51
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Carnesecchi J, Forcet C, Zhang L, Tribollet V, Barenton B, Boudra R, Cerutti C, Billas IML, Sérandour AA, Carroll JS, Beaudoin C, Vanacker JM. ERRα induces H3K9 demethylation by LSD1 to promote cell invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3909-3914. [PMID: 28348226 PMCID: PMC5393192 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614664114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) removes mono- and dimethyl groups from lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4) or H3K9, resulting in repressive or activating (respectively) transcriptional histone marks. The mechanisms that control the balance between these two antagonist activities are not understood. We here show that LSD1 and the orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) display commonly activated genes. Transcriptional activation by LSD1 and ERRα involves H3K9 demethylation at the transcriptional start site (TSS). Strikingly, ERRα is sufficient to induce LSD1 to demethylate H3K9 in vitro. The relevance of this mechanism is highlighted by functional data. LSD1 and ERRα coregulate several target genes involved in cell migration, including the MMP1 matrix metallo-protease, also activated through H3K9 demethylation at the TSS. Depletion of LSD1 or ERRα reduces the cellular capacity to invade the extracellular matrix, a phenomenon that is rescued by MMP1 reexpression. Altogether our results identify a regulatory network involving a direct switch in the biochemical activities of a histone demethylase, leading to increased cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Carnesecchi
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Christelle Forcet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Violaine Tribollet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Bruno Barenton
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Rafik Boudra
- Genetics, Reproduction and Development, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS UMR 6293, Inserm U1103, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, F-63171 Aubière, France
| | - Catherine Cerutti
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle M L Billas
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, CNRS UMR7104, Inserm U964, Université de Strasbourg, F-67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Aurélien A Sérandour
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Claude Beaudoin
- Genetics, Reproduction and Development, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS UMR 6293, Inserm U1103, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, F-63171 Aubière, France
| | - Jean-Marc Vanacker
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France;
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52
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Hou QK, Huang YQ, Luo YW, Wang B, Liu YM, Deng RD, Zhang SX, Lai YT, Li WY, Chen DF. (+)-Cholesten-3-one induces osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by activating vitamin D receptor. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1841-1849. [PMID: 28565776 PMCID: PMC5443208 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous reports, it was revealed that steroids in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have the therapeutic potential to treat bone disease. In the present study, an in vitro model of a vitamin D receptor response element (VDRE) reporter gene assay in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was used to identify steroids that enhanced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. (+)-cholesten-3-one (CN), which possesses a ketone group that is modified in cholesterol and cholesterol myristate, effectively promoted the activity of the VDRE promoter. Phenotypic cellular analysis indicated that CN induced differentiation of MSCs into osteogenic cells and increased expression of specific osteogenesis markers, including alkaline phosphatase, collagen II and Runt-related transcription factor 2. Furthermore, CN significantly increased the expression of osteopontin, the target of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which indicated that CN may activate vitamin D receptor signaling. Over-expression of VDR or knockdown studies with VDR-small interfering RNA revealed that the pro-differentiation effects induced by CN required VDR. Furthermore, the present study determined that the C-terminal region of the VDR is responsible for the action of CN. Taken together, the present findings demonstrated that CN induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs by activating VDR. The present study explored the regulation of stem cells by using a series of similar steroids and provided evidence to support a potential strategy for the screening of novel drugs to treat bone disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Ke Hou
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Quan Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Wen Luo
- Department of Trauma, Orthopedics and Traumatology Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Trauma, Orthopedics and Traumatology Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Mei Liu
- Department of Diagnosis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Ru-Dong Deng
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Sai-Xia Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Tao Lai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Wang-Yang Li
- Department of Trauma, Orthopedics and Traumatology Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Feng Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
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53
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Wen Z, Pan T, Yang S, Liu J, Tao H, Zhao Y, Xu D, Shao W, Wu J, Liu X, Wang Y, Mao J, Zhu Y. Up-regulated NRIP2 in colorectal cancer initiating cells modulates the Wnt pathway by targeting RORβ. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:20. [PMID: 28137278 PMCID: PMC5282884 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer remains one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. Colorectal cancer initiating cells (CCICs) are a small subpopulation responsible for malignant behaviors of colorectal cancer. Aberrant activation of the Wnt pathways regulates the self-renewal of CCIC. However, the underlying mechanism(s) remain poorly understood. METHODS Via retroviral library screening, we identified Nuclear Receptor-Interacting Protein 2 (NRIP2) as a novel interactor of the Wnt pathway from enriched colorectal cancer colosphere cells. The expression levels of NRIP2 and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor β (RORβ) were further examined by FISH, qRT-PCR, IHC and Western blot. NRIP2 overexpressed and knockdown colorectal cancer cells were produced to study the role of NRIP2 in Wnt pathway. We also verified the binding between NRIP2 and RORβ and investigated the effect of RORβ on CCICs both in vitro and in vivo. Genechip-scanning speculated downstream target HBP1. Western blot, ChIP and luciferase reporter were carried to investigate the interaction between NRIP2, RORβ, and HBP1. RESULTS NRIP2 was significantly up-regulated in CCICs from both cell lines and primary colorectal cancer tissues. Reinforced expression of NRIP2 increased Wnt activity, while silencing of NRIP2 attenuated Wnt activity. The transcription factor RORβ was a key target through which NRIP2 regulated Wnt pathway activity. RORβ was a transcriptional enhancer of inhibitor HBP1 of the Wnt pathway. NRIP2 prevented RORβ to bind with downstream HBP1 promoter regions and reduced the transcription of HBP1. This, in turn, attenuated the HBP1-dependent inhibition of TCF4-mediated transcription. CONCLUSIONS NRIP2 is a novel interactor of the Wnt pathway in colorectal cancer initiating cells. interactions between NRIP2, RORβ, and HBP1 mediate a new mechanism for CCIC self-renewal via the Wnt activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wen
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Present address: Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Tianhui Pan
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Saisai Yang
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Haiying Tao
- People's Hospital of Huangyan district, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318020, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Dingting Xu
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Wei Shao
- People's Hospital of Putuo district, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316100, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Xiyong Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 62232, USA
| | - Yongjiang Wang
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Jianshan Mao
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China. .,Cancer Institute and Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
| | - Yongliang Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88#, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China. .,Cancer Institute and Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
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54
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Lee S, Barron MG. Structure-Based Understanding of Binding Affinity and Mode of Estrogen Receptor α Agonists and Antagonists. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169607. [PMID: 28061508 PMCID: PMC5218732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The flexible hydrophobic ligand binding pocket (LBP) of estrogen receptor α (ERα) allows the binding of a wide variety of endocrine disruptors. Upon ligand binding, the LBP reshapes around the contours of the ligand and stabilizes the complex by complementary hydrophobic interactions and specific hydrogen bonds with the ligand. Here we present a framework for quantitative analysis of the steric and electronic features of the human ERα-ligand complex using three dimensional (3D) protein-ligand interaction description combined with 3D-QSAR approach. An empirical hydrophobicity density field is applied to account for hydrophobic contacts of ligand within the LBP. The obtained 3D-QSAR model revealed that hydrophobic contacts primarily determine binding affinity and govern binding mode with hydrogen bonds. Several residues of the LBP appear to be quite flexible and adopt a spectrum of conformations in various ERα-ligand complexes, in particular His524. The 3D-QSAR was combined with molecular docking based on three receptor conformations to accommodate receptor flexibility. The model indicates that the dynamic character of the LBP allows accommodation and stable binding of structurally diverse ligands, and proper representation of the protein flexibility is critical for reasonable description of binding of the ligands. Our results provide a quantitative and mechanistic understanding of binding affinity and mode of ERα agonists and antagonists that may be applicable to other nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehan Lee
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Ecology Division, Gulf Breeze, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mace G. Barron
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Ecology Division, Gulf Breeze, FL, United States of America
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55
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Volle DH. Nuclear receptors as pharmacological targets, where are we now? Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3777-80. [PMID: 27506618 PMCID: PMC11108428 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of integrative physiology is a major challenge for scientists, as even small deregulation could lead to diseases. Cells communicate with each other to control many processes such as growth, migration, survival, or differentiation. Such interaction could be achieved via several mechanisms either through cell-cell interactions and/or through the signaling of molecules that bind to receptors on the membrane or in the target cells. The produced molecules could have either autocrine, paracrine stimulations, or even act on distant organs (endocrine signaling).
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Volle
- INSERM U 1103, Génétique Reproduction et Développement (GReD), Campus Universitaire des Cézeaux, 10 avenue Blaise Pascal, TSA 60026, CS 60026, 63178, Aubière Cedex, France.
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, 63170, Aubière, France.
- CNRS, UMR 6293, GReD, 63170, Aubière, France.
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56
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Choudhary M, Malek G. Rethinking Nuclear Receptors as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Retinal Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:1007-1018. [PMID: 27455994 DOI: 10.1177/1087057116659856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Collectively, retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetic retinopathy, result in severe vision impairment worldwide. The absence and/or limited availability of successful drug therapies for these blinding disorders necessitates further understanding their pathobiology and identifying new targetable signaling pathways. Nuclear receptors are transcription regulators of many key aspects of human physiology, as well as pathophysiology, with reported roles in development, aging, and disease. Some of the pathways regulated by nuclear receptors include, but are not limited to, angiogenesis, inflammation, and lipid metabolic dysregulation, mechanisms also important in the initiation and development of several retinal diseases. Herein, we present an overview of the biology of three diseases affecting the posterior eye, summarize a growing body of evidence that suggests direct or indirect involvement of nuclear receptors in disease progression, and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting nuclear receptors for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Choudhary
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Goldis Malek
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,2 Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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57
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Olivares AM, Moreno-Ramos OA, Haider NB. Role of Nuclear Receptors in Central Nervous System Development and Associated Diseases. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 9:93-121. [PMID: 27168725 PMCID: PMC4859451 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s25480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) superfamily is composed of a wide range of receptors involved in a myriad of important biological processes, including development, growth, metabolism, and maintenance. Regulation of such wide variety of functions requires a complex system of gene regulation that includes interaction with transcription factors, chromatin-modifying complex, and the proper recognition of ligands. NHRs are able to coordinate the expression of genes in numerous pathways simultaneously. This review focuses on the role of nuclear receptors in the central nervous system and, in particular, their role in regulating the proper development and function of the brain and the eye. In addition, the review highlights the impact of mutations in NHRs on a spectrum of human diseases from autism to retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Olivares
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oscar Andrés Moreno-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Neena B Haider
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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58
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Dong J, Li S, Mo JL, Cai HB, Le WD. Nurr1-Based Therapies for Parkinson's Disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:351-9. [PMID: 27012974 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have documented that orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 (also known as NR4A2) plays important roles in the midbrain dopamine (DA) neuron development, differentiation, and survival. Furthermore, it has been reported that the defects in Nurr1 are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, Nurr1 might be a potential therapeutic target for PD. Emerging evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies has recently demonstrated that Nurr1-activating compounds and Nurr1 gene therapy are able not only to enhance DA neurotransmission but also to protect DA neurons from cell injury induced by environmental toxin or microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Moreover, modulators that interact with Nurr1 or regulate its function, such as retinoid X receptor, cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway, have the potential to enhance the effects of Nurr1-based therapies in PD. This review highlights the recent progress in preclinical studies of Nurr1-based therapies and discusses the outlook of this emerging therapy as a promising new generation of PD medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- The Center for Translational Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Song Li
- The Center for Translational Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing-Lin Mo
- The Center for Translational Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Huai-Bin Cai
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei-Dong Le
- The Center for Translational Research on Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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59
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Safe S, Jin UH, Morpurgo B, Abudayyeh A, Singh M, Tjalkens RB. Nuclear receptor 4A (NR4A) family - orphans no more. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 157:48-60. [PMID: 25917081 PMCID: PMC4618773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptors NR4A1, NR4A2 and NR4A3 are immediate early genes induced by multiple stressors, and the NR4A receptors play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and disease. There is increasing evidence for the role of these receptors in metabolic, cardiovascular and neurological functions and also in inflammation and inflammatory diseases and in immune functions and cancer. Despite the similarities of NR4A1, NR4A2 and NR4A3 and their interactions with common cis-genomic elements, they exhibit unique activities and cell-/tissue-specific functions. Although endogenous ligands for NR4A receptors have not been identified, there is increasing evidence that structurally-diverse synthetic molecules can directly interact with the ligand binding domain of NR4A1 and act as agonists or antagonists, and ligands for NR4A2 and NR4A3 have also been identified. Since NR4A receptors are key factors in multiple diseases, there are opportunities for the future development of NR4A ligands for clinical applications in treating multiple health problems including metabolic, neurologic and cardiovascular diseases, other inflammatory conditions, and cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Arthritis/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Homeostasis
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Ligands
- Metabolic Diseases/genetics
- Metabolic Diseases/metabolism
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Un-Ho Jin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Benjamin Morpurgo
- Texas A&M Institute for Genomic Medicine, Texas A&M University, 670 Raymond Stotzer Pkwy, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ala Abudayyeh
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Ronald B Tjalkens
- Department of Toxicology and Neuroscience, Colorado State University, 1680Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
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60
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Molecular cloning, expression, and stress response of the estrogen-related receptor gene (AccERR) from Apis cerana cerana. Naturwissenschaften 2016; 103:24. [PMID: 26922780 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptor (ERR), which belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily, has been implicated in diverse physiological processes involving the estrogen signaling pathway. However, little information is available on ERR in Apis cerana cerana. In this report, we isolated the ERR gene and investigated its involvement in antioxidant defense. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) revealed that the highest mRNA expression occurred in eggs during different developmental stages. The expression levels of AccERR were highest in the muscle, followed by the rectum. The predicted transcription factor binding sites in the promoter of AccERR suggested that AccERR potentially functions in early development and in environmental stress responses. The expression of AccERR was induced by cold (4 °C), heat (42 °C), ultraviolet light (UV), HgCl2, and various types of pesticides (phoxim, deltamethrin, triadimefon, and cyhalothrin). Western blot was used to measure the expression levels of AccERR protein. These data suggested that AccERR might play a vital role in abiotic stress responses.
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61
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Zhang D, Cheng D, Liu T, Zhang Y, Chen ZJ, Zhang C. Dysfunction of Liver Receptor Homolog-1 in Decidua: Possible Relevance to the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145968. [PMID: 26717016 PMCID: PMC4696807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a multisystem disorder unique to Homo sapiens that is known to cause maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Between 5–7% of all pregnancies are affected by PE and it is responsible for approximately 50,000 maternal deaths annually. The pathogenesis of PE remains poorly understood. However, the results of this study indicated that insufficient decidualization plays a significant role. NR5A1 and NR5A2 are orphan members of the Ftz-F1 subfamily of nuclear receptors and are involved in mammal follicular development, female reproduction, steroidogenesis, and decidualization. The expression of NR5A1 and NR5A2 in the human decidua and their functions during decidualization were investigated using in vitro cultured cells by real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and siRNA techniques. The results demonstrated that the levels of NR5A2 mRNA and protein in the decidual tissues of women with PE were lower than those of normal pregnant women. However, the levels of NR5A1 mRNA and protein did not significantly differ between groups. The expression of NR5A2 was upregulated after in vitro decidualization, but the expression of NR5A1 remained low and showed no difference compared with that of the control cells. Knocking down of NR5A2 in human endometrial stromal cells (hESC) resulted in a significant reduction in their expression of decidualization markers (IGFBP1 and PRL) and signaling pathway molecules (WNT4 and BMP2) (P < 0.05). From these data, we concluded that NR5A2 is pivotal for the decidualization of decidual tissues and cultured human endometrial stromal cells. Disorders of the endometrium in decidual tissues may be associated with the abnormal decidualization thought to cause PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 16992 Jingshi Road, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Ji’nan, Shandong, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Gogulamudi VR, Dubey ML, Kaul D, Atluri VSR, Sehgal R. Downregulation of host tryptophan-aspartate containing coat (TACO) gene restricts the entry and survival of Leishmania donovani in human macrophage model. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:946. [PMID: 26528242 PMCID: PMC4602155 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites of mammalian hosts. Promastigotes of Leishmania are internalized by macrophages and transformed into amastigotes in phagosomes, and replicate in phagolysosomes. Phagosomal maturation arrest is known to play a crucial role in the survival of pathogenic Leishmania within activated macrophages. Recently, tryptophan–aspartate containing coat (TACO) gene has been recognized as playing a central role in the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within human macrophages by arresting the phagosome maturation process. We postulated that a similar association of TACO gene with phagosomes would prevent the vacuole from maturation in the case of Leishmania. In this study we attempted to define the effect of TACO gene downregulation on the entry/survival of Leishmania donovani intracellularly, by treatment with Vitamin D3 (Vit.D3)/Retinoic acid (RA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA)/RA combinations in human THP-1 macrophages (in vitro). Treatment with these molecules downregulated the TACO gene in macrophages, resulting in reduced parasite load and marked reduction of disease progression in L. donovani infected macrophages. Taken together, these results suggest that TACO gene downregulation may play a role in subverting macrophage machinery in establishing the L. donovani replicative niche inside the host. Our study is the first to highlight the important role of the TACO gene in Leishmania entry, survival and to identify TACO gene downregulation as potential drug target against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswara Reddy Gogulamudi
- Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India ; Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA USA
| | - Mohan Lal Dubey
- Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India
| | - Deepak Kaul
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India
| | - Venkata Subba Rao Atluri
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India
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Cheng S, Liang X, Wang Y, Jiang Z, Liu Y, Hou W, Li S, Zhang J, Wang Z. The circadian Clock gene regulates acrosin activity of sperm through serine protease inhibitor A3K. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 241:205-15. [PMID: 26264441 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215597199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study found that CLOCK knockdown in the testes of male mice led to a reduced fertility, which might be associated with the lower acrosin activity. In this present study, we examined the differential expression in proteins of CLOCK knockdown sperm. Clock gene expression was knocked down in cells to confirm those differentially expressions and serine protease inhibitor SERPINA3K was identified as a potential target. The up-regulated SERPINA3K revealed an inverse relationship with Clock knockdown. Direct treatment of normal sperm with recombinant SERPINA3K protein inhibited the acrosin activity and reduced in vitro fertilization rate. The luciferase reporter gene assay showed that the down-regulated of Clock gene could activate the Serpina3k promoter, but this activation was not affected by the mutation of E-box core sequence. Co-IP demonstrated a natural interaction between SERPIAN3K and RORs (α and β). Taken together, these results demonstrated that SERPINA3K is involved in the Clock gene-mediated male fertility by regulating acrosin activity and provide the first evidence that SERPINA3K could be regulated by Clock gene via retinoic acid-related orphan receptor response elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Cheng
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xin Liang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China Reproductive Medical Center of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zhou Jiang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yanyou Liu
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Wang Hou
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Shiping Li
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zhengrong Wang
- Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology, College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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Lai YC, Kao CF, Lu ML, Chen HC, Chen PY, Chen CH, Shen WW, Wu JY, Lu RB, Kuo PH. Investigation of associations between NR1D1, RORA and RORB genes and bipolar disorder. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121245. [PMID: 25789810 PMCID: PMC4366256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genes that are involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms are implicated in the susceptibility to bipolar disorder (BD). The current study aimed to investigate the relationships between genetic variants in NR1D1 RORA, and RORB genes and BD in the Han Chinese population. We conducted a case-control genetic association study with two samples of BD patients and healthy controls. Sample I consisted of 280 BD patients and 200 controls. Sample II consisted of 448 BD patients and 1770 healthy controls. 27 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the NR1D1, RORA, and RORB genes were genotyped using GoldenGate VeraCode assays in sample I, and 492 markers in the three genes were genotyped using Affymetrix Genome-Wide CHB Array in sample II. Single marker and gene-based association analyses were performed using PLINK. A combined p-value for the joining effects of all markers within a gene was calculated using the rank truncated product method. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method was also applied to test gene-gene interactions in sample I. All markers were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.001). In sample I, the associations with BD were observed for rs4774388 in RORA (OR = 1.53, empirical p-value, P = 0.024), and rs1327836 in RORB (OR = 1.75, P = 0.003). In Sample II, there were 45 SNPs showed associations with BD, and the most significant marker in RORA was rs11639084 (OR = 0.69, P = 0.002), and in RORB was rs17611535 (OR = 3.15, P = 0.027). A combined p-value of 1.6×10−6, 0.7, and 1.0 was obtained for RORA, RORB and NR1D1, respectively, indicting a strong association for RORA with the risk of developing BD. A four way interaction was found among markers in NR1D1, RORA, and RORB with the testing accuracy 53.25% and a cross-validation consistency of 8 out of 10. In sample II, 45 markers had empirical p-values less than 0.05. The most significant markers in RORA and RORB genes were rs11639084 (OR = 0.69, P = 0.002), and rs17611535 (OR = 3.15, P = 0.027), respectively. Gene-based association was significant for RORA gene (P = 0.0007). Our results support for the involvement of RORs genes in the risk of developing BD. Investigation of the functional properties of genes in the circadian pathway may further enhance our understanding about the pathogenesis of bipolar illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Chieh Lai
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Kao
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Liang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Chung Chen
- Department of Psychiatry & Center of Sleep Disorders, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Winston W Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiu Kuo
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Genes, Environment and Human Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Evaluation of the synuclein-γ (SNCG) gene as a PPARγ target in murine adipocytes, dorsal root ganglia somatosensory neurons, and human adipose tissue. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115830. [PMID: 25756178 PMCID: PMC4355072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence in adipocytes points to a role for synuclein-γ in metabolism and lipid droplet dynamics, but interestingly this factor is also robustly expressed in peripheral neurons. Specific regulation of the synuclein-γ gene (Sncg) by PPARγ requires further evaluation, especially in peripheral neurons, prompting us to test if Sncg is a bona fide PPARγ target in murine adipocytes and peripheral somatosensory neurons derived from the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Sncg mRNA was decreased in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (~68%) by rosiglitazone, and this effect was diminished by the PPARγ antagonist T0070907. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed PPARγ protein binding at two promoter sequences of Sncg during 3T3-L1 adipogenesis. Rosiglitazone did not affect Sncg mRNA expression in murine cultured DRG neurons. In subcutaneous human WAT samples from two cohorts treated with pioglitazone (>11 wks), SNCG mRNA expression was reduced, albeit highly variable and most evident in type 2 diabetes. Leptin (Lep) expression, thought to be coordinately-regulated with Sncg based on correlations in human adipose tissue, was also reduced in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by rosiglitazone. However, Lep was unaffected by PPARγ antagonist, and the LXR agonist T0901317 significantly reduced Lep expression (~64%) while not impacting Sncg. The results support the concept that synuclein-γ shares some, but not all, gene regulators with leptin and is a PPARγ target in adipocytes but not DRG neurons. Regulation of synuclein-γ by cues such as PPARγ agonism in adipocytes is logical based on recent evidence for an important role for synuclein-γ in the maintenance and dynamics of adipocyte lipid droplets.
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ROR nuclear receptors: structures, related diseases, and drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:71-87. [PMID: 25500868 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-regulated transcription factors that regulate metabolism, development and immunity. The NR superfamily is one of the major classes of drug targets for human diseases. Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR) α, β and γ belong to the NR superfamily, and these receptors are still considered as 'orphan' receptors because the identification of their endogenous ligands has been controversial. Recent studies have demonstrated that these receptors are regulated by synthetic ligands, thus emerge as important drug targets for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, etc. Studying the structural basis and ligand development of RORs will pave the way for a better understanding of the roles of these receptors in human diseases. Here, we review the structural basis, disease relevance, strategies for ligand identification, and current status of development of therapeutic ligands for RORs.
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Aesoy R, Clyne CD, Chand AL. Insights into Orphan Nuclear Receptors as Prognostic Markers and Novel Therapeutic Targets for Breast Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:115. [PMID: 26300846 PMCID: PMC4528200 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence asserting the importance of orphan nuclear receptors (ONRs) in cancer initiation and progression. In breast cancer, there is a lot unknown about ONRs in terms of their expression profile and their transcriptional targets in the various stages of tumor progression. With the classification of breast tumors into distinct molecular subtypes, we assess ONR expression in the different breast cancer subtypes and with patient outcomes. Complementing this, we review evidence implicating ONR-dependent molecular pathways in breast cancer progression to identify candidate ONRs as potential prognostic markers and/or as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reidun Aesoy
- Cancer Drug Discovery, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Colin D. Clyne
- Cancer Drug Discovery, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashwini L. Chand
- Cancer Drug Discovery, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Ashwini L. Chand,
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Jin Z, Li X, Wan Y. Minireview: nuclear receptor regulation of osteoclast and bone remodeling. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 29:172-86. [PMID: 25549044 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells essential for skeletal remodeling and regeneration. However, excessive osteoclasts often contribute to prevalent bone degenerative diseases such as osteoporosis, arthritis, and cancer bone metastasis. Osteoclast dysregulation is also associated with rare disorders such as osteopetrosis, pycnodysostosis, Paget's disease, and Gorham-Stout syndrome. The nuclear receptor (NR) family of transcription factors functions as metabolic sensors that control a variety of physiological processes including skeletal homeostasis and serves as attractive therapeutic targets for many diseases. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the new players and the new mechanisms for how NRs regulate osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. An enhanced understanding of NR functions in osteoclastogenesis will facilitate the development of not only novel osteoprotective medicine but also prudent strategies to minimize the adverse skeletal effects of certain NR-targeting drugs for a better treatment of cancer and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixue Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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69
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Hwang DS, Lee BY, Kim HS, Lee MC, Kyung DH, Om AS, Rhee JS, Lee JS. Genome-wide identification of nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily genes in the copepod Tigriopus japonicus. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:993. [PMID: 25407996 PMCID: PMC4247118 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a large superfamily of proteins defined by a DNA-binding domain (DBD) and a ligand-binding domain (LBD). They function as transcriptional regulators to control expression of genes involved in development, homeostasis, and metabolism. The number of NRs differs from species to species, because of gene duplications and/or lineage-specific gene losses during metazoan evolution. Many NRs in arthropods interact with the ecdysteroid hormone and are involved in ecdysone-mediated signaling in arthropods. The nuclear receptor superfamily complement has been reported in several arthropods, including crustaceans, but not in copepods. We identified the entire NR repertoire of the copepod Tigriopus japonicus, which is an important marine model species for ecotoxicology and environmental genomics. Results Using whole genome and transcriptome sequences, we identified a total of 31 nuclear receptors in the genome of T. japonicus. Nomenclature of the nuclear receptors was determined based on the sequence similarities of the DNA-binding domain (DBD) and ligand-binding domain (LBD). The 7 subfamilies of NRs separate into five major clades (subfamilies NR1, NR2, NR3, NR4, and NR5/6). Although the repertoire of NR members in, T. japonicus was similar to that reported for other arthropods, there was an expansion of the NR1 subfamily in Tigriopus japonicus. The twelve unique nuclear receptors identified in T. japonicus are members of NR1L. This expansion may be a unique lineage-specific feature of crustaceans. Interestingly, E78 and HR83, which are present in other arthropods, were absent from the genomes of T. japonicus and two congeneric copepod species (T. japonicus and Tigriopus californicus), suggesting copepod lineage-specific gene loss. Conclusions We identified all NR receptors present in the copepod, T. japonicus. Knowledge of the copepod nuclear receptor repertoire will contribute to a better understanding of copepod- and crustacean-specific NR evolution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-993) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, South Korea.
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Sailland J, Tribollet V, Forcet C, Billon C, Barenton B, Carnesecchi J, Bachmann A, Gauthier KC, Yu S, Giguère V, Chan FL, Vanacker JM. Estrogen-related receptor α decreases RHOA stability to induce orientated cell migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15108-13. [PMID: 25288732 PMCID: PMC4210291 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402094111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several physiopathological processes require orientated cellular migration. This phenomenon highly depends on members of the RHO family of GTPases. Both excessive and deficient RHO activity impair directional migration. A tight control is thus exerted on these proteins through the regulation of their activation and of their stability. Here we show that the estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) directly activates the expression of TNFAIP1, the product of which [BTB/POZ domain-containing adapter for Cullin3-mediated RhoA degradation 2 (BACURD2)] regulates RHOA protein turnover. Inactivation of the receptor leads to enhanced RHOA stability and activation. This results in cell disorientation, increased actin network, and inability to form a lamellipodium at the migration edge. As a consequence, directional migration, but not cell motility per se, is impaired in the absence of the receptor, under pathological as well as physiological conditions. Altogether, our results show that the control exerted by ERRα on RHOA stability is required for directional migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Sailland
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Violaine Tribollet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Christelle Forcet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Cyrielle Billon
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Bruno Barenton
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Julie Carnesecchi
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Alice Bachmann
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Karine Cécile Gauthier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Shan Yu
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; and
| | - Vincent Giguère
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H3A 1A3
| | - Franky L Chan
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; and
| | - Jean-Marc Vanacker
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
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A functional polymorphism in the 3'-UTR of PXR interacts with smoking to increase lung cancer risk in southern and eastern Chinese smoker. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:17457-68. [PMID: 25268617 PMCID: PMC4227172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151017457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is an important member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that copes with various endobiotic and xenobiotic stimuli, such as carcinogens by regulating an array of environmental response genes. Low PXR expression has been shown to promote tumor initiation and metastasis. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PXR could alter lung cancer susceptibility in Chinese by affecting the function or expression of PXR. We genotyped three putatively functional SNPs of PXR (i.e., rs3814055C>T, rs3732360C>T, and rs3814058C>T) and analyzed their associations with lung cancer risk in a two-stage case-control study with a total of 1559 lung cancer cases and 1679 controls in the southern and eastern Chinese population. We found that in comparison to the rs3814058CC common genotype, the rs3814058T variants (TC/TT) which is located in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of PXR conferred a consistently increased risk of lung cancer in both the southern Chinese (odd ratios (OR) = 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03−1.49) and the eastern Chinese (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.02−1.75). The variants also significantly interacted with smoking on increasing cancer risk (p = 0.023). Moreover, lung cancer tissues with the rs3814058T variants showed significantly lower PXR expression than those with rs3814058CC genotype in the smokers (p = 0.041). These results suggested that the rs3814058C>T polymorphism of PXR interacts with smoking on increasing lung cancer risk in Chinese smokers, which might be a functional genetic biomarker for lung cancer.
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Misra S, Singh A, C H R, Sharma V, Reddy Mudiam MK, Ram KR. Identification of Drosophila-based endpoints for the assessment and understanding of xenobiotic-mediated male reproductive adversities. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:278-91. [PMID: 24973093 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Men are at risk of becoming completely infertile due to innumerable environmental chemicals and pollutants. These xenobiotics, hence, should be tested for their potential adverse effects on male fertility. However, the testing load, a monumental challenge for employing conventional animal models, compels the pursuit of alternative models. Towards this direction, we show here that Drosophila melanogaster, an invertebrate, with its well characterized/conserved male reproductive processes/proteome, recapitulates male reproductive toxicity phenotypes observed in mammals when exposed to a known reproductive toxicant, dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Analogous to mammals, exposure to DBP reduced fertility, sperm counts, seminal proteins, increased oxidative modification/damage in reproductive tract proteins and altered the activity of a hormone receptor (estrogen related receptor) in Drosophila males. In addition, we show here that DBP is metabolized to monobutyl phthalate (MBP) in exposed Drosophila males and that MBP is more toxic than DBP, as observed in higher organisms. These findings suggest Drosophila as a potential alternative to traditional animal models for the prescreening of chemicals for their reproductive adversities and also to gain mechanistic insights into chemical-mediated endocrine disruption and male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Misra
- Embryotoxicology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Lucknow 226001, UP, India
| | - Anshuman Singh
- Embryotoxicology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India
| | - Ratnasekhar C H
- Analytical Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Lucknow 226001, UP, India
| | - Vandana Sharma
- Embryotoxicology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Lucknow 226001, UP, India
| | - Mohana Krishna Reddy Mudiam
- Analytical Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Lucknow 226001, UP, India
| | - Kristipati Ravi Ram
- Embryotoxicology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, UP, India Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Lucknow 226001, UP, India
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Hermann-Kleiter N, Baier G. Orphan nuclear receptor NR2F6 acts as an essential gatekeeper of Th17 CD4+ T cell effector functions. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:38. [PMID: 24919548 PMCID: PMC4066320 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-12-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the evolutionarily conserved family of the chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor NR2F/COUP-TF orphan receptors have been implicated in lymphocyte biology, ranging from activation to differentiation and elicitation of immune effector functions. In particular, a CD4+ T cell intrinsic and non-redundant function of NR2F6 as a potent and selective repressor of the transcription of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (Il) 2, interferon y (ifng) and consequently of T helper (Th)17 CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmune disorders has been discovered. NR2F6 serves as an antigen receptor signaling threshold-regulated barrier against autoimmunity where NR2F6 is part of a negative feedback loop that limits inflammatory tissue damage induced by weakly immunogenic antigens such as self-antigens. Under such low affinity antigen receptor stimulation, NR2F6 appears as a prototypical repressor that functions to “lock out” harmful Th17 lineage effector transcription. Mechanistically, only sustained high affinity antigen receptor-induced protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation has been shown to inactivate NR2F6, thereby displacing pre-bound NR2F6 from the DNA and, subsequently, allowing for robust NFAT/AP-1- and RORγt-mediated cytokine transcription. The NR2F6 target gene repertoire thus identifies a general anti-inflammatory gatekeeper role for this orphan receptor. Investigating these signaling pathway(s) will enable a greater knowledge of the genetic, immune, and environmental mechanisms that lead to chronic inflammation and of certain autoimmune disorders in a given individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Hermann-Kleiter
- Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Translational Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter Mayr Str, 1a, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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74
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Yang H, Wang H. Signaling control of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Protein Cell 2014; 5:113-23. [PMID: 24474196 PMCID: PMC3956974 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-0013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) plays a crucial role in the regulation of drug metabolism, energy homeostasis, and cancer development through modulating the transcription of its numerous target genes. Different from prototypical nuclear receptors, CAR can be activated by either direct ligand binding or ligand-independent (indirect) mechanisms both initiated with nuclear translocation of CAR from the cytoplasm. In comparison to the well-defined ligand-based activation, indirect activation of CAR appears to be exclusively involved in the nuclear translocation through mechanisms yet to be fully understood. Accumulating evidence reveals that without activation, CAR forms a protein complex in the cytoplasm where it can be functionally affected by multiple signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss recent progresses in our understanding of the signaling regulation of CAR nuclear accumulation and activation. We expect that this review will also provide greater insight into the similarity and difference between the mechanisms of direct vs. indirect human CAR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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Matsumura R, Matsubara C, Node K, Takumi T, Akashi M. Nuclear receptor-mediated cell-autonomous oscillatory expression of the circadian transcription factor, neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:36548-53. [PMID: 24196956 PMCID: PMC3868767 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.517235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NPAS2 (MOP4) is a heme-containing sensor transcription factor responsive to a wide range of intra- and extracellular stimuli, which also functions as a circadian transcription factor. This molecule forms a heterodimer with another circadian transcription factor, BMAL1, and activates transcription via E-box elements, indicating that circadian phase synchronization between NPAS2 and BMAL1 expression is important for the efficient transcriptional activation of target genes. However, details of the mechanism of cell-autonomous circadian transcription of Npas2 remain unclear. Here, we show that one of the ROREs (retinoid-related orphan receptor response elements) in the upstream region of the transcription start site is essential for circadian transcription of the Npas2 gene. Furthermore, we also show that endogenous RORα indeed plays an essential role in cell-autonomous circadian transcription of Npas2, because a damped transcriptional oscillation was observed not only by introduction of a dominant negative form or small interfering RNA but also in embryonic fibroblasts obtained from RORα-mutant (sg/sg) mice. These results indicate that circadian transcription of Npas2 is synchronized with that of Bmal1 in a cell-autonomous nuclear receptor-mediated fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Matsumura
- From the The Research Institute for Time Studies, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Chiaki Matsubara
- the Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Abeno, Osaka 545-0051, Japan
| | - Koichi Node
- the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Takumi
- the RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, and
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Makoto Akashi
- From the The Research Institute for Time Studies, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
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Cartilage-specific overexpression of ERRγ results in Chondrodysplasia and reduced chondrocyte proliferation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81511. [PMID: 24349082 PMCID: PMC3857204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While the role of estrogen receptor-related receptor alpha (ERRα) in chondrogenesis has been investigated, the involvement of ERR gamma (ERRγ) has not been determined. To assess the effect of increased ERRγ activity on cartilage development in vivo, we generated two transgenic (Tg) lines overexpressing ERRγ2 via a chondrocyte-specific promoter; the two lines exhibited ∼3 and ∼5 fold increased ERRγ2 protein expression respectively in E14.5 Tg versus wild type (WT) limbs. On postnatal day seven (P7), we observed a 4–10% reduction in the size of the craniofacial, axial and appendicular skeletons in Tg versus WT mice. The reduction in bone length was already present at birth and did not appear to involve bones that are derived via intramembranous bone formation as the bones of the calvaria, clavicle, and the mandible developed normally. Histological analysis of P7 growth plates revealed a reduction in the length of the Tg versus WT growth plate, the majority of which was attributable to a reduced proliferative zone. The reduced proliferative zone paralleled a decrease in the number of Ki67-positive proliferating cells, with no significant change in apoptosis, and was accompanied by large cell-free swaths of cartilage matrix, which extended through multiple zones of the growth plate. Using a bioinformatics approach, we identified known chondrogenesis-associated genes with at least one predicted ERR binding site in their proximal promoters, as well as cell cycle regulators known to be regulated by ERRγ. Of the genes identified, Col2al, Agg, Pth1r, and Cdkn1b (p27) were significantly upregulated, suggesting that ERRγ2 negatively regulates chondrocyte proliferation and positively regulates matrix synthesis to coordinate growth plate height and organization.
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Chiang DY, Cuthbertson DW, Ruiz FR, Li N, Pereira FA. A coregulatory network of NR2F1 and microRNA-140. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83358. [PMID: 24349493 PMCID: PMC3857795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 1 (NR2F1) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play critical roles in the developing and functional inner ear. Based on previous studies suggesting interplay between NR2F1 and miRNAs, we investigated the coregulation between NR2F1 and miRNAs to better understand the regulatory mechanisms of inner ear development and functional maturation. RESULTS Using a bioinformatic approach, we identified 11 potential miRNAs that might coregulate target genes with NR2F1 and analyzed their targets and potential roles in physiology and disease. We selected 6 miRNAs to analyze using quantitative real-time (qRT) -PCR and found that miR-140 is significantly down-regulated by 4.5-fold (P=0.004) in the inner ear of NR2F1 knockout (Nr2f1(-/-)) mice compared to wild-type littermates but is unchanged in the brain. Based on this, we performed chromatin-immunoprecipitation followed by qRT-PCR and confirmed that NR2F1 directly binds and regulates both miR-140 and Klf9 in vivo. Furthermore, we performed luciferase reporter assay and showed that miR-140 mimic directly regulates KLF9-3'UTR, thereby establishing and validating an example coregulatory network involving NR2F1, miR-140, and Klf9. CONCLUSIONS We have described and experimentally validated a novel tissue-dependent coregulatory network for NR2F1, miR-140, and Klf9 in the inner ear and we propose the existence of many such coregulatory networks important for both inner ear development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y. Chiang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David W. Cuthbertson
- Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fernanda R. Ruiz
- Huffington Center on Aging and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Na Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fred A. Pereira
- Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Huffington Center on Aging and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Safe S, Jin UH, Hedrick E, Reeder A, Lee SO. Minireview: role of orphan nuclear receptors in cancer and potential as drug targets. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 28:157-72. [PMID: 24295738 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear orphan receptors for which endogenous ligands have not been identified include nuclear receptor (NR)0B1 (adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region on chromosome X gene), NR0B2 (small heterodimer partner), NR1D1/2 (Rev-Erbα/β), NR2C1 (testicular receptor 2), NR2C2 (testicular receptor 4), NR2E1 (tailless), NR2E3 (photoreceptor-specific NR [PNR]), NR2F1 chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor 1 (COUP-TFI), NR2F2 (COUP-TFII), NR2F6 (v-erbA-related protein), NR4A1 (Nur77), NR4A2 (Nurr1), NR4A3 (Nor1), and NR6A1 (GCNF). These receptors play essential roles in development, cellular homeostasis, and disease including cancer where over- or underexpression of some receptors has prognostic significance for patient survival. Results of receptor knockdown or overexpression in vivo and in cancer cell lines demonstrate that orphan receptors exhibit tumor-specific pro-oncogenic or tumor suppressor-like activity. For example, COUP-TFII expression is both a positive (ovarian) and negative (prostate and breast) prognostic factor for cancer patients; in contrast, the prognostic activity of adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region on chromosome X gene for the same tumors is the inverse of COUP-TFII. Functional studies show that Nur77 is tumor suppressor like in acute leukemia, whereas silencing Nur77 in pancreatic, colon, lung, lymphoma, melanoma, cervical, ovarian, gastric, and some breast cancer cell lines induces one or more of several responses including growth inhibition and decreased survival, migration, and invasion. Although endogenous ligands for the orphan receptors have not been identified, there is increasing evidence that different structural classes of compounds activate, inactivate, and directly bind several orphan receptors. Thus, the screening and development of selective orphan receptor modulators will have important clinical applications as novel mechanism-based agents for treating cancer patients overexpressing one or more orphan receptors and also for combined drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology (S.S., E.H., A.R.), Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77808; and Institute of Biosciences and Technology (S.S., U.-H.J., S.-O.L.), Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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Campos-Melo D, Galleguillos D, Sánchez N, Gysling K, Andrés ME. Nur transcription factors in stress and addiction. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:44. [PMID: 24348325 PMCID: PMC3844937 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nur transcription factors Nur77 (NGFI-B, NR4A1), Nurr1 (NR4A2), and Nor-1 (NR4A3) are a sub-family of orphan members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. These transcription factors are products of immediate early genes, whose expression is rapidly and transiently induced in the central nervous system by several types of stimuli. Nur factors are present throughout the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis where are prominently induced in response to stress. Drugs of abuse and stress also induce the expression of Nur factors in nuclei of the motivation/reward circuit of the brain, indicating their participation in the process of drug addiction and in non-hypothalamic responses to stress. Repeated use of addictive drugs and chronic stress induce long-lasting dysregulation of the brain motivation/reward circuit due to reprogramming of gene expression and enduring alterations in neuronal function. Here, we review the data supporting that Nur transcription factors are key players in the molecular basis of the dysregulation of neuronal circuits involved in chronic stress and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Campos-Melo
- Nucleus Millennium in Stress and Addiction, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Danny Galleguillos
- Nucleus Millennium in Stress and Addiction, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Sánchez
- Nucleus Millennium in Stress and Addiction, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Katia Gysling
- Nucleus Millennium in Stress and Addiction, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - María E Andrés
- Nucleus Millennium in Stress and Addiction, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
The nuclear receptor superfamily includes many receptors, identified based on their similarity to steroid hormone receptors but without a known ligand. The study of how these receptors are diversely regulated to interact with genomic regions to control a plethora of biological processes has provided critical insight into development, physiology, and the molecular pathology of disease. Here we provide a compendium of these so-called orphan receptors and focus on what has been learned about their modes of action, physiological functions, and therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Mullican
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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81
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Chew SC, Lim J, Singh O, Chen X, Tan EH, Lee EJD, Chowbay B. Pharmacogenetic effects of regulatory nuclear receptors (PXR, CAR, RXRα and HNF4α) on docetaxel disposition in Chinese nasopharyngeal cancer patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 70:155-66. [PMID: 24193570 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-013-1596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This exploratory study was aimed at elucidating the pharmacogenetics of regulatory nuclear receptors (PXR, CAR, RXRα and HNF4α) and their implications on docetaxel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in local Chinese nasopharyngeal cancer patients. METHODS A total of 59 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including tag-SNPs and functionally relevant SNPs of the genes encoding these regulatory nuclear receptors (PXR/NR1I2, CAR/NR1I3, RXRα/NR2B1 and HNF4α/NR2A1), were profiled in the patients enrolled in our study by direct sequencing (N = 50). The generalized linear model was employed to estimate the haplotypic effects on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the patients. RESULTS The pharmacokinetic profiles of docetaxel in these patients were characterized by marked interindividual variability, with approximately four- to sixfold variations observed in Cmax, AUC0-∞ and CL. Individual SNP association tests revealed that polymorphisms in NR2B1 and NR2A1 were significantly correlated with altered docetaxel pharmacokinetics. Subsequent haplotype association analysis identified the NR2B1 LD block 2 AG haplotype [*+4458G>A(rs3132291) and *+4988A>G(rs4842198)] to be significantly associated with altered pharmacokinetics, in which patients carrying two copies of the AG haplotype had approximately a 20 % decreased Cmax and AUC0-∞ and a 21 % increased CL compared to those who carried only one copy or no copies of the haplotype. A number of SNPs in NR1I2, NR1I3, NR2B1 and NR2A1 were also associated with a significant decrease in blood counts from baseline. No haplotype was found to exert any effects on the pharmacodynamics parameters. CONCLUSIONS The present exploratory study identified several SNPs in the genes encoding regulatory nuclear receptors which may account for the interpatient variability in docetaxel pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. These findings highlight the important role of regulatory nuclear receptors on the disposition of docetaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Chi Chew
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore, 117597
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García-Yagüe ÁJ, Rada P, Rojo AI, Lastres-Becker I, Cuadrado A. Nuclear import and export signals control the subcellular localization of Nurr1 protein in response to oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:5506-17. [PMID: 23283970 PMCID: PMC3581400 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.439190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Orphan receptor Nurr1 participates in the acquisition and maintenance of the dopaminergic cell phenotype, modulation of inflammation, and cytoprotection, but little is known about its regulation. In this study, we report that Nurr1 contains a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) within its DNA binding domain and two leucine-rich nuclear export signals (NES) in its ligand binding domain. Together, these signals regulate Nurr1 shuttling in and out of the nucleus. Immunofluorescence and immunoblot analysis revealed that Nurr1 is mostly nuclear. A Nurr1 mutant lacking the NLS failed to enter the nucleus. The Nurr1 NLS sequence, when fused to green fluorescent protein, led to nuclear accumulation of this chimeric protein, indicating that this sequence was sufficient to direct nuclear localization of Nurr1. Furthermore, two NES were characterized in the ligand binding domain, whose deletion caused Nurr1 to accumulate predominantly in the nucleus. The Nurr1 NES was sensitive to CRM1 and could function as an independent export signal when fused to green fluorescent protein. Sodium arsenite, an agent that induces oxidative stress, promoted nuclear export of ectopically expressed Nurr1 in HEK293T cells, and the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine rescued from this effect. Similarly, in dopaminergic MN9D cells, arsenite induced the export of endogenous Nurr1, resulting in the loss of expression of Nurr1-dependent genes. This study illustrates that Nurr1 shuttling between the cytosol and nucleus is controlled by specific nuclear import and export signals and that oxidative stress can unbalance the distribution of Nurr1 to favor its cytosolic accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Juan García-Yagüe
- From the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid
- the Departamento de Bioquímica e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid
- the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IDIPAZ), Madrid, and
| | - Patricia Rada
- From the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid
- the Departamento de Bioquímica e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid
- the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IDIPAZ), Madrid, and
| | - Ana I. Rojo
- From the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid
- the Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Lastres-Becker
- From the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid
- the Departamento de Bioquímica e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid
- the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IDIPAZ), Madrid, and
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- From the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid
- the Departamento de Bioquímica e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid
- the Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IDIPAZ), Madrid, and
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Kidani Y, Bensinger SJ. Liver X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor as integrators of lipid homeostasis and immunity. Immunol Rev 2013; 249:72-83. [PMID: 22889216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism has emerged as an important modulator of innate and adaptive immune cell fate and function. The lipid-activated transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, β/δ, γ and liver X receptor (LXR) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that have a well-defined role in regulating lipid homeostasis and metabolic diseases. Accumulated evidence over the last decade indicates that PPAR and LXR signaling also influence multiple facets of inflammation and immunity, thereby providing important crosstalk between metabolism and immune system. Herein, we provide a brief introduction to LXR and PPAR biology and review recent discoveries highlighting the importance of PPAR and LXR signaling in the modulation of normal and pathologic states of immunity. We also examine advances in our mechanistic understanding of how nuclear receptors impact immune system function and homeostasis. Finally, we discuss whether LXRs and PPARs could be pharmacologically manipulated to provide novel therapeutic approaches for modulation of the immune system under pathologic inflammation or in the context of allergic and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kidani
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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84
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PPARA, RXRA, NR1I2 and NR1I3 gene polymorphisms and lipid and lipoprotein levels in a Southern Brazilian population. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:1241-7. [PMID: 23079705 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death worldwide, and dyslipidemia is an important multifactorial risk factor. Considering the involvement of nuclear receptors in metabolic pathways, and that some of the receptors act in lipid metabolism and homeostasis, the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of genetic variations in RXRA, PPARA, NR1I2, and NR1I3 on lipid and lipoprotein levels. Five polymorphisms in the aforementioned genes were genotyped in 622 Brazilians of European descent by PCR-RFLP or TaqMan genotyping assays. In general, carriers of the A insertion of RXRA rs11381416 polymorphism showed higher levels of triglyceride (TG; 1.80 ± 1.20 vs. 1.52 ± 1.20 mmol/L; P = 0.020). Moreover, sexual dimorphic association was found (gender*NR1I3 rs2501873 genotype interaction P < 0.001), males with NR1I3 rs2501873 G/G genotype had lower TG levels (ANCOVA, P = 0.009). Our results suggest that polymorphisms in the RXRA and NR1I3 genes influence lipid profile in a Southern Brazilian population. However, these general and gender association require confirmation in subsequent studies.
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85
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Dai A, Yan G, He Q, Jiang Y, Zhang Q, Fang T, Ding L, Sun J, Sun H, Hu Y. Orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 regulates androgen receptor gene expression in mouse ovary. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39950. [PMID: 22761936 PMCID: PMC3386274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a nuclear receptor that is expressed in growing follicles and involved in folliculogenesis and follicle growth. The orphan nuclear receptor, Nur77, also has an important role in steroid signaling and follicle maturation. We hypothesized that AR levels and androgen signaling through AR are regulated by Nur77 in the ovary. In the ovaries of Nur77 knockout mice (n = 5), real-time PCR results showed that the mRNA levels of AR and an androgen signaling target gene, Kitl, were decreased by 35% and 24%, respectively, relative to wild-type mice (n = 5), which suggested transcriptional regulation of AR by Nur77 in vivo. In cultured mouse granulosa cells and a steroidogenic human ovarian granulosa-like tumor cell line, KGN, mRNA and protein expression levels of AR were increased by overexpressing Nur77 but decreased by knocking down endogenous Nur77. Consistent with increased AR expression, chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that Nur77 bound to the NGFI-B response element (NBRE) in the AR promoter sequence. AR promoter activity was stimulated by Nur77 in HEK293T cells and attenuated in Nur77 knockout mouse granulosa cells (luciferase assay). Overexpression of Nur77 enhanced the androgenic induction of Kitl (200 nM; 48h), while knockout of Nur77 attenuated this induction. These results demonstrate that AR is regulated by Nur77 in the ovaries, and they suggest that the participation of Nur77 in androgen signaling may be essential for normal follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyi Dai
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guijun Yan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinyuan He
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Fang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Ding
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Sun
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Haixiang Sun
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HS); (YH)
| | - Yali Hu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HS); (YH)
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86
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A pleiotropic role for the orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner in lipid homeostasis and metabolic pathways. J Lipids 2012; 2012:304292. [PMID: 22577560 PMCID: PMC3346990 DOI: 10.1155/2012/304292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) comprise one of the most abundant classes of transcriptional regulators of metabolic diseases and have emerged as promising pharmaceutical targets. Small heterodimer partner (SHP; NR0B2) is a unique orphan NR lacking a DNA-binding domain but contains a putative ligand-binding domain. SHP is a transcriptional regulator affecting multiple key biological functions and metabolic processes including cholesterol, bile acid, and fatty acid metabolism, as well as reproductive biology and glucose-energy homeostasis. About half of all mammalian NRs and several transcriptional coregulators can interact with SHP. The SHP-mediated repression of target transcription factors includes at least three mechanisms including direct interference with the C-terminal activation function 2 (AF2) coactivator domains of NRs, recruitment of corepressors, or direct interaction with the surface of NR/transcription factors. Future research must focus on synthetic ligands acting on SHP as a potential therapeutic target in a series of metabolic abnormalities. Current understanding about the pleiotropic role of SHP is examined in this paper, and principal metabolic aspects connected with SHP function will be also discussed.
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87
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Chen Y, Tang Y, Guo C, Wang J, Boral D, Nie D. Nuclear receptors in the multidrug resistance through the regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1112-26. [PMID: 22326308 PMCID: PMC3339266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the three most common treatment modalities for cancer. However, its efficacy is limited by multidrug resistant cancer cells. Drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and efflux transporters promote the metabolism, elimination, and detoxification of chemotherapeutic agents. Consequently, elevated levels of DMEs and efflux transporters reduce the therapeutic effectiveness of chemotherapeutics and, often, lead to treatment failure. Nuclear receptors, especially pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) and constitutive androstane activated receptor (CAR, NR1I3), are increasingly recognized for their role in xenobiotic metabolism and clearance as well as their role in the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) during chemotherapy. Promiscuous xenobiotic receptors, including PXR and CAR, govern the inducible expressions of a broad spectrum of target genes that encode phase I DMEs, phase II DMEs, and efflux transporters. Recent studies conducted by a number of groups, including ours, have revealed that PXR and CAR play pivotal roles in the development of MDR in various human carcinomas, including prostate, colon, ovarian, and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Accordingly, PXR/CAR expression levels and/or activation statuses may predict prognosis and identify the risk of drug resistance in patients subjected to chemotherapy. Further, PXR/CAR antagonists, when used in combination with existing chemotherapeutics that activate PXR/CAR, are feasible and promising options that could be utilized to overcome or, at least, attenuate MDR in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, United States
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88
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Chen CZ, Sobczak K, Hoskins J, Southall N, Marugan JJ, Zheng W, Thornton CA, Austin CP. Two high-throughput screening assays for aberrant RNA-protein interactions in myotonic dystrophy type 1. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:1889-98. [PMID: 22218462 PMCID: PMC3280409 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), the most prevalent form of adult muscular dystrophy, is caused by expansion of a CTG repeat in the 3' untranslated region of the DM protein kinase (DMPK) gene. The pathogenic effects of the CTG expansion arise from the deleterious effects of the mutant transcript. RNA with expanded CUG tracts alters the activities of several RNA binding proteins, including muscleblind-like 1 (MBNL1). MBNL1 becomes sequestered in nuclear foci in complex with the expanded CUG-repeat RNA. The resulting loss of MBNL1 activity causes misregulated alternative splicing of multiple genes, leading to symptoms of DM1. The binding interaction between MBNL1 and mutant RNA could be a key step in the pathogenesis of DM1 and serves as a potential target for therapeutic intervention. We have developed two high-throughput screens suitable assays using both homogenous time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer and AlphaScreen technologies to detect the binding of a C-terminally His-tagged MBNL1 and a biotinylated (CUG)(12) RNA. These assays are homogenous and successfully miniaturized to 1,536-well plate format. Both assays were validated and show robust signal-to-basal ratios and Z' factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Z. Chen
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Krzysztof Sobczak
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61 251 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jason Hoskins
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Noel Southall
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Juan J. Marugan
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Wei Zheng
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Charles A. Thornton
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Christopher P. Austin
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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89
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Chen W, Roeder RG. Mediator-dependent nuclear receptor function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:749-58. [PMID: 21854863 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As gene-specific transcription factors, nuclear receptors are broadly involved in many important biological processes. Their function on target genes requires the stepwise assembly of different coactivator complexes that facilitate chromatin remodeling and subsequent preinitiation complex (PIC) formation and function. Mediator has proved to be a crucial, and general, nuclear receptor-interacting coactivator, with demonstrated functions in transcription steps ranging from chromatin remodeling to subsequent PIC formation and function. Here we discuss our current understanding of (i) pathways involved in Mediator recruitment and function through nuclear receptor target gene enhancers and promoters, (ii) conditional requirements for the strong nuclear receptor-Mediator interactions mediated by NR AF2 domains and the MED1 LXXLL motifs, (iii) Mediator functions, through different nuclear receptor-interacting subunits, in different metabolic pathways, (iv) emerging functions of Mediator as a corepressor in addition to its major role as a coactivator and (v) mechanisms by which Mediator acts to transmit signals from enhancer-bound nuclear receptors to the general transcription machinery at core promoters to effect PIC formation and function. As a nuclear receptor coregulator with increasingly diverse functions, Mediator may thus modulate nuclear receptor signaling through several different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA.
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90
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Yoo J, Ko S, Kim H, Sampson H, Yun JH, Choe KM, Chang I, Arrowsmith CH, Krause HM, Cho HS, Lee W. Crystal structure of Fushi tarazu factor 1 ligand binding domain/Fushi tarazu peptide complex identifies new class of nuclear receptors. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31225-31. [PMID: 21775434 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.252916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the orphan nuclear receptor FTZ-F1 (Fushi tarazu factor 1) and the segmentation gene protein FTZ is critical for specifying alternate parasegments in the Drosophila embryo. Here, we have determined the structure of the FTZ-F1 ligand-binding domain (LBD)·FTZ peptide complex using x-ray crystallography. Strikingly, the ligand-binding pocket of the FTZ-F1 LBD is completely occupied by helix 6 (H6) of the receptor, whereas the cofactor FTZ binds the co-activator cleft site of the FTZ-F1 LBD. Our findings suggest that H6 is essential for transcriptional activity of FTZ-F1; this is further supported by data from mutagenesis and activity assays. These data suggest that FTZ-F1 might belong to a novel class of ligand-independent nuclear receptors. Our findings are intriguing given that the highly homologous human steroidogenic factor-1 and liver receptor homolog-1 LBDs exhibit sizable ligand-binding pockets occupied by putative ligand molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Yoo
- Department of Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu 134, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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91
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Dere E, Lo R, Celius T, Matthews J, Zacharewski TR. Integration of genome-wide computation DRE search, AhR ChIP-chip and gene expression analyses of TCDD-elicited responses in the mouse liver. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:365. [PMID: 21762485 PMCID: PMC3160422 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor (TF) that mediates responses to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Integration of TCDD-induced genome-wide AhR enrichment, differential gene expression and computational dioxin response element (DRE) analyses further elucidate the hepatic AhR regulatory network. Results Global ChIP-chip and gene expression analyses were performed on hepatic tissue from immature ovariectomized mice orally gavaged with 30 μg/kg TCDD. ChIP-chip analysis identified 14,446 and 974 AhR enriched regions (1% false discovery rate) at 2 and 24 hrs, respectively. Enrichment density was greatest in the proximal promoter, and more specifically, within ± 1.5 kb of a transcriptional start site (TSS). AhR enrichment also occurred distal to a TSS (e.g. intergenic DNA and 3' UTR), extending the potential gene expression regulatory roles of the AhR. Although TF binding site analyses identified over-represented DRE sequences within enriched regions, approximately 50% of all AhR enriched regions lacked a DRE core (5'-GCGTG-3'). Microarray analysis identified 1,896 number of TCDD-responsive genes (|fold change| ≥ 1.5, P1(t) > 0.999). Integrating this gene expression data with our ChIP-chip and DRE analyses only identified 625 differentially expressed genes that involved an AhR interaction at a DRE. Functional annotation analysis of differentially regulated genes associated with AhR enrichment identified overrepresented processes related to fatty acid and lipid metabolism and transport, and xenobiotic metabolism, which are consistent with TCDD-elicited steatosis in the mouse liver. Conclusions Details of the AhR regulatory network have been expanded to include AhR-DNA interactions within intragenic and intergenic genomic regions. Moreover, the AhR can interact with DNA independent of a DRE core suggesting there are alternative mechanisms of AhR-mediated gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Dere
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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92
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Structural Development Studies of Subtype-Selective Ligands for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) Based on the 3,4-Disubstituted Phenylpropanoic Acid Scaffold as a Versatile Template. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:689859. [PMID: 18566690 PMCID: PMC2430034 DOI: 10.1155/2008/689859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in our understanding of the functions of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) subtypes as pleiotropic regulators of biological responses, including lipid, lipoprotein, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, differentiation and proliferation of various cancer cells, and memory, have provided an opportunity to develop novel PPAR ligands with characteristic subtype selectivity. Such ligands are not only chemical tools to investigate the functions of PPARs, but also candidates for the treatment of PPAR-mediated diseases, including metabolic syndrome, inflammation, dementia, and cancer. This minireview summarizes our work on the design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of subtype-selective PPAR agonists based on the use of 3,4-disubstituted phenylpropanoic acid as a versatile template.
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93
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Peroxisome Proliferators-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Modulators and Metabolic Disorders. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:679137. [PMID: 18566691 PMCID: PMC2430035 DOI: 10.1155/2008/679137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity lead to an increased risk for metabolic disorders such as impaired glucose regulation/insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Several molecular drug targets with potential to prevent or treat metabolic disorders have been revealed. Interestingly, the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), which belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily, has many beneficial clinical effects. PPAR directly modulates gene expression by binding to a specific ligand. All PPAR subtypes (alpha, gamma, and sigma) are involved in glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy balance. PPAR agonists play an important role in therapeutic aspects of metabolic disorders. However, undesired effects of the existing PPAR agonists have been reported. A great deal of recent research has focused on the discovery of new PPAR modulators with more beneficial effects and more safety without producing undesired side effects. Herein, we briefly review the roles of PPAR in metabolic disorders, the effects of PPAR modulators in metabolic disorders, and the technologies with which to discover new PPAR modulators.
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94
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Törmä H. Regulation of keratin expression by retinoids. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 3:136-40. [PMID: 22110773 DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.3.15026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A and its natural and synthetic metabolites (retinoids) affect growth and differentiation of human skin and among the genes affected by retinoids in epidermis are keratin genes. Keratins are intermediate filament proteins that have essential functions in maintaining the structural integrity of epidermis and its appendages. Their expressions are under strict control to produce keratins that are optimally adapted to their environment. In this article, retinoid regulation of keratin expression in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes and in human skin in vivo will be reviewed. The direct and indirect mechanisms involved will be discussed and novel therapeutic strategies will be proposed for utilizing retinoids in skin disorders due to keratin mutations (e.g., epidermolysis bullosa simplex and epidermolytic ichthyosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Törmä
- Department of Medical Sciences/Dermatology; Uppsala University; Uppsala, Sweden
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95
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Duffy DJ, Frank U. Modulation of COUP-TF expression in a cnidarian by ectopic Wnt signalling and allorecognition. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19443. [PMID: 21552541 PMCID: PMC3084292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COUP transcription factors are required for the regulation of gene expression underlying development, differentiation, and homeostasis. They have an evolutionarily conserved function, being a known marker for neurogenesis from cnidarians to vertebrates. A homologue of this gene was shown previously to be a neuronal and nematocyte differentiation marker in Hydra. However, COUP-TFs had not previously been studied in a colonial cnidarian. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We cloned a COUP-TF homologue from the colonial marine cnidarian Hydractinia echinata. Expression of the gene was analysed during normal development, allorecognition events and ectopic Wnt activation, using in situ hybridisation and quantitative PCR. During normal Hydractinia development, the gene was first expressed in post-gastrula stages. It was undetectable in larvae, and its mRNA was present again in putative differentiating neurons and nematocytes in post-metamorphic stages. Global activation of canonical Wnt signalling in adult animals resulted in the upregulation of COUP-TF. We also monitored a strong COUP-TF upregulation in stolons undergoing allogeneic interactions. COUP-TF mRNA was most concentrated in the tissues that contacted allogeneic, non-self tissues, and decreased in a gradient away from the contact area. Interestingly, the gene was transiently upregulated during initial contact of self stolons, but dissipated rapidly following self recognition, while in non-self contacts high expression levels were maintained. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that COUP-TF is likely involved in neuronal/nematocyte differentiation in a variety of contexts. This has now been shown to include allorecognition, where COUP-TF is thought to have been co-opted to mediate allorejection by recruiting stinging cells that are the effectors of cytotoxic rejection of allogeneic tissue. Our findings that Wnt activation upregulates COUP-TF expression suggests that Wnts' role in neuronal differentiation could be mediated through COUP-TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Duffy
- School of Natural Sciences and Martin Ryan Marine Science Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Uri Frank
- School of Natural Sciences and Martin Ryan Marine Science Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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96
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Xie S, Ni J, Lee YF, Liu S, Li G, Shyr CR, Chang C. Increased acetylation in the DNA-binding domain of TR4 nuclear receptor by the coregulator ARA55 leads to suppression of TR4 transactivation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21129-36. [PMID: 21515881 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.208181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor TR4 is a key regulator for many physiological processes, including growth, development, and metabolism. However, how the transcriptional activity of TR4 is regulated in the absence of ligand(s) remains largely unknown. Here we found that an androgen receptor (AR) coactivator, ARA55, might function as a corepressor to suppress TR4 transactivation. Molecular mechanistic dissection with mutation analysis found that ARA55 could enhance TR4 acetylation at the conserved acetylation sites of lysine 175 and lysine 176 in the DNA-binding domain via recruiting proteins with histone acetyl transferase activity, which might then reduce significantly the TR4 DNA binding activity that resulted in the suppression of TR4 transactivation. These results are in contrast to the classic ARA55 coactivator function to enhance AR transactivation partially via increased AR acetylation in the hinge/ligand-binding domain. Together, these results not only provide a novel functional mechanism showing that acetylation of different nuclear receptors at different domains by coregulator may lead to differential receptor transactivation activity but also provide a new way for small molecules to control TR4 transactivation via altering TR4 acetylation levels, and such small molecules may have potential therapeutic applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhen Xie
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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97
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Reitzel AM, Pang K, Ryan JF, Mullikin JC, Martindale MQ, Baxevanis AD, Tarrant AM. Nuclear receptors from the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi lack a zinc-finger DNA-binding domain: lineage-specific loss or ancestral condition in the emergence of the nuclear receptor superfamily? EvoDevo 2011; 2:3. [PMID: 21291545 PMCID: PMC3038971 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear receptors (NRs) are an ancient superfamily of metazoan transcription factors that play critical roles in regulation of reproduction, development, and energetic homeostasis. Although the evolutionary relationships among NRs are well-described in two prominent clades of animals (deuterostomes and protostomes), comparatively little information has been reported on the diversity of NRs in early diverging metazoans. Here, we identified NRs from the phylum Ctenophora and used a phylogenomic approach to explore the emergence of the NR superfamily in the animal kingdom. In addition, to gain insight into conserved or novel functions, we examined NR expression during ctenophore development. RESULTS We report the first described NRs from the phylum Ctenophora: two from Mnemiopsis leidyi and one from Pleurobrachia pileus. All ctenophore NRs contained a ligand-binding domain and grouped with NRs from the subfamily NR2A (HNF4). Surprisingly, all the ctenophore NRs lacked the highly conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD). NRs from Mnemiopsis were expressed in different regions of developing ctenophores. One was broadly expressed in the endoderm during gastrulation. The second was initially expressed in the ectoderm during gastrulation, in regions corresponding to the future tentacles; subsequent expression was restricted to the apical organ. Phylogenetic analyses of NRs from ctenophores, sponges, cnidarians, and a placozoan support the hypothesis that expansion of the superfamily occurred in a step-wise fashion, with initial radiations in NR family 2, followed by representatives of NR families 3, 6, and 1/4 originating prior to the appearance of the bilaterian ancestor. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first description of NRs from ctenophores, including the full complement from Mnemiopsis. Ctenophores have the least diverse NR complement of any animal phylum with representatives that cluster with only one subfamily (NR2A). Ctenophores and sponges have a similarly restricted NR complement supporting the hypothesis that the original NR was HNF4-like and that these lineages are the first two branches from the animal tree. The absence of a zinc-finger DNA-binding domain in the two ctenophore species suggests two hypotheses: this domain may have been secondarily lost within the ctenophore lineage or, if ctenophores are the first branch off the animal tree, the original NR may have lacked the canonical DBD. Phylogenomic analyses and categorization of NRs from all four early diverging animal phyla compared with the complement from bilaterians suggest the rate of NR diversification prior to the cnidarian-bilaterian split was relatively modest, with independent radiations of several NR subfamilies within the cnidarian lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Reitzel
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Pang
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, Pacific Bioscience Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Joseph F Ryan
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James C Mullikin
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, Pacific Bioscience Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Andreas D Baxevanis
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ann M Tarrant
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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de Souza FSJ, Nasif S, López-Leal R, Levi DH, Low MJ, Rubinsten M. The estrogen receptor α colocalizes with proopiomelanocortin in hypothalamic neurons and binds to a conserved motif present in the neuron-specific enhancer nPE2. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:181-7. [PMID: 21211522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding the prohormone proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is mainly expressed in two regions in vertebrates, namely corticotrophs and melanotrophs in the pituitary and a small population of neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. In this latter region, POMC-derived peptides participate in the control of energy balance and sensitivity to pain. Neuronal expression of POMC is conferred by two enhancers, nPE1 and nPE2, which are conserved in most mammals, but no transcription factors are yet known to bind to these enhancers. In this work, by means of a one-hybrid screening, we identify that nPE2 possesses an element recognized by transcription factors of the nuclear receptor superfamily. This element, named NRBE, is conserved in all known nPE2 enhancers and is necessary to confer full enhancer strength to nPE2-driven reporter gene expression in transgenic mice assays, indicating that the phylogenetic conservation of the element is indicative of its functional importance. In a search for candidate nuclear receptors that might control POMC we observed that estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) - a known regulator of energy balance at the hypothalamic level - can bind to the NRBE element in vitro. In addition we observed by immunofluorescence that ESR1 is coexpressed with POMC in around 25-30% of hypothalamic neurons of males and females during late embryonic stages and adulthood. Thus, our results indicate that hypothalamic expression of POMC is controlled by nuclear receptors and establish ESR1 as a candidate regulator of POMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio S J de Souza
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, CONICET and Departamento Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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99
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Jin L, Li Y. Structural and functional insights into nuclear receptor signaling. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1218-26. [PMID: 20723571 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are important transcriptional factors that share high sequence identity and conserved domains, including a DNA-binding domain (DBD) and a ligand-binding domain (LBD). The LBD plays a crucial role in ligand-mediated nuclear receptor activity. Hundreds of different crystal structures of nuclear receptors have revealed a general mechanism for the molecular basis of ligand binding and ligand-mediated regulation of nuclear receptors. Despite the conserved fold of nuclear receptor LBDs, the ligand-binding pocket is the least conserved region among different nuclear receptor LBDs. Structural comparison and analysis show that several features of the pocket, like the size and also the shape, have contributed to the ligand binding affinity and specificity. In addition, the plastic nature of the ligand-binding pockets in many nuclear receptors provides greater flexibility to further accommodate specific ligands with a variety of conformations. Nuclear receptor coactivators usually contain multiple LXXLL motifs that are used to interact with nuclear receptors. The nuclear receptors respond differently to distinct ligands and readily exchange their ligands in different environments. The conformational flexibility of the AF-2 helix allows the nuclear receptor to sense the presence of the bound ligands, either an agonist or an antagonist, and to recruit the coactivators or corepressors that ultimately determine the transcriptional activation or repression of nuclear receptors.
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100
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Romero DG, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Angiotensin II-regulated transcription regulatory genes in adrenal steroidogenesis. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42A:259-66. [PMID: 20876845 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00098.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription regulatory genes are crucial modulators of cell physiology and metabolism whose intracellular levels are tightly controlled in response to extracellular stimuli. We previously reported a set of 29 transcription regulatory genes modulated by angiotensin II in H295R human adrenocortical cells and their roles in regulating the expression of the last and unique enzymes of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid biosynthetic pathways, 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase, respectively, using gene expression reporter assays. To study the effect of this set of transcription regulatory genes on adrenal steroidogenesis, H295R cells were transfected by high-efficiency nucleofection and aldosterone and cortisol were measured in cell culture supernatants under basal and angiotensin II-stimulated conditions. BCL11B, BHLHB2, CITED2, ELL2, HMGA1, MAFF, NFIL3, PER1, SERTAD1, and VDR significantly stimulated aldosterone secretion, while EGR1, FOSB, and ZFP295 decreased aldosterone secretion. BTG2, HMGA1, MITF, NR4A1, and ZFP295 significantly increased cortisol secretion, while BCL11B, NFIL3, PER1, and SIX2 decreased cortisol secretion. We also report the effect of some of these regulators on the expression of endogenous aldosterone synthase and 11β-hydroxylase under basal and angiotensin II-stimulated conditions. In summary, this study reports for the first time the effects of a set of angiotensin II-modulated transcription regulatory genes on aldosterone and cortisol secretion and the expression levels of the last and unique enzymes of the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid biosynthetic pathways. Abnormal regulation of mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid secretion is involved in several pathophysiological conditions. These transcription regulatory genes may be involved in adrenal steroidogenesis pathologies; thus they merit additional study as potential candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian G Romero
- Endocrinology, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
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