51
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Müller TD, Finan B, Bloom SR, D'Alessio D, Drucker DJ, Flatt PR, Fritsche A, Gribble F, Grill HJ, Habener JF, Holst JJ, Langhans W, Meier JJ, Nauck MA, Perez-Tilve D, Pocai A, Reimann F, Sandoval DA, Schwartz TW, Seeley RJ, Stemmer K, Tang-Christensen M, Woods SC, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Mol Metab 2019; 30:72-130. [PMID: 31767182 PMCID: PMC6812410 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 843] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a multifaceted hormone with broad pharmacological potential. Among the numerous metabolic effects of GLP-1 are the glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion, decrease of gastric emptying, inhibition of food intake, increase of natriuresis and diuresis, and modulation of rodent β-cell proliferation. GLP-1 also has cardio- and neuroprotective effects, decreases inflammation and apoptosis, and has implications for learning and memory, reward behavior, and palatability. Biochemically modified for enhanced potency and sustained action, GLP-1 receptor agonists are successfully in clinical use for the treatment of type-2 diabetes, and several GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies are in clinical evaluation for the treatment of obesity. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we provide a detailed overview on the multifaceted nature of GLP-1 and its pharmacology and discuss its therapeutic implications on various diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Since its discovery, GLP-1 has emerged as a pleiotropic hormone with a myriad of metabolic functions that go well beyond its classical identification as an incretin hormone. The numerous beneficial effects of GLP-1 render this hormone an interesting candidate for the development of pharmacotherapies to treat obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - B Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S R Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D D'Alessio
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D J Drucker
- The Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X5, Canada
| | - P R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - A Fritsche
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - F Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - H J Grill
- Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J F Habener
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - J J Meier
- Diabetes Division, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M A Nauck
- Diabetes Center Bochum-Hattingen, St Josef Hospital (Ruhr-Universität Bochum), Bochum, Germany
| | - D Perez-Tilve
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Pocai
- Cardiovascular & ImmunoMetabolism, Janssen Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - F Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - D A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DL-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M Tang-Christensen
- Obesity Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - S C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R D DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - M H Tschöp
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
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52
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Arciniega-Martínez IM, Drago-Serrano ME, Salas-Pimentel M, Ventura-Juárez J, Reséndiz-Albor AA, Campos-Rodríguez R. Anterior subdiaphragmatic vagotomy decreases the IgA antibody response in the small intestines of BALB/c mice. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 337:577072. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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53
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Song Y, Koehler JA, Baggio LL, Powers AC, Sandoval DA, Drucker DJ. Gut-Proglucagon-Derived Peptides Are Essential for Regulating Glucose Homeostasis in Mice. Cell Metab 2019; 30:976-986.e3. [PMID: 31495689 PMCID: PMC8140521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The importance of pancreatic versus intestinal-derived GLP-1 for glucose homeostasis is controversial. We detected active GLP-1 in the mouse and human pancreas, albeit at extremely low levels relative to glucagon. Accordingly, to elucidate the metabolic importance of intestinal proglucagon-derived peptides (PGDPs), we generated mice with reduction of Gcg expression within the distal (GcgDistalGut-/-) or entire (GcgGut-/-) gut. Substantial reduction of gut Gcg expression markedly reduced circulating levels of GLP-1, and impaired glucose homeostasis, associated with increased levels of GIP, and accelerated gastric emptying. GcgDistalGut-/- mice similarly exhibited lower circulating GLP-1 and impaired oral glucose tolerance. Nevertheless, plasma levels of insulin remained normal following glucose administration in the absence of gut-derived GLP-1. Collectively, our findings identify the essential importance of gut-derived PGDPs for maintaining levels of circulating GLP-1, control of gastric emptying, and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Song
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1X5, Canada; Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Jacqueline A Koehler
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1X5, Canada
| | - Laurie L Baggio
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1X5, Canada
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-0475, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G1X5, Canada.
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Holst JJ, Albrechtsen NJW, Rosenkilde MM, Deacon CF. Physiology of the Incretin Hormones,
GIP
and
GLP
‐1—Regulation of Release and Posttranslational Modifications. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:1339-1381. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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55
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Mangan AM, Al Najim W, McNamara N, Martin WP, Antanaitis A, Bleiel SB, Kent RM, le Roux CW, Docherty NG. Effect of Macronutrient Type and Gastrointestinal Release Site on PYY Response in Normal Healthy Subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:3661-3669. [PMID: 31127818 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Enteroendocrine L cells release satiety inducing hormones in response to stimulation by luminal macronutrients. We sought to profile the differential effect of macronutrient type and site of release on circulating concentrations of the L cell-derived enteroendocrine hormone peptide tyrosine tyrosine (amino acids 1 to 36) (PYY). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight healthy volunteers were recruited to a randomized, double-blinded, six-way crossover study. At each visit, the participants consumed a 500-kcal drink containing carbohydrate, protein, or fat in either gastric or small intestinal release formulations. Plasma PYY concentrations and hunger ratings were assessed for 3 hours after consumption of the test drink. The food intake was recorded thereafter at an ad libitum lunch. RESULTS Microcapsular formulations targeting the distal small intestinal delivery of fat, but not carbohydrate or protein, markedly enhance PYY release relative to macronutrient delivery in gastric release formulations. Food intake at an ad libitum meal was lowest after consumption of the formulation releasing fat at the distal small intestine. CONCLUSION Targeting of fat to the distal small intestine in delayed release microcapsules enhanced PYY release and was associated with reductions in food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling M Mangan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Werd Al Najim
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Division of Investigative Science, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh McNamara
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William P Martin
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrius Antanaitis
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad B Bleiel
- AnaBio Technologies Ltd., R&D Centre of Excellence and Production, Carrigtwohill, Ireland
| | - Robert M Kent
- AnaBio Technologies Ltd., R&D Centre of Excellence and Production, Carrigtwohill, Ireland
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Division of Investigative Science, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil G Docherty
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Gastrosurgical Research and Education, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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56
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Martinussen C, Bojsen-Møller KN, Dirksen C, Svane MS, Kristiansen VB, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Madsbad S. Augmented GLP-1 Secretion as Seen After Gastric Bypass May Be Obtained by Delaying Carbohydrate Digestion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:3233-3244. [PMID: 30844053 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exaggerated postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion seems important for weight loss and diabetes remission after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and may result from carbohydrate absorption in the distal small intestine. OBJECTIVE To investigate distal [GLP-1; peptide YY (PYY)] and proximal [glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)] gut hormone secretion in response to carbohydrates hydrolyzed at different rates. We hypothesized that slow digestion restricts proximal absorption, facilitating distal delivery of carbohydrates and thereby enhanced GLP-1 secretion in unoperated individuals, whereas this may not apply after RYGB. DESIGN Single-blinded, randomized, crossover study. SETTING Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark. PARTICIPANTS Ten RYGB-operated patients and 10 unoperated matched subjects. INTERVENTIONS Four separate days with ingestion of different carbohydrate loads, either rapidly/proximally digested (glucose plus fructose; sucrose) or slowly/distally digested (isomaltulose; sucrose plus acarbose). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES GLP-1 secretion (area under the curve above baseline). Secondary outcomes included PYY and GIP. RESULTS Isomaltulose enhanced secretion of GLP-1 nearly threefold (P = 0.02) and PYY ninefold (P = 0.08) compared with sucrose in unoperated subjects but had a modest effect after RYGB. Acarbose failed to increase sucrose induced GLP-1 secretion in unoperated subjects and diminished the responses by 50% after RYGB (P = 0.03). In both groups, GIP secretion was reduced by isomaltulose and even more so by sucrose plus acarbose when compared with sucrose intake. CONCLUSIONS GLP-1 secretion depends on the rate of carbohydrate digestion, but in a different manner after RYGB. Enhanced GLP-1 secretion is central after RYGB, but it may also be obtained in unoperated individuals by delaying hydrolysis of carbohydrates, pushing their digestion and absorption distally in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Martinussen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristine Nyvold Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Dirksen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Saur Svane
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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57
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Holst JJ. The incretin system in healthy humans: The role of GIP and GLP-1. Metabolism 2019; 96:46-55. [PMID: 31029770 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The incretin effect, the amplification of insulin secretion occurring when glucose is taken in orally as compared to infused intravenously, is one of the factors that help the body to tolerate carbohydrate/glucose ingestion. These include 1) amount and type of carbohydrates; 2) gastric emptying rate; 3) digestion and absorption of the carbohydrates; 4) secretion and effect of the incretin hormones; 5) disposition of absorbed nutrients/glucose. The incretin effect can also be viewed as the fraction of the ingested glucose load handled via gastrointestinal mechanisms (including the incretin effect); it is calculated by comparison of the amount of glucose required to copy, by intravenous infusion, the oral load. Typically, for 75 g of oral glucose, about 25 g are required. This means that the GastroIntestinal Glucose Disposal (GIGD) is 66%. Both the GIGD and the incretin effect depend on the amount of glucose ingested: for higher doses the GIGD may amount to 80%, which shows that this effect is a major contributor to glucose tolerance. The main mechanism behind it is stimulation of insulin secretion by a proportional secretion of the insulinotropic hormones GIP and GLP-1. Recently it has become possible to estimate their contributions in healthy humans using specific and potent receptor antagonists. Both hormones act to improve glucose tolerance (i.e. the antagonists impair tolerance) and their effects are additive. GIP seems to be quantitatively the most important, particularly regarding insulin secretion, whereas the action of GLP-1 is mainly displayed via inhibition of glucagon secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Juul Holst
- The NNF center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, the Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark.
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58
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Vestergaard ET, Hjelholt AJ, Kuhre RE, Møller N, Larraufie P, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Jessen N, Holst JJ, Jørgensen JOL. Acipimox Acutely Increases GLP-1 Concentrations in Overweight Subjects and Hypopituitary Patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2581-2592. [PMID: 30726969 PMCID: PMC7212086 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone used therapeutically in type 2 diabetes and obesity. The interplay between ambient free fatty acids (FFAs) and GLP-1 remains unclear. Acipimox suppresses adipose tissue lipolysis via activation of the PUMA-G (also known as HCA2 and GPR109a) receptor. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether lowering of serum FFA level with acipimox affects GLP-1 secretion. DESIGN Two randomized crossover studies were performed in human subjects. Rat intestine was perfused intra-arterially and intraluminally, and l-cells were incubated with acipimox. PARTICIPANTS The participants were healthy overweight subjects and hypopituitary adult patients. INTERVENTIONS The overweight participants received acipimox 250 mg 60 minutes before an oral glucose test. The hypopituitary patients received acipimox 250 mg 12, 9, and 2 hours before and during the metabolic study day, when they were studied in the basal state and during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. RESULTS Acipimox suppressed FFA but did not affect insulin in the clinical trials. In overweight subjects, the GLP-1 increase after the oral glucose tolerance test (area under the curve) was more than doubled [4119 ± 607 pmol/L × min (Acipimox) vs 1973 ± 375 pmol/L × min (control), P = 0.004]. In hypopituitary patients, acipimox improved insulin sensitivity (4.7 ± 0.8 mg glucose/kg/min (Acipimox) vs 3.1 ± 0.5 mg glucose/kg/min (control), P = 0.005], and GLP-1 concentrations increased ~40%. An inverse correlation between FFA and GLP-1 concentrations existed in both trials. In rat intestine, acipimox did not affect GLP-1 secretion, and l-cells did not consistently express the putative receptor for acipimox. CONCLUSIONS Acipimox treatment increases systemic GLP-1 levels in both obese subjects and hypopituitary patients. Our in vitro data indicate that the underlying mechanisms are indirect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Thyssen Vestergaard
- Medical Research Laboratories Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Randers Regional Hospital, 8930 Randers
| | - Astrid Johanneson Hjelholt
- Medical Research Laboratories Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Rune E. Kuhre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Medical Research Laboratories Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Pierre Larraufie
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fiona M. Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Niels Jessen
- Medical Research Laboratories Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and NNF Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen
- Medical Research Laboratories Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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59
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Modvig IM, Kuhre RE, Holst JJ. Peptone-mediated glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion depends on intestinal absorption and activation of basolaterally located Calcium-Sensing Receptors. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14056. [PMID: 31020803 PMCID: PMC6482282 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein intake robustly stimulates the secretion of the incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) but the molecular mechanisms involved are not well understood. In particular, it is unknown whether proteins stimulate secretion by activation of luminal or basolateral sensors. We characterized the mechanisms using a physiologically relevant model - the isolated perfused proximal rat small intestine. Intraluminal protein hydrolysates derived from meat (peptone; 50 mg/mL) increased GLP-1 secretion 2.3-fold (from a basal secretion of 110 ± 28 fmol/min). The sensory mechanisms underlying the response depended on di/tripeptide uptake through Peptide Transporter 1 (PepT1) and subsequent basolateral activation of the amino acid sensing receptor, Calcium-Sensing Receptor (CaSR), since inhibition of PepT1 as well as CaSR both attenuated the peptone-induced GLP-1 response. Supporting this, intraluminal peptones were absorbed efficiently by the perfused intestine (resulting in increased amino acid concentrations in the venous effluent) and infusion of amino acids robustly stimulated GLP-1 secretion. Inhibitors of voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels had no effect on secretion suggesting that peptone-mediated GLP-1 secretion is not mediated by L-cell depolarization with subsequent opening of these channels. Specific targeting of CaSR could serve as a target to stimulate the endogenous secretion of GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida M. Modvig
- Department of Biomedical SciencesNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Rune E. Kuhre
- Department of Biomedical SciencesNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical SciencesNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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60
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Feng RL, Qian C, Liu LY, Liu QJ, Jin YQ, Li SX, Liu W, Rayner CK, Ma J. Secretion of Gut Hormones and Expression of Sweet Taste Receptors and Glucose Transporters in a Rat Model of Obesity. Obes Facts 2019; 12:190-198. [PMID: 30928977 PMCID: PMC6547286 DOI: 10.1159/000497122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was undertaken to compare gut hormone secretion between high-fat-fed and control rats, and to examine the corresponding changes in the expression of sweet taste receptors and glucose transporters in the small intestine and hypothalamus. METHODS Four-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a standard or high-fat diet for 8 weeks (10 in each group), followed by an oral glucose tolerance test (50% glucose solution, 2 g/kg). Blood was sampled for glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and polypeptide YY (PYY) assays. One week later, small intestinal and hypothalamic tissue were analyzed for sweet taste receptor and glucose transporter expression by real-time PCR. RESULTS After oral glucose, plasma GLP-1 concentrations were higher in high-fat-fed than standard-fat-fed rats (group × time interaction, p < 0.01) with significant differences at t = 15 min (p < 0.01) and 30 min (p < 0.05). Plasma PYY concentrations were lower in high-fat-fed than control rats at t = 0, 15 min (p < 0.05, respectively) and 120 min (p < 0.01). There were no differences in the expression of sweet taste receptors or glucose transporters between high-fat-fed and control rats in the duodenum, ileum, or hypothalamus. CONCLUSIONS Changes in GLP-1 and PYY secretion after a high-fat diet appear unrelated to any changes in the expression of sweet taste receptors or glucose transporters. Impaired PYY secretion with high-fat feeding suggests that PYY analogues may provide a potential therapy in the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Lu Feng
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lian Yong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Punan Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Jing Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Qiu Jin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Xian Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chris K Rayner
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jing Ma
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China,
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Wang J, Wang Z, Li B, Qiang Y, Yuan T, Tan X, Wang Z, Liu Z, Liu X. Lycopene attenuates western-diet-induced cognitive deficits via improving glycolipid metabolism dysfunction and inflammatory responses in gut-liver-brain axis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:1735-1746. [PMID: 30538283 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0277-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The aim of the current study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of lycopene (LYC), a major carotenoid present in tomato, on high-fat and high-fructose western diet (HFFD)-induced cognitive impairments and the protective effects on HFFD-elicited insulin resistance, lipid metabolism dysfunction and inflammatory responses in the gut-liver-brain axis. SUBJECTS/METHODS We randomly assigned 3-month-old C57BL/6 J mice to three groups with different diets: the control group, HFFD group and HFFD + LYC group (LYC, 0.03% w/w, mixed into high-fat diet) for 10 weeks. RESULTS The results of the Y-maze task and Morris water maze tests demonstrated that LYC attenuated HFFD-induced memory loss. Moreover, LYC suppressed HFFD-elicited synaptic dysfunction and increased the expressions of SNAP-25 and PSD-95. Furthermore, LYC ameliorated insulin resistance, lipid metabolism dysfunction and inflammatory responses in the mouse brain and liver. LYC also prevente.d intestinal barrier integrity damages and decreased the level of circulating LPS. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that LYC ameliorated HFFD-induced cognitive impairments in a mouse model by improving insulin resistance, lipid metabolism dysfunction and inflammatory responses in the gut-liver-brain axis. These findings indicate that LYC might be a nutritional strategy for western diet-induced dysfunction of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bing Li
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yu Qiang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tian Yuan
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xintong Tan
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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62
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Chen W, Hira T, Nakajima S, Hara H. Wheat gluten hydrolysate potently stimulates peptide-YY secretion and suppresses food intake in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1992-1999. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1505482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The study was aimed to compare the satiating effect of various protein hydrolysates in rats and examine the underlying mechanism associated with the satiety hormones. Food intake and portal satiety hormone levels were measured in rats. Enteroendocrine cell-lines were employed to study the direct effect of protein hydrolysates on gut hormone secretions. The results showed that oral preload of wheat gluten hydrolysate (WGH) suppressed food intake greater and longer than other hydrolysates. The portal peptide-YY levels in WGH-treated rats at 2 h and 3 h were higher than those in control- and lactalbumin hydrolysate (LAH)-treated rats. In a distal enteroendocrine cell model, WGH more potently stimulated glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion than LAH, and the effect was largely enhanced by pepsin/pancreatin digestion of WGH. These results suggest WGH is potent in activating enteroendocrine cells to release satiety hormones leading to the prolonged suppression of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Chen
- Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing, P.R. China
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tohru Hira
- Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakajima
- Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Research Group of Bioscience and Chemistry, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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63
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Fothergill LJ, Furness JB. Diversity of enteroendocrine cells investigated at cellular and subcellular levels: the need for a new classification scheme. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:693-702. [PMID: 30357510 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells were historically classified by a letter code, each linked to a single hormone, deduced to be the only hormone produced by the cell. One type, the L cell, was recognised to store and secrete two products, peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-related peptides. Many other exceptions to the one-cell one-hormone classifications have been reported over the last 40 years or so, and yet the one-hormone dogma has persisted. In the last 6 years, a plethora of data has appeared that makes the concept unviable. Here, we describe the evidence that multiple hormone transcripts and their products reside in single cells and evidence that the hormones are often, but not always, processed into separate storage vesicles. It has become clear that most enteroendocrine cells contain multiple hormones. For example, most secretin cells contain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and in mouse many of these also contain cholecystokinin (CCK). Furthermore, CCK cells also commonly store ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), neurotensin, and PYY. Several hormones, for example, secretin and 5-HT, are in separate storage vesicles at a subcellular level. Hormone patterns can differ considerably between species. Another complication is that relative levels of expression vary substantially. This means that data are significantly influenced by the sensitivities of detection techniques. For example, a hormone that can be detected in storage vesicles by super-resolution microscopy may not be above threshold for detection by conventional fluorescence microscopy. New nomenclature for cell clusters with common attributes will need to be devised and old classifications abandoned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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64
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Kuhre RE, Christiansen CB, Saltiel MY, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ. On the relationship between glucose absorption and glucose-stimulated secretion of GLP-1, neurotensin, and PYY from different intestinal segments in the rat. Physiol Rep 2018; 5. [PMID: 29199179 PMCID: PMC5727272 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingested glucose powerfully stimulates the secretion of appetite‐ and metabolism‐regulating peptide hormones from the gut – including glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1), neurotensin (NT), and polypeptide YY (PYY). However, the regional origin of these secretions after glucose stimulation is not well characterized, and it remains uncertain how their secretion is related to glucose absorption. We isolated and perfused either the upper (USI) or the lower (LSI) small intestine or the colon from rats and investigated concomitant glucose absorption and secretory profiles of GLP‐1, NT, and PYY. In the USI and LSI luminal glucose (20%, w/v) increased GLP‐1 and NT secretion five to eightfold compared to basal secretion. Compared to the USI, basal and stimulated GLP‐1 secretion from the colon was 8–10 times lower and no NT secretion was detected. Luminal glucose stimulated secretion of PYY four to fivefold from the LSI and from the USI and colon, but the responses in the USI and colon were 5‐ to 15‐fold lower than in the LSI. Glucose was absorbed to a comparable extent in the USI and LSI by mechanisms that partly depended on both SGLT1 and GLUT2 activity, whereas the absorption in the colon was 80–90% lower. The absorption rates were, however, similar when adjusted for segmental length. Glucose absorption rates and NT, PYY and in particular GLP‐1 secretion were strongly correlated (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that the rate of secretion of GLP‐1, NT, and PYY in response to glucose, regardless of the involved molecular machinery, is predominantly regulated by the rate of glucose absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune E Kuhre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte B Christiansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Monika Y Saltiel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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65
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Bliss ES, Whiteside E. The Gut-Brain Axis, the Human Gut Microbiota and Their Integration in the Development of Obesity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:900. [PMID: 30050464 PMCID: PMC6052131 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic, placing socioeconomic strain on public healthcare systems, especially within the so-called Western countries, such as Australia, United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, where energy intake exceeds expenditure. Current non-invasive treatments lack efficacy in combating obesity, suggesting that obesity is a multi-faceted and more complex disease than previously thought. This has led to an increase in research exploring energy homeostasis and the discovery of a complex bidirectional communication axis referred to as the gut-brain axis. The gut-brain axis is comprised of various neurohumoral components that allow the gut and brain to communicate with each other. Communication occurs within the axis via local, paracrine and/or endocrine mechanisms involving a variety of gut-derived peptides produced from enteroendocrine cells (EECs), including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY3-36 (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and oxyntomodulin. Neural networks, such as the enteric nervous system (ENS) and vagus nerve also convey information within the gut-brain axis. Emerging evidence suggests the human gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem residing in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), may influence weight-gain through several inter-dependent pathways including energy harvesting, short-chain fatty-acids (SCFA) signalling, behaviour modifications, controlling satiety and modulating inflammatory responses within the host. Hence, the gut-brain axis, the microbiota and the link between these elements and the role each plays in either promoting or regulating energy and thereby contributing to obesity will be explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S. Bliss
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
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Christiansen CB, Gabe MBN, Svendsen B, Dragsted LO, Rosenkilde MM, Holst JJ. The impact of short-chain fatty acids on GLP-1 and PYY secretion from the isolated perfused rat colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G53-G65. [PMID: 29494208 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00346.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The colonic epithelium harbors a large number of endocrine cells, but little is known about the endocrine functions of the colon. However, the high density of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1)- and peptide-YY (PYY)-secreting L cells is of great interest because of the potential antidiabetic and antiobesity effects of GLP-1 and PYY. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by local bacterial fermentation are suggested to activate the colonic free fatty acid receptors FFAR2 (GPR43) and FFAR3 (GPR41), stimulating the colonic L cells. We used the isolated perfused rat colon as a model of colonic endocrine secretion and studied the effects of the predominant SCFAs formed: acetate, propionate, and butyrate. We show that luminal and especially vascular infusion of acetate and butyrate significantly increases colonic GLP-1 secretion, and to a minor extent also PYY secretion, but only after enhancement of intracellular cAMP. Propionate neither affected GLP-1 nor PYY secretion whether administered luminally or vascularly. A FFAR2- and FFAR3-specific agonist [( S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethyl- N-(5-phenylthiazol-2-yl)butamide (CFMB)/ AR420626 ] had no effect on colonic GLP-1 output, and a FFAR3 antagonist ( AR399519 ) did not decrease the SCFA-induced GLP-1 response. However, the voltage-gated Ca2+-channel blocker nifedipine, the KATP-channel opener diazoxide, and the ATP synthesis inhibitor 2,4-dinitrophenol completely abolished the responses. FFAR2 receptor studies confirmed low-potent partial agonism of acetate, propionate, and butyrate, compared with CFMB, which is a full agonist with ~750-fold higher potency than the SCFAs. In conclusion, SCFAs may increase colonic GLP-1/PYY secretion, but FFAR2/FFAR3 do not seem to be involved. Rather, SCFAs are metabolized and appear to function as a colonocyte energy source. NEW & NOTEWORTHY By the use of in situ isolated perfused rat colon we show that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) primarily are used as a colonocyte energy source in the rat, subsequently triggering glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion independent of the free fatty acid receptors FFAR2 and FFAR3. Opposite many previous studies on SCFAs and FFAR2/FFAR3 and GLP-1 secretion, this experimental model allows investigation of the physiological interactions between luminal nutrients and secretion from cells whose function depend critically on their blood supply as well as nerve and paracrine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bayer Christiansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Maria Buur Nordskov Gabe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Berit Svendsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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67
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Brubaker PL. Glucagon‐like Peptide‐2 and the Regulation of Intestinal Growth and Function. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1185-1210. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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68
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Kuhre RE, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Larsen O, Jepsen SL, Balk-Møller E, Andersen DB, Deacon CF, Schoonjans K, Reimann F, Gribble FM, Albrechtsen R, Hartmann B, Rosenkilde MM, Holst JJ. Bile acids are important direct and indirect regulators of the secretion of appetite- and metabolism-regulating hormones from the gut and pancreas. Mol Metab 2018; 11:84-95. [PMID: 29656109 PMCID: PMC6001409 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Bile acids (BAs) facilitate fat absorption and may play a role in glucose and metabolism regulation, stimulating the secretion of gut hormones. The relative importance and mechanisms involved in BA-stimulated secretion of appetite and metabolism regulating hormones from the gut and pancreas is not well described and was the purpose of this study. Methods The effects of bile acids on the secretion of gut and pancreatic hormones was studied in rats and compared to the most well described nutritional secretagogue: glucose. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the secretion was studied by isolated perfused rat and mouse small intestine and pancreas preparations and supported by immunohistochemistry, expression analysis, and pharmacological studies. Results Bile acids robustly stimulate secretion of not only the incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), but also glucagon and insulin in vivo, to levels comparable to those resulting from glucose stimulation. The mechanisms of GLP-1, neurotensin, and peptide YY (PYY) secretion was secondary to intestinal absorption and depended on activation of basolateral membrane Takeda G-protein receptor 5 (TGR5) receptors on the L-cells in the following order of potency: Lithocholic acid (LCA) >Deoxycholicacid (DCA)>Chenodeoxycholicacid (CDCA)> Cholic acid (CA). Thus BAs did not stimulate secretion of GLP-1 and PYY from perfused small intestine in TGR5 KO mice but stimulated robust responses in wild type littermates. TGR5 is not expressed on α-cells or β-cells, and BAs had no direct effects on glucagon or insulin secretion from the perfused pancreas. Conclusion BAs should be considered not only as fat emulsifiers but also as important regulators of appetite- and metabolism-regulating hormones by activation of basolateral intestinal TGR5. Bile acids stimulate the secretion of metabolism-regulating hormones from the gut. Bile acids stimulate secretion of gut hormones to a similar extent as glucose. Activation of basolateral TGR5 receptors mediates the responses. Bile acids stimulate glucagon and insulin secretion, but only indirectly. Bile acids should be regarded as important regulators of blood glucose and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune E Kuhre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olav Larsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara L Jepsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie Balk-Møller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel B Andersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carolyn F Deacon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 15, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Reidar Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Kim KS, Seeley RJ, Sandoval DA. Signalling from the periphery to the brain that regulates energy homeostasis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2018; 19:185-196. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2018.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Castagneto Gissey L, Casella Mariolo J, Mingrone G. Intestinal peptide changes after bariatric and minimally invasive surgery: Relation to diabetes remission. Peptides 2018; 100:114-122. [PMID: 29412812 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is very effective in achieving and maintaining weight loss but it is also associated with improvement of obesity metabolic complications, primarily type 2 diabetes (T2D). Remission of T2D or at least a net improvement of glycemic control persists for at least 5 years. The bypass of duodenum and of the first portion of the jejunum up to the Treitz ligament as in Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), or the bypass of the duodenum, the entire jejunum and the first tract of the ileum, such as in Bilio-Pancreatic Diversion (BPD), achieve different results on insulin sensitivity. Insulin resistance is the major driver of T2D manifesting long before insulin secretion failure. In fact, T2D development can be prevented by treatment with insulin sensitizing agents. Interestingly, RYGB improves hepatic insulin sensitivity while BPD ameliorates whole-body insulin sensitivity. Two major theories have been advocated to explain the early remission of T2D following RYGB or BPD before a meaningful weight loss takes place, the foregut and the hindgut hypotheses. The former holds that the bypass of the proximal intestine, i.e. duodenum and jejunum, prevents the secretion of signals - including nervous transmitters and hormones - promoting insulin resistance, the latter instead states that the delivery of nutrients directly into the ileum stimulates the secretion of hormones improving glucose disposal. The most studied candidate is Glucagon Like Peptide 1 (GLP1). However, while there is unambiguous evidence that GLP-1 stimulates insulin secretion, its direct action in lowering insulin resistance, independently of the effect on weight loss secondary to its satiety action, is utterly controversial. In this review we examine the effects on T2D and gastrointestinal peptide secretion produced by different types of metabolic surgery and by minimally invasive endoscopic surgery, whose utilization for the treatment of obesity and T2D is gaining wider interest and acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Geltrude Mingrone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy; Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Jorsal T, Rhee NA, Pedersen J, Wahlgren CD, Mortensen B, Jepsen SL, Jelsing J, Dalbøge LS, Vilmann P, Hassan H, Hendel JW, Poulsen SS, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Enteroendocrine K and L cells in healthy and type 2 diabetic individuals. Diabetologia 2018; 61:284-294. [PMID: 28956082 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Enteroendocrine K and L cells are pivotal in regulating appetite and glucose homeostasis. Knowledge of their distribution in humans is sparse and it is unknown whether alterations occur in type 2 diabetes. We aimed to evaluate the distribution of enteroendocrine K and L cells and relevant prohormone-processing enzymes (using immunohistochemical staining), and to evaluate the mRNA expression of the corresponding genes along the entire intestinal tract in individuals with type 2 diabetes and healthy participants. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 12 individuals with type 2 diabetes and 12 age- and BMI-matched healthy individuals underwent upper and lower double-balloon enteroscopy with mucosal biopsy retrieval from approximately every 30 cm of the small intestine and from seven specific anatomical locations in the large intestine. RESULTS Significantly different densities for cells positive for chromogranin A (CgA), glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, peptide YY, prohormone convertase (PC) 1/3 and PC2 were observed along the intestinal tract. The expression of CHGA did not vary along the intestinal tract, but the mRNA expression of GCG, GIP, PYY, PCSK1 and PCSK2 differed along the intestinal tract. Lower counts of CgA-positive and PC1/3-positive cells, respectively, were observed in the small intestine of individuals with type 2 diabetes compared with healthy participants. In individuals with type 2 diabetes compared with healthy participants, the expression of GCG and PYY was greater in the colon, while the expression of GIP and PCSK1 was greater in the small intestine and colon, and the expression of PCSK2 was greater in the small intestine. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings provide a detailed description of the distribution of enteroendocrine K and L cells and the expression of their products in the human intestinal tract and demonstrate significant differences between individuals with type 2 diabetes and healthy participants. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03044860.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Jorsal
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Nicolai A Rhee
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla D Wahlgren
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Brynjulf Mortensen
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
- Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Sara L Jepsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Louise S Dalbøge
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Vilmann
- Endoscopic Unit, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Gastrounit, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Hazem Hassan
- Endoscopic Unit, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Gastrounit, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jakob W Hendel
- Endoscopic Unit, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Gastrounit, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Steen S Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Kildegårdsvej 28, DK-2900, Hellerup, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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72
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Iwasaki Y, Sendo M, Dezaki K, Hira T, Sato T, Nakata M, Goswami C, Aoki R, Arai T, Kumari P, Hayakawa M, Masuda C, Okada T, Hara H, Drucker DJ, Yamada Y, Tokuda M, Yada T. GLP-1 release and vagal afferent activation mediate the beneficial metabolic and chronotherapeutic effects of D-allulose. Nat Commun 2018; 9:113. [PMID: 29317623 PMCID: PMC5760716 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Overeating and arrhythmic feeding promote obesity and diabetes. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists are effective anti-obesity drugs but their use is limited by side effects. Here we show that oral administration of the non-calorie sweetener, rare sugar d-allulose (d-psicose), induces GLP-1 release, activates vagal afferent signaling, reduces food intake and promotes glucose tolerance in healthy and obese-diabetic animal models. Subchronic d-allulose administered at the light period (LP) onset ameliorates LP-specific hyperphagia, visceral obesity, and glucose intolerance. These effects are blunted by vagotomy or pharmacological GLP-1R blockade, and by genetic inactivation of GLP-1R signaling in whole body or selectively in vagal afferents. Our results identify d-allulose as prominent GLP-1 releaser that acts via vagal afferents to restrict feeding and hyperglycemia. Furthermore, when administered in a time-specific manner, chronic d-allulose corrects arrhythmic overeating, obesity and diabetes, suggesting that chronotherapeutic modulation of vagal afferent GLP-1R signaling may aid in treating metabolic disorders. The sweetener D-allulose has beneficial metabolic effects in animal models, but its mechanism of action was unclear. Here the authors report that D-allulose triggers GLP-1 release in the gut and GLP-1R signaling on vagal afferents, counteracting arrhythmic overeating, obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Iwasaki
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Mio Sendo
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Katsuya Dezaki
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tohru Hira
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takehiro Sato
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakata
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Chayon Goswami
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Ryohei Aoki
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Takeshi Arai
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Parmila Kumari
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masaki Hayakawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Chiaki Masuda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue TCP5-1004 Mailbox 39, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Geriatric Medicine, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tokuda
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Physiology, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yada
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan. .,Kansai Electric Power Medical Research Institute, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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73
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Zapata RC, Singh A, Chelikani PK. Peptide YY mediates the satiety effects of diets enriched with whey protein fractions in male rats. FASEB J 2018; 32:850-861. [PMID: 29042449 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700519rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dairy proteins-whey protein, in particular-are satiating and often recommended for weight control; however, little is known about the mechanisms by which whey protein and its components promote satiety and weight loss. We used diet-induced obese rats to determine whether the hypophagic effects of diets that are enriched with whey and its fractions, lactalbumin and lactoferrin, are mediated by the gut hormone, peptide YY (PYY). We demonstrate that high protein diets that contain whey, lactalbumin, and lactoferrin decreased food intake and body weight with a concurrent increase in PYY mRNA abundance in the colon and/or plasma PYY concentrations. Of importance, blockade of PYY neuropeptide Y receptor subtype 2 (Y2) receptors with a peripherally restricted antagonist attenuated the hypophagic effects of diets that are enriched with whey protein fractions. Diets that are enriched with whey fractions were less preferred; however, in a modified conditioned taste preference test, PYY Y2 receptor blockade induced hyperphagia of a lactoferrin diet, but caused a reduction in preference for Y2 antagonist-paired flavor, which suggested that PYY signaling is important for lactoferrin-induced satiety, but not essential for preference for lactoferrin-enriched diets. Taken together, these data provide evidence that the satiety of diets that are enriched with whey protein components is mediated, in part, via enhanced PYY secretion and action in obese male rats.-Zapata, R. C., Singh, A., Chelikani, P. K. Peptide YY mediates the satiety effects of diets enriched with whey protein fractions in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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74
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Worthington JJ, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Enteroendocrine cells-sensory sentinels of the intestinal environment and orchestrators of mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:3-20. [PMID: 28853441 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium must balance efficient absorption of nutrients with partitioning commensals and pathogens from the bodies' largest immune system. If this crucial barrier fails, inappropriate immune responses can result in inflammatory bowel disease or chronic infection. Enteroendocrine cells represent 1% of this epithelium and have classically been studied for their detection of nutrients and release of peptide hormones to mediate digestion. Intriguingly, enteroendocrine cells are the key sensors of microbial metabolites, can release cytokines in response to pathogen associated molecules and peptide hormone receptors are expressed on numerous intestinal immune cells; thus enteroendocrine cells are uniquely equipped to be crucial and novel orchestrators of intestinal inflammation. In this review, we introduce enteroendocrine chemosensory roles, summarize studies correlating enteroendocrine perturbations with intestinal inflammation and describe the mechanistic interactions by which enteroendocrine and mucosal immune cells interact during disease; highlighting this immunoendocrine axis as a key aspect of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Worthington
- Lancaster University, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
| | - F Reimann
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - F M Gribble
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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75
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El-Salhy M, Patcharatrakul T, Hatlebakk JG, Hausken T, Gilja OH, Gonlachanvit S. Enteroendocrine, Musashi 1 and neurogenin 3 cells in the large intestine of Thai and Norwegian patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:1331-1339. [PMID: 28853300 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2017.1371793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The prevalence, gender distribution and clinical presentation of IBS differ between Asian and Western countries. This study aimed at studying and comparing enteroendocrine, Musashi 1 (Msi 1) and neurogenin 3 (neurog 3) cells in Thai and Norwegian IBS patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty Thai and 61 Norwegian IBS patients as well as 20 Thai and 24 Norwegian controls were included. Biopsy samples were taken from each of the sigmoid colon and the rectum during a standard colonoscopy. The samples were immunostained for serotonin, peptide YY, oxyntomodulin, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin, Msi 1 and neurog 3. The densities of immunoreactive cells were determined with computerized image analysis. RESULTS The densities of several enteroendocrine cell types were altered in both the colon and rectum of both Thai and Norwegian IBS patients. Some of these changes were similar in Thai and Norwegian IBS patients, while others differed. CONCLUSIONS The findings of abnormal densities of the enteroendocrine cells in Thai patients support the notion that enteroendocrine cells are involved in the pathophysiology of IBS. The present observations highlight that IBS differs in Asian and Western countries, and show that the changes in large-intestine enteroendocrine cells in Thai and Norwegian IBS patients might be caused by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdy El-Salhy
- a Department of Medicine, Section for Gastroenterology , Stord Helse-Fonna Hospital , Stord , Norway.,b Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c Department of Medicine, National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Tanisa Patcharatrakul
- d Department of Medicine, GI Motility Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand.,e King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk
- b Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c Department of Medicine, National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Trygve Hausken
- b Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c Department of Medicine, National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway.,e King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Odd Helge Gilja
- b Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c Department of Medicine, National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway.,f Department of Medicine , National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Sutep Gonlachanvit
- d Department of Medicine, GI Motility Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand.,e King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society , Bangkok , Thailand
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76
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Ingerslev AK, Mutt SJ, Lærke HN, Hedemann MS, Theil PK, Nielsen KL, Jørgensen H, Herzig KH, Bach Knudsen KE. Postprandial PYY increase by resistant starch supplementation is independent of net portal appearance of short-chain fatty acids in pigs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185927. [PMID: 28982156 PMCID: PMC5628905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased dietary fiber (DF) fermentation and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production may stimulate peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) secretion. In this study, the effects of hindgut SCFA production on postprandial PYY plasma levels were assessed using different experimental diets in a porto-arterial catheterized pig model. The pigs were fed experimental diets varying in source and levels of DF for one week in 3×3 Latin square designs. The DF sources were whole-wheat grain, wheat aleurone, rye aleurone-rich flour, rye flakes, and resistant starch. Postprandial blood samples were collected from the catheters and analyzed for PYY levels and net portal appearance (NPA) of PYY was correlated to NPA of SCFA. No significant effects of diets on NPA of PYY were observed (P > 0.05), however, resistant starch supplementation increased postprandial NPA of PYY levels by 37 to 54% compared with rye-based and Western-style control diets (P = 0.19). This increase was caused by higher mesenteric artery and portal vein PYY plasma levels (P < 0.001) and was independent of SCFA absorption (P > 0.05). The PYY levels were higher in response to the second daily meal compared with the first daily meal (P < 0.001), but similar among diets (P > 0.10). In conclusion, the increased postprandial PYY responses in pigs fed with different levels and sources of DF are not caused by an increased SCFA absorption and suggest that other mechanisms such as neural reflexes and possibly an increased flow of digesta in the small intestine may be involved. The content of DF and SCFA production did not affect PYY levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivaprakash Jagalur Mutt
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Department of Physiology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Henry Jørgensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Biocenter of Oulu, Department of Physiology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Medical Research Center (MRC) and University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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77
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Hira T, Koga T, Sasaki K, Hara H. Canagliflozin potentiates GLP-1 secretion and lowers the peak of GIP secretion in rats fed a high-fat high-sucrose diet. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 492:161-165. [PMID: 28803984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The glucose-induced secretion of incretins, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), is dependent on luminal glucose levels and transport of glucose via the sodium-glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) in the small intestine. Because GLP-1 and GIP function in decreasing and increasing the body weight, respectively, we aimed to analyze the effect of transient inhibition of SGLT1 by canagliflozin on incretin secretion in an obese rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on a high-fat high-sucrose diet for 6-7 weeks, and plasma GLP-1 and GIP levels were measured during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). In addition, GLP-1 secretion was examined in a murine GLP-1 producing enteroendocrine cell line, GLUTag. Concomitant administration of 10 mg/kg canagliflozin with glucose loading suppressed glucose excursion, increased total GLP-1 levels, and reduced total GIP levels in systemic circulation, as revealed in the OGTT. Total and active GLP-1 levels were increased in portal blood, whereas total and active GIP levels tended to be decreased 15 min after the administration of canagliflozin with glucose. Canagliflozin (at 0.1-30 μM) did not directly affect release of GLP-1 in vitro. These results suggest that the oral administration of canagliflozin suppresses GIP secretion via the inhibition of SGLT1 in the upper part of the intestine and enhances GLP-1 secretion by increasing the glucose delivery to the lower part of the small intestine in an obese rodent model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Hira
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Toshiki Koga
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Hara
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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78
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El-Salhy M, Gilja OH. Abnormalities in ileal stem, neurogenin 3, and enteroendocrine cells in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. BMC Gastroenterol 2017; 17:90. [PMID: 28764761 PMCID: PMC5539900 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-017-0643-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study examined whether the densities of stem- and enteroendocrine cell progenitors are abnormal in the ileum of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and whether any abnormalities in ileal enteroendocrine cells are correlated with abnormalities in stem cells and enteroendocrine cell progenitors. Methods One hundred and one IBS patients covering all IBS subtypes were recruited, and 39 non-IBS subjects were included as a control group. The patients and controls underwent standard colonoscopies, during which biopsy specimens were obtained from the ileum. The biopsy specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and immunostained for Musashi-1 (Msi-1), neurogenin 3 (NEUROG3), chromogranin A (CgA), serotonin, peptide YY (PYY), oxyntomodulin (enteroglucagon), pancreatic polypeptide, and somatostatin. The immunoreactive cells were quantified by computerized image analysis. Results The densities of Msi-1, NEUROG3, CgA, and serotonin cells were reduced in all IBS patients and in patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D), mixed-diarrhea-and-constipation IBS (IBS-M), and constipation-predominant (IBS-C) relative to the control subjects. While the PYY cell density was increased in IBS-C relative to controls, it did not differ between control subjects and IBS-D and IBS-M patients. The densities of Msi-1 and NEUROG3 cells were strongly correlated with that of CgA cells. Conclusions The abnormalities in the ileal enteroendocrine cells appear to be caused by two mechanisms: (1) decreases in the clonogenic activity of the stem cells and in the endocrine-cell progenitors differentiating into enteroendocrine cells, and (2) switching on the expression of PYY and switching off the expression of certain other hormones in other types of the enteroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdy El-Salhy
- Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stord Helse-Fonna Hospital, Box 4000, 54 09 Stord, Stord, Norway. .,Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Odd Helge Gilja
- Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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79
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Blanco AM, Bertucci JI, Valenciano AI, Delgado MJ, Unniappan S. Ghrelin suppresses cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the intestine, and attenuates the anorectic effects of CCK, PYY and GLP-1 in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Horm Behav 2017; 93:62-71. [PMID: 28506816 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an important gut-derived hormone with an appetite stimulatory role, while most of the intestinal hormones, including cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), are appetite-inhibitors. Whether these important peptides with opposing roles on food intake interact to regulate energy balance in fish is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize the putative crosstalk between ghrelin and CCK, PYY and GLP-1 in goldfish (Carassius auratus). We first determined the localization of CCK, PYY and GLP-1 in relation to ghrelin and its main receptor GHS-R1a (growth hormone secretagogue 1a) in the goldfish intestine by immunohistochemistry. Colocalization of ghrelin/GHS-R1a and CCK/PYY/GLP-1 was found primarily in the luminal border of the intestinal mucosa. In an intestinal explant culture, a significant decrease in prepro-cck, prepro-pyy and proglucagon transcript levels was observed after 60min of incubation with ghrelin, which was abolished by preincubation with the GHS-R1a ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (except for proglucagon). The protein expression of PYY and GLP-1 was also downregulated by ghrelin. Finally, intraperitoneal co-administration of CCK, PYY or GLP-1 with ghrelin results in no modification of food intake in goldfish. Overall, results of the present study show for the first time in fish that ghrelin exerts repressive effects on enteric anorexigens. It is likely that these interactions mediate the stimulatory effects of ghrelin on feeding and metabolism in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Melisa Blanco
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Juan Ignacio Bertucci
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Avenida Intendente Marinos Km. 8,2, 7130 Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ana Isabel Valenciano
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Jesús Delgado
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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80
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Neuronal Fibers and Neurotransmitter Receptor Expression in the Human Endolymphatic Sac. Otol Neurotol 2017; 38:765-773. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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81
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Suzuki K, Iwasaki K, Murata Y, Harada N, Yamane S, Hamasaki A, Shibue K, Joo E, Sankoda A, Fujiwara Y, Hayashi Y, Inagaki N. Distribution and hormonal characterization of primary murine L cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract. J Diabetes Investig 2017; 9:25-32. [PMID: 28429513 PMCID: PMC5754545 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) secreted from enteroendocrine L cells is an incretin that potentiates insulin secretion and is already applied in therapies for type 2 diabetes. However, detailed examination of L cells throughout the gastrointestinal tract remains unclear, because of difficulties in purifying scattered L cells from other cells. In the present study, we identified characteristics of L cells of the upper small intestine (UI), the lower small intestine (LI) and the colon using glucagon‐green fluorescent protein‐expressing mice that express GFP driven by the proglucagon promoter. Materials and Methods The localization and density of primary L cells were evaluated by anti‐green fluorescent protein antibody reactivity. GLP‐1 content, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels and secretion in purified L cells were measured. Results The number of L cells significantly increased toward the colon. In contrast, the GLP‐1 content and secretion from L cells were higher in the UI than in the LI and colon. L cells from the UI and LI expressed notably high mRNA levels of the transcription factor, islet 1. The mRNA expression levels of peptide YY in L cells were higher in the LI than in the UI and colon. The mRNA expression levels of gastric inhibitory polypeptide in L cells from the UI were significantly higher compared with those from the LI and colon. Conclusions L cells show different numbers and characteristics throughout the gut, and they express different mRNA levels of transcription factors and gastrointestinal hormones. These results contribute to the therapeutic application of promoting GLP‐1 release from L cells for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Suzuki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanako Iwasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Murata
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hamasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Shibue
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Erina Joo
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Sankoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuta Fujiwara
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hayashi
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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82
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Johnson ML, Saffrey MJ, Taylor VJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) increases in plasma and colon tissue prior to estrus and circulating levels change with increasing age in reproductively competent Wistar rats. Peptides 2017; 90:55-62. [PMID: 28237410 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a well-documented association between cyclic changes to food intake and the changing ovarian hormone levels of the reproductive cycle in female mammals. Limited research on appetite-controlling gastrointestinal peptides has taken place in females, simply because regular reproductive changes in steroid hormones present additional experimental factors to account for. This study focussed directly on the roles that gastrointestinal-secreted peptides may have in these reported, naturally occurring, changes to food intake during the rodent estrous cycle and aimed to determine whether peripheral changes occurred in the anorexigenic (appetite-reducing) hormones peptide-YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in female Wistar rats (32-44 weeks of age). Total forms of each peptide were measured in matched fed and fasted plasma and descending colon tissue samples for each animal during the dark (feeding) phase. PYY concentrations did not significantly change between defined cycle stages, in either plasma or tissue samples. GLP-1 concentrations in fed plasma and descending colon tissue were significantly increased during proestrus, just prior to a significant reduction in fasted stomach contents at estrus, suggesting increased satiety and reduced food intake at this stage of the cycle. Increased proestrus GLP-1 concentrations could contribute to the reported reduction in food intake during estrus and may also have biological importance in providing the optimal nutritional and metabolic environment for gametes at the potential point of conception. Additional analysis of the findings demonstrated significant interactions of ovarian cycle stage and fed/fasted status with age on GLP-1, but not PYY plasma concentrations. Slightly older females had reduced fed plasma GLP-1 suggesting that a relaxation of regulatory control of this incretin hormone may also take place with increasing age in reproductively competent females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Johnson
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - M Jill Saffrey
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Victoria J Taylor
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
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83
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Nielsen S, Svane MS, Kuhre RE, Clausen TR, Kristiansen VB, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Bojsen-Moller KN. Chenodeoxycholic acid stimulates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/3/e13140. [PMID: 28202805 PMCID: PMC5309580 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial secretion of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is enhanced after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB), but the precise molecular mechanisms explaining this remain poorly understood. Plasma concentrations of bile acids (BAs) increase after RYGB, and BAs may act as molecular enhancers of GLP‐1 secretion through activation of TGR5‐receptors. We aimed to evaluate GLP‐1 secretion after oral administration of the primary bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and the secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) (which are available for oral use) in RYGB‐operated participants. Eleven participants (BMI 29.1 ± 1.2, age 37.0 ± 3.2 years, time from RYGB 32.3 ± 1.1 months, weight loss after RYGB 37.0 ± 3.1 kg) were studied in a placebo‐controlled, crossover‐study. On three different days, participants ingested (1) placebo (water), (2) UDCA 750 mg, (3) CDCA 1250 mg (highest recommended doses). Oral intake of CDCA increased plasma concentrations of GLP‐1, C‐peptide, glucagon, peptide YY, neurotensin, total bile acids, and fibroblast growth factor 19 significantly compared with placebo (all P < 0.05 for peak and positive incremental area‐under‐the‐curve (piAUC)). All plasma hormone concentrations were unaffected by UDCA. Neither UDCA nor CDCA changed glucose, cholecystokinin or glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) concentrations. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the primary bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid is able to enhance secretion of gut hormones when administered orally in RYGB‐operated patients—even in the absence of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Nielsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria S Svane
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune E Kuhre
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Viggo B Kristiansen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine N Bojsen-Moller
- Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark .,NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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84
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Hira T, Suto R, Kishimoto Y, Kanahori S, Hara H. Resistant maltodextrin or fructooligosaccharides promotes GLP-1 production in male rats fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet, and partially reduces energy intake and adiposity. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:965-979. [PMID: 28161724 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing secretion and production of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) by continuous ingestion of certain food components has been expected to prevent glucose intolerance and obesity. In this study, we examined whether a physiological dose (5% weight in diet) of digestion-resistant maltodextrin (RMD) has a GLP-1-promoting effect in rats fed a high-fat and high-sucrose (HFS) diet. METHODS Rats were fed a control diet or the HFS (30% fat, 40% sucrose wt/wt) diet supplemented with 5% RMD or fructooligosaccharides (FOS) for 8 weeks or for 8 days in separated experiments. Glucose tolerance, energy intake, plasma and tissue GLP-1 concentrations, and cecal short-chain fatty acids concentrations were assessed. RESULTS After 4 weeks of feeding, HFS-fed rats had significantly higher glycemic response to oral glucose than control rats, but rats fed HFS + RMD/FOS did not (approx. 50% reduction vs HFS rats). HFS + RMD/FOS-fed rats had higher GLP-1 responses (~twofold) to oral glucose, than control rats. After 8 weeks, visceral adipose tissue weight was significantly higher in HFS-fed rats than control rats, while HFS + RMD/FOS rats had a trend of reduced gain (~50%) of the tissue weight. GLP-1 contents and luminal propionate concentrations in the large intestine increased (>twofold) by adding RMD/FOS to HFS. Eight days feeding of RMD/FOS-supplemented diets reduced energy intake (~10%) and enhanced cecal GLP-1 production (~twofold), compared to HFS diet. CONCLUSIONS The physiological dose of a prebiotic fiber promptly (within 8 days) promotes GLP-1 production in rats fed an obesogenic diet, which would help to prevent excess energy intake and fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Hira
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Ryoya Suto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuka Kishimoto
- Research & Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Itami, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sumiko Kanahori
- Research & Development, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Itami, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
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85
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El-Salhy M, Hausken T, Gilja OH, Hatlebakk JG. The possible role of gastrointestinal endocrine cells in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:139-148. [PMID: 27927062 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1269601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is unknown, but several factors appear to play a role in its pathophysiology, including abnormalities of the gastrointestinal endocrine cells. The present review illuminates the possible role of gastrointestinal hormones in the pathophysiology of IBS and the possibility of utilizing the current knowledge in treating the disease. Areas covered: Research into the intestinal endocrine cells and their possible role in the pathophysiology of IBS is discussed. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying the abnormalities in the gastrointestinal endocrine cells in IBS patients are revealed. Expert commentary: The abnormalities observed in the gastrointestinal endocrine cells in IBS patients explains their visceral hypersensitivity, gastrointestinal dysmotility, and abnormal intestinal secretion, as well as the interchangeability of symptoms over time. Clarifying the role of the intestinal stem cells in the pathophysiology of IBS may lead to new treatment methods for IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdy El-Salhy
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine , Stord Hospital , Stord , Norway.,b Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Trygve Hausken
- b Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Odd Helge Gilja
- b Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway.,d National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk
- b Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
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86
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Glucagon-like peptide-1 is co-localized with neurotensin in the chicken ileum. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 368:277-286. [PMID: 28108848 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and neurotensin (NT) are distributed throughout the chicken ileum. Here, we attempt to determine if GLP-1 and NT co-localize in the chicken ileum by using immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques. Three types of enteroendocrine cells, GLP-1+/NT+, GLP-1+/NT- and GLP-1-/NT+ cells, were detected in the mucosal epithelium by the double immunofluorescence method. The ratio of GLP-1+/NT+ cells at the crypts in the distal ileum was significantly higher than that in the proximal ileum. The ratios of the three cell types were similar along the crypt-villous axis in the proximal ileum but the percentage of GLP-1+/NT+ cells significantly decreased at the middle part of villi relative to crypts and the bottom part of villi in the distal ileum. Enteroendocrine cells that were immunoreactive to both GLP-1 and NT peptides and showed both proglucagon and NT precursor mRNA signals were found in the crypts of the distal ileum but not in the villous epithelium. The results from performing an immunocytochemical method with colloidal gold indicated that the GLP-1 content within GLP-1+/NT+ cell secretory granules decreased stepwise from the crypt to the middle part of the villus but the NT content in these granules increased in this direction. These findings reveal that the cells producing both GLP-1 and NT are mainly localized in the crypts of the chicken ileum but these endocrine cells specialize in NT-producing cells at the villous epithelium of the distal ileum.
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87
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Steinert RE, Feinle-Bisset C, Asarian L, Horowitz M, Beglinger C, Geary N. Ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36): Secretory Controls and Physiological Roles in Eating and Glycemia in Health, Obesity, and After RYGB. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:411-463. [PMID: 28003328 PMCID: PMC6151490 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of Roux-en-Y gastric-bypass (RYGB) and other bariatric surgeries in the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and novel developments in gastrointestinal (GI) endocrinology have renewed interest in the roles of GI hormones in the control of eating, meal-related glycemia, and obesity. Here we review the nutrient-sensing mechanisms that control the secretion of four of these hormones, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide tyrosine tyrosine [PYY(3-36)], and their contributions to the controls of GI motor function, food intake, and meal-related increases in glycemia in healthy-weight and obese persons, as well as in RYGB patients. Their physiological roles as classical endocrine and as locally acting signals are discussed. Gastric emptying, the detection of specific digestive products by small intestinal enteroendocrine cells, and synergistic interactions among different GI loci all contribute to the secretion of ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36). While CCK has been fully established as an endogenous endocrine control of eating in healthy-weight persons, the roles of all four hormones in eating in obese persons and following RYGB are uncertain. Similarly, only GLP-1 clearly contributes to the endocrine control of meal-related glycemia. It is likely that local signaling is involved in these hormones' actions, but methods to determine the physiological status of local signaling effects are lacking. Further research and fresh approaches are required to better understand ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36) physiology; their roles in obesity and bariatric surgery; and their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Steinert
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Lori Asarian
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Michael Horowitz
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Christoph Beglinger
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Nori Geary
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
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88
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Invited review: nutrient-sensing receptors for free fatty acids and hydroxycarboxylic acids in farm animals. Animal 2016; 11:1008-1016. [PMID: 27829484 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111600238x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on nutrient sensing by free fatty acid receptors (FFAR1, FFAR2, FFAR3, FFAR4) and hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors (HCAR1, HCAR2) are increasing for human or rodent models. Both receptor families link intestinal fermentation by the microbiota and energy metabolism with cellular responses. Therefore, this finding provides a link that is independent of the only function of the fermentation products as energy substrates. For example, these reactions are associated with insulin secretion, regulation of lipolysis, adipose tissue differentiation and innate immune responses. In farm animals, the available data on both receptor families from the intestine and other tissues increase. However, currently, the data are primarily linked with the distribution of receptor messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and more rarely with proteins. Functional data on the importance of these receptors in farm animal species is not abundant and is often associated with the immune system. In certain farm animal species, the receptors were cloned and ligand binding was characterised. In chicken, only one FFAR2 was recently identified using genome analysis, which is contradictory to a study using an FFAR1 small interfering RNA. The chicken FFAR2 is composed of more than 20 paralogs. No data on HCAR1 or HCAR2 exist in this species. Currently, in pigs, most available data are on the mRNA distribution within intestine. However, no FFAR1 expression has been shown in this organ to date. In addition to FFAR2, an orthologue (FFAR2-like) with the highest abundance in intestine has been reported. The data on HCAR1 and HCAR2 in pigs is scarce. In ruminants, most of the currently available information on receptor distribution is linked to mRNA data and shows the expression, for example, in mammary gland and adipose tissue. However, some protein data on FFAR2 and FFAR1 protein has been reported and functional data availability is slowly increasing. The receptor mRNAs of HCAR1 and HCAR2 are expressed in bovine. The HCAR2 protein has been demonstrated in certain tissues, such as liver and fat. Because of the physiological importance of both receptor families in human life science, more studies that analyse the physiological significance of both receptor families in animal science may be performed within the next several years.
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89
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Elliott JA, Reynolds JV, le Roux CW, Docherty NG. Physiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic implications of enteroendocrine control of food intake. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2016; 11:475-499. [PMID: 30058920 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2016.1245140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of obesity and its associated comorbidities, strides to improve treatment strategies have enhanced our understanding of the function of the gut in the regulation of food intake. The most successful intervention for obesity to date, bariatric surgery effectively manipulates enteroendocrine physiology to enhance satiety and reduce hunger. Areas covered: In the present article, we provide a detailed overview of the physiology of enteroendocrine control of food intake, and discuss its pathophysiologic correlates and therapeutic implications in both obesity and gastrointestinal disease. Expert commentary: Ongoing research in the field of nutrient sensing by L-cells, as well as understanding the role of the microbiome and bile acid signaling may facilitate the development of novel strategies to combat the rising population health threat associated with obesity. Further refinement of post-prandial satiety gut hormone based therapies, including the development of chimeric peptides exploiting the pleiotropic nature of the gut hormone response, and identification of novel methods of delivery may hold the key to optimization of therapeutic modulation of gut hormone physiology in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie A Elliott
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
- b Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences , Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - John V Reynolds
- b Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences , Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Carel W le Roux
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
- c Gastrosurgical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Neil G Docherty
- a Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
- c Gastrosurgical Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
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90
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El-Salhy M, Mazzawi T, Umezawa K, Gilja OH. Enteroendocrine cells, stem cells and differentiation progenitors in rats with TNBS-induced colitis. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1743-1751. [PMID: 27779708 PMCID: PMC5117771 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as well as animal models of human IBD have abnormal enteroendocrine cells. The present study aimed to identify the possible mechanisms underlying these abnormalities. For this purpose, 40 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups as follows: the control group, the group with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis with no treatment (TNBS group), the group with TNBS-induced colitis treated with 3-[(dodecylthiocarbonyl)-methyl]-glutarimide (DTCM-G; an activator protein-1 inhibitor) (DTCM-G group), and the group with TNBS-induced colitis treated with dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ; a nuclear factor-κB inhibitor) treatment (DHMEQ group). Three days following the administration of TNBS, the rats were treated as follows: those in the control and TNBS groups received 0.5 ml of the vehicle [0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)], those in the DTCM-G group received DTCM-G at 20 mg/kg body weight in 0.5% CMC, and those in the DHMEQ group received DHMEQ at 15 mg/kg body weight in 0.5% CMC. All injections were administered intraperitoneally twice daily for 5 days. The rats were then sacrificed, and tissue samples were taken from the colon. The tissue sections were stained with hemotoxylin-eosin and immunostained for chromogranin A (CgA), serotonin, peptide YY (PYY), oxyntomodulin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), somatostatin, Musashi1 (Msi1), Math1, Neurogenin3 (Neurog3) and NeuroD1. The staining was quantified using image analysis software. The densities of CgA-, PYY-, PP-, Msi1-, Neurog3- and NeuroD1-positive cells were significantly lower in the TNBS group than those in the control group, while those of serotonin-, oxyntomodulin- and somatostatin-positive cells were significantly higher in the TNBS group than those in the control group. Treatment with either DTCM-G or DHMEQ restored the densities of enteroendocrine cells, stem cells and their progenitors to normal levels. It was thus concluded that the abnormalities in enteroendocrine cells and stem cells and their differentiation progenitors may be caused by certain signaling substances produced under inflammatory processes, resulting in changes in hormone expression in enteroendocrine cells. These substances may also interfere with the colonogenic activity and the differentiation of the stem-cell secretory lineage into mature enteroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdy El-Salhy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stord Helse-Fonna Hospital, 5416 Stord, Norway
| | - Tarek Mazzawi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kazuo Umezawa
- Department of Molecular Target Medicine, School of Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Nagakute, 480-1195 Aichi, Japan
| | - Odd Helge Gilja
- Division of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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Bahne E, Hansen M, Brønden A, Sonne DP, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Involvement of glucagon-like peptide-1 in the glucose-lowering effect of metformin. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:955-61. [PMID: 27265206 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is an oral antihyperglycaemic drug used in the first-line treatment of type 2 diabetes. Metformin's classic and most well-known blood glucose-lowering mechanisms include reduction of hepatic gluconeogenesis and increased peripheral insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, intravenously administered metformin is ineffective and recently, metformin was shown to increase plasma concentrations of the glucose-lowering gut incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which may contribute to metformin's glucose-lowering effect in patients with type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms behind metformin-induced increments in GLP-1 levels remain unknown, but it has been hypothesized that metformin stimulates GLP-1 secretion directly and/or indirectly and that metformin prolongs the half-life of GLP-1. Also, it has been suggested that metformin may potentiate the glucose-lowering effects of GLP-1 by increasing target tissue sensitivity to GLP-1. The present article critically reviews the possible mechanisms by which metformin may affect GLP-1 levels and sensitivity and discusses whether such alterations may constitute important and clinically relevant glucose-lowering actions of metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bahne
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Morten Hansen
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Brønden
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Peña-Juárez MC, Campos-Rodríguez R, Godínez-Victoria M, Cruz-Hernández TR, Reyna-Garfias H, Barbosa-Cabrera RE, Drago-Serrano ME. Effect of Bovine Lactoferrin Treatment Followed by Acute Stress on the IgA-Response in Small Intestine of BALB/c Mice. Immunol Invest 2016; 45:652-67. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2016.1202959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Bauer PV, Duca FA. Targeting the gastrointestinal tract to treat type 2 diabetes. J Endocrinol 2016; 230:R95-R113. [PMID: 27496374 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rising global rates of type 2 diabetes and obesity present a significant economic and social burden, underscoring the importance for effective and safe therapeutic options. The success of glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, along with the potent glucose-lowering effects of bariatric surgery, highlight the gastrointestinal tract as a potential target for diabetes treatment. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that the gut plays a prominent role in the ability of metformin to lower glucose levels. As such, the current review highlights some of the current and potential pathways in the gut that could be targeted to improve glucose homeostasis, such as changes in nutrient sensing, gut peptides, gut microbiota and bile acids. A better understanding of these pathways will lay the groundwork for novel gut-targeted antidiabetic therapies, some of which have already shown initial promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige V Bauer
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute and Department of MedicineUHN, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frank A Duca
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute and Department of MedicineUHN, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Ratner C, Skov LJ, Raida Z, Bächler T, Bellmann-Sickert K, Le Foll C, Sivertsen B, Dalbøge LS, Hartmann B, Beck-Sickinger AG, Madsen AN, Jelsing J, Holst JJ, Lutz TA, Andrews ZB, Holst B. Effects of Peripheral Neurotensin on Appetite Regulation and Its Role in Gastric Bypass Surgery. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3482-92. [PMID: 27580810 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) is a peptide expressed in the brain and in the gastrointestinal tract. Brain NT inhibits food intake, but the effects of peripheral NT are less investigated. In this study, peripheral NT decreased food intake in both mice and rats, which was abolished by a NT antagonist. Using c-Fos immunohistochemistry, we found that peripheral NT activated brainstem and hypothalamic regions. The anorexigenic effect of NT was preserved in vagotomized mice but lasted shorter than in sham-operated mice. This in combination with a strong increase in c-Fos activation in area postrema after ip administration indicates that NT acts both through the blood circulation and the vagus. To improve the pharmacokinetics of NT, we developed a pegylated NT peptide, which presumably prolonged the half-life, and thus, the effect on feeding was extended compared with native NT. On a molecular level, the pegylated NT peptide increased proopiomelanocortin mRNA in the arcuate nucleus. We also investigated the importance of NT for the decreased food intake after gastric bypass surgery in a rat model of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). NT was increased in plasma and in the gastrointestinal tract in RYGB rats, and pharmacological antagonism of NT increased food intake transiently in RYGB rats. Taken together, our data suggest that NT is a metabolically active hormone, which contributes to the regulation of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ratner
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Louise J Skov
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Zindy Raida
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Thomas Bächler
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kathrin Bellmann-Sickert
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christelle Le Foll
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bjørn Sivertsen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Louise S Dalbøge
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Andreas N Madsen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jacob Jelsing
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jens J Holst
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.), Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, and Department of Biomedical Sciences (B.Ha., J.J.H.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Metabolic Receptology (C.R., L.J.S., Z.R., B.S., A.N.M., B.Ho.) and Section for Translational Metabolic Physiology (B.Ha., J.J.H.), the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Veterinary Physiology (T.B., C.L.F., T.A.L.), Vetsuisse Faculty, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.A.L.), University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biochemistry (K.B.-S., A.G.B.-S.), University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; Gubra ApS (L.S.D., J.J.), Hørsholm, DK-2970 Denmark; and Biomedicine Discovery Institute (Z.B.A.), Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Larraufie P, Doré J, Lapaque N, Blottière HM. TLR ligands and butyrate increase Pyy expression through two distinct but inter-regulated pathways. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27405092 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is an active barrier separating the host from its microbiota. It senses microbial compounds through expression of a wide range of receptors including the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs have been shown to regulate epithelium permeability or secretion of defensin by Paneth cells. However, the expression and function of TLRs in enteroendocrine L-cells, a specific subtype of intestinal cells secreting PYY and GLP-1, have not yet been assessed. PYY and GLP-1 are implicated in regulation of gut motility, food intake and insulin secretion, and are of great interest regarding obesity and type 2 diabetes. Using a cellular model of human L-cells and a reporter system for NF-κB activation pathway, we reported functional expression of TLRs in these cells. Stimulation with specific TLR-agonists increased expression of Pyy but not Proglucagon in an NF-κB-dependent manner. Moreover, the effect of TLR stimulation was additive to butyrate, a product of bacterial fermentation, on Pyy expression. Additionally, butyrate also increased Tlr expression, including Tlr4, and the NF-κB response to TLR stimulation. Altogether, our results demonstrated a role of TLRs in the modulation of Pyy expression and the importance of butyrate, a product of bacterial fermentation in regulation of microbial TLR-dependent sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Larraufie
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Joël Doré
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, France.,MGP MetaGenoPolis, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Lapaque
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Hervé M Blottière
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, France.,MGP MetaGenoPolis, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
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98
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Iepsen EW, Lundgren J, Holst JJ, Madsbad S, Torekov SS. Successful weight loss maintenance includes long-term increased meal responses of GLP-1 and PYY3-36. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:775-84. [PMID: 26976129 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36), ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity. However, it is unknown whether they exhibit adaptive changes with respect to postprandial secretion to a sustained weight loss. DESIGN The study was designed as a longitudinal prospective intervention study with data obtained at baseline, after 8 weeks of weight loss and 1 year after weight loss. METHODS Twenty healthy obese individuals obtained a 13% weight loss by adhering to an 8-week very low-calorie diet (800kcal/day). After weight loss, participants entered a 52-week weight maintenance protocol. Plasma levels of GLP-1, PYY3-36, ghrelin, GIP and glucagon during a 600-kcal meal were measured before weight loss, after weight loss and after 1 year of weight maintenance. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated as total AUC (tAUC) and incremental AUC (iAUC). RESULTS Weight loss was successfully maintained for 52 weeks. iAUC for GLP-1 increased by 44% after weight loss (P<0.04) and increased to 72% at week 52 (P=0.0001). iAUC for PYY3-36 increased by 74% after weight loss (P<0.0001) and by 36% at week 52 (P=0.02). tAUC for ghrelin increased by 23% after weight loss (P<0.0001), but at week 52, the increase was reduced to 16% compared with before weight loss (P=0.005). iAUC for GIP increased by 36% after weight loss (P=0.001), but returned to before weight loss levels at week 52. Glucagon levels were unaffected by weight loss. CONCLUSIONS Meal responses of GLP-1 and PYY3-36 remained increased 1 year after weight maintenance, whereas ghrelin and GIP reverted toward before-weight loss values. Thus, an increase in appetite inhibitory mechanisms and a partly decrease in appetite-stimulating mechanisms appear to contribute to successful long-term weight loss maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva W Iepsen
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Lundgren
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of EndocrinologyHvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Signe S Torekov
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Anesten F, Holt MK, Schéle E, Pálsdóttir V, Reimann F, Gribble FM, Safari C, Skibicka KP, Trapp S, Jansson JO. Preproglucagon neurons in the hindbrain have IL-6 receptor-α and show Ca2+ influx in response to IL-6. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R115-23. [PMID: 27097661 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00383.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal circuits in the hypothalamus and hindbrain are of importance for control of food intake, energy expenditure, and fat mass. We have recently shown that treatment with exendin-4 (Ex-4), an analog of the proglucagon-derived molecule glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), markedly increases mRNA expression of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the hypothalamus and hindbrain and that this increase partly mediates the suppression of food intake and body weight by Ex-4. Endogenous GLP-1 in the central nervous system (CNS) is produced by preproglucagon (PPG) neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the hindbrain. These neurons project to various parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus. Outside the brain, IL-6 stimulates GLP-1 secretion from the gut and pancreas. In this study, we aim to investigate whether IL-6 can affect GLP-1-producing PPG neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in mouse hindbrain via the ligand binding part of the IL-6 receptor, IL-6 receptor-α (IL-6Rα). Using immunohistochemistry, we found that IL-6Rα was localized on PPG neurons of the NTS. Recordings of these neurons in GCaMP3/GLP-1 reporter mice showed that IL-6 enhances cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration in neurons capable of expressing PPG. We also show that the Ca(2+) increase originates from the extracellular space. Furthermore, we found that IL-6Rα was localized on cells in the caudal hindbrain expressing immunoreactive NeuN (a neuronal marker) or CNP:ase (an oligodendrocyte marker). In summary, IL-6Rα is present on PPG neurons in the NTS, and IL-6 can stimulate these cells by increasing influx of Ca(2+) to the cytosol from the extracellular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Anesten
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie K Holt
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Erik Schéle
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vilborg Pálsdóttir
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frank Reimann
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Safari
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karolina P Skibicka
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - John-Olov Jansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
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Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone, released from intestinal L-cells in response to hormonal, neural and nutrient stimuli. In addition to potentiation of meal-stimulated insulin secretion, GLP-1 signalling exerts numerous pleiotropic effects on various tissues, regulating energy absorption and disposal, as well as cell proliferation and survival. In Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) reduced plasma levels of GLP-1 have been observed, and plasma levels of GLP-1, as well as reduced numbers of GLP-1 producing cells, have been correlated to obesity and insulin resistance. Increasing endogenous secretion of GLP-1 by selective targeting of the molecular mechanisms regulating secretion from the L-cell has been the focus of much recent research. An additional and promising strategy for enhancing endogenous secretion may be to increase the L-cell mass in the intestinal epithelium, but the mechanisms that regulate the growth, survival and function of these cells are largely unknown. We recently showed that prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the fatty acid palmitate induced lipotoxic effects, similar to those operative in insulin-producing cells, in an in vitro model of GLP-1-producing cells. The mechanisms inducing this lipototoxicity involved increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, regulation of GLP-1-secreting cells is discussed, with a focus on the mechanisms underlying GLP-1 secretion, long-term regulation of growth, differentiation and survival under normal as well as diabetic conditions of hypernutrition.
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