed forms. Since redox associated shifts among most of known Se species can occur at environmentally relevant conditions, it is important to identify these species in order to assess their potential toxicity to organisms. In June of 2009, researchers from the US Army Engineer Research & Development Center (ERDC) conducted investigations of the fly ash spilled 6 months previously into the Emory River at the TVA Kingston Fossil Plant, TN. Ash samples were collected on site from both the original ash pile (that did not move during the levee failure), from the spill zone (including the Emory River), and from the ash recovery ditch (ARD) containing ash removed during dredging cleanup operations. The purpose of this work was to determine the state of Se in the spilled fly ash and to assess its potential for transformation and resultant chemical stability from its prolonged submersion in the river and subsequent dredging. Sequential chemical extractions suggested that the river environment shifted Se distribution toward organic/sulfide species. Speciation studies by bulk XANES analysis on fly ash samples showed that a substantial portion of the Se in the original ash pile had transformed from inorganic selenite to a mixture of Se sulfide and reduced (organo)selenium (Se(-II)) species over the 6-month period. μ-XRF mapping data showed that significant trends in the co-location of Se domains with sulfur and ash heavy metals. Ten-d extended elutriate tests (EETs) that were bubbled continuously with atmospheric air to simulate worst-case oxidizing conditions during dredging showed no discernible change in the speciation of fly ash selenium. The enhanced stability of the organo- and sulfide-selenium species coincided with the mixture of the ash material with humic materials in the river, corresponding with notable shifts in the ash carbon- and nitrogen-functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Chappell
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States.
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30
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Gray EP, Coleman JG, Bednar AJ, Kennedy AJ, Ranville JF, Higgins CP. Extraction and analysis of silver and gold nanoparticles from biological tissues using single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:14315-23. [PMID: 24218983 DOI: 10.1021/es403558c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Expanded use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in consumer products increases the potential for environmental release and unintended biological exposures. As a result, measurement techniques are needed to accurately quantify ENP size, mass, and particle number distributions in biological matrices. This work combines single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICPMS) with tissue extraction to quantify and characterize metallic ENPs in environmentally relevant biological tissues for the first time. ENPs were extracted from tissues via alkaline digestion using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). Method development was performed using ground beef and was verified in Daphnia magna and Lumbriculus variegatus . ENPs investigated include 100 and 60 nm Au and Ag stabilized by polyvynylpyrrolidone (PVP). Mass- and number-based recovery of spiked Au and Ag ENPs was high (83-121%) from all tissues tested. Additional experiments suggested ENP mixtures (60 and 100 nm Ag ENPs) could be extracted and quantitatively analyzed. Biological exposures were also conducted to verify the applicability of the method for aquatic organisms. Size distributions and particle number concentrations were determined for ENPs extracted from D. magna exposed to 98 μg/L 100 nm Au and 4.8 μg/L 100 nm Ag ENPs. The D. magna nanoparticulate body burden for Au ENP uptake was 613 ± 230 μg/kgww, while the measured nanoparticulate body burden for D. magna exposed to Ag ENPs was 59 ± 52 μg/kgww. Notably, the particle size distributions determined from D. magna tissues suggested minimal shifts in the size distributions of ENPs accumulated, as compared to the exposure media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan P Gray
- Colorado School of Mines , Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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31
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Kennedy AJ, Melby NL, Moser RD, Bednar AJ, Son SF, Lounds CD, Laird JG, Nellums RR, Johnson DR, Steevens JA. Fate and toxicity of CuO nanospheres and nanorods used in Al/CuO nanothermites before and after combustion. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:11258-11267. [PMID: 23971725 DOI: 10.1021/es401837f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although nanotechnology advancements should be fostered, the environmental health and safety (EHS) of nanoparticles used in technologies must be quantified simultaneously. However, most EHS studies assess the potential implications of the free nanoparticles which may not be directly applicable to the EHS of particles incorporated into in-use technologies. This investigation assessed the aquatic toxicological implications of copper oxide (CuO) nanospheres relative to CuO nanorods used in nanoenergetic applications to improve combustion. Particles were tested in both the as-received form and following combustion of a CuO/aluminum nanothermite. Results indicated nanospheres were more stable in water and slowly released ions, while higher surface area nanorods initially released more ions and were more toxic but generally less stable. After combustion, particles sintered into larger, micrometer-scale aggregates, which may lower toxicity potential to pelagic organisms due to deposition from water to sediment and reduced bioavailability after complexation with sediment organic matter. Whereas the larger nanothermite residues settled rapidly, implying lower persistence in water, their potential to release dissolved Cu was higher which led to greater toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia relative to parent CuO material (nanosphere or rod). This study illustrates the importance of considering the fate and toxicology of nanoparticles in context with their relevant in-use applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Kennedy
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory , Building 3270, EP-R, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
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32
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Coleman JG, Kennedy AJ, Bednar AJ, Ranville JF, Laird JG, Harmon AR, Hayes CA, Gray EP, Higgins CP, Lotufo G, Steevens JA. Comparing the effects of nanosilver size and coating variations on bioavailability, internalization, and elimination, using Lumbriculus variegatus. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013; 32:2069-2077. [PMID: 23686570 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As the production and applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) increase, it is essential to characterize fate and effects in environmental systems. Nanosilver materials may settle from suspension; therefore, the authors' objective was to utilize environmentally relevant bioassays and study the impact, bioaccumulation, tissue distribution, uptake, and depuration of AgNPs on a sediment-dwelling invertebrate, Lumbriculus variegatus. Hydrodynamic diameters of uncoated 30-nm, 80-nm, and 1500-nm AgNP powders and a polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) AgNP suspension were measured utilizing dynamic light scattering in freshwater media (0-280 µS/cm). Aggregation for 30 nm, 80 nm, and 1500 nm silver increased with conductivity but was minimal for PVP silver. Lumbriculus variegatus were exposed to AgNPs or silver nitrate (AgNO3 ) spiked into sediment (nominally 100 mg/kg) and water (PVP 30 nm and 70 nm Ag, nominally 5 mg/L). Uptake was assessed through inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and hyperspectral imaging. Particle sizes were examined through field flow fractionation-ICP-MS (FFF-ICP-MS) and ICP-MS in single particle mode (SP-ICP-MS). Lumbriculus variegatus were also depurated for 6 h, 8 h, 24 h, and 48 h to determine gut clearance. Bioaccumulation factors of sediment-exposed L. variegatus were similar regardless of particle size or coatings. The FFF-ICP-MS and SP-ICP-MS detected AgNPs for up to 48 h post depuration. The present study provides information on bioaccumulation and interactions of AgNPs within biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Coleman
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
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Bednar AJ, Averett DE, Seiter JM, Lafferty B, Jones WT, Hayes CA, Chappell MA, Clarke JU, Steevens JA. Characterization of metals released from coal fly ash during dredging at the Kingston ash recovery project. Chemosphere 2013; 92:1563-1570. [PMID: 23706374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A storage-pond dike failure occurred on December 22, 2008 at the Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant resulting in the release of over 4million cubic meters (5million cubic yards) of fly ash. Approximately half of the released ash was deposited in the main channel of the Emory River, Tennessee, USA. Remediation efforts of the Emory River focused on hydraulic dredging, as well as mechanical excavation in targeted areas. However, agitation of the submerged fly ash during hydraulic dredging introduces river water into the fly ash material, which could promote dissolution and desorption of metals from the solid fly ash material. Furthermore, aeration of the dredge slurry could alter the redox state of metals in the fly ash material and thereby change their sorption, mobility, and toxicity properties. The research presented here focuses on the concentrations and speciation of metals during the fly ash recovery from the Emory River. Our results indicate that arsenite [As(III)] released from the fly ash material during dredging was slowly oxidized to arsenate [As(V)] in the slurry recovery system with subsequent removal through precipitation or sorption reactions with suspended fly ash material. Concentrations of other dissolved metals, including iron and manganese, also generally decreased in the ash recovery system prior to water discharge back to the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bednar
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States.
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Stanley JK, Kennedy AJ, Bednar AJ, Chappell MA, Seiter JM, Averett DE, Steevens JA. Impact assessment of dredging to remove coal fly ash at the Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil plant using fathead minnow elutriate exposures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013; 32:822-830. [PMID: 23354755 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
On December 22, 2008, failure of an earthen containment structure resulted in the release of approximately 4.1 million m(3) of coal fly ash into the Emory River and the surrounding area from the Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant near Kingston, Tennessee, USA. The purpose of the present study was to assess the potential of dredging activities performed to remove the fly ash from the river to result in increased risk to pelagic fish, with special consideration of mobilization of metals. Elutriates were created using two sources of fly ash by bubbling with air over 10 d. This elutriate preparation method was designed to represent worst-case conditions for oxidation, metal release, and dissolution. Larval and juvenile Pimephales promelas underwent 10-d exposures to these elutriates. Larval end points included survival and biomass, and juvenile end points included survival, length, biomass, liver somatic index, and bioaccumulation. No significant toxicity was observed. Bioaccumulation of metals in juveniles was found to be primarily attributable to metals associated with particles in the gut. Results suggest little potential for toxicity to related fish species due to fly ash removal dredging activities given the extreme conditions represented by the elutriates in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob K Stanley
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA.
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Kennedy AJ, Chappell MA, Bednar AJ, Ryan AC, Laird JG, Stanley JK, Steevens JA. Impact of organic carbon on the stability and toxicity of fresh and stored silver nanoparticles. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:10772-10780. [PMID: 22950762 DOI: 10.1021/es302322y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies investigating the impact of particle size and capping agents on nanosilver toxicity in pristine laboratory conditions are becoming available. However, the relative importance of known environmental mitigating factors for dissolved silver remains poorly characterized for nanosilver in context with existing predictive toxicity models. This study investigated the implications of freshly prepared versus stored 20 and 100 nm nanosilver stocks to freshwater zooplankton (Ceriodaphnia dubia) in presence and absence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Results indicated that while the acute toxicity of nanosilver decreased significantly with larger size and higher DOC, storage resulted in significant increases in toxicity and ion release. The most dramatic decrease in toxicity due to DOC was observed for the 20 nm particle (2.5-6.7 fold decrease), with more modest toxicity reductions observed for the 100 nm particle (2.0-2.4 fold) and dissolved silver (2.7-3.1 fold). While a surface area dosimetry presented an improvement over mass when DOC was absent, the presence of DOC confounded its efficacy. The fraction of dissolved silver in the nanosilver suspensions was most predictive of acute toxicity regardless of system complexity. Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) predictions based on the dissolved fraction in nanosilver suspensions were comparable to observed toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Kennedy
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi, United States.
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Kennedy AJ, Johnson DR, Seiter JM, Lindsay JH, Boyd RE, Bednar AJ, Allison PG. Tungsten toxicity, bioaccumulation, and compartmentalization into organisms representing two trophic levels. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46:9646-52. [PMID: 22873780 DOI: 10.1021/es300606x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Metallic tungsten has civil and military applications and was considered a green alternative to lead. Recent reports of contamination in drinking water and soil have raised scrutiny and suspended some applications. This investigation employed the cabbage Brassica oleracae and snail Otala lactea as models to determine the toxicological implications of sodium tungstate and an aged tungsten powder-spiked soil containing monomeric and polymeric tungstates. Aged soil bioassays indicated cabbage growth was impaired at 436 mg of W/kg, while snail survival was not impacted up to 3793 mg of W/kg. In a dermal exposure, sodium tungstate was more toxic to the snail, with a lethal median concentration of 859 mg of W/kg. While the snail significantly bioaccumulated tungsten, predominately in the hepatopancreas, cabbage leaves bioaccumulated much higher concentrations. Synchrotron-based mapping indicated the highest levels of W were in the veins of cabbage leaves. Our results suggest snails consuming contaminated cabbage accumulated higher tungsten concentrations relative to the concentrations directly bioaccumulated from soil, indicating the importance of robust trophic transfer investigations. Finally, synchrotron mapping provided evidence of tungsten in the inner layer of the snail shell, suggesting potential use of snail shells as a biomonitoring tool for metal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Kennedy
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States.
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Bednar AJ, Russell AL, Hayes CA, Jones WT, Tackett P, Splichal DE, Georgian T, Parker LV, Kirgan RA, MacMillan DK. Analysis of munitions constituents in groundwater using a field-portable GC-MS. Chemosphere 2012; 87:894-901. [PMID: 22349064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of munitions constituents (MCs) at military installations can produce soil and groundwater contamination that requires periodic monitoring even after training or manufacturing activities have ceased. Traditional groundwater monitoring methods require large volumes of aqueous samples (e.g., 2-4 L) to be shipped under chain of custody, to fixed laboratories for analysis. The samples must also be packed on ice and shielded from light to minimize degradation that may occur during transport and storage. The laboratory's turn-around time for sample analysis and reporting can be as long as 45 d. This process hinders the reporting of data to customers in a timely manner; yields data that are not necessarily representative of current site conditions owing to the lag time between sample collection and reporting; and incurs significant shipping costs for samples. The current work compares a field portable Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) for analysis of MCs on-site with traditional laboratory-based analysis using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV absorption detection. The field method provides near real-time (within ~1 h of sampling) concentrations of MCs in groundwater samples. Mass spectrometry provides reliable confirmation of MCs and a means to identify unknown compounds that are potential false positives for methods with UV and other non-selective detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bednar
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States.
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Arslan Z, Ates M, McDuffy W, Agachan MS, Farah IO, Yu WW, Bednar AJ. Probing metabolic stability of CdSe nanoparticles: alkaline extraction of free cadmium from liver and kidney samples of rats exposed to CdSe nanoparticles. J Hazard Mater 2011; 192:192-9. [PMID: 21700388 PMCID: PMC3129460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium selenide nanoparticles (CdSe NPs) exhibit novel optoelectronic properties for potential biomedical applications. However, their metabolic stability is not fully understood because of the difficulties in measurement of free Cd from biological tissues of exposed individuals. In this study, alkaline dissolution with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) is demonstrated for selective determination of free Cd and intact NPs from liver and kidney samples of animals that were exposed to thiol-capped CdSe NPs. Aqueous suspensions of CdSe NPs (3.2 nm) were used to optimize the conditions for extracting free Cd without affecting NPs. Nanoparticles were found to aggregate when heated in TMAH without releasing any significant Cd to solution. Performance of the method in discriminating free Cd and intact NPs were verified by Dogfish Liver (DOLT-4) certified reference material. The samples from the animals were digested in 4 mL TMAH at 70°C to extract free Cd followed by analysis of aqueous phase by ICP-MS. Both liver and kidney contained significant levels of free Cd. Total Cd was higher in the liver, while kidney accumulated mostly free Cd such that up to 47.9% of total Cd in the kidney was free Cd when NPs were exposed to UV-light before injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikri Arslan
- Jackson State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, PO Box 17910, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
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Chappell MA, Miller LF, George AJ, Pettway BA, Price CL, Porter BE, Bednar AJ, Seiter JM, Kennedy AJ, Steevens JA. Simultaneous dispersion-dissolution behavior of concentrated silver nanoparticle suspensions in the presence of model organic solutes. Chemosphere 2011; 84:1108-1116. [PMID: 21550097 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The premise of the nanotechnology revolution is based on the increased surface reactivity of nanometer-sized particles. Thus, these newly realized applications of noble metal nanoparticles introduce new concerns about the environmental fate of these materials if released during use or product disposal. In this paper, the focus is on silver nanoparticles, a known biocidal agent. In particular, this work explores the effect of model solutes chosen for their simple chemical structure yet their ability to simulate chemical attributes common to soil humic material: a chelating molecule, EDTA; a nonionic surfactant, Brij 35; and a large polysaccharide, alginic acid. Batch systems containing concentrated (1600 mg L(-1)) silver nanoparticle (nAg) suspensions were equilibrated with varying additions of EDTA, Brij 35, or alginic acid to solutions containing 1 or 100 mM NaNO3 background electrolyte. In general, both EDTA and alginate were shown to exhibit poor control over nAg dispersion stability, while Brij 35 served as a good dispersant of nAg particles, showing little difference in particle size with respect to electrolyte concentration. The data also show that loading of the model organic compounds resulted in the supersaturation of dissolved Ag for most of the systems. Mechanisms by which these occurred are discussed in more detail. The evidence suggests that regardless of the effect of humics on the stability of nAg dispersions in aqueous systems, polymer loading may enhance the dissolution and release of dissolved Ag into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Chappell
- US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA.
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Kennedy AJ, Hull MS, Bednar AJ, Goss JD, Gunter JC, Bouldin JL, Vikesland PJ, Steevens JA. Fractionating nanosilver: importance for determining toxicity to aquatic test organisms. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44:9571-7. [PMID: 21082828 DOI: 10.1021/es1025382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This investigation applied novel techniques for characterizing and fractionating nanosilver particles and aggregates and relating these measurements to toxicological endpoints. The acute toxicity of eight nanosilver suspensions of varying primary particle sizes (10-80 nm) and coatings (citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, EDTA, proprietary) was assessed using three aquatic test organisms (Daphnia magna, Pimephales promelas, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata). When 48-h lethal median concentrations (LC50) were expressed as total silver, both D. magna and P. promelas were significantly more sensitive to ionic silver (Ag(+)) as AgNO(3) (mean LC50 = 1.2 and 6.3 μg/L, respectively) relative to a wide range in LC50 values determined for the nanosilver suspensions (2 -126 μg/L). However, when LC50 values for nanosilver suspensions were expressed as fractionated nanosilver (Ag(+) and/or <4 nm particles), determined by ultracentrifugation of particles and confirmed field-flow-fractograms, the LC50 values (0.3-5.6 μg/L) were comparable to the values obtained for ionic Ag(+) as AgNO(3). These results suggest that dissolved Ag(+) plays a critical role in acute toxicity and underscores the importance of characterizing dissolved fractions in nanometal suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Kennedy
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States.
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Bednar AJ, Chappell MA, Seiter JM, Stanley JK, Averett DE, Jones WT, Pettway BA, Kennedy AJ, Hendrix SH, Steevens JA. Geochemical investigations of metals release from submerged coal fly ash using extended elutriate tests. Chemosphere 2010; 81:1393-1400. [PMID: 20943255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A storage pond dike failure occurred at the Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant that resulted in the release of over 3.8 million cubic meters (5 million cubic yards) of fly ash. Approximately half of this material deposited in the main channel of the Emory River, 3.5 km upstream of the confluence of the Emory and Clinch Rivers, Tennessee, USA. Remediation efforts to date have focused on targeted removal of material from the channel through hydraulic dredging, as well as mechanical excavation in some areas. The agitation of the submerged fly ash during hydraulic dredging introduces river water into the fly ash material, which could alter the redox state of metals present in the fly ash and thereby change their sorption and mobility properties. A series of extended elutriate tests were used to determine the concentration and speciation of metals released from fly ash. Results indicated that arsenic and selenium species released from the fly ash materials during elutriate preparation were redox stable over the course of 10d, with dissolved arsenic being present as arsenate, and dissolved selenium being present as selenite. Concentrations of certain metals, such as arsenic, selenium, vanadium, and barium, increased in the elutriate waters over the 10d study, whereas manganese concentrations decreased, likely due to oxidation and precipitation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bednar
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States.
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Coleman JG, Johnson DR, Stanley JK, Bednar AJ, Weiss CA, Boyd RE, Steevens JA. Assessing the fate and effects of nano aluminum oxide in the terrestrial earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Environ Toxicol Chem 2010; 29:1575-1580. [PMID: 20821608 DOI: 10.1002/etc.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nano-sized aluminum is currently being used by the military and commercial industries in many applications including coatings, thermites, and propellants. Due to the potential for wide dispersal in soil systems, we chose to investigate the fate and effects of nano-sized aluminum oxide (Al2O3), the oxidized form of nano aluminum, in a terrestrial organism. The toxicity and bioaccumulation potential of micron-sized (50-200 microm, nominal) and nano-sized (11 nm, nominal) Al2O3 was comparatively assessed through acute and subchronic bioassays using the terrestrial earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Subchronic (28-d) studies were performed exposing E. fetida to nano- and micron-sized Al2O3-spiked soils to assess the effects of long-term exposure. No mortality occurred in subchronic exposures, although reproduction decreased at >or=3,000 mg/kg nano-sized Al2O3 treatments, with higher aluminum body burdens observed at 100 and 300 mg/kg; no reproductive effects were observed in the micron-sized Al2O3 treatments. In addition to toxicity and bioaccumulation bioassays, an acute (48-h) behavioral bioassay was conducted utilizing a soil avoidance wheel in which E. fetida were given a choice of habitat between control, nano-, or micron-sized Al2O3 amended soils. In the soil avoidance bioassays, E. fetida exhibited avoidance behavior toward the highest concentrations of micron- and nano-sized Al2O3 (>5,000 mg/kg) relative to control soils. Results of the present study indicate that nano-sized Al2O3 may impact reproduction and behavior of E. fetida, although at high levels unlikely to be found in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Coleman
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, USA.
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Johnson DR, Ang C, Bednar AJ, Inouye LS. Tungsten effects on phosphate-dependent biochemical pathways are species and liver cell line dependent. Toxicol Sci 2010; 116:523-32. [PMID: 20421338 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tungsten, in the form of tungstate, polymerizes with phosphate, and as extensive polymerization occurs, cellular phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions may be disrupted, resulting in negative effects on cellular functions. A series of studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of tungsten on several phosphate-dependent intracellular functions, including energy cycling (ATP), regulation of enzyme activity (cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase [cytPTK] and tyrosine phosphatase), and intracellular secondary messengers (cyclic adenosine monophosphate [cAMP]). Rat noncancerous hepatocyte (Clone-9), rat cancerous hepatocyte (H4IIE), and human cancerous hepatocyte (HepG2) cells were exposed to 1-1000 mg/l tungsten (in the form of sodium tungstate) for 24 h, lysed, and analyzed for the above biochemical parameters. Cellular ATP levels were not significantly affected in any cell line. After 4 h, tungsten significantly decreased cytPTK activity in Clone-9 cells at >or= 18 mg/l, had no effect in H4IIE cells, and significantly increased cytPTK activity by 70% in HepG2 cells at >or= 2 mg/l. CytPTK displayed a slight hormetic response to tungsten after 24-h exposure yet returned to normal after 48-h exposure. Tungsten significantly increased cAMP by over 60% in Clone-9 cells at >or= 100 mg/l, significantly increased cAMP in H4IIE cells at only 100 mg/l, and significantly increased cAMP in HepG2 cells between 1-100 mg/l but at much more modest levels (8-20%). In conclusion, these data indicate that tungsten produces complex results that must be carefully interpreted in the context of their respective animal models, as well as the phenotype of the cell lines (i.e., normal vs. cancerous).
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Johnson
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, USA.
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Afonso DD, Arslan Z, Bednar AJ. Assessment of matrix-dependent analyte stability and volatility during open-vessel sample dissolution for arsenic, cadmium, mercury and selenium. Mikrochim Acta 2009; 167:53-59. [PMID: 20383291 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-009-0218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of calcium and magnesium (as nitrates) and phosphorous (as hydrogen phosphate) were investigated on the stability of As, Cd, Hg, and Se during open-vessel dissolution in Teflon vessels. Samples of mainly inorganic and biological matrices were dissolved in screw-capped Teflon tubes in HNO(3) only or in a mixture of HNO(3)-HF. The caps were then removed and the solutions were simultaneously evaporated at 120 °C to near dryness without drying the contents (Method I) or to complete dryness with extended heating for 20 min at dryness (Method II). ICP-MS analysis indicated that the stabilities of Se and Hg were highly influenced by Ca, Mg and PO(4) content in the sample. Arsenic (As) and Cd did not show any significant instability or volatility. Selenium was lost in Method II from biological samples containing trace levels of Ca, Mg and PO(4). Mercury was unstable during heating in all samples, except bone ash for which no significant loss was detected in Method I. Losses observed for Hg and Se were consistent with Ca, Mg and PO(4) deficiency in the samples and hence indicated that nitrate and hydrogen phosphate salts of these matrix elements do improve stability of the relatively volatile elements during open-vessel dissolution in teflon vessels. While Se was effectively stabilized with sub-per cent levels of Ca, Mg and PO(4), Hg due its high volatility required significantly higher levels of Ca and PO(4) in the bone ash.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingos D Afonso
- Environmental Science Ph.D. Program, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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Bednar AJ, Kirgan RA, Karn RA, Donovan B, Mohn MF, Sirkis DM. Mobility and sorption of bis-2-chloroethyl ether in an aquifer material. J Hazard Mater 2009; 168:1041-1046. [PMID: 19345490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Active treatment of BCEE (bis-2-chloroethyl ether) is being currently performed in the on-site Cohansey Aquifer at the Lipari Superfund Site. Remediation of BCEE in the underlying Kirkwood aquifer is being considered, necessitating investigations of BCEE geochemistry in aquifer material from the site. It is currently unknown to what extent BCEE is present in the dissolved, sorbed, or free-product phase in the Kirkwood Sand aquifer material. A series of partition coefficient sorption, column leach, and column loading tests were conducted to determine BCEE sorption to, and mobility in, the Kirkwood Sand aquifer material. The leach studies indicated that up to 50% of BCEE spiked (as free-phase product) onto two aquifer material column designs could be leached in approximately 18h, due to the high aqueous solubility of BCEE. Dissolved BCEE concentrations then began to plateau as sorption reactions hindered further leaching, resulting in up to 80% removal after 48h. Column loading and batch sorption experiments suggest that BCEE mobility is limited by sorption rather than solubility factors. Tracer tests in both column loading and batch sorption tests indicate sorption hinders leaching of BCEE from the Kirkwood Sand material.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bednar
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States.
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Hull MS, Kennedy AJ, Steevens JA, Bednar AJ, Weiss CA, Vikesland PJ. Release of metal impurities from carbon nanomaterials influences aquatic toxicity. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43:4169-4174. [PMID: 19569347 DOI: 10.1021/es802483p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have considered the environmental impacts of impurities and byproducts associated with low-efficiency nanomanufacturing processes. Here, we study the composition and aquatic toxicity of low-purity, as-produced fullerenes (C60) and metallofullerene waste solids, both of which were generated via arc-discharge synthesis. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) were used to characterize the metals composition of the solid test materials and of aqueous leachates prepared by mixing test materials with waters of varying pH, hardness, and salinity. The aquatic toxicity of the leachates was determined using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommended aquatic bioassay protocols with two standard test organisms-Pimephales promelas and Ceriodaphnia dubia. Results indicated that metals associated with the solid test materials became mobilized in our test system upon interaction with waters of circumneutral pH and reached concentrations sufficient to induce toxicity in both test species. Acute (48 h) LC50 values for P. promelas and C. dubia exposed to leachates prepared from metallofullerene waste solids were 54 and 5% (as % leachate in diluent), respectively. Toxicity was eliminated after adding the chelator EDTA to the leachates, implicating divalent transition metals as the toxicity source. Our results demonstrate the aquatic toxicity of metals mobilized from products and byproducts of nanomanufacturing, and they emphasize the need for a global review of nanomanufacturing wastes and low-purity products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Hull
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, 415 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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Bednar AJ, Boyd RE, Jones WT, McGrath CJ, Johnson DR, Chappell MA, Ringelberg DB. Investigations of tungsten mobility in soil using column tests. Chemosphere 2009; 75:1049-1056. [PMID: 19232431 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 01/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The geochemistry of tungsten has recently gained attention in the scientific and regulatory communities. Tungsten has a complex geochemistry, existing in many environmental matrices as the soluble and mobile tungstate anion, as well as a series of ill-defined polymeric species. Previous work has shown that soluble tungsten leached from a metallic tungsten-spiked Grenada Loring soil will reach an equilibrium concentration >150 mgL(-1), and the concentration is greatly influenced by co-occurring analytes in the matrix, such as calcium and phosphate. In the present work, the mobility of tungsten compounds was investigated in a model soil with a range of aqueous leach solutions using column experiments. The relative column leachate concentrations measured followed trends from previously reported tungstate and polytungstate partition coefficients determined in the model soil under identical aqueous matrix conditions. Neutral to alkaline conditions produced maximum effluent tungsten concentrations >40 mgL(-1), whereas acid leach eluents produced concentrations in the <1-3 mgL(-1) range. The change in leached tungsten speciation over time was also measured as monomeric and polymeric tungsten species have different sorptive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bednar
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States.
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Jones RP, Bednar AJ, Inouye LS. Subcellular compartmentalization of lead in the earthworm, Eisenia fetida: Relationship to survival and reproduction. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2009; 72:1045-1052. [PMID: 19193437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Metals are detoxified and sequestered into subcellular compartments when accumulated by earthworms. Differential centrifugation was used to quantify subcellular Pb in three separate studies to measure 14-day acute toxicity (lethality), 28/56-day reproductive effects, and 90-day bioaccumulation in spiked-soil exposed earthworms, Eisenia fetida. Observed toxicity and total body Pb was consistent with published work of others. Pb showed concentration-dependent toxicity relationships (lethality and reproduction) for total and subcellular Pb. Toxic fraction and total Pb showed similar concentration-response patterns in the 14-day and 28/56-day studies and tended to increase towards a plateau at higher concentrations. Linear correlations of subcellular to total Pb was observed in all studies except the 90-day bioaccumulation study in which toxic fraction Pb appeared to approach a maximum over the period between Day 56 and Day 90. In a follow-on study using two different contaminated soil types, toxic fraction and total Pb concentrations as related to reproductive effects were consistent with data from our spiked soil studies, and this suggests it may be possible to use such values to "factor out" matrix-specific influences that otherwise skew toxicity values when expressed relative to soil concentrations. Our findings, however, suggest the subcellular fractionation approach may not offer advantages over total Pb determination in short-term exposure studies but may become important when longer exposure periods (greater than 90 days) are considered. In this respect, the technique we describe has the potential to provide valuable information for assessing and interpreting Pb toxicity as a function of earthworm body burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Jones
- Environmental Risk Assessment Branch, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA.
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Ringelberg DB, Reynolds CM, Winfield LE, Inouye LS, Johnson DR, Bednar AJ. Tungsten effects on microbial community structure and activity in a soil. J Environ Qual 2009; 38:103-10. [PMID: 19141799 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2008.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten, once deposited onto a soil as a result of private, industrial, and military activities, may persist as tungstate anion or, via polymerization, as a variety of poly-tungstate species, each with varying solubility and soil sorption characteristics. In this study, the impact of weathered tungsten on a soil microbial community was measured. Fatty acid analyses indicated that weathered tungsten at < or =2500 mg kg(-1) was associated with a significant increase in microbial biomass and that concentrations up to 6500 mg kg(-1) did not result in a significant decrease in measured biomass, relative to the control. Analysis of cellular fatty acids also identified significant microbial community shifts between 0 and 325, 1300 and 2600, and 3900 and 6500 mg W kg(-1) soil. In general, the positive effect of tungsten on microbial biomass coincided with an increase in Gram-negative bacterial fatty acids, whereas fatty acids indicative of actinomycetes and Gram-positive bacteria were more abundant at the highest soil tungsten concentrations. The weathered tungsten also inhibited N2 fixing activity of a free living diazotroph at > or =1300 mg W kg(-1) soil. These results indicate that tungsten in soil can alter both the structure and the function of an indigenous soil microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Ringelberg
- US Army ERDC-CRREL, 72 Lyme Rd., Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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50
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Abstract
The biogeochemistry of tungsten and its effects on mobility have recently gained attention due to the existence of human cancer clusters, such as in Fallon, NV. Tungsten exists in many environmental matrices as the soluble and mobile tungstate anion. However, tungsten can polymerize with itself and other anions, creating poly- and heteropoly-tungstates with variable geochemical and toxicological properties. In the present work, geochemical parameters are determined for tungstate species in a model soil that describe the potential for tungsten mobility. Soluble tungsten leached from a metallic tungsten-spiked soil after six to twelve months aging reached an equilibrium concentration >150 mg/L within 4 h of extraction with deionized water. Partition coefficients determined for various tungstate and polytungstate compounds in the model soil suggest a dynamic system in which speciation changes over time affect tungsten geochemical behavior. Partition coefficients for tungstate and some poly-species have been observed to increase by a factor of 3 to 6 over a four month period, indicating decreased mobility with soil aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bednar
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Lab., 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA.
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