51
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Katzenellenbogen JA, Mayne CG, Katzenellenbogen BS, Greene GL, Chandarlapaty S. Structural underpinnings of oestrogen receptor mutations in endocrine therapy resistance. Nat Rev Cancer 2018; 18:377-388. [PMID: 29662238 PMCID: PMC6252060 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-018-0001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogen receptor-α (ERα), a key driver of breast cancer, normally requires oestrogen for activation. Mutations that constitutively activate ERα without the need for hormone binding are frequently found in endocrine-therapy-resistant breast cancer metastases and are associated with poor patient outcomes. The location of these mutations in the ER ligand-binding domain and their impact on receptor conformation suggest that they subvert distinct mechanisms that normally maintain the low basal state of wild-type ERα in the absence of hormone. Such mutations provide opportunities to probe fundamental issues underlying ligand-mediated control of ERα activity. Instructive contrasts between these ERα mutations and those that arise in the androgen receptor (AR) during anti-androgen treatment of prostate cancer highlight differences in how activation functions in ERs and AR control receptor activity, how hormonal pressures (deprivation versus antagonism) drive the selection of phenotypically different mutants, how altered protein conformations can reduce antagonist potency and how altered ligand-receptor contacts can invert the response that a receptor has to an agonist ligand versus an antagonist ligand. A deeper understanding of how ligand regulation of receptor conformation is linked to receptor function offers a conceptual framework for developing new anti-oestrogens that might be more effective in preventing and treating breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher G Mayne
- Beckman Institute for Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Benita S Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Geoffrey L Greene
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarat Chandarlapaty
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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52
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Nie X, Xie R, Tuo B. Effects of Estrogen on the Gastrointestinal Tract. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:583-596. [PMID: 29387989 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-4939-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen is a kind of steroid compound that has extensive biologic activities. The effect of estrogen is pleiotropic, affecting multiple systems in the body. There is accumulating evidence that estrogen has important effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Longer exposure to estrogen may decrease the risk of gastric cancer. Use of the anti-estrogen drug tamoxifen might increase the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma. Estrogen receptor β may serve as a target for colorectal cancer prevention. In addition, estrogen has been reported to be closely related to the mucosal barrier, gastrointestinal function and intestinal inflammation. However, the role of estrogen in the gastrointestinal tract has not been systematically summarized. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the role of estrogen in the gastrointestinal tract and evaluate it from various aspects, including estrogen receptors, the mucosal barrier, intestinal inflammation and gastrointestinal tract tumors, which may provide the basis for the development of therapeutic strategies to manage gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubiao Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical College, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical College, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical College, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563003, China.
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53
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Zhang B, Zhang CG, Ji LH, Zhao G, Wu ZY. Estrogen receptor β selective agonist ameliorates liver cirrhosis in rats by inhibiting the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:747-755. [PMID: 28884481 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The aim of this study is to explore the roles of estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes and corresponding agonists/antagonists on the development of cirrhosis and activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). METHODS Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 )-induced cirrhotic ovariectomized rats were administered non-selective ER agonist (β-estradiol, E2), ER selective agonists (ERα agonist, propylpyrazoletriol; ERβ agonist, diarylpropionitrile [DPN]; and G-protein-coupled ER [GPER] agonist, G1), or E2 + ER selective antagonists (ERα antagonist, MPP; ERβ antagonist, PHTPP; and GPER antagonist, G15) for 12 weeks. The expression of the three ER subtypes in livers and HSCs and the effects of the drugs on hepatic fibrosis, isolated HSCs, and uteri were evaluated. RESULTS Selective ER agonists/antagonists had various effects on CCl4 -induced cirrhosis. The cirrhotic rats in the CCl4 + E2, CCl4 + DPN, CCl4 + E2 + MPP, and CCl4 + E2 + G15 groups presented reduced fibrosis scores, compared with those in the CCl4 group. The cirrhotic rats in the E2 + PHTPP group presented increased fibrosis scores that similar to those in the CCl4 group. The ovariectomized rats had enlarged uteri with increased uterus indexes after E2 administration; however, the proliferative effects of E2 were partially blocked by MPP or G15, but not PHTPP. In the in vitro study, DPN attenuated the transformation of quiescent HSCs to activated phenotype, suppressed collagen I, and α-smooth muscle actin expression. DPN also suppressed platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation in cultured HSCs, which was reversed by PHTPP. CONCLUSIONS The antifibrogenic effects of estrogen were mediated by ERβ but not ERα or GPER. The ERβ selective agonist exerted a fibrosuppressive effect by inhibiting the activation and proliferation of HSCs, but did not induce uterine hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Hua Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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54
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Kim CK, Torcaso A, Asimes A, Chung WCJ, Pak TR. Structural and functional characteristics of oestrogen receptor β splice variants: Implications for the ageing brain. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:10.1111/jne.12488. [PMID: 28514502 PMCID: PMC5693782 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oestrogen receptor (ER)β is a multifunctional nuclear receptor that mediates the actions of oestrogenic compounds. Despite its well defined role in mediating the actions of oestrogens, a substantial body of evidence demonstrates that ERβ has a broad range of physiological functions independent of those normally attributed to oestrogen signalling. These functions can partly be achieved by the activity of several alternatively spliced isoforms that have been identified for ERβ. This short review describes structural differences between the ERβ splice variants that are known to be translated into proteins. Moreover, we discuss how these alternative structures contribute to functional differences in the context of both healthy and pathological conditions. Our review also describes the principal factors that regulate alternative RNA splicing. The alternatively spliced isoforms of ERβ are differentially expressed according to brain region, age and hormonal milieu, emphasising the likelihood that there are precise cell-specific mechanisms regulating ERβ alternative splicing. However, despite these correlative data, the molecular factors regulating alternative ERβ splicing in the brain remain unknown. We also review the basic mechanisms that regulate alternative RNA splicing and use that framework to make logical predictions about ERβ alternative splicing in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Kim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - A Torcaso
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - A Asimes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - W C J Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - T R Pak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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55
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Mackeh R, Marr AK, Dargham SR, Syed N, Fakhro KA, Kino T. Single-Nucleotide Variations of the Human Nuclear Hormone Receptor Genes in 60,000 Individuals. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:77-90. [PMID: 29379896 PMCID: PMC5779106 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) mediate biologic actions of lipophilic molecules to gene transcription and are phylogenetically and functionally categorized into seven subfamilies and three groups, respectively. Single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) or polymorphisms are genetic changes influencing individual response to environmental factors and susceptibility to various disorders, and are part of the genetic diversification and basis for evolution. We sorted out SNVs of the human NR genes from 60,706 individuals, calculated three parameters (percentage of all variants, percentage of loss-of-function variants, and ratio of nonsynonymous/synonymous variants in their full protein-coding or major domain-coding sequences), and compared them with several valuables. Comparison of these parameters between NRs and control groups identified that NRs form a highly conserved gene family. The three parameters for the full coding sequence are positively correlated with each other, whereas four NR genes are distinct from the others with much higher tolerance to protein sequence-changing variants. DNA-binding domain and N-terminal domain are respectively those bearing the least and the most variation. NR subfamilies based on their phylogenetic proximity or functionality as well as diversity of tissue distribution and numbers of partner molecules are all not correlated with the variation parameters, whereas their gene age demonstrates an association. Our results suggest that the natural selection driving the NR family evolution still operates in humans. Gene age and probably the potential to adapt to various new ligands, but not current functional diversity, are major determinants for SNVs of the human NR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafah Mackeh
- Department of Human Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha 26999, Qatar
| | - Alexandra K. Marr
- Department of Human Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha 26999, Qatar
| | - Soha R. Dargham
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Biomathematics Research Core, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Doha 24811, Qatar
| | - Najeeb Syed
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha 26999, Qatar
| | - Khalid A. Fakhro
- Department of Human Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha 26999, Qatar
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Doha 24144, Qatar
| | - Tomoshige Kino
- Department of Human Genetics, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha 26999, Qatar
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56
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Yang H, Jaeger M, Walker A, Wei D, Leiker K, Weitao T. Break Breast Cancer Addiction by CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing. J Cancer 2018; 9:219-231. [PMID: 29344267 PMCID: PMC5771328 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading diagnosed cancer for women globally. Evolution of breast cancer in tumorigenesis, metastasis and treatment resistance appears to be driven by the aberrant gene expression and protein degradation encoded by the cancer genomes. The uncontrolled cancer growth relies on these cellular events, thus constituting the cancerous programs and rendering the addiction towards them. These programs are likely the potential anticancer biomarkers for Personalized Medicine of breast cancer. This review intends to delineate the impact of the CRSPR/Cas-mediated genome editing in identification and validation of these anticancer biomarkers. It reviews the progress in three aspects of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of the breast cancer genomes: Somatic genome editing, transcription and protein degradation addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Yang
- Laboratory for Cancer Genome Editing, Zhuhai Lifecode Medical Technologies. Inc. Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Huizhou 2nd Hospital for Children and Women, #101 University Road, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai, 518900, Guangdong, China
| | - MariaLynn Jaeger
- College of Science and Mathematics, Southwest Baptist University, 1600 University Avenue, Bolivar, Missouri 65613, USA
| | - Averi Walker
- College of Science and Mathematics, Southwest Baptist University, 1600 University Avenue, Bolivar, Missouri 65613, USA
| | - Daniel Wei
- University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Katie Leiker
- College of Science and Mathematics, Southwest Baptist University, 1600 University Avenue, Bolivar, Missouri 65613, USA
| | - Tao Weitao
- College of Science and Mathematics, Southwest Baptist University, 1600 University Avenue, Bolivar, Missouri 65613, USA
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57
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Lima Costa AH, Clemente WS, Bezerra KS, Lima Neto JX, Albuquerque EL, Fulco UL. Computational biochemical investigation of the binding energy interactions between an estrogen receptor and its agonists. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03521k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We present the energy profiles of estrogen receptor–agonist ligand interactions in atomic detail using a quantum biochemical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranthya H. Lima Costa
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
- Natal-RN
- Brazil
| | - Washington S. Clemente
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
- Natal-RN
- Brazil
| | - Katyanna S. Bezerra
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
- Natal-RN
- Brazil
| | - José X. Lima Neto
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
- Natal-RN
- Brazil
| | | | - Umberto L. Fulco
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
- Natal-RN
- Brazil
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58
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59
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Acconcia F, Fiocchetti M, Marino M. Xenoestrogen regulation of ERα/ERβ balance in hormone-associated cancers. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 457:3-12. [PMID: 27816767 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) contributes to body homeostasis maintenance by regulating many different physiological functions in both male and female organs. E2 actions in reproductive and non-reproductive tissues rely on a complex net of nuclear and extra-nuclear signal transduction pathways triggered by at least two estrogen receptor subtypes (ERα and ERβ). Consequently, the de-regulation of E2:ER signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer. Among other factors, the ERα/ERβ ratio is considered one of the pivotal mechanisms at the root of E2 action in cancer progression. Remarkably, several natural or synthetic exogenous chemicals, collectively called xenoestrogens, bind to ERs and interfere with their signals and intracellular functions. In this review, the molecular mechanism(s) through which xenoestrogens influence ERα and ERβ intracellular concentrations and the consequences of this influence on E2-related cancer will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Acconcia
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fiocchetti
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146, Rome, Italy.
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60
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Velloso FJ, Bianco AFR, Farias JO, Torres NEC, Ferruzo PYM, Anschau V, Jesus-Ferreira HC, Chang THT, Sogayar MC, Zerbini LF, Correa RG. The crossroads of breast cancer progression: insights into the modulation of major signaling pathways. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:5491-5524. [PMID: 29200866 PMCID: PMC5701508 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s142154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the disease with highest public health impact in developed countries. Particularly, breast cancer has the highest incidence in women worldwide and the fifth highest mortality in the globe, imposing a significant social and economic burden to society. The disease has a complex heterogeneous etiology, being associated with several risk factors that range from lifestyle to age and family history. Breast cancer is usually classified according to the site of tumor occurrence and gene expression profiling. Although mutations in a few key genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, are associated with high breast cancer risk, the large majority of breast cancer cases are related to mutated genes of low penetrance, which are frequently altered in the whole population. Therefore, understanding the molecular basis of breast cancer, including the several deregulated genes and related pathways linked to this pathology, is essential to ensure advances in early tumor detection and prevention. In this review, we outline key cellular pathways whose deregulation has been associated with breast cancer, leading to alterations in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the delicate hormonal balance of breast tissue cells. Therefore, here we describe some potential breast cancer-related nodes and signaling concepts linked to the disease, which can be positively translated into novel therapeutic approaches and predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Valesca Anschau
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ted Hung-Tse Chang
- Cancer Genomics Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Luiz F Zerbini
- Cancer Genomics Group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ricardo G Correa
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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61
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Muluhngwi P, Klinge CM. Identification of miRNAs as biomarkers for acquired endocrine resistance in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 456:76-86. [PMID: 28163101 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapies targeting estrogen receptor α (ERα) including tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and aromatase inhibitors (AI), e.g., letrozole, have proven successful in reducing the death rate for breast cancer patients whose initial tumors express ERα. However, about 40% of patients develop acquired resistance to these endocrine treatments. There is a critical need to develop sensitive circulating biomarkers that accurately identify signaling pathways altered in breast cancer patients resistant to endocrine therapies. Serum miRNAs have the potential to serve as biomarkers of the progression of endocrine-resistant breast cancer due to their cancer-specific expression and stability. Exosomal transfer of miRNAs has been implicated in metastasis and endocrine-resistance. This review focuses on miRNAs in breast tumors and in serum, including exosomes, from breast cancer patients that are associated with resistance to tamoxifen since it is best-studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penn Muluhngwi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Carolyn M Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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62
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Liu CY, Wu CY, Petrossian K, Huang TT, Tseng LM, Chen S. Treatment for the endocrine resistant breast cancer: Current options and future perspectives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 172:166-175. [PMID: 28684381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine resistance remains a challenge and an unmet need for managing hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. The mechanisms of endocrine resistance are multifaceted and are likely to evolve over time following various single or combination therapies. The purpose of this review article is to provide general understanding of molecular basis of endocrine resistance of breast cancer and to offer comprehensive review on current treatment options and potential new treatment strategies for endocrine resistant breast cancers. Last but not the least, we discuss current challenges and future directions for management of endocrine resistant breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Liu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yun Wu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Karineh Petrossian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, United States
| | - Tzu-Ting Huang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ming Tseng
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, United States.
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63
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Ishii H, Hattori Y, Munetomo A, Watanabe H, Sakuma Y, Ozawa H. Characterization of rodent constitutively active estrogen receptor α variants and their constitutive transactivation mechanisms. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 248:16-26. [PMID: 28412386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) mRNAs exhibit remarkable heterogeneity owing to complicated alternative splicing. Some encode C-terminally-truncated ERα proteins, which display ligand-independent transactivation or dominant-negative activity. We previously characterized C-terminally-truncated ERα mRNA variants with cryptic sequences in humans and mice, and demonstrated that helices in the ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of ERα variants contribute to ligand-independent transcriptional activity. However, existence of non-conventional coding exons and generation of constitutively active ERα variants have remained to be examined in rats. To comparatively analyze modular organization and splicing profiles of the ERα genes, the range of C-terminally-truncated ERα variants was explored in rats and mice using rapid amplification of cDNA ends and RT-PCR cloning. Furthermore, their functions were determined in transiently transfected cells using expression constructs and luciferase reporter assays. Multiple cryptic exons and C-terminally-truncated ERα variant mRNAs were identified in rats and mice. Naturally occurring and artificially truncated variants/constructs lacking helix 5 potentially exhibited gain-of-function in transfected cells. Although cryptic exons and splicing profiles were poorly conserved among humans, mice, and rats, constitutively active variants were generated from the ERα genes. Moreover, the primary mechanism of ligand-independent activation by C-terminally-truncated ERα variants is C-terminus to helix 5 deletion in the LBD. This comparative study documented the complexity of ERα genes, mRNAs, and proteins, and further determined the underlying structural basis of ligand-independent activation by C-terminally-truncated ERα variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ishii
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Yujiro Hattori
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.
| | - Arisa Munetomo
- Laboratory of Behavior Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Sakuma
- University of Tokyo Health Sciences, 4-11 Ochiai, Tama, Tokyo 206-0033, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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64
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Rumi MAK, Singh P, Roby KF, Zhao X, Iqbal K, Ratri A, Lei T, Cui W, Borosha S, Dhakal P, Kubota K, Chakraborty D, Vivian JL, Wolfe MW, Soares MJ. Defining the Role of Estrogen Receptor β in the Regulation of Female Fertility. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2330-2343. [PMID: 28520870 PMCID: PMC5505218 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens are essential hormones for the regulation of fertility. Cellular responses to estrogens are mediated by estrogen receptor α (ESR1) and estrogen receptor β (ESR2). In mouse and rat models, disruption of Esr1 causes infertility in both males and females. However, the role of ESR2 in reproductive function remains undecided because of a wide variation in phenotypic observations among Esr2-mutant mouse strains. Regulatory pathways independent of ESR2 binding to its cognate DNA response element have also been implicated in ESR2 signaling. To clarify the regulatory roles of ESR2, we generated two mutant rat models: one with a null mutation (exon 3 deletion, Esr2ΔE3) and the other with an inframe deletion selectively disrupting the DNA binding domain (exon 4 deletion, Esr2ΔE4). In both models, we observed that ESR2-mutant males were fertile. ESR2-mutant females exhibited regular estrous cycles and could be inseminated by wild-type (WT) males but did not become pregnant or pseudopregnant. Esr2-mutant ovaries were small and differed from WT ovaries by their absence of corpora lutea, despite the presence of follicles at various stages of development. Esr2ΔE3- and Esr2ΔE4-mutant females exhibited attenuated preovulatory gonadotropin surges and did not ovulate in response to a gonadotropin regimen effective in WT rats. Similarities of reproductive deficits in Esr2ΔE3 and Esr2ΔE4 mutants suggest that DNA binding-dependent transcriptional function of ESR2 is critical for preovulatory follicle maturation and ovulation. Overall, the findings indicate that neuroendocrine and ovarian deficits are linked to infertility observed in Esr2-mutant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Karim Rumi
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Prabhakar Singh
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Katherine F. Roby
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Khursheed Iqbal
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Anamika Ratri
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Tianhua Lei
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Wei Cui
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Shaon Borosha
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Pramod Dhakal
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Kaiyu Kubota
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Damayanti Chakraborty
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Jay L. Vivian
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Michael W. Wolfe
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Michael J. Soares
- Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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Lambert MNT, Thorup AC, Hansen ESS, Jeppesen PB. Combined Red Clover isoflavones and probiotics potently reduce menopausal vasomotor symptoms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176590. [PMID: 28591133 PMCID: PMC5462345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Natural estrogen decline leads to vasomotor symptoms (VMS). Hormone therapy alleviates symptoms but increases cancer risk. Effective treatments against VMS with minimal cancer risks are needed. We investigate the effects of a highly bioavailable aglycone rich Red Clover isoflavone treatment to alleviate existing menopausal VMS, assessed for the first time by 24hour ambulatory skin conductance (SC) Methods and results We conducted a parallel, double blind, randomised control trial of 62 peri-menopausal women aged 40–65, reporting ≥ 5 hot flushes/day and follicle stimulating hormone ≥35 IU/L. Participants received either twice daily treatment with bioavailable RC extract (RCE), providing 34 mg/d isoflavones and probiotics, or masked placebo formulation for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was change in daily hot flush frequency (HFF) from baseline to 12 weeks using 24hr SC. Secondary outcomes were change in SC determined hot flush intensity (HFI), self-reported HFF (rHFF) and hot flush severity (rHFS), blood pressure and plasma lipids. A significant decrease in 24hr HFF (P < 0.01) and HFI (P<0.05) was found when comparing change from baseline to 12 months of the RCE (-4.3 HF/24hr, CI -6.8 to -2.3; -12956 μS s-1, CI -20175 to -5737) with placebo (0.79 HF/24hr, CI -1.56 to 3.15; 515 μS s-1, CI -5465 to 6496). rHFF was also significantly reduced (P <0.05)in the RCE (-2.97 HFs/d, CI -4.77 to -1.17) group compared to placebo (0.036 HFs/d, CI -2.42 to 2.49). Other parameters were non-significant. RCE was well tolerated. Conclusion Results suggest that moderate doses of RCE were more effective and superior to placebo in reducing physiological and self-reported VMS. Findings support that objective physiological symptom assessment methods should be used together with self-report measures in future studies on menopausal VMS. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02028702
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Cathrine Thorup
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Per Bendix Jeppesen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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66
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Bai JW, Chen MN, Wei XL, Li YC, Lin HY, Chen M, Li JW, Du CW, Man K, Zhang GJ. The zinc-finger transcriptional factor Slug transcriptionally downregulates ERα by recruiting lysine-specific demethylase 1 in human breast cancer. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e330. [PMID: 28481366 PMCID: PMC5523071 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is related with epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and metastasis, and serves as an important therapeutic predictor and prognostic factor in breast cancer patients. The triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by loss of hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2), and lacks effective targeted therapy with poor prognosis. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms of ERα deficiency, which becomes hormone independent and results in resistance to endocrine therapy, remain to be elucidated in breast cancer. In this study, we observed an inverse correlation between Slug, a zinc-finger transcriptional repressor, and ERα expression in both human breast cancer tissues and cell lines. In ERα-negative breast cancer patients, high Slug messenger RNA expression showed obviously shorter relapse-free survival. We found that Slug binds to the E-box located in the promoter of estrogen receptor 1 gene (ESR1) to suppress its expression. More specifically, Slug recruits lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) to the E-box and thereby inhibits ERα expression by demethylating H3K4me2, which is evidenced by the interaction between Slug and LSD1. Moreover, the amount of H3K4me2 binding to the E-box was significantly increased after LSD1 knockdown in MDA-MB-231 cells. Functionally, the ability to proliferate, invade and metastasize was significantly suppressed after knockdown of either Slug or LSD1 alone, or both simultaneously. Taken together, these results suggest that Slug transcriptionally inhibits ERα expression by recruiting LSD1 to the ESR1 promoter in breast cancers. Thus, targeted inhibition of Slug and LSD1 may restore ERα and lead to resensitization to hormone therapy, providing a novel therapeutic strategy for ERα-negative breast cancer patients, especially for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-W Bai
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou, China
- ChangJiang Scholar’s Laboratory of SUMC, Shantou, China
| | - M-N Chen
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou, China
- ChangJiang Scholar’s Laboratory of SUMC, Shantou, China
| | - X-L Wei
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou, China
- ChangJiang Scholar’s Laboratory of SUMC, Shantou, China
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of SUMC, Shantou, China
| | - Y-Ch Li
- ChangJiang Scholar’s Laboratory of SUMC, Shantou, China
| | - H-Y Lin
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou, China
- ChangJiang Scholar’s Laboratory of SUMC, Shantou, China
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of SUMC, Shantou, China
| | - M Chen
- ChangJiang Scholar’s Laboratory of SUMC, Shantou, China
| | - J-W Li
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou, China
- ChangJiang Scholar’s Laboratory of SUMC, Shantou, China
| | - C-W Du
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou, China
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of SUMC, Shantou, China
| | - K Man
- Department of Surgery, HongKong University Li Ka-Tsing Faculty of Medicine, Hongkong, China
| | - G-J Zhang
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou, China
- ChangJiang Scholar’s Laboratory of SUMC, Shantou, China
- The Breast Center and ChangJiang Scholar’s Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 7 Raoping Road, Shantou, 515041 Guangdong, China. E-mail:
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Harrod A, Fulton J, Nguyen VTM, Periyasamy M, Ramos-Garcia L, Lai CF, Metodieva G, de Giorgio A, Williams RL, Santos DB, Gomez PJ, Lin ML, Metodiev MV, Stebbing J, Castellano L, Magnani L, Coombes RC, Buluwela L, Ali S. Genomic modelling of the ESR1 Y537S mutation for evaluating function and new therapeutic approaches for metastatic breast cancer. Oncogene 2017; 36:2286-2296. [PMID: 27748765 PMCID: PMC5245767 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that inhibit estrogen receptor-α (ER) activity have been highly successful in treating and reducing breast cancer progression in ER-positive disease. However, resistance to these therapies presents a major clinical problem. Recent genetic studies have shown that mutations in the ER gene are found in >20% of tumours that progress on endocrine therapies. Remarkably, the great majority of these mutations localize to just a few amino acids within or near the critical helix 12 region of the ER hormone binding domain, where they are likely to be single allele mutations. Understanding how these mutations impact on ER function is a prerequisite for identifying methods to treat breast cancer patients featuring such mutations. Towards this end, we used CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to make a single allele knock-in of the most commonly mutated amino acid residue, tyrosine 537, in the estrogen-responsive MCF7 breast cancer cell line. Genomic analyses using RNA-seq and ER ChIP-seq demonstrated that the Y537S mutation promotes constitutive ER activity globally, resulting in estrogen-independent growth. MCF7-Y537S cells were resistant to the anti-estrogen tamoxifen and fulvestrant. Further, we show that the basal transcription factor TFIIH is constitutively recruited by ER-Y537S, resulting in ligand-independent phosphorylation of Serine 118 (Ser118) by the TFIIH kinase, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)7. The CDK7 inhibitor, THZ1 prevented Ser118 phosphorylation and inhibited growth of MCF7-Y537S cells. These studies confirm the functional importance of ER mutations in endocrine resistance, demonstrate the utility of knock-in mutational models for investigating alternative therapeutic approaches and highlight CDK7 inhibition as a potential therapy for endocrine-resistant breast cancer mediated by ER mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Harrod
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - J Fulton
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - V T M Nguyen
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - M Periyasamy
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - L Ramos-Garcia
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - C-F Lai
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - G Metodieva
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | - A de Giorgio
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - R L Williams
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - D B Santos
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - P J Gomez
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - M-L Lin
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - M V Metodiev
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | - J Stebbing
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - L Castellano
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - L Magnani
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - R C Coombes
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - L Buluwela
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - S Ali
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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Lee J, Imm JY, Lee SH. β-Catenin Mediates Anti-adipogenic and Anticancer Effects of Arctigenin in Preadipocytes and Breast Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2513-2520. [PMID: 28279068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arctigenin is a lignan abundant in Asteraceae plants and has anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, and anticancer activities. Obesity is one of the leading causes of several types of cancers including breast cancer. The current study was performed to investigate if arctigenin suppresses differentiation of preadipocytes and proliferation of breast cancer cells and to explore potential molecular mechanisms. Treatment of arctigenin reduced lipid accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner without toxicity. Arctigenin suppressed the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha (C/EBPα), perilipin, and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) in a dose-dependent manner in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Both total and unphosphorylated (active) β-catenin were increased in whole cell lysates and the nuclear fraction of differentiated 3T3-L1 cells treated with 25 μM arctigenin. On the other hand, arctigenin decreased proliferation of two human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). Arctigenin induced apoptosis and decreased expression of total and unphosphorylated (active) β-catenin and cyclin D1 in MCF-7, but not in MDA-MB-231. These data indicate that arctigenin suppressed adipogenesis in preadipocytes and activated apoptosis in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer cells through modulating expression of β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jee-Young Imm
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin University , Seoul 136-702, Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Suba Z. Causal Therapy of Breast Cancer Irrelevant of Age, Tumor Stage and ER-Status: Stimulation of Estrogen Signaling Coupled With Breast Conserving Surgery. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2017; 11:254-66. [PMID: 27087654 PMCID: PMC5074059 DOI: 10.2174/1574892811666160415160211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Background Results of long-term studies justify that the rate of breast cancer recurrence and tumor-related mortality remains quite unpredictable, regardless of the use of any current therapeutic measures. Objective Since the application of standard therapies, such as surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and antiestrogen administration does not work as might be expected; our therapeutic practice requires thorough rethinking. Method Published long-term therapeutic results on breast cancer cases were analyzed in correlation with stage at diagnosis, ER-status of tumors and patients’ age. The effectiveness of current therapeutic measures was also compared by estimating the rate of tumor-free survival, breast cancer recurrence and breast cancer-specific mortality. Results Diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer at an early stage cannot improve the rate of tumor-free survival. Poor differentiation of tumors, ER-negativity in particular, defines poor prognosis even after applying aggressive therapies. In patients treated with in situ breast cancer, the recurrence-rate of invasive tumor increased directly with ageing irrespective of tumor size or ER-status at diagnosis. Women who underwent lumpectomy without adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy exhibited significantly better overall and breast cancer specific survival rates than those receiving mastectomy, regardless of stage and ER-status of tumors. Antiestrogen treatment exhibited unforeseeable effectiveness even on targeted ER-positive tumors. Recent patents propose the detection of ESR1-gene amplification or restoration of ER-alpha expression for prediction of effective antiestrogen treatment, suggesting a crucial inhibitory role of estrogen-signaling against tumor-growth. Conclusion Estradiol-induced upregulation of estrogen signaling coupled with sparing of the estrogen-rich mammary fatpad are the most effective strategies against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Suba
- National Institute of Oncology, Surgical and Molecular Tumor Pathology Centre, Address: H-1122, Ráth György str. 7-9, Budapest, Hungary.
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Bernard V, Kherra S, Francou B, Fagart J, Viengchareun S, Guéchot J, Ladjouze A, Guiochon-Mantel A, Korach KS, Binart N, Lombès M, Christin-Maitre S. Familial Multiplicity of Estrogen Insensitivity Associated With a Loss-of-Function ESR1 Mutation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:93-99. [PMID: 27754803 PMCID: PMC5413105 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Estrogens influence many physiological processes in mammals, including reproduction. Estrogen peripheral actions are mainly mediated through estrogen receptors (ERs) α and β, encoded by ESR1 and ESR2 genes, respectively. OBJECTIVE The study's aim was to describe a family in which 3 members presented with estrogen insensitivity. DESIGN AND SETTING Clinical evaluation and genetic and mutational analysis were performed in an academic medical center. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS An ESR1 mutation was identified in 2 sisters and 1 brother, originating from a consanguineous Algerian family, who did not enter puberty and presented with delayed bone maturation consistent with estrogen insensitivity. The 2 sisters had enlarged multicystic ovaries. Hormonal evaluation as well as genetic and mutational analysis were performed. RESULTS Hormonal evaluation revealed extremely high plasma 17β-estradiol (>50-fold normal range) associated with elevated gonadotropin levels (greater than threefold normal range), highly suggestive of estrogen resistance. The 3 affected patients carried a homozygous mutation of a highly conserved arginine 394 for which histidine was substituted through an autosomal recessive mode of transmission. Structural and functional analysis of the mutant ERα revealed strongly reduced transcriptional activity and the inability to securely anchor the activating hormone, estradiol, compared with wild-type ERα. A group of other potential ER activating ligands were tested, but none overcame the estrogen insensitivity in these patients. CONCLUSION Description and analysis of this family of patients with mutant ERα provide additional clinical findings toward identification and characterization of what was previously thought to be a highly rare clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bernard
- INSERM 1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
| | - Sakina Kherra
- Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Nafissa Hamoud, Alger, 16040 Algeria;
| | - Bruno Francou
- INSERM 1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, and
| | - Jérôme Fagart
- INSERM 1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
| | - Say Viengchareun
- INSERM 1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
| | - Jérôme Guéchot
- Laboratoire d’Hormonologie, Pôle de Biologie Médicale et Pathologie, site Saint-Antoine, Hôpitaux Universitaires Est Parisien, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, 75012 Paris, France;
| | | | - Anne Guiochon-Mantel
- INSERM 1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, and
| | - Kenneth S. Korach
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709;
| | - Nadine Binart
- INSERM 1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
| | - Marc Lombès
- INSERM 1185, Faculté de Médecine Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
- Service d’Endocrinologie et Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
| | - Sophie Christin-Maitre
- Service d’Endocrinologie et Maladies de la Reproduction, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, 75012 Paris, France; and
- INSERM 933, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75011 Paris, France
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Yaşar P, Ayaz G, User SD, Güpür G, Muyan M. Molecular mechanism of estrogen-estrogen receptor signaling. Reprod Med Biol 2016; 16:4-20. [PMID: 29259445 PMCID: PMC5715874 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
17β‐Estradiol (E2), as the main circulating estrogen hormone, regulates many tissue and organ functions in physiology. The effects of E2 on cells are mediated by the transcription factors and estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ that are encoded by distinct genes. Localized at the peri‐membrane, mitochondria, and the nucleus of cells that are dependent on estrogen target tissues, the ERs share similar, as well as distinct, regulatory potentials. Different intracellular localizations of the ERs result in dynamically integrated and finely tuned E2 signaling cascades that orchestrate cellular growth, differentiation, and death. The deregulation of E2–ER signaling plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of target tissue malignancies. A better understanding of the complex regulatory mechanisms that underlie ER actions in response to E2 therefore holds a critical trajectory for the development of novel prognostic and therapeutic approaches with substantial impacts on the systemic management of target tissue diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Yaşar
- Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
| | - Gamze Ayaz
- Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
| | - Sırma Damla User
- Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
| | - Gizem Güpür
- Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey.,Present address: Cell and Molecular Biology Program Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Mesut Muyan
- Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
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Luo QQ, Adhikari VP, Zhao CX, Wu H, Dai W, Li X, Wu YT, Wu KN, Kong LQ. Chemosensitization role of fulvestrant in combination with chemotherapy in postmenopausal hormone receptor positive and human epidermal growth factor negative metastatic breast cancer. Med Hypotheses 2016; 97:59-63. [PMID: 27876131 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In metastatic breast cancer (MBC), hormone receptor positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor negative (HER2-) subtype accounts for the majority. With various new modalities available to prolong life span in this group of patients, the effect is distant from optimum. Prevalent strategy of treating postmenopausal HR+ HER2- MBC is application of chemotherapy (CT) after progression of disease on endocrine therapy (ET) of several lines. Generally, ET targets HR+ ingredients and CT works better with HR- tumor cells. HR+ MBC, though hormone-sensitive, has HR- portion which reacts poorly to ET. Thus, sequential use of ET and CT neglects its insensitive part and gives rise to drug resistance, while alleviation of tumor burden is the top priority in metastatic setting. Chemohormonal therapy (i.e. concomitant use of ET and chemotherapy) complements for the shortcoming of current therapy strategy targeting both HR+ and HR- ingredients theoretically. Fulvestrant, a pure estrogen receptor antagonist and down-regulator, could be a promising agent using concurrently with CT based on chemosensitizing character shown in preclinical and pilot clinical studies. It is hypothesized in this article that chemohormonal therapy with concurrent fulvestrant and CT would be a promising strategy in postmenopausal HR+ HER2- MBC patients. Proof of this hypothesis would help control evolvement of tumor burden and acquirement of drug resistance over a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Luo
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Vishnu Prasad Adhikari
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - He Wu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu-Tuan Wu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kai-Nan Wu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ling-Quan Kong
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Mota K, Lima Neto J, Lima Costa A, Oliveira J, Bezerra K, Albuquerque E, Caetano E, Freire V, Fulco U. A quantum biochemistry model of the interaction between the estrogen receptor and the two antagonists used in breast cancer treatment. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhou Q, Jiang Y, Yin W, Wang Y, Lu J. Single-nucleotide polymorphism in microRNA-binding site of SULF1 target gene as a protective factor against the susceptibility to breast cancer: a case-control study. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:2749-57. [PMID: 27274271 PMCID: PMC4869662 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s102433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Numerous clinical studies have suggested that chemopreventive drugs for breast cancer such as tamoxifen and exemestane can effectively reduce the incidence of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. However, it remains unclear how to identify those who are susceptible to ER-positive breast cancer. Accordingly, there is a great demand for a probe into the predisposing factors so as to provide precise chemoprevention. Recent evidence has indicated that ERα expression can be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), such as miR-206, in breast cancer. We assumed that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the miR-206-binding sites of the target genes may be associated with breast cancer susceptibility with different ER statuses. Methods We genotyped the SNPs that reside in and around the miR-206-binding sites of two target genes – heparan sulfatase 1 (SULF1) and RPTOR-independent companion of mammalian target of rapamycin Complex 2 (RICTOR) – which were related to the progression or metastasis of breast cancer cells in 710 breast cancer patients and 294 controls by the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry method. Modified odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by a multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate the potential association between the SNPs and breast cancer susceptibility. Results For rs3802278, which is located in the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of SULF1, the frequency of the AA genotype was less in breast cancer patients than that in the controls as compared to that of the GG + GA genotype not only for ER-positive breast cancer patients (adjusted OR =0.663, P=0.032) but also for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients (adjusted OR =0.610, P=0.018). Besides, the frequency of the AA genotype was less than that of the GG genotype between the ER-positive breast cancer patients and the controls (adjusted OR =0.791, P=0.038). For rs66916453, which is located in the 3′-UTR of RICTOR, no significant difference was observed between the case and the control group for the genotypes or alleles (P>0.05). Conclusion The SNPs in the miRNA-binding sites within the 3′-UTR of SULF1 may serve as protective factors against the susceptibility to breast cancer, especially to ER-positive breast cancer in the Chinese population. These SNPs are promising candidate biomarkers to predict the susceptibility of breast cancer and guide the administration of targeted preventive endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Breast Cancer Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjin Yin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Breast Cancer Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Lu
- Breast Cancer Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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75
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Recurrent hormone-binding domain truncated ESR1 amplifications in primary endometrial cancers suggest their implication in hormone independent growth. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25521. [PMID: 27160768 PMCID: PMC4861919 DOI: 10.1038/srep25521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is highly expressed in both endometrial and breast cancers, and represents the most prevalent therapeutic target in breast cancer. However, anti-estrogen therapy has not been shown to be effective in endometrial cancer. Recently it has been shown that hormone-binding domain alterations of ERα in breast cancer contribute to acquired resistance to anti-estrogen therapy. In analyses of genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we observe that endometrial carcinomas manifest recurrent ESR1 gene amplifications that truncate the hormone-binding domain encoding region of ESR1 and are associated with reduced mRNA expression of exons encoding the hormone-binding domain. These findings support a role for hormone-binding alterations of ERα in primary endometrial cancer, with potentially important therapeutic implications.
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76
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Abstract
Estrogen and estrogen receptor-alpha (ER) signaling are important factors in the pathogenesis and treatment of ER-positive breast cancers. Therefore targeted therapies against ER, known as endocrine therapies, are widely used in the treatment of ER-positive breast cancers. While these therapies have shown great success, de novo and acquired resistance are common. The approach to the problem of endocrine therapy resistance is two-fold: identify the mechanisms of resistance and develop alternative treatments to overcome these mechanisms. This review focuses on the progress and integration of these two aspects of resolving endocrine therapy resistance in ER-positive breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berry Button
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ben Ho Park
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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77
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17β-estradiol differently affects osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells from adipose tissue and bone marrow. Differentiation 2016; 92:291-297. [PMID: 27087652 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived and bone marrow stem/stromal cells (ASCs and BMSCs) have been often compared for their application in regenerative medicine, and several factors sustaining their differentiation and efficacy have been investigated. 17 β-estradiol (E2) has been reported to influence some functions of progenitor cells. Here we studied the effects of 10 and 100nM E2 on ASC and BMSC vitality, proliferation and differentiation towards osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. E2 did not modulate ASC and BMSC vitality and growth rate, while the hormone produced a pro-adipogenic effect on both mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). In particular, the synergy between 7-day pre-treatment and 100nM E2 led to the most evident result, increasing lipid vacuoles formation in ASCs and BMSCs of +44% and +82%, respectively. Despite the fact that E2 did not alter collagen deposition of osteo-induced MSCs, we observed a different modulation of ASC and BMSC alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Indeed, this osteogenic marker was always enhanced by 17 β-estradiol in BMSCs, and 7-day pre-treatment with 100nM E2 increased it of about 70%. In contrast, E2 weakened ASC osteogenic potential, reducing their ALP activity of about 20%, with the most evident effect on ASCs isolated from pre-menopausal women (-30%). Finally, we identified an estrogen receptor α (ERα) variant of about 37kDa expressed in both MSCs. Interestingly, adipogenic stimuli drastically reduced its expression, while osteogenic ones mildly increased this isoform in BMSCs only. In conclusion, E2 positively affected the adipogenic process of both MSCs while it favored osteogenic induction in BMSCs only, and both mesenchymal progenitors expressed a novel 37kDa ER-α variant whose expression was modulated during differentiation.
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78
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Kim SC, Park MN, Lee YJ, Joo JK, An BS. Interaction of steroid receptor coactivators and estrogen receptors in the human placenta. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:239-47. [PMID: 26733313 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Female sex steroid hormones such as estrogen and progesterone have a pivotal role in maintaining pregnancy in human and animals. Especially, estrogen exerts specific effects on the cardiovascular system and angiogenesis, and thus affects significantly on placentation. Although the functions of estrogen have been emphasized during pregnancy, their signaling pathways in the placenta have not been fully understood. In this study, estrogen signaling was evaluated according to gestational age. Human placenta samples were collected and divided into early preterm (n=10), late preterm (n=18), and term (n=20) groups. First, serum estrogen concentration and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA expression, which is known as gestation clock gene, were increased following gestation age in our experimental condition, as we expected. Next, the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) and steroid receptor coactivators (SRCs) in the placenta was evaluated. ERα (ESR1) and ERβ (ESR2) were expressed highly at term period compared with early preterm. In addition, SRC family including SRC1, SRC2, and SRC3 was expressed in the human placenta, and the levels of SRC1, SRC2, and SRC3 were increased in the placenta at the late stage of gestation. The interaction of ERs with SRCs was also examined, which was significantly enhanced at term period. In the immunostaining results, it was indicated that ERs and SRCs were all dominantly expressed in syncytiotrophoblast cells. These results suggested that SRC1, SRC2, and SRC3 were expressed and interact with ERs highly at the late stage of gestation, and may amplify the signaling of estrogen in the placenta to maintain pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Chul Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyBiomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Na Park
- Department of Biomaterials ScienceCollege of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyBiomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kil Joo
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyBiomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Beum-Soo An
- Department of Biomaterials ScienceCollege of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea
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KOUKOURA OURANIA, SIFAKIS STAVROS, SPANDIDOS DEMETRIOSA. DNA methylation in endometriosis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:2939-48. [PMID: 26934855 PMCID: PMC4805102 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is defined by the presence and growth of functional endometrial tissue, outside the uterine cavity, primarily in the ovaries, pelvic peritoneum and rectovaginal septum. Although it is a benign disease, it presents with malignant characteristics, such as invasion to surrounding tissues, metastasis to distant locations and recurrence following treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests that various epigenetic aberrations may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Aberrant DNA methylation represents a possible mechanism repsonsible for this disease, linking gene expression alterations observed in endometriosis with hormonal and environmental factors. Several lines of evidence indicate that endometriosis may partially be due to selective epigenetic deregulations influenced by extrinsic factors. Previous studies have shed light into the epigenetic component of endometriosis, reporting variations in the epigenetic patterns of genes known to be involved in the aberrant hormonal, immunologic and inflammatory status of endometriosis. Although recent studies, utilizing advanced molecular techniques, have allowed us to further elucidate the possible association of DNA methylation with altered gene expression, whether these molecular changes represent the cause or merely the consequence of the disease is a question which remains to be answered. This review provides an overview of the current literature on the role of DNA methylation in the pathophysiology and malignant evolution of endometriosis. We also provide insight into the mechanisms through which DNA methylation-modifying agents may be the next step in the research of the pharmaceutical treatment of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- OURANIA KOUKOURA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa 41500, Greece
| | - STAVROS SIFAKIS
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - DEMETRIOS A. SPANDIDOS
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion 71409, Greece
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80
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Sini V, Cinieri S, Conte P, De Laurentiis M, Leo AD, Tondini C, Marchetti P. Endocrine therapy in post-menopausal women with metastatic breast cancer: From literature and guidelines to clinical practice. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 100:57-68. [PMID: 26944782 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current international guidelines recommend endocrine therapy as the initial treatment of choice in hormone receptor positive advanced breast cancer. Endocrine therapy has been a mainstay of hormone responsive breast cancer treatment for more than a century. To date it is based on different approaches,such as blocking the estrogen receptor through selective receptor estrogen modulators, depleting extragonadal peripheral estrogen synthesis by aromatase inhibitors or inducing estrogen receptor degradation using selective down-regulators. Despite estrogen and/or progesterone receptor positive status, up to a quarter of patients could be either primarily resistant to hormone therapies or will develop hormone resistance during the course of their disease. Different mechanisms, either intrinsic or acquired, could be implicated in endocrine resistance. In the present work available endocrine therapies and their appropriate sequences have been reviewed, and the most promising strategies to overcome endocrine resistance have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sini
- Surgical and Medical Department of Clinical Sciences, Biomedical Technologies and Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy; Oncology Department, Santo Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinieri
- Medical Oncology Department & Breast Unit-Hospital of Brindisi and Medical Oncology Department-European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierfranco Conte
- Medical Oncology 2, Venetian Oncological Institute, Padova, Italy; Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michelino De Laurentiis
- Department of Breast Oncology, National Cancer Institute "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Di Leo
- Medical Oncology Department, "Sandro Pitigliani" Hospital of Prato, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Prato, Italy
| | - Carlo Tondini
- USC Oncologia Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Paolo Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Medical Oncology Division, Sant'Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy; IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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81
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Zhang Y, Ma F, Tang B, Zhang CY. Recent advances in transcription factor assays in vitro. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:4739-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09891b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We review the recent advances in transcription factor assaysin vitroand highlight the emerging trends as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Fei Ma
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
| | - Chun-yang Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes
- Ministry of Education
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82
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Increased dietary levels of α-linoleic acid inhibit mammary tumor growth and metastasis. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:509-519. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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83
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Du P, Yuan B, Cao J, Zhao J, Ding L, Chen L, Ying S, Jiang L, Lin J, Xu X, Cheng L, Ye Q. Methyltransferase-like 17 physically and functionally interacts with estrogen receptors. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:861-8. [PMID: 26488768 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen exerts its physiological and pathological functions through two estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ, which act as transcription factors. Coregulators, including coactivators and corepressors, have been shown to be crucial for regulation of ER transcriptional activity. Although many coregulators have been identified to regulate activities of ERs, novel coregulators are still needed to be investigated. Here, we show that human methyltransferase-like 17 (METTL17), whose function is unknown, physically interacts with ERα and ERβ, and functionally acts as a coactivator for ERs. METTL17 interacts with ER in vitro and in yeast and mammalian cells. Activation function-1 (AF1) and AF2 domains of ERs are responsible for the interaction between METTL17 and ERs. Knockdown of METTL17 reduces transcriptional activities of ERα and ERβ in breast cancer cells, whereas METTL17 overexpression increases ERα and ERβ transcriptional activities. Inhibition of METTL17 expression decreases mRNA and protein levels of ER target genes, including PR, cathepsin D, and pS2. Moreover, METTL17 knockdown reduces breast cancer cell growth. These results indicate that METTL17 is a novel coactivator of ERs and may play a role in breast tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyun Du
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Cao
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Ding
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihan Chen
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sunyang Ying
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Jiang
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Lin
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Cheng
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinong Ye
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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84
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Abstract
Therapies targeting estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), including selective ER modulators such as tamoxifen, selective ER downregulators such as fulvestrant (ICI 182 780), and aromatase inhibitors such as letrozole, are successfully used in treating breast cancer patients whose initial tumor expresses ERα. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of endocrine therapies is limited by acquired resistance. The role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the progression of endocrine-resistant breast cancer is of keen interest in developing biomarkers and therapies to counter metastatic disease. This review focuses on miRNAs implicated as disruptors of antiestrogen therapies, their bona fide gene targets and associated pathways promoting endocrine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penn Muluhngwi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsCenter for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
| | - Carolyn M Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsCenter for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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85
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Endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer: current status, possible mechanisms and overcoming strategies. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:1511-9. [PMID: 26306654 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine therapy has become one of most effective forms of targeted adjuvant therapy for hormone-sensitive breast cancer and may be given after surgery or radiotherapy, and also prior, or subsequent to chemotherapy. Current commonly used drugs for adjuvant endocrine therapy can be divided into following three classes: selective estrogen receptor modulators, aromatase inhibitors and selective estrogen receptor downregulators. Tumor cells can develop resistance to endocrine therapy, a major obstacle limiting the success of breast cancer treatment. The complicated crosstalk, both genomic and nongenomic, between estrogen receptors and growth factors was considered to be a crucial factor contributing to endocrine resistance. However, resistance to this therapy is thought to be a progressive, step-wise process, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this review, we summarize the possible biological and molecular mechanisms that underlie endocrine resistance, and discuss some novel strategies to overcoming these issues.
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86
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Yen PM. Classical nuclear hormone receptor activity as a mediator of complex biological responses: a look at health and disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 29:517-28. [PMID: 26303080 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors are a large family of receptors that bind a wide range of lipolic hormones and intracellular ligands. They act as ligand-inducible transcription factors to regulate the expression of target genes and play important roles in normal development, reproduction, and metabolism. NRs bind to hormones steroids, thyroid hormone, and vitamin D as well as metabolites of fatty acids, cholesterol, and bild acids. Orphan receptors are another group of NRs for which no known ligands have been identified yet but appear to have major roles in regulating intracellular metabolism. Targeting NRs has been a major source for the development of new drugs, particularly selective agonists and antagonists for cancer and metabolic diseases. Additionally, hormone resistance syndromes in man have enlarged our understanding of the functions of specific NRs and their isoforms as well as genetic mechanisms for phenotype expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Michael Yen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
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87
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Cizeron-Clairac G, Lallemand F, Vacher S, Lidereau R, Bieche I, Callens C. MiR-190b, the highest up-regulated miRNA in ERα-positive compared to ERα-negative breast tumors, a new biomarker in breast cancers? BMC Cancer 2015; 15:499. [PMID: 26141719 PMCID: PMC4491222 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) show differential expression across breast cancer subtypes and have both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles. Numerous microarray studies reported different expression patterns of miRNAs in breast cancers and found clinical interest for several miRNAs but often with contradictory results. Aim of this study is to identify miRNAs that are differentially expressed in estrogen receptor positive (ER(+)) and negative (ER(-)) breast primary tumors to better understand the molecular basis for the phenotypic differences between these two sub-types of carcinomas and to find potential clinically relevant miRNAs. METHODS We used the robust and reproductive tool of quantitative RT-PCR in a large cohort of well-annotated 153 breast cancers with long-term follow-up to identify miRNAs specifically differentially expressed between ER(+) and ER(-) breast cancers. Cytotoxicity tests and transfection experiments were then used to examine the role and the regulation mechanisms of selected miRNAs. RESULTS We identified a robust collection of 20 miRNAs significantly deregulated in ER(+) compared to ER(-) breast cancers : 12 up-regulated and eight down-regulated miRNAs. MiR-190b retained our attention as it was the miRNA the most strongly over-expressed in ER(+) compared to ER(-) with a fold change upper to 23. It was also significantly up-regulated in ER(+)/Normal breast tissue and down-regulated in ER(-)/Normal breast tissue. Functional experiments showed that miR-190b expression is not directly regulated by estradiol and that miR-190b does not affect breast cancer cell lines proliferation. Expression level of miR-190b impacts metastasis-free and event-free survival independently of ER status. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals miR-190b as the highest up-regulated miRNA in hormone-dependent breast cancers. Due to its specificity and high expression level, miR-190b could therefore represent a new biomarker in hormone-dependent breast cancers but its exact role carcinogenesis remains to elucidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Cizeron-Clairac
- Service de Génétique, Unité de Pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - François Lallemand
- Service de Génétique, Unité de Pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Vacher
- Service de Génétique, Unité de Pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Rosette Lidereau
- Service de Génétique, Unité de Pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Ivan Bieche
- Service de Génétique, Unité de Pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Celine Callens
- Service de Génétique, Unité de Pharmacogénomique, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
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88
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Stanišić V, Lonard DM, O'Malley BW. Estrogen receptor-α: molecular mechanisms and interactions with the ubiquitin proteasome system. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 1:1-9. [PMID: 25961966 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2010.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-α (ERα) is a protein with a long history of study that precedes the advent of modern molecular biology. Over the course of 50 years, ERα has been increasingly recognized as a prominent model for the study of the mechanism of gene transcription in vertebrates. It also serves as a regulatory molecule for numerous physiological and disease states. Several fundamental insights have been made using ERα as a model protein, from the discovery that endocrine hormones elicit gene transcription to our understanding of the relationship between ERα-mediated transcription and transcription factor degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Understanding of receptor protein degradation developed alongside other aspects of its molecular biology, from early observations in the 1960s that ERα is degraded on hormone treatment to the current understanding of ERα transcriptional regulation by the UPS. Here, we present the concept of ERα turnover from the perspective of the historical development of this notion and highlight some of the latest discoveries regarding this process. We discuss the logic and significance of ERα degradation pathways in the context of cell and whole-organism homeostasis.
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89
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Macalalad AR, Hao Y, Lin PL, Signorovitch JE, Wu EQ, Ohashi E, Zhou Z, Kelley C. Treatment patterns and duration in post-menopausal women with HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer in the US: a retrospective chart review in community oncology practices (2004-2010). Curr Med Res Opin 2015; 31:263-73. [PMID: 25350226 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2014.980885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical guidelines prefer endocrine therapy (ET) as initial treatment for post-menopausal women with hormone receptor positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (mBC). Chemotherapy (CT) should be reserved for patients who develop symptomatic visceral disease or have no clinical benefit after three sequential ET regimens. It is unclear if real-world clinical practice reflects these guidelines. OBJECTIVE To describe treatment patterns and treatment durations by lines of therapy for ET and CT among post-menopausal HR+/HER2- mBC patients. METHODS Charts were reviewed from a network of community-based oncology practices of eligible patients who had progressed after initiating adjuvant or first-line treatment for mBC between 1 January 2004 and 30 September 2010. Extracted chart data included demographics, treatment histories, and outcomes. Treatment duration was estimated using Kaplan-Meier estimators. RESULTS A total of 144 patients were studied. Patients received a median of two lines of ET, and <10% had three or more lines of ET before receiving CT. From first line to second line, the median treatment duration was 11.6 to 4.9 months for ET overall; 13.8 to 10.5 months for anastrozole; 18.6 to 7.0 months for letrozole; and 5.1 to 2.9 months for fulvestrant. For CT, the median duration was 5.1 months in the first line and 3.7 months and below in subsequent lines. CONCLUSION During the study period (1 January 2004 - 30 September 2012), most patients received <3 lines of ET before receiving CT. The drop in median duration of ET from first to second line suggests that single agent ETs might not be as effective beyond the first line. A key limitation of this study was the small sample size. In addition, more research is needed to further investigate the short treatment duration of fulvestrant across early lines of therapy (which could indicate lack of efficacy).
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90
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Cotter KA, Nacci D, Champlin D, Chuprin J, Callard GV. Cloning of multiple ERα mRNA variants in killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus), and differential expression by tissue type, stage of reproduction, and estrogen exposure in fish from polluted and unpolluted environments. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 159:184-197. [PMID: 25550165 PMCID: PMC4300264 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that alternative splicing could be an adaptive mechanism for populations subject to multi-generational estrogenic exposures, we compared estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) splicing variants in two populations of killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus): one resident in an estrogenic polluted environment (New Bedford Harbor, NBH, MA, USA) and one from a relatively uncontaminated reference site (Scorton Creek, SC, MA, USA). In total we identified 19 ERα variants, each with deletions of one or more coding exons. Four of the variants with potential functional relevance were analyzed by qPCR to test for population differences in expression by tissue type, site, sex, seasonal reproductive status and estrogen treatment. Significantly, a 5'-truncated short form variant (ERαS) was highly expressed in liver and ovary, and was associated with seasonal reproductive activity in SC but not NBH fish. Both ERαS and the full-length long variant (ERαL) were estrogen-inducible (ERαS>ERαL) but the induction response was lower in NBH than in SC fish. In contrast, NBH killifish were hyper-responsive to estrogen as measured by expression of two other estrogen responsive genes: vitellogenin (Vtg) and aromatase B (AroB). Most strikingly, two ERα deletion variants (Δ6 and Δ6-8), lacking ligand binding and activation function domains, were identified in a subset of NBH fish, where they were associated with reduced responsiveness to estrogen treatment. Together, these results support the hypothesis that alternative splicing of the esr1 gene of killifish could be an autoregulatory mechanism by which estrogen modulates the differential expression of ERα, and suggests a novel and adaptive mechanistic response to xenoestrogenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A Cotter
- Boston University Department of Biology, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Diane Nacci
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Denise Champlin
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Atlantic Ecology Division, 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Jane Chuprin
- Boston University Department of Biology, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gloria V Callard
- Boston University Department of Biology, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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91
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Rodriguez-Marin S, Murphy NS, Shepherd HJ, Wilson AJ. Design, synthesis and conformational analyses of bifacial benzamide based foldamers. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20451h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two bifacial oligobenzamide based scaffolds that mimic the side chains at i, i + 3 and i + 4 positions of an alpha helix are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodriguez-Marin
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds LS2 9JT
- UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology
| | - Natasha S. Murphy
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds LS2 9JT
- UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology
| | | | - Andrew J. Wilson
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Leeds LS2 9JT
- UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology
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92
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Kawai H. Estrogen receptors as the novel therapeutic biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:1020-1027. [PMID: 25493237 PMCID: PMC4259928 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i5.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a wide range of studies have addressed the relationship between estrogen receptor (ER) expression and prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), that relationship remains controversial. This is in large part because there is no consensus on the rate of ER expression in NSCLC or on the intracellular distribution of ER expression. This suggests that establishing the relationship between ER expression and prognosis will require standardization of the antibodies used as well as the definition of a positive response. For example, it is supposed from previous studies that ERs in the cytoplasm and nucleus have different relationships to prognosis than ERs in the cytoplasm. Moreover, ER signaling in NSCLC is known to be affected by aromatase, progesterone receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. However, there has been little functional analysis these mutants and subtypes. This review will focus on what is known about the role of ERs in NSCLC and whether ER can be a useful prognostic marker or therapeutic target in NSCLC.
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93
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Bruce MC, McAllister D, Murphy LC. The kinome associated with estrogen receptor-positive status in human breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R357-70. [PMID: 25056177 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) regulates and is regulated by kinases involved in several functions associated with the hallmarks of cancer. The following literature review strongly suggests that distinct kinomes exist for ERα-positive and -negative human breast cancers. Importantly, consistent with the known heterogeneity of ERα-positive cancers, different subgroups exist, which can be defined by different kinome signatures, which in turn are correlated with clinical outcome. Strong evidence supports the interplay of kinase networks, suggesting that targeting a single node may not be sufficient to inhibit the network. Therefore, identifying the important hubs/nodes associated with each clinically relevant kinome in ER+ tumors could offer the ability to implement the best therapy options at diagnosis, either endocrine therapy alone or together with other targeted therapies, for improved overall outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christine Bruce
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsManitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9
| | - Danielle McAllister
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsManitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9
| | - Leigh C Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsManitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9
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94
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Abstract
Around 70% of all breast cancers are estrogen receptor alpha positive and hence their development is highly dependent on estradiol. While the invention of endocrine therapies has revolusioned the treatment of the disease, resistance to therapy eventually occurs in a large number of patients. This paper seeks to illustrate and discuss the complexity and heterogeneity of the mechanisms which underlie resistance and the approaches proposed to combat them. It will also focus on the use and development of methods for predicting which patients are likely to develop resistance.
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95
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Suba Z. Diverse pathomechanisms leading to the breakdown of cellular estrogen surveillance and breast cancer development: new therapeutic strategies. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:1381-90. [PMID: 25246776 PMCID: PMC4166254 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s70570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of the two main pathologic mechanisms equally leading to breast cancer development may provide explanations for the apparently controversial results obtained by sexual hormone measurements in breast cancer cases. Either insulin resistance or estrogen receptor (ER) defect is the initiator of pathologic processes and both of them may lead to breast cancer development. Primary insulin resistance induces hyperandrogenism and estrogen deficiency, but during these ongoing pathologic processes, ER defect also develops. Conversely, when estrogen resistance is the onset of hormonal and metabolic disturbances, initial counteraction is hyperestrogenism. Compensatory mechanisms improve the damaged reactivity of ERs; however, their failure leads to secondary insulin resistance. The final stage of both pathologic pathways is the breakdown of estrogen surveillance, leading to breast cancer development. Among premenopausal breast cancer cases, insulin resistance is the preponderant initiator of alterations with hyperandrogenism, which is reflected by the majority of studies suggesting a causal role of hyperandrogenism in breast cancer development. In the majority of postmenopausal cases, tumor development may also be initiated by insulin resistance, while hyperandrogenism is typically coupled with elevated estrogen levels within the low postmenopausal hormone range. This mild hyperestrogenism is the remnant of reactive estrogen synthesis against refractory ERs that were successfully counteracted at a younger age. When refractoriness of ERs is the initiator of pathologic processes, reactively increased estrogen levels may be found in both young and older breast cancer cases, while they may exhibit clinical symptoms of estrogen deficiency. Studies justifying a causal correlation between hyperestrogenism and tumor development compile such breast cancer cases. In conclusion, the quantitative evaluation of ER refractoriness in breast cancer cases has great importance, since the stronger the estrogen resistance, the higher the promising dose of estrogen therapy.
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96
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Crider A, Thakkar R, Ahmed AO, Pillai A. Dysregulation of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), aromatase (CYP19A1), and ER co-activators in the middle frontal gyrus of autism spectrum disorder subjects. Mol Autism 2014; 5:46. [PMID: 25221668 PMCID: PMC4161836 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-5-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are much more common in males than in females. Molecular alterations within the estrogen receptor (ER) signaling pathway may contribute to the sex difference in ASD, but the extent of such abnormalities in the brain is not known. METHODS Postmortem middle frontal gyrus tissues (13 ASD and 13 control subjects) were used. The protein levels were examined by western blotting. The gene expression was determined by qRT-PCR. RESULTS Gene expression analysis identified a 35% decrease in ERβ mRNA expression in the middle frontal gyrus of ASD subjects. In addition, a 38% reduction in aromatase (CYP19A1) mRNA expression was observed in ASD subjects. We also found significant decreases in ER co-activators that included a 34% decrease in SRC-1, a 77% decrease in CBP, and a 52% decrease in P/CAF mRNA levels in ASD subjects relative to controls. There were no differences in the mRNA levels of TIF-2, AIB-1 (ER co-activators), ER co-repressors (SMRT and nCoR) and ERα in the middle frontal gyrus of ASD subjects as compared to controls. We observed significant correlations between ERβ, CYP19A1, and co-activators in the study subjects. Immunoblot analysis further confirmed the changes in ERβ and aromatase at the protein level in the control and ASD subjects. CONCLUSIONS These results, for the first time, provide the evidence of the dysregulation of ERβ and co-factors in the brain of subjects with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Crider
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 997 St. Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Roshni Thakkar
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 997 St. Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Anthony O Ahmed
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 997 St. Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Anilkumar Pillai
- Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 997 St. Sebastian Way, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
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97
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Zhao M, Ramaswamy B. Mechanisms and therapeutic advances in the management of endocrine-resistant breast cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:248-262. [PMID: 25114842 PMCID: PMC4127598 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) pathway plays a critical role in breast cancer development and progression. Endocrine therapy targeting estrogen action is the most important systemic therapy for ER positive breast cancer. However its efficacy is limited by intrinsic and acquired resistance. Mechanisms responsible for endocrine resistance include deregulation of the ER pathway itself, including loss of ER expression, post-translational modification of ER, deregulation of ER co-activators; increased receptor tyrosine kinase signaling leading to activation of various intracellular pathways involved in signal transduction, proliferation and cell survival, including growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, epidermal growth factor receptor, PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Mitogen activated kinase (MAPK)/ERK, fibroblast growth factor receptor, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor; alterations in cell cycle and apoptotic machinery; Epigenetic modification including dysregulation of DNA methylation, histone modification, and nucleosome remodeling; and altered expression of specific microRNAs. Functional genomics has helped us identify a catalog of genetic and epigenetic alterations that may be exploited as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers of response. New treatment combinations targeting ER and such oncogenic signaling pathways which block the crosstalk between these pathways have been proven effective in preclinical models. Results of recent clinical studies suggest that subsets of patients benefit from the combination of inhibitor targeting certain oncogenic signaling pathway with endocrine therapy. Especially, inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway, a key component implicated in mediating multiple signaling cascades, offers a promising approach to restore sensitivity to endocrine therapy in breast cancer. We systematically reviewed important publications cited in PubMed, recent abstracts from ASCO annual meetings and San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, and relevant trials registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. We present the molecular mechanisms contributing to endocrine resistance, in particular focusing on the biological rationale for the clinical development of novel targeted agents in endocrine resistant breast cancer. We summarize clinical trials utilizing novel strategies to overcome therapeutic resistance, highlighting the need to better identify the appropriate patients whose diseases are most likely to benefit from these specific strategies.
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98
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Groenendijk FH, Bernards R. Drug resistance to targeted therapies: déjà vu all over again. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:1067-83. [PMID: 24910388 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A major limitation of targeted anticancer therapies is intrinsic or acquired resistance. This review emphasizes similarities in the mechanisms of resistance to endocrine therapies in breast cancer and those seen with the new generation of targeted cancer therapeutics. Resistance to single-agent cancer therapeutics is frequently the result of reactivation of the signaling pathway, indicating that a major limitation of targeted agents lies in their inability to fully block the cancer-relevant signaling pathway. The development of mechanism-based combinations of targeted therapies together with non-invasive molecular disease monitoring is a logical way forward to delay and ultimately overcome drug resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris H Groenendijk
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Cancer Genomics Center Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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99
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Dearth RK, Hiney JK, Srivastava VK, Hamilton AM, Dees WL. Prepubertal exposure to elevated manganese results in estradiol regulated mammary gland ductal differentiation and hyperplasia in female rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:871-882. [PMID: 24845367 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214531865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that environmental substances regulating estrogenic pathways during puberty may be detrimental to the developing mammary gland (MG). Manganese (Mn) is a trace mineral required for normal physiological processes. Prepubertal exposure to Mn induces precocious puberty in rats, an event associated with early elevations in puberty-related hormones, including estradiol (E2). However, until now the effect of Mn-induced precocious MG development has not been determined. Therefore, we assessed the ability of prepubertal Mn exposure to advance normal MG development and alter E2 driven pathways involved in tumorigenesis. Sprague Dawley female rats were gavaged daily with either 10 mg/kg manganese chloride (MnCl2) or saline (control) from postnatal day (PND) 12 through PND 30. Blood and MGs were collected on PNDs 30 and 120. Compared to controls, serum E2 levels on PND 30 were elevated (p < 0.05) in the Mn-treated group. Mn exposure significantly increased differentiated MG terminal ductal structures and the percentage of MG epithelial cells that stained positive for the proliferative marker, Ki67, at PND 30 (p < 0.001) and PND 120 (p < 0.001). Levels of Mn (ppm) were not elevated in these MGs. Mn-treated animals (40%) exhibited reactive stroma and intra-luminal focal hyperplasia in hemotoxylin and eosin stained MGs at PND 120. Furthermore, Mn exposure resulted in elevated protein expression levels of estrogen receptor α, activator protein 2α, phosphorylated (p)-Akt, and p53 in MGs on PND 120, but not on PND 30. Collectively, these data show that exposure to a supplemental dose of Mn causes accelerated pubertal MG growth which can progress to adult hyperplasia; thus, providing evidence that early life Mn exposure may increase susceptibility to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Dearth
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Jill K Hiney
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Vinod K Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Alina M Hamilton
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - William L Dees
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
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100
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Lahm T, Tuder RM, Petrache I. Progress in solving the sex hormone paradox in pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L7-26. [PMID: 24816487 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00337.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating and progressive disease with marked morbidity and mortality. Even though being female represents one of the most powerful risk factors for PAH, multiple questions about the underlying mechanisms remain, and two "estrogen paradoxes" in PAH exist. First, it is puzzling why estrogens have been found to be protective in various animal models of PAH, whereas PAH registries uniformly demonstrate a female susceptibility to the disease. Second, despite the pronounced tendency for the disease to develop in women, female PAH patients exhibit better survival than men. Recent mechanistic studies in classical and in novel animal models of PAH, as well as recent studies in PAH patients, have significantly advanced the field. In particular, it is now accepted that estrogen metabolism and receptor signaling, as well as estrogen interactions with key pathways in PAH development, appear to be potent disease modifiers. A better understanding of these interactions may lead to novel PAH therapies. It is the purpose of this review to 1) review sex hormone synthesis, metabolism, and receptor physiology; 2) assess the context in which sex hormones affect PAH pathogenesis; 3) provide a potential explanation for the observed estrogen paradoxes and gender differences in PAH; and 4) identify knowledge gaps and future research opportunities. Because the majority of published studies investigated 17β-estradiol and/or its metabolites, this review will primarily focus on pulmonary vascular and right ventricular effects of estrogens. Data for other sex hormones will be discussed very briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lahm
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, Occupational and Sleep Medicine, and Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Rubin M Tuder
- Program in Translational Lung Research, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Irina Petrache
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, Occupational and Sleep Medicine, and Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
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