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Mbogori T, Kimmel K, Zhang M, Kandiah J, Wang Y. Nutrition transition and double burden of malnutrition in Africa: A case study of four selected countries with different social economic development. AIMS Public Health 2020; 7:425-439. [PMID: 32968668 PMCID: PMC7505783 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Disease and lifestyle patterns have been changing rapidly especially in Africa due to transformation in economic development and urbanization. Research on the magnitude and consequences of these transformations in Africa is limited. This study investigates the shifts in nutritional status in children and adults in four selected low-, middle- and high-income countries in Africa, identifies factors associated with the shifts, and provides recommendations for future studies. Methods Malawi, Kenya, Ghana, and South Africa were selected based on their Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Nationally representative data were obtained from the 2017 Global Nutrition Report, Demographic Health Surveys (DHSs), and the World Health Organization (WHO) database. Prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity were assessed and compared across the countries, gender, residence, and over time. Results: South Africa had the highest GDP and largest prevalence of overweight and obesity rates in children < 5 years old and adults > 18 (13.3% and 51.9%, respectively). Malawi, with the lowest GDP, had the highest stunting rate (37.0%). In all 4 countries, but most notably in South Africa, trends indicated that the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity was much greater than the declining rate of underweight. Malawi, Kenya, and Ghana had a slight decline in overweight prevalence in children under 5 years. Conclusions Nutritional shifts are occurring in Africa and seem to be heavily influenced by economic development. The double-burden of malnutrition presents prioritization challenges for policymakers. Attention needs to be shifted towards prevention of obesity, at least in the higher income countries in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresia Mbogori
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Ball State University, 2000 W University Avenue, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA
| | - Kilee Kimmel
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Ball State University, 2000 W University Avenue, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA
| | - Mengxi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Ball State University, 2000 W University Avenue, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA
| | - Jay Kandiah
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Ball State University, 2000 W University Avenue, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA
| | - Youfa Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Ball State University, 2000 W University Avenue, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA.,Systems-Oriented Global Childhood Obesity Intervention Program, Fisher Institute of Health and Well-being, Ball State University, 2000 W University Avenue, Muncie Indiana 47306, USA
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Epidemiologic Profile of Overweight and Obesity in Abidjan, Ivory Coast: A Cross-Sectional Study. Ann Glob Health 2020; 86:46. [PMID: 32377511 PMCID: PMC7193754 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.2755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is high, and it is estimated to increase within the next ten years. In Ivory Coast, the rise in and public health consequences of overweight and obese people are evident. Moreover, data concerning this status are scarce, old, local, and describe only a small sample of the population. Objective: This study has been conducted in order to describe the epidemiologic profile of overweight and obese people in Ivory Coast and identify the potential risk factors of obesity. Methods: From January 2014 to July 2017, 2,643 patients aged 17–70 years old from Abidjan of Ivory Coast were recruited. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 20.0. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis were used to identify risk factors for overweight and obesity. Results: Most of our patients were females (86.3%) with an estimated average age of 43.7 ± 12.19 years. Among 2,643 patients recruited in this study, 83.3% were obese and 87.2% were affected by central abdominal obesity. Binary logistic regression analysis identified seven factors significantly associated with overweight and obesity, including females (OR: 2.06; 95% CI [1.58–2.68]), >54 years old of age (OR: 3.71; 95% CI [1.84–7.50]), occupation of salesperson and traders (OR: 2.42; 95% CI [1.78–3.29]), ethnic group of North Mande ethnicity (OR: 1.47; 95% CI [1.07–2.02]), family history of obesity (OR: 1.96; 95% CI [1.46–2.63]), ≥150 minutes of sport practice (OR:0.72; 95% CI [0.55–0.96]), and parous females (OR: 1.63; 95% CI [1.11–2.38]). Conclusions: Overall, gender (female), older age, and occupation were associated with greater risks of overweight and obesity in patients. Ethnic group, pregnancy and family history of obesity posed a lower but significant risk for obesity. More sport practice played a protective role against the acquisition of overweight and obesity.
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Yeshaw Y, Kebede SA, Liyew AM, Tesema GA, Agegnehu CD, Teshale AB, Alem AZ. Determinants of overweight/obesity among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia: multilevel analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health survey. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e034963. [PMID: 32156768 PMCID: PMC7064084 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overweight/obesity among women is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, postpartum haemorrhage, low birth weight, congenital malformation and neonatal deaths. Although the magnitude of overweight and obesity among the reproductive age group women is a common problem in Ethiopia, there are limited studies that determine the associated factors of overweight and obesity at the national level. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the determinant factors of overweight/obesity among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia. DESIGN Cross-sectional study design. SETTING Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS Non-pregnant women aged 15-49 years. PRIMARY OUTCOME Overweight/obesity. METHODS The present study used the Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) data for 2016. A total of 10 938 non-pregnant reproductive age group women were included in the analysis. Both bivariable and multivariable multilevel logistic regression were performed to determine the determinants of overweight and obesity among women in Ethiopia. The OR with a 95% CI was estimated for potential determinants included in the final model. RESULTS Those women with secondary education (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.48, 1.01, 2.18), higher education (AOR=1.78, 1.13, 2.81), richer (AOR=1.85, 1.15, 2.98) and richest wealth index (AOR=3.23, 1.98, 5.29), urban residence (AOR=4.46, 2.89, 6.87), married (AOR=1.79, 1.21, 2.64), widowed (AOR=2.42, 1.41, 4.15), divorced (AOR=1.84, 1.13, 3.00), aged 25-34 years (AOR=2.04, 1.43, 2.89), 35-44 years (AOR=2.79, 1.99, 3.93) and 45-49 years (AOR=2.62, 1.54, 4.45) had higher odds of developing overweight and obesity. CONCLUSION Women with higher education level, high wealth status, older age, formerly married and those urban dwellers had higher odds of overweight and obesity. Therefore, regular physical activity, reducing consumption of fat/energy-dense food as well as modifying the mode of transportation is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigizie Yeshaw
- Medical Physiology, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sewnet Adem Kebede
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Alemneh Mekuriaw Liyew
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Chilot Desta Agegnehu
- School of Nursing, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Achamyeleh Birhanu Teshale
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Adugnaw Zeleke Alem
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Gebremedhin G, Enqueselassie F, Deyessa N, Yifter H. Urban-Rural Differences in the Trends of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Among Adults Who Received Medical Treatment from Public Hospitals in Resource-Poor Community Tigray, Ethiopia. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:859-868. [PMID: 32273737 PMCID: PMC7106991 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s238275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study carried out to describe urban-rural differences in the trend of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among adults who have received medical treatment from public hospitals over the last five years. METHODS The trends of adult diabetes assessed from September 1, 2013, to August 31, 2018, using hospital-based retrospective medical records of 299,806 adult patients in the adult medical outpatient and emergency units. Data were collected using a uniform data abstraction format. An extended Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test of the linear trend used to examine the trend over time. RESULTS Of the total 299,806 adult patients, 3056 (1.02% (95% CI: 0.98-1.06)) patients were confirmed diabetes patients. The overall trend in the proportion of diabetes had increased from 6.8 to 14.3 per 1000 adult patients. The trend of type 1 diabetes increased for both urban from 1.0 to 2.2 per 1000 adult urban residents and rural from 1.2 to 2.6 per 1000 adult rural residents, with statistically a significant increase (χ2= 9.1, P=0.002) and (χ2=17.8, P<0.001) for linear trend, respectively. The trend of type 2 diabetes increased for both urban from 6.9 to 14.0 per 1000 adult urban residents and rural from 4.0 to 9.5 per 1000 adult rural residents, with a statistically significant increase (χ2=68.4, P<0.001) and (χ2=74.2, P<0.001) for linear trend, respectively. The higher increase in the proportion of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes observed among women patients. CONCLUSION The trend in the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes increasing for both urban and rural residents, with a higher increase observed among women. These findings highlight health-care professionals and policymakers to design effective public health policies to treat each type of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Gebremedhin
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
- College Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Getachew Gebremedhin Email
| | - Fikre Enqueselassie
- College Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Negussie Deyessa
- College Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Helen Yifter
- College Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Mchiza ZJR, Parker WA, Hossin MZ, Heshmati A, Labadarios D, Falkstedt D, Koupil I. Social and Psychological Predictors of Body Mass Index among South Africans 15 Years and Older: SANHANES-1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16203919. [PMID: 31618952 PMCID: PMC6843690 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated how psychological distress and the proxies for social position combine to influence the risk of both underweight and overweight in South Africans aged 15 years and older. This was a cross-sectional study that included 2254 men and 4170 women participating in the first South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES-1). An analysis exploring the associations of social and mental health characteristics with body mass index (BMI) was conducted using binary and multinomial logistic regressions. Results suggested that, overall, women had a higher risk of overweight/obesity compared to men (age-adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 4.65; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 3.94–5.50). The gender effect on BMI was smaller in non-African participants (AOR 3.02; 95% CI 2.41–3.79; p-value for interaction = 0.004). Being employed and having a higher level of education were associated with higher risks of overweight and obesity and a lower risk of underweight. Being single or without a spouse and poor mental health were found to increase the odds of being underweight, especially in men. To conclude, there are strong social gradients and important gender and ethnic differences in how BMI is distributed in the South African population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Whadi-Ah Parker
- Social Aspects of Public Health (SAPH), Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
| | - Muhammad Zakir Hossin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden.
| | - Amy Heshmati
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden.
- Centre for Health Equity Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden.
| | - Demetre Labadarios
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | - Daniel Falkstedt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden.
| | - Ilona Koupil
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden.
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden.
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Odeghe EA, Adeniyi OF, Oyeleke GK, Keshinro SO. Use of alarm features in predicting significant endoscopic findings in Nigerian patients with dyspepsia. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 34:66. [PMID: 31762930 PMCID: PMC6859056 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.34.66.18848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dyspepsia is prevalent in the community. Guidelines recommend early endoscopy in dyspeptic patients who are older than 55 years, or have alarm features. There is a lack of data on endoscopy in patients with alarm features in Nigeria. Methods A retrospective study of the endoscopic findings in adults with dyspepsia and alarm features, between August 1st 2017 and July 31st 2018 in Lagos, Nigeria. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 23.0. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the alarm features were calculated. Results One hundred and fifty-nine gastroscopies were performed during this period, mean age was 47.8 (±14.4) years, 49.1% were male. Dyspepsia was the commonest indication for endoscopy (80.5%), 60.2% of the dyspeptics had at least one alarm feature. The most frequent dyspeptic symptom was epigastric pain/burning sensation (75%), while the commonest alarm features were recent onset dyspepsia in a patient over 45 years (79%) and unexplained weight loss (28.6%). Endoscopy was normal in 26%. The most frequent significant endoscopic findings were gastritis (49%) and gastric ulcer (17%) and they were not associated with alarm features. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding, persistent vomiting and odynophagia were specific for significant endoscopic findings. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the alarm features were 65%, 49%, 71% and 41% respectively. Conclusion Patients with dyspepsia and upper gastrointestinal bleeding, persistent vomiting or odynophagia, should be referred for prompt upper GI endoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emuobor Aghoghor Odeghe
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
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Bogale KA, Zewale TA. Determinant factors of overweight/obesity among federal ministry civil servants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a call for sector-wise occupational health program. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:449. [PMID: 31331373 PMCID: PMC6647291 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Civil servants are disposing individuals to sedentary lifestyle and, may lead to overweight and obesity. Thus, the purpose of the study was to identify factors associated with overweight and obesity among employees in Ethiopia ministries. RESULT Respondents who were age 45 years and above [AOR = 11.56, 95% CI 3.75-35.56], 35-44 years [AOR = 11.17, 95% CI 3.89-32.06] and 25-34 [AOR = 3.08 95% CI 1.07-8.83] were more likely to be overweight/obesity as compared to those who were in age category of 18-24 years. The study also found that ever alcohol consumption [AOR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.23, 4.16] was associated with increased risk of overweight and obesity as compared to non-consumers. Another risk factor was adult who did not practice ten minutes' walk per day, more likely to overweight and obesity [AOR = 11.28, 95% CI 5.96-21.36] as compared to the counter parts. Similarly, participants who did not involve physical activity (sport) [AOR = 2.42% 95% CI 1.36-4.30] were 2.42 times more likely to overweight and obesity as compared to those who had physical activity. Sector-wise occupational health program should be developed in work placed to decrease identified risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassawmar Angaw Bogale
- Department of Epidemiology and Bio Statistics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Taye Abuhay Zewale
- Department of Epidemiology and Bio Statistics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Nutrition transition, overweight and obesity among rural-to-urban migrant women in Kenya. Public Health Nutr 2019; 22:3200-3210. [PMID: 31159907 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019001204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of rural-to-urban migration on nutrition transition and overweight/obesity risk among women in Kenya. DESIGN Secondary analysis of data from nationally representative cross-sectional samples. Outcome variables were women's BMI and nutrition transition. Nutrition transition was based on fifteen different household food groups and was adjusted for socio-economic and demographic characteristics. Stepwise backward multiple ordinal regression analysis was applied. SETTING Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014. PARTICIPANTS Rural non-migrant, rural-to-urban migrant and urban non-migrant women aged 15-49 years (n 6171). RESULTS Crude data analysis showed rural-to-urban migration to be associated with overweight/obesity risk and nutrition transition. After adjustment for household wealth, no significant differences between rural non-migrants and rural-to-urban migrants for overweight/obesity risk and household consumption of several food groups characteristic of nutrition transition (animal-source, fats and sweets) were observed. Regardless of wealth, migrants were less likely to consume main staples and legumes, and more likely to consume fruits and vegetables. Identified predictive factors of overweight/obesity among migrant women were age, duration of residence in urban area, marital status and household wealth. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis showed that nutrition transition and overweight/obesity risk among rural-to-urban migrants is apparent with increasing wealth in urban areas. Several predictive factors were identified characterising migrant women being at risk for overweight/obesity. Future research is needed which investigates in depth the association between rural-to-urban migration and wealth to address inequalities in diet and overweight/obesity in Kenya.
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Correlates of animal source food consumption and its association with psychosocial functioning of adults in rural Western Uganda. Food Secur 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-019-00924-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mayne DJ, Morgan GG, Jalaludin BB, Bauman AE. Area-Level Walkability and the Geographic Distribution of High Body Mass in Sydney, Australia: A Spatial Analysis Using the 45 and Up Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16040664. [PMID: 30813499 PMCID: PMC6406292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Improving the walkability of built environments to promote healthy lifestyles and reduce high body mass is increasingly considered in regional development plans. Walkability indexes have the potential to inform, benchmark and monitor these plans if they are associated with variation in body mass outcomes at spatial scales used for health and urban planning. We assessed relationships between area-level walkability and prevalence and geographic variation in overweight and obesity using an Australian population-based cohort comprising 92,157 Sydney respondents to the 45 and Up Study baseline survey between January 2006 and April 2009. Individual-level data on overweight and obesity were aggregated to 2006 Australian postal areas and analysed as a function of area-level Sydney Walkability Index quartiles using conditional auto regression spatial models adjusted for demographic, social, economic, health and socioeconomic factors. Both overweight and obesity were highly clustered with higher-than-expected prevalence concentrated in the urban sprawl region of western Sydney, and lower-than-expected prevalence in central and eastern Sydney. In fully adjusted spatial models, prevalence of overweight and obesity was 6% and 11% lower in medium-high versus low, and 10% and 15% lower in high versus low walkability postcodes, respectively. Postal area walkability explained approximately 20% and 9% of the excess spatial variation in overweight and obesity that remained after accounting for other individual- and area-level factors. These findings provide support for the potential of area-level walkability indexes to inform, benchmark and monitor regional plans aimed at targeted approaches to reducing population-levels of high body mass through environmental interventions. Future research should consider potential confounding due to neighbourhood self-selection on area-level walkability relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Mayne
- The University of Sydney, School of Public Health, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Public Health Unit, Warrawong, NSW 2502, Australia.
- University of Wollongong, School of Medicine, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Geoffrey G Morgan
- The University of Sydney, School of Public Health, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney, University Centre for Rural Health, Rural Clinical School-Northern Rivers, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Bin B Jalaludin
- Ingham Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- Epidemiology, Healthy People and Places Unit, Population Health, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, NSW 1871, Australia.
| | - Adrian E Bauman
- The University of Sydney, School of Public Health, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Obesity and Urban Environments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030464. [PMID: 30764541 PMCID: PMC6388392 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health issue, affecting both developed and developing societies. Obesity increases the risk for heart disease, stroke, some cancers, and type II diabetes. While individual behaviours are important risk factors, impacts on obesity and overweight of the urban physical and social environment have figured large in the recent epidemiological literature, though evidence is incomplete and from a limited range of countries. Prominent among identified environmental influences are urban layout and sprawl, healthy food access, exercise access, and the neighbourhood social environment. This paper reviews the literature and highlights the special issue contributions within that literature.
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Galson SW, Stanifer JW, Hertz JT, Temu G, Thielman N, Gafaar T, Staton CA. The burden of hypertension in the emergency department and linkage to care: A prospective cohort study in Tanzania. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211287. [PMID: 30682173 PMCID: PMC6347227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Globally, hypertension affects one billion people and disproportionately burdens low-and middle-income countries. Despite the high disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa, optimal care models for diagnosing and treating hypertension have not been established. Emergency departments (EDs) are frequently the first biomedical healthcare contact for many people in the region. ED encounters may offer a unique opportunity for identifying high risk patients and linking them to care. METHODS Between July 2017 and March 2018, we conducted a prospective cohort study among patients presenting to a tertiary care ED in northern Tanzania. We recruited adult patients with a triage blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg in order to screen for hypertension. We explored knowledge, attitudes and practices for hypertension using a questionnaire, and assessed factors associated with successful follow-up. Hypertension was defined as a single blood pressure measurement ≥ 160/100 mmHg or a three-time average of ≥ 140/90 mmHg. Uncontrolled hypertension was defined as a three-time average measurement of ≥ 160/100 mmHg. Successful follow-up was defined as seeing an outpatient provider within one month of the ED visit. RESULTS We enrolled 598 adults (mean age 59.6 years), of whom 539 (90.1%) completed the study. The majority (78.6%) of participants were aware of having hypertension. Many (223; 37.2%) had uncontrolled hypertension. Overall, only 236 (43.8%) of participants successfully followed-up within one month. Successful follow-up was associated with a greater understanding that hypertension requires lifelong treatment (RR 1.11; 95% CI 1.03,1.21) and inversely associated with greater anxiety about the future (RR 0.80; 95% CI 0.64,0.99). CONCLUSION In a northern Tanzanian tertiary care ED, the burden of hypertension is high, with few patients receiving optimal outpatient care follow-up. Multi-disciplinary strategies are needed to improve linkage to care for high-risk patients from ED settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie W. Galson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John W. Stanifer
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Julian T. Hertz
- Department of Surgery, Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gloria Temu
- Department of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College Hospital, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Nathan Thielman
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Temitope Gafaar
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Staton
- Department of Surgery, Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Rowland MK, Leonard M. Crop abiotic stresses and nutrition of harvested food crops: A Review of impacts, interventions and their effectiveness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.5897/ajar2018.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Erdei G, Bakacs M, Illés É, Nagy B, Kaposvári C, Mák E, Nagy ES, Cserháti Z, Kovács VA. Substantial variation across geographic regions in the obesity prevalence among 6-8 years old Hungarian children (COSI Hungary 2016). BMC Public Health 2018; 18:611. [PMID: 29743055 PMCID: PMC5944005 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There have been previous representative nutritional status surveys conducted in Hungary, but this is the first one that examines overweight and obesity prevalence according to the level of urbanization and in different geographic regions among 6–8-year-old children. We also assessed whether these variations were different by sex. Methods This survey was part of the fourth data collection round of World Health Organization (WHO) Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative which took place during the academic year 2016/2017. The representative sample was determined by two-stage cluster sampling. A total of 5332 children (48.4% boys; age 7.54 ± 0.64 years) were measured from all seven geographic regions including urban (at least 500 inhabitants per square kilometer; n = 1598), semi-urban (100 to 500 inhabitants per square kilometer; n = 1932) and rural (less than 100 inhabitants per square kilometer; n = 1802) areas. Results Using the WHO reference, prevalence of overweight and obesity within the whole sample were 14.2, and 12.7%, respectively. According to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) reference, rates were 12.6 and 8.6%. Northern Hungary and Southern Transdanubia were the regions with the highest obesity prevalence of 11.0 and 12.0%, while Central Hungary was the one with the lowest obesity rate (6.1%). The prevalence of overweight and obesity tended to be higher in rural areas (13.0 and 9.8%) than in urban areas (11.9 and 7.0%). Concerning differences in sex, girls had higher obesity risk in rural areas (OR = 2.0) but boys did not. Odds ratios were 2.0–3.4 in different regions for obesity compared to Central Hungary, but only among boys. Conclusions Overweight and obesity are emerging problems in Hungary. Remarkable differences were observed in the prevalence of obesity by geographic regions. These variations can only be partly explained by geographic characteristics. Trial registration Study protocol was approved by the Scientific and Research Ethics Committee of the Medical Research Council (61158–2/2016/EKU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Erdei
- School of PhD Studies, Doctoral School of Pathological Sciences, Health Science Research, Semmelweis University, 26 Üllői Street, Budapest, 1085, Hungary. .,Division of Nutrition, National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 3 Zrínyi Street, Budapest, 1051, Hungary. .,Department of Dietetics and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, 17 Vas Street, Budapest, 1088, Hungary.
| | - Márta Bakacs
- Division of Nutrition, National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 3 Zrínyi Street, Budapest, 1051, Hungary
| | - Éva Illés
- Division of Nutrition, National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 3 Zrínyi Street, Budapest, 1051, Hungary
| | - Barbara Nagy
- Division of Nutrition, National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 3 Zrínyi Street, Budapest, 1051, Hungary
| | - Csilla Kaposvári
- Division of Nutrition, National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 3 Zrínyi Street, Budapest, 1051, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Mák
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, 17 Vas Street, Budapest, 1088, Hungary
| | - Eszter Sarkadi Nagy
- Division of Nutrition, National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 3 Zrínyi Street, Budapest, 1051, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Cserháti
- Division of Nutrition, National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 3 Zrínyi Street, Budapest, 1051, Hungary
| | - Viktória Anna Kovács
- Division of Nutrition, National Institute of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 3 Zrínyi Street, Budapest, 1051, Hungary
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Sedentary Lifestyle and Hypertension in a Periurban Area of Mbarara, South Western Uganda: A Population Based Cross Sectional Survey. Int J Hypertens 2018; 2018:8253948. [PMID: 29854432 PMCID: PMC5960550 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8253948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes constitute over 50% of the noncommunicable disease (NCD) burden and projections indicate Sub-Saharan Africa will experience a larger burden. Urbanization on the continent is contributing to the change in lifestyle such as diet and physical activity, which may increase the risk for CVDs. There is lack of sufficient data from the African continent on hypertension and its association with sedentary lifestyle. Methods We conducted a cross sectional study in periurban Uganda among adults aged at least 35 years. We administered questions on diet, physical activity, and smoking. We took anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP > = 140 and/or diastolic BP > = 90 and/or history of hypertension medications. Logistic regression was used to determine the crude and adjusted odds ratios for the factors associated with hypertension. Results We enrolled 310 participants and 50% were female. The prevalence of systolic hypertension was 24.5%, diastolic hypertension was 31%, obesity was 46%, and diabetes was 9%. Of those with hypertension (n = 76), 53 participants (69.7%) were not aware they had high BP. Sedentary lifestyle was significantly associated with hypertension even after adjusting for age and obesity. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes and majority of participants with hypertension are not aware. Participants with a sedentary work style should be targeted for prevention and screening.
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Mkuu RS, Epnere K, Chowdhury MAB. Prevalence and Predictors of Overweight and Obesity Among Kenyan Women. Prev Chronic Dis 2018; 15:E44. [PMID: 29679481 PMCID: PMC5912924 DOI: 10.5888/pcd15.170401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Overweight and obesity are associated with increased rates of chronic disease
and death globally. In Kenya, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among
women is high and may be growing. This study aimed to determine the national
prevalence and predictors of overweight and obesity among women in
Kenya. Methods We used cross-sectional data from the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health
Survey (KDHS). Data on body mass index for 13,048 women (aged 15–49
y) were analyzed by using multivariable logistic regression models.
Overweight and obesity were classified by using World Health Organization
categories (normal weight, 18.5 to <24.9; overweight, 25.0 to <29.9;
and obese, ≥30.0). Results The prevalence of overweight was 20.5%, and the prevalence of obesity, 9.1%.
Women aged 35 to 44 (odds ratio [OR] = 3.14; 95% confidence interval [CI],
2.58−3.81), with more than a secondary education (OR = 1.43; 95% CI,
1.05–1.95), married or living with a partner (OR = 1.73; 95% CI,
1.42−2.08), not working (OR = 1.27; 95% CI, 1.10–1.48), in the
richest category (OR = 6.50; 95% CI, 5.08–8.30), and who used
hormonal contraception (OR = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.07–1.43) were
significantly more likely to be overweight or obese. Conclusion A high proportion of women in Kenya are overweight or obese. Our study
indicates that women from urban areas and women with high socioeconomic
status make up the largest proportion of women who are overweight or obese.
Targeted and tailored studies and interventions are needed to identify
evidence-based obesity prevention strategies for high-risk women in
Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma S Mkuu
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | | | - Muhammad Abdul Baker Chowdhury
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida.,PO Box 100186, Gainesville, FL 32610-0186.
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Nonterah EA, Debpuur C, Agongo G, Amenga-Etego L, Crowther NJ, Ramsay M. Socio-demographic and behavioural determinants of body mass index among an adult population in rural Northern Ghana: the AWI-Gen study. Glob Health Action 2018; 11:1467588. [PMID: 29992851 PMCID: PMC6041816 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2018.1467588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and associated cardiometabolic diseases are increasing in urban sub-Saharan Africa due to a complex epidemiological and nutritional transition. Related data on rural communities is scarce. OBJECTIVES The study characterized the socio-demographic and behavioural factors influencing body mass index (BMI) among adults in rural Northern Ghana Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study involving adults aged 40-60 years residing in the Kassena-Nankana districts was undertaken. Demographic, socio-economic and behavioural data were collected along with measures of anthropometry. We determined factors associated with BMI among women and men. RESULTS A total of 2014 adults were studied. The median age was 51 (IQR 45-57) years and 54% were women. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher among women than men (18.4% vs. 7.2%; p < 0.001), whilst underweight was more prevalent in men (18.3% vs. 13.1%; p = 0.001). Participants with the highest level of education and a high household socio-economic status had higher BMIs than those in the lowest strata in both men (β = 0.074, p = 0.028 and β = 0.072, p < 0.001, respectively) and women (β = 0.174, p = 0.001 and β = 0.109, p < 0.001, respectively). Men (β = -0.050; p < 0.001) and women (β = -0.073; p < 0.001) of the Nankana ethnic group had a lower BMI than the Kassena ethnic group. Among men, alcohol consumption (β = -0.021; p = 0.001) and smoking (β = -0.216; p < 0.001) were associated with lower BMI. Smokeless tobacco was associated with lower BMI among women. Pesticide exposure was associated with higher BMI (β = 0.022; p = 0.022) among men. CONCLUSION Age, sex, ethno-linguistic group and prevailing socio-demographic and behavioural factors within this rural community in Northern Ghana influence BMI. The observed positive association between pesticide use and BMI warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engelbert Adamwaba Nonterah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre (NHRC), Navrongo, Ghana
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Godfred Agongo
- Navrongo Health Research Centre (NHRC), Navrongo, Ghana
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Nigel J. Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rexford OduroAbraham
a
as members of AWI-Gen and the H3Africa Consortium
- Navrongo Health Research Centre (NHRC), Navrongo, Ghana
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Boua RP, Sorgho H, Rouamba T, Nakanabo Diallo S, Bognini JD, Konkobo SZ, Valia D, Lingani M, Ouoba S, Tougma AS, Bihoun B, Crowther NJ, Norris SA, Ramsay M, Tinto H. Gender differences in sociodemographic and behavioural factors associated with BMI in an adult population in rural Burkina Faso - an AWI-Gen sub-study. Glob Health Action 2018; 11:1527557. [PMID: 30311555 PMCID: PMC6197018 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2018.1527557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global health transition is linked with an increased burden of non-communicable diseases with cardiovascular diseases leading the epidemic. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the prevalence of obesity has increased during the past decades and there is a need to investigate the associated driving factors. In Burkina Faso obesity remains low, especially in rural areas. In this study we recruited middle-aged adults, as part of a larger study on genetic and environmental contributions to cardiometabolic disease among Africans. OBJECTIVES To investigate the distribution of BMI and prevalence of obesity in a cross-sectional population-based study and to determine the sociodemographic and behavioural correlates with BMI. METHODS Participants (N = 2,076) were recruited from the Nanoro Health and Demographic Surveillance System area and were aged 40-60 years. We applied hierarchical modelling to identify factors associated with BMI and structural equation modelling to identify mediated effects of sociodemographic and behavioural variables on BMI. RESULTS Data are presented on 2,076 participants (49.9% female). Men had significantly higher BMI than women with medians of 21.1 (19.2 - 23.4) vs 19.8 (18.1 - 21.6) (p < 0.001), and there were significantly more underweight women compared to men (31.0% vs 17.4%) (p < 0.001). More men were overweight and obese than women (11.9% vs 5.2% and 2.2% vs 1.4%). Socioeconomic status was the major contributor to increased BMI for men, and education was the main contributor in women. Tobacco smoking and chewing, and problematic alcohol consumption were associated with a decrease in BMI in men and women. CONCLUSION Overweight and obesity are relatively low among adults in rural Burkina Faso, and men had a higher median BMI than women. Behavioural factors, including tobacco use and alcohol consumption, contributed to a decrease in BMI, whereas socioeconomic status and education (which were both generally low in this community) contributed to an increase in BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Palwende Boua
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS/CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
- Sydney Brenner Institute of Molecular Bioscience (SBIMB), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hermann Sorgho
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS/CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Toussaint Rouamba
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche Clinique, Ecole de Santé Publique, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Seydou Nakanabo Diallo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS/CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Joel D. Bognini
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS/CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Sophie Z. Konkobo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS/CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Daniel Valia
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS/CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa Lingani
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS/CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Serge Ouoba
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS/CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Alain S. Tougma
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS/CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Biebo Bihoun
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS/CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Nigel J. Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shane A. Norris
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute of Molecular Bioscience (SBIMB), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Halidou Tinto
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro (IRSS/CRUN), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
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Burden of depressive symptoms and non-alcohol substance abuse; and their association with alcohol use and partner violence: a cross-sectional study in four sub-Saharan Africa countries. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2018; 5:e31. [PMID: 30455966 PMCID: PMC6236214 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2018.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, there are limited data on burden of non-alcohol substance abuse (NAS) and depressive symptoms (DS), yet potential risk factors such as alcohol and intimate partner violence (IPV) are common and NAS abuse may be the rise. The aim of this study was to measure the burden of DS and NAS abuse, and determine whether alcohol use and IPV are associated with DS and/or NAS abuse. We conducted a cross-sectional study at five sites in four countries: Nigeria (nurses), South Africa (teachers), Tanzania (teachers) and two sites in Uganda (rural and peri-urban residents). Participants were selected by simple random sampling from a sampling frame at each of the study sites. We used a standardized tool to collect data on demographics, alcohol use and NAS use, IPV and DS and calculated prevalence ratios (PR). We enrolled 1415 respondents and of these 34.6% were male. DS occurred among 383 (32.3%) and NAS use among 52 (4.3%). In the multivariable analysis, being female (PR = 1.49, p = 0.008), NAS abuse (PR = 2.06, p = 0.02) and IPV (PR = 2.93, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with DS. Older age [odds ratio (OR) = 0.31, p < 0.001)], female (OR = 0.48, p = 0.036) were protective of NAS but current smokers (OR = 2.98, p < 0.001) and those reporting IPV (OR = 2.16, p = 0.024) were more likely to use NAS. Longitudinal studies should be done to establish temporal relationships with these risk factors to provide basis for interventions.
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Micklesfield LK, Kagura J, Munthali R, Crowther NJ, Jaff N, Gradidge P, Ramsay M. Demographic, socio-economic and behavioural correlates of BMI in middle-aged black men and women from urban Johannesburg, South Africa. Glob Health Action 2018; 11:1448250. [PMID: 30079826 PMCID: PMC6084500 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2018.1448250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a high and increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in South Africans of all ages. Risk factors associated with overweight and obesity must be identified to provide targets for intervention. OBJECTIVE To identify the demographic, socio-economic and behavioural factors associated with body mass index (BMI) in middle-aged black South African men and women. METHODS Data on demographic and socio-economic factors were collected via questionnaire on 1027 men and 1008 women from Soweto Johannesburg, South Africa. Weight and height were measured and BMI was determined. Behavioural factors included tobacco use and consumption of alcohol, and physical activity data were collected using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Menopausal status was determined for the women, and HIV status was available for 93.6% of the men and 39.9% of the women. RESULTS Significantly more women were overweight or obese than men (87.9 vs. 44.9%). Smoking prevalence (current or former) and minutes spent in moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity was significantly different between the sexes (both p < 0.0001). In the final hierarchical model, marital status (+ married/cohabiting), household asset score (+), current smoking (-), moderate to vigorous physical activity (-) and HIV status (- HIV infected) significantly contributed to 26% of the variance in BMI in the men. In the women, home language (Tswana-speaking compared to Zulu-speaking), marital status (+ unmarried/cohabiting), education (-), current smoking (-) and HIV status (- HIV infected) significantly contributed to 14% of the variance in BMI. CONCLUSIONS The sex difference in BMI and the prevalence of overweight and obesity between black South African men and women from Soweto, as well as the sex-specific associations with various demographic, socio-economic and behavioural factors, highlight the need for more tailored interventions to slow down the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K. Micklesfield
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Juliana Kagura
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard Munthali
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel J. Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nicole Jaff
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Philippe Gradidge
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7124-3788NorrisShane A.
a
as members of AWI-Gen the H3Africa Consortium
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Micklesfield LK, Munthali RJ, Prioreschi A, Said-Mohamed R, van Heerden A, Tollman S, Kahn K, Dunger D, Norris SA. Understanding the Relationship between Socio-Economic Status, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour, and Adiposity in Young Adult South African Women Using Structural Equation Modelling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14101271. [PMID: 29065528 PMCID: PMC5664772 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Socio-economic status (SES) is an important predictor of obesity, but how it is associated with differences in physical activity and sedentary behaviour is less clear. This cross-sectional study examined the association between SES (sum of household assets), physical activity and sedentary time, and how they predict adiposity. Socio-demographic, anthropometric, and physical activity data on rural (n = 509) and urban (n = 510) South African women (18–23 years) were collected. Overweight and obesity prevalence, and sedentary time, were higher; and moderate-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) was lower, in the urban sample. Structural equation models (SEMs) were constructed for BMI and waist circumference. In the urban sample SES had a direct inverse effect on MVPA (ß; 95% CI, −41.69; −73.40 to −9.98), while in the rural sample SES had a direct effect on BMI (ß; 95% CI, 0.306; 0.03 to 0.59). In the pooled sample, SES had a direct inverse effect on MVPA (ß; 95% CI, −144; −170.34 to −119.04), and MVPA was directly associated with BMI (ß; 95% CI, 0.04; 0.01 to 0.08). The influence of SES, and the role of physical activity and sedentary time on adiposity differs between the urban and rural samples, and the importance of other environmental and behavioural factors must be considered in the development of obesity and the design of effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Micklesfield
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Richard J Munthali
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Alessandra Prioreschi
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Rihlat Said-Mohamed
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
| | - Alastair van Heerden
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
- Human and Social Development Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council, 22 Mbuvu Dr, Sweetwater, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa.
| | - Stephen Tollman
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
- Epidemiology and Global Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
- INDEPTH Network, 38 & 40 Mensah Wood Street, East Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
- Epidemiology and Global Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
- INDEPTH Network, 38 & 40 Mensah Wood Street, East Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - David Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge and Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Shane A Norris
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.
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Schutte AE, Botha S, Fourie CMT, Gafane-Matemane LF, Kruger R, Lammertyn L, Malan L, Mels CMC, Schutte R, Smith W, van Rooyen JM, Ware LJ, Huisman HW. Recent advances in understanding hypertension development in sub-Saharan Africa. J Hum Hypertens 2017; 31:491-500. [PMID: 28332510 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2017.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Consistent reports indicate that hypertension is a particularly common finding in black populations. Hypertension occurs at younger ages and is often more severe in terms of blood pressure levels and organ damage than in whites, resulting in a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease and mortality. This review provides an outline of recent advances in the pathophysiological understanding of blood pressure elevation and the consequences thereof in black populations in Africa. This is set against the backdrop of populations undergoing demanding and rapid demographic transition, where infection with the human immunodeficiency virus predominates, and where under and over-nutrition coexist. Collectively, recent findings from Africa illustrate an increased lifetime risk to hypertension from foetal life onwards. From young ages black populations display early endothelial dysfunction, increased vascular tone and reactivity, microvascular structural adaptions as well as increased aortic stiffness resulting in elevated central and brachial blood pressures during the day and night, when compared to whites. Together with knowledge on the contributions of sympathetic activation and abnormal renal sodium handling, these pathophysiological adaptations result in subclinical and clinical organ damage at younger ages. This overall enhanced understanding on the determinants of blood pressure elevation in blacks encourages (a) novel approaches to assess and manage hypertension in Africa better, (b) further scientific discovery to develop more effective prevention and treatment strategies and
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Schutte
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council: Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - S Botha
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - C M T Fourie
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - L F Gafane-Matemane
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - R Kruger
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - L Lammertyn
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - L Malan
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - C M C Mels
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - R Schutte
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council: Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,Department of Medicine and Healthcare Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - W Smith
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - J M van Rooyen
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - L J Ware
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - H W Huisman
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council: Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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