51
|
Leung KM, Lu B, Wong HHW, Lin JQ, Turner-Bridger B, Holt CE. Cue-Polarized Transport of β-actin mRNA Depends on 3'UTR and Microtubules in Live Growth Cones. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:300. [PMID: 30250426 PMCID: PMC6139529 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Guidance cues trigger fast responses in axonal growth cones such as directional turning and collapse that require local protein synthesis. An attractive cue-gradient, such as Netrin-1, triggers de novo synthesis of β-actin localized to the near-side compartment of the growth cone that promotes F-actin assembly and attractive steering. How this precise spatial asymmetry in mRNA translation arises across the small expanse of the growth cone is poorly understood. Pre-localized mRNAs in the vicinity of activated receptors could be selectively translated and/or new mRNAs could be trafficked into the area. Here we have performed live imaging of fluorescent-tagged β-actin mRNA to investigate mRNA trafficking dynamics in Xenopus retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons and growth cones in response to Netrin-1. A Netrin-1 gradient was found to elicit the transport of β-actin mRNA granules to the near-side of growth cones within a 4-7 min window. This polarized mRNA trafficking depended on the 3' untranslated region (UTR) since mRNA-Δ3'UTR mutant failed to exhibit cue-induced localization. Global application of Netrin-1 significantly increased the anterograde movement of β-actin mRNA along axons and also promoted microtubule-dependent mRNA excursions from the central domain of the growth cone into the periphery (filopodia and lamellipodia). Dual channel imaging revealed β-actin mRNA riding behind the microtubule plus-end tracking protein, EB1, in movements along dynamic microtubules into filopodia. The mRNA-EB1 movements were unchanged by a Netrin-1 gradient indicating the dynamic microtubules themselves do not underlie the cue-induced polarity of RNA movement. Finally, fast-moving elongated "worm-like" trains of Cy3-RNA, distinct from mitochondria, were seen transporting RNA along axons in vitro and in vivo suggesting the existence of a novel transport organelle. Overall, the results provide evidence that the axonal trafficking of β-actin mRNA can be regulated by the guidance cue Netrin-1 to transduce the polarity of an extracellular stimulus and that the 3'UTR is essential for this cue-induced regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christine E. Holt
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Hua K, Ferland RJ. Primary Cilia Reconsidered in the Context of Ciliopathies: Extraciliary and Ciliary Functions of Cilia Proteins Converge on a Polarity theme? Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700132. [PMID: 29882973 PMCID: PMC6239423 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Once dismissed as vestigial organelles, primary cilia have garnered the interest of scientists, given their importance in development/signaling, and for their implication in a new disease category known as ciliopathies. However, many, if not all, "cilia" proteins also have locations/functions outside of the primary cilium. These extraciliary functions can complicate the interpretation of a particular ciliopathy phenotype: it may be a result of defects at the cilium and/or at extraciliary locations, and it could be broadly related to a unifying cellular process for these proteins, such as polarity. Assembly of a cilium has many similarities to the development of other polarized structures. This evolutionarily preserved process for the assembly of polarized cell structures offers a perspective on how the cilium may have evolved. We hypothesize that cilia proteins are critical for cell polarity, and that core polarity proteins may have been specialized to form various cellular protrusions, including primary cilia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiet Hua
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA, 12208
| | - Russell J Ferland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA, 12208
- Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA, 12208
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Hinojosa AJ, Deogracias R, Rico B. The Microtubule Regulator NEK7 Coordinates the Wiring of Cortical Parvalbumin Interneurons. Cell Rep 2018; 24:1231-1242. [PMID: 30067978 PMCID: PMC6088228 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional networks in the mammalian cerebral cortex rely on the interaction between glutamatergic pyramidal cells and GABAergic interneurons. Both neuronal populations exhibit an extraordinary divergence in morphology and targeting areas, which ultimately dictate their precise function in cortical circuits. How these prominent morphological differences arise during development is not well understood. Here, we conducted a high-throughput screen for genes differentially expressed by pyramidal cells and interneurons during cortical wiring. We found that NEK7, a kinase involved in microtubule polymerization, is mostly expressed in parvalbumin (PV+) interneurons at the time when they establish their connectivity. Functional experiments revealed that NEK7-deficient PV+ interneurons show altered microtubule dynamics, axon growth cone steering and reduced axon length, arbor complexity, and total number of synaptic contacts formed with pyramidal cells. Altogether, our results reveal a molecular mechanism by which the microtubule-associated kinase NEK7 regulates the wiring of PV+ interneurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jesús Hinojosa
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Spain
| | - Rubén Deogracias
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rico
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Kiss A, Fischer I, Kleele T, Misgeld T, Propst F. Neuronal Growth Cone Size-Dependent and -Independent Parameters of Microtubule Polymerization. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:195. [PMID: 30065631 PMCID: PMC6056669 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration and pathfinding of neuronal growth cones during neurite extension is critically dependent on dynamic microtubules. In this study we sought to determine, which aspects of microtubule polymerization relate to growth cone morphology and migratory characteristics. We conducted a multiscale quantitative microscopy analysis using automated tracking of microtubule plus ends in migrating growth cones of cultured murine dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Notably, this comprehensive analysis failed to identify any changes in microtubule polymerization parameters that were specifically associated with spontaneous extension vs. retraction of growth cones. This suggests that microtubule dynamicity is a basic mechanism that does not determine the polarity of growth cone response but can be exploited to accommodate diverse growth cone behaviors. At the same time, we found a correlation between growth cone size and basic parameters of microtubule polymerization including the density of growing microtubule plus ends and rate and duration of microtubule growth. A similar correlation was observed in growth cones of neurons lacking the microtubule-associated protein MAP1B. However, MAP1B-null growth cones, which are deficient in growth cone migration and steering, displayed an overall reduction in microtubule dynamicity. Our results highlight the importance of taking growth cone size into account when evaluating the influence on growth cone microtubule dynamics of different substrata, guidance factors or genetic manipulations which all can change growth cone morphology and size. The type of large scale multiparametric analysis performed here can help to separate direct effects that these perturbations might have on microtubule dynamics from indirect effects resulting from perturbation-induced changes in growth cone size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Kiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irmgard Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatjana Kleele
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Propst
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Vagnozzi AN, Silver J. Targeting the cytoskeleton with an FDA approved drug to promote recovery after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2018; 306:260-262. [PMID: 29752944 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia N Vagnozzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Unsain N, Bordenave MD, Martinez GF, Jalil S, von Bilderling C, Barabas FM, Masullo LA, Johnstone AD, Barker PA, Bisbal M, Stefani FD, Cáceres AO. Remodeling of the Actin/Spectrin Membrane-associated Periodic Skeleton, Growth Cone Collapse and F-Actin Decrease during Axonal Degeneration. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3007. [PMID: 29445221 PMCID: PMC5812996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration occurs in the developing nervous system for the appropriate establishment of mature circuits, and is also a hallmark of diverse neurodegenerative diseases. Despite recent interest in the field, little is known about the changes (and possible role) of the cytoskeleton during axonal degeneration. We studied the actin cytoskeleton in an in vitro model of developmental pruning induced by trophic factor withdrawal (TFW). We found that F-actin decrease and growth cone collapse (GCC) occur early after TFW; however, treatments that prevent axonal fragmentation failed to prevent GCC, suggesting independent pathways. Using super-resolution (STED) microscopy we found that the axonal actin/spectrin membrane-associated periodic skeleton (MPS) abundance and organization drop shortly after deprivation, remaining low until fragmentation. Fragmented axons lack MPS (while maintaining microtubules) and acute pharmacological treatments that stabilize actin filaments prevent MPS loss and protect from axonal fragmentation, suggesting that MPS destruction is required for axon fragmentation to proceed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Unsain
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), UNC, Friuli, 2434 - 5016, Córdoba, Argentina. .,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Martin D Bordenave
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gaby F Martinez
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), UNC, Friuli, 2434 - 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sami Jalil
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), UNC, Friuli, 2434 - 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Catalina von Bilderling
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico M Barabas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano A Masullo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aaron D Johnstone
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Philip A Barker
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Mariano Bisbal
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), UNC, Friuli, 2434 - 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fernando D Stefani
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias (CIBION)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo O Cáceres
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), UNC, Friuli, 2434 - 5016, Córdoba, Argentina. .,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina. .,Instituto Universitario Ciencias Biomédicas de Córdoba (IUCBC), Córdoba, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Axonal Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response Promotes Axonal Regeneration Following Peripheral Nerve Injury. Neuroscience 2018; 375:34-48. [PMID: 29438804 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adult mammalian peripheral neurons have an intrinsic regrowth capacity in response to axonal injury. The induction of calcium ion (Ca2+) oscillations at an injured site is critical for the regulation of regenerative responses. In polarized neurons, distal axonal segments contain a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network that is responsible for Ca2+ homeostasis. Although these characteristics implicate the relevance among injury-induced Ca2+ dynamics, axonal ER-derived signaling, and regenerative responses propagated along the axons, the details are not fully understood. In the present study, we found that Ca2+ release from the axonal ER was accelerated in response to injury. Additionally, axonal injury-dependent Ca2+ release from the ER activated unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling at injured sites. Inhibition of axonal UPR signaling led to fragmentation of the axonal ER and disrupted growth cone formation, suggesting that activation of axonal UPR branches following axonal injury promotes regeneration via regulation of ER reconstruction and formation of growth cones. Our studies revealed that local activation of axonal UPR signaling by injury-induced Ca2+ release from the ER is critical for regeneration. These findings provide a new concept for the link between injury-induced signaling at a distant location and regulation of organelle and cytoskeletal formation in the orchestration of axonal regeneration.
Collapse
|
58
|
Schiel KA. A new etiologic model for Alzheimers Disease. Med Hypotheses 2018; 111:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
59
|
Melkov A, Abdu U. Regulation of long-distance transport of mitochondria along microtubules. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:163-176. [PMID: 28702760 PMCID: PMC11105322 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles of crucial importance, playing roles in cellular life and death. In certain cell types, such as neurons, mitochondria must travel long distances so as to meet metabolic demands of the cell. Mitochondrial movement is essentially microtubule (MT) based and is executed by two main motor proteins, Dynein and Kinesin. The organization of the cellular MT network and the identity of motors dictate mitochondrial transport. Tight coupling between MTs, motors, and the mitochondria is needed for the organelle precise localization. Two adaptor proteins are involved directly in mitochondria-motor coupling, namely Milton known also as TRAK, which is the motor adaptor, and Miro, which is the mitochondrial protein. Here, we discuss the active mitochondria transport process, as well as motor-mitochondria coupling in the context of MT organization in different cell types. We focus on mitochondrial trafficking in different cell types, specifically neurons, migrating cells, and polarized epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Melkov
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, 8410500, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Uri Abdu
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, 8410500, Beersheba, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Usuki S, Tamura N, Yuyama K, Tamura T, Mukai K, Igarashi Y. Konjac Ceramide (kCer) Regulates NGF-Induced Neurite Outgrowth via the Sema3A Signaling Pathway. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:77-86. [PMID: 29238028 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tuber of the konjac plant is a source enriched with GlcCer (kGlcCer), and has been used as a dietary supplement to improve the dry skin and itching that are caused by a deficiency of epidermal ceramide. Previously, we showed chemoenzymatically prepared konjac ceramide has a neurite-outgrowth inhibitory effect that is very similar to that of Sema3A and is not seen with animal-type ceramides. While, it has been unclear whether kCer may act on Sema3A or TrkA signaling pathway. In the present study, we showed kCer induces phosphorylation of CRMP2 and microtubules depolymerization via Sema3A signaling pathway not TrkA. It is concluded that kCer may be a potential Sema3A-like agonist that activates Sema3A signaling pathway directly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Usuki
- Lipid Biofunction Section, Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Noriko Tamura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Kohei Yuyama
- Lipid Biofunction Section, Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Tomohiro Tamura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | | | - Yasuyuki Igarashi
- Lipid Biofunction Section, Frontier Research Center for Advanced Material and Life Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
The Microtubule-Associated Protein Tau Mediates the Organization of Microtubules and Their Dynamic Exploration of Actin-Rich Lamellipodia and Filopodia of Cortical Growth Cones. J Neurosci 2017; 38:291-307. [PMID: 29167405 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2281-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper organization and dynamics of the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton are essential for growth cone behaviors during axon growth and guidance. The MT-associated protein tau is known to mediate actin/MT interactions in cell-free systems but the role of tau in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics in living neurons is unknown. We used cultures of cortical neurons from postnatal day (P)0-P2 golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) of either sex to study the role of tau in the organization and dynamics of the axonal growth cone cytoskeleton. Here, using super resolution microscopy of fixed growth cones, we found that tau colocalizes with MTs and actin filaments and is also located at the interface between actin filament bundles and dynamic MTs in filopodia, suggesting that tau links these two cytoskeletons. Live cell imaging in concert with shRNA tau knockdown revealed that reducing tau expression disrupts MT bundling in the growth cone central domain, misdirects trajectories of MTs in the transition region and prevents single dynamic MTs from extending into growth cone filopodia along actin filament bundles. Rescue experiments with human tau expression restored MT bundling, MT penetration into the growth cone periphery and close MT apposition to actin filaments in filopodia. Importantly, we found that tau knockdown reduced axon outgrowth and growth cone turning in Wnt5a gradients, likely due to disorganized MTs that failed to extend into the peripheral domain and enter filopodia. These results suggest an important role for tau in regulating cytoskeletal organization and dynamics during growth cone behaviors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Growth cones are the motile tips of growing axons whose guidance behaviors require interaction of the dynamic actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that stabilizes microtubules in neurons and in cell-free systems regulates actin-microtubule interaction. Here, using super resolution microscopy, live-cell imaging, and tau knockdown, we show for the first time in living axonal growth cones that tau is important for microtubule bundling and microtubule exploration of the actin-rich growth cone periphery. Importantly tau knockdown reduced axon outgrowth and growth cone turning, due to disorganized microtubules that fail to enter filopodia and co-align with actin filaments. Understanding normal tau functions will be important for identifying mechanisms of tau in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.
Collapse
|
62
|
Liu L, Luo Y, Zhang G, Jin C, Zhou Z, Cheng Z, Yuan G. Correlation of DRD2 mRNA expression levels with deficit syndrome severity in chronic schizophrenia patients receiving clozapine treatment. Oncotarget 2017; 8:86515-86526. [PMID: 29156812 PMCID: PMC5689702 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex, severe, chronic psychiatric disorder, and the associated deficit syndrome is widely regarded as an important clinical aspect of schizophrenia. This study analyzed the relationship of deficit syndrome severity with the mRNA levels of members of signaling pathways that associate with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, including the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2), protein kinase B (AKT1), and phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3KCB), in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) of 20 healthy controls and 19 chronic schizophrenia patients with long-term clozapine treatment. The DRD2 expression levels in chronic schizophrenia group were statistically higher than those in controls (t=2.168, p=0.037). Moreover, in chronic schizophrenia group, correlations were observed between the expression levels of DRD2 and PI3KCB (r=0.771, p<0.001), DRD2 and AKT1 (r=0.592, p=0.008), and PI3KCB and AKT1 (r=0.562, p=0.012) and between the DRD2 mRNA levels and the Proxy for the Deficit Syndrome score (r=0.511, p=0.025). In control group, the correlation between PI3KCB expression levels and DRD2 expression levels was only observed (r=0.782, p<0.001). In conclusion, a correlation was observed between increased deficit syndrome severity and elevated expression levels of DRD2 in PBLs of chronic schizophrenia patients receiving long-term clozapine treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yin Luo
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guofu Zhang
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chunhui Jin
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhenhe Zhou
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zaohuo Cheng
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi Tongren International Rehabilitation Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guozhen Yuan
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi Tongren International Rehabilitation Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Ong T, Solecki DJ. Seven in Absentia E3 Ubiquitin Ligases: Central Regulators of Neural Cell Fate and Neuronal Polarity. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:322. [PMID: 29081737 PMCID: PMC5646344 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During neural development, neural precursors transition from a proliferative state within their germinal niches to a migratory state as they relocate to their final laminar positions. Transitions across these states are coupled with dynamic alterations in cellular polarity. This key feature can be seen throughout the developing vertebrate brain, in which neural stem cells give rise to multipolar or unpolarized transit-amplifying progenitors. These transit-amplifying progenitors then expand to give rise to mature neuronal lineages that become polarized as they initiate radial migration to their final laminar positions. The conventional understanding of the cellular polarity regulatory program has revolved around signaling cascades and transcriptional networks. In this review, we discuss recent discoveries concerning the role of the Siah2 ubiquitin ligase in initiating neuronal polarity during cerebellar development. Given the unique features of Siah ubiquitin ligases, we highlight some of the key substrates that play important roles in cellular polarity and propose a function for the Siah ubiquitin proteasome pathway in mediating a post-translational regulatory network to control the onset of polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taren Ong
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Track, Integrated Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - David J Solecki
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early postnatal exposure to general anesthetic agents causes a lasting impairment in learning and memory in animal models. One hypothesis to explain this finding is that exposure to anesthetic agents during critical points in neural development disrupts the formation of brain circuitry. Here, we explore the effects of sevoflurane on the neuronal growth cone, a specialization at the growing end of axons and dendrites that is responsible for the targeted growth that underlies connectivity between neurons. METHODS Dissociated neuronal cultures were prepared from embryonic mouse neocortex. Time-lapse images of live growth cones exposed to anesthetics were taken using differential interference contrast microscopy, and the rate of change of the area of the lamellipodia and the speed of the filopodial tip were quantified as measures of motility. The involvement of the p75 neurotropin receptor (p75NTR) was tested using inhibitors applied to the media and by a coimmunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS The rate of lamellipodial area change and filopodial tip velocity in both axonal and dendritic growth cones was significantly reduced with sevoflurane exposure between 2% and 6%. Motility could be substantially restored by treatment with Y27632 and TAT-peptide 5, which are inhibitors of Rho Kinase and p75NTR, respectively. Sevoflurane results in reduced coimmunoprecipitation of Rho-Guanosine-5'-diphosphate dissociation inhibitor after pulldown with p75NTR. CONCLUSIONS Sevoflurane interferes with growth cone motility, which is a critical process in brain circuitry formation. Our data suggest that this may occur through an action on the p75NTR, which promotes growth inhibitory signaling by the Rho pathway.
Collapse
|
65
|
Gliga AR, Edoff K, Caputo F, Källman T, Blom H, Karlsson HL, Ghibelli L, Traversa E, Ceccatelli S, Fadeel B. Cerium oxide nanoparticles inhibit differentiation of neural stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9284. [PMID: 28839176 PMCID: PMC5570910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) display antioxidant properties and have shown cytoprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we explored the effects of nanoceria on neural progenitor cells using the C17.2 murine cell line as a model. First, we assessed the effects of nanoceria versus samarium (Sm) doped nanoceria on cell viability in the presence of the prooxidant, DMNQ. Both particles were taken up by cells and nanoceria, but not Sm-doped nanoceria, elicited a temporary cytoprotective effect upon exposure to DMNQ. Next, we employed RNA sequencing to explore the transcriptional responses induced by nanoceria or Sm-doped nanoceria during neuronal differentiation. Detailed computational analyses showed that nanoceria altered pathways and networks relevant for neuronal development, leading us to hypothesize that nanoceria inhibits neuronal differentiation, and that nanoceria and Sm-doped nanoceria both interfere with cytoskeletal organization. We confirmed that nanoceria reduced neuron specific β3-tubulin expression, a marker of neuronal differentiation, and GFAP, a neuroglial marker. Furthermore, using super-resolution microscopy approaches, we could show that both particles interfered with cytoskeletal organization and altered the structure of neural growth cones. Taken together, these results reveal that nanoceria may impact on neuronal differentiation, suggesting that nanoceria could pose a developmental neurotoxicity hazard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anda R Gliga
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Edoff
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fanny Caputo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Källman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Blom
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lina Ghibelli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Traversa
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sandra Ceccatelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Schaefer N, Rotermund C, Blumrich EM, Lourenco MV, Joshi P, Hegemann RU, Jamwal S, Ali N, García Romero EM, Sharma S, Ghosh S, Sinha JK, Loke H, Jain V, Lepeta K, Salamian A, Sharma M, Golpich M, Nawrotek K, Paidi RK, Shahidzadeh SM, Piermartiri T, Amini E, Pastor V, Wilson Y, Adeniyi PA, Datusalia AK, Vafadari B, Saini V, Suárez-Pozos E, Kushwah N, Fontanet P, Turner AJ. The malleable brain: plasticity of neural circuits and behavior - a review from students to students. J Neurochem 2017. [PMID: 28632905 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the most intriguing features of the brain is its ability to be malleable, allowing it to adapt continually to changes in the environment. Specific neuronal activity patterns drive long-lasting increases or decreases in the strength of synaptic connections, referred to as long-term potentiation and long-term depression, respectively. Such phenomena have been described in a variety of model organisms, which are used to study molecular, structural, and functional aspects of synaptic plasticity. This review originated from the first International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN) and Journal of Neurochemistry (JNC) Flagship School held in Alpbach, Austria (Sep 2016), and will use its curriculum and discussions as a framework to review some of the current knowledge in the field of synaptic plasticity. First, we describe the role of plasticity during development and the persistent changes of neural circuitry occurring when sensory input is altered during critical developmental stages. We then outline the signaling cascades resulting in the synthesis of new plasticity-related proteins, which ultimately enable sustained changes in synaptic strength. Going beyond the traditional understanding of synaptic plasticity conceptualized by long-term potentiation and long-term depression, we discuss system-wide modifications and recently unveiled homeostatic mechanisms, such as synaptic scaling. Finally, we describe the neural circuits and synaptic plasticity mechanisms driving associative memory and motor learning. Evidence summarized in this review provides a current view of synaptic plasticity in its various forms, offers new insights into the underlying mechanisms and behavioral relevance, and provides directions for future research in the field of synaptic plasticity. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 788. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13815.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Schaefer
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carola Rotermund
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Blumrich
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pooja Joshi
- Inserm UMR 1141, Robert Debre Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Regina U Hegemann
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sumit Jamwal
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Nilufar Ali
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Sorabh Sharma
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shampa Ghosh
- National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jitendra K Sinha
- National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India
| | - Hannah Loke
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vishal Jain
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Katarzyna Lepeta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ahmad Salamian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mahima Sharma
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mojtaba Golpich
- Department of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (HUKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Katarzyna Nawrotek
- Department of Process Thermodynamics, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ramesh K Paidi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Sheila M Shahidzadeh
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Tetsade Piermartiri
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Elham Amini
- Department of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (HUKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Veronica Pastor
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia Prof. Eduardo De Robertis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yvette Wilson
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip A Adeniyi
- Cell Biology and Neurotoxicity Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado - Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | | | - Benham Vafadari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vedangana Saini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Edna Suárez-Pozos
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Toxicología, México
| | - Neetu Kushwah
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Paula Fontanet
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN), CONICET-UBA, School of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anthony J Turner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Lu W, Gelfand VI. Moonlighting Motors: Kinesin, Dynein, and Cell Polarity. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:505-514. [PMID: 28284467 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their well-known role in transporting cargoes in the cytoplasm, microtubule motors organize their own tracks - the microtubules. While this function is mostly studied in the context of cell division, it is essential for microtubule organization and generation of cell polarity in interphase cells. Kinesin-1, the most abundant microtubule motor, plays a role in the initial formation of neurites. This review describes the mechanism of kinesin-1-driven microtubule sliding and discusses its biological significance in neurons. Recent studies describing the interplay between kinesin-1 and cytoplasmic dynein in the translocation of microtubules are discussed. In addition, we evaluate recent work exploring the developmental regulation of microtubule sliding during axonal outgrowth and regeneration. Collectively, the discussed works suggest that sliding of interphase microtubules by motors is a novel force-generating mechanism that reorganizes the cytoskeleton and drives shape change and polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Ward 11-100, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Ward 11-100, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Drebrin-mediated microtubule-actomyosin coupling steers cerebellar granule neuron nucleokinesis and migration pathway selection. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14484. [PMID: 28230156 PMCID: PMC5331215 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration from a germinal zone to a final laminar position is essential for the morphogenesis of neuronal circuits. While it is hypothesized that microtubule–actomyosin crosstalk is required for a neuron's ‘two-stroke' nucleokinesis cycle, the molecular mechanisms controlling such crosstalk are not defined. By using the drebrin microtubule–actin crosslinking protein as an entry point into the cerebellar granule neuron system in combination with super-resolution microscopy, we investigate how these cytoskeletal systems interface during migration. Lattice light-sheet and structured illumination microscopy reveal a proximal leading process nanoscale architecture wherein f-actin and drebrin intervene between microtubules and the plasma membrane. Functional perturbations of drebrin demonstrate that proximal leading process microtubule–actomyosin coupling steers the direction of centrosome and somal migration, as well as the switch from tangential to radial migration. Finally, the Siah2 E3 ubiquitin ligase antagonizes drebrin function, suggesting a model for control of the microtubule–actomyosin interfaces during neuronal differentiation. Neuronal migration is vital for neuronal circuit morphogenesis and is thought to rely on microtubule-actomyosin crosstalk. Here, the authors use super-resolution imaging and the drebrin microtubule-actin crosslinking protein to show that microtubule-actomyosin coupling controls the direction of centrosome and somal motility.
Collapse
|
69
|
Marchenko OO, Das S, Yu J, Novak IL, Rodionov VI, Efimova N, Svitkina T, Wolgemuth CW, Loew LM. A minimal actomyosin-based model predicts the dynamics of filopodia on neuronal dendrites. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1021-1033. [PMID: 28228546 PMCID: PMC5391179 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of computational and experimental approaches is used to show that the complex dynamics of dendritic filopodia, which is essential for synaptogenesis, is explained by a conceptually simple interplay among actin retrograde flow, myosin contractility, and substrate adhesion. Dendritic filopodia are actin-filled dynamic subcellular structures that sprout on neuronal dendrites during neurogenesis. The exploratory motion of the filopodia is crucial for synaptogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To study filopodial motility, we collected and analyzed image data on filopodia in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We hypothesized that mechanical feedback among the actin retrograde flow, myosin activity, and substrate adhesion gives rise to various filopodial behaviors. We formulated a minimal one-dimensional partial differential equation model that reproduced the range of observed motility. To validate our model, we systematically manipulated experimental correlates of parameters in the model: substrate adhesion strength, actin polymerization rate, myosin contractility, and the integrity of the putative microtubule-based barrier at the filopodium base. The model predicts the response of the system to each of these experimental perturbations, supporting the hypothesis that our actomyosin-driven mechanism controls dendritic filopodia dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olena O Marchenko
- R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Sulagna Das
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Ji Yu
- R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Igor L Novak
- R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Vladimir I Rodionov
- R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Nadia Efimova
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Tatyana Svitkina
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Charles W Wolgemuth
- Departments of Physics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Leslie M Loew
- R. D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Roblodowski C, He Q. Drosophila Dunc-115 mediates axon projection through actin binding. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 17:2. [PMID: 28124181 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-017-0195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A central step in organizing the central nervous system development is the growth cone of an axon navigating through guidance cues to reach its specific target. While a great deal of this process has been understood especially in identifying the extracellular guidance cues and their membrane receptors, much less is known about how guidance signals are further relayed to the actin filaments that are central to the mobility of the growth cone. The previous results from our laboratory have shown that Drosophila gene dunc-115 regulates axon projection in the eye and the central nervous system. Furthermore, Dunc-115 has a villin-headpiece (VHD) domain, implying the possibility of binding to actin. To further characterize Dunc-115's functions, we have identified the isoform Dunc-115L as a possible downstream target in relaying guidance cues further down to the cytoskeleton. Specifically, we have shown that Dunc-115 regulates neural connections in both the eye and the central nervous system in Drosophila and that Dunc-115 contains an actin-binding domain potentially capable of binding to actin filaments. In this report, we show that Dunc-115 binds to actin via its VHD domain directly, suggesting a possible mechanism for how Dunc-115 relays guidance signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Roblodowski
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College, City University of New York, 222-05 56th Avenue, Bayside, NY, 11364, USA
| | - Qi He
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Prezel E, Stoppin-Mellet V, Elie A, Zala N, Denarier E, Serre L, Arnal I. TIRF assays for real-time observation of microtubules and actin coassembly: Deciphering tau effects on microtubule/actin interplay. Methods Cell Biol 2017; 141:199-214. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
72
|
Vergara D, Ferraro MM, Cascione M, del Mercato LL, Leporatti S, Ferretta A, Tanzarella P, Pacelli C, Santino A, Maffia M, Cocco T, Rinaldi R, Gaballo A. Cytoskeletal Alterations and Biomechanical Properties of parkin-Mutant Human Primary Fibroblasts. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 71:1395-404. [PMID: 25399302 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Genes which have been implicated in autosomal-recessive PD include PARK2 which codes for parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that participates in a variety of cellular activities. In this study, we compared parkin-mutant primary fibroblasts, from a patient with parkin compound heterozygous mutations, to healthy control cells. Western blot analysis of proteins obtained from patient's fibroblasts showed quantitative differences of many proteins involved in the cytoskeleton organization with respect to control cells. These molecular alterations are accompanied by changes in the organization of actin stress fibers and biomechanical properties, as revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and atomic force microscopy. In particular, parkin deficiency is associated with a significant increase of Young's modulus of null-cells in comparison to normal fibroblasts. The current study proposes that parkin influences the spatial organization of actin filaments, the shape of human fibroblasts, and their elastic response to an external applied force.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Vergara
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- Laboratory of Clinical Proteomic, ''Giovanni Paolo II'' Hospital, ASL-Lecce, Italy
| | - Marzia M Ferraro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- Institute of Nanoscience-NNL, CNR, Via Arnesano, 16, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Cascione
- Institute of Nanoscience-NNL, CNR, Via Arnesano, 16, Lecce, 73100, Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Leporatti
- Institute of Nanoscience-NNL, CNR, Via Arnesano, 16, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Anna Ferretta
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Organs of Senses, University of Bari 'A. Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Tanzarella
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Organs of Senses, University of Bari 'A. Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Consiglia Pacelli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitè de Montreal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC, H3T1J4, Canada
| | - Angelo Santino
- Institute of Science of Food Production, CNR, Lecce, Italy
| | - Michele Maffia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- Laboratory of Clinical Proteomic, ''Giovanni Paolo II'' Hospital, ASL-Lecce, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cocco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Organs of Senses, University of Bari 'A. Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Ross Rinaldi
- Institute of Nanoscience-NNL, CNR, Via Arnesano, 16, Lecce, 73100, Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Gaballo
- Institute of Nanoscience-NNL, CNR, Via Arnesano, 16, Lecce, 73100, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Ylivinkka I, Keski-Oja J, Hyytiäinen M. Netrin-1: A regulator of cancer cell motility? Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:513-520. [PMID: 27793362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Netrins form a family of secreted and membrane-associated proteins, netrin-1 being the prototype and most investigated member of the family. The major physiological functions of netrin-1 lie in the regulation of axonal development as well as morphogenesis of different branched organs, by promoting the polarity of migratory/invasive front of the cell. On the other hand, netrin-1 acts as a factor preventing cell apoptosis. These events are mediated via a range of different receptors, including UNC5 and DCC-families. Cancer cells often employ developmental pathways to gain survival and motility advantage. Within recent years, there has been increasing number of observations of upregulation of netrin-1 expression in different forms of cancer, and the increased expression of netrin-1 has been linked to its functions as a survival and invasion promoting factor. We review here recent advances in the netrin-1 related developmental processes that may be of special interest in tumor biology, in addition to the known functions of netrin-1 in tumor biology with special focus on cancer cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ylivinkka
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; The Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Jorma Keski-Oja
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; The Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Marko Hyytiäinen
- Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Liu L, Luo Y, Zhang G, Jin C, Zhou Z, Cheng Z, Yuan G. The mRNA expression of DRD2, PI3KCB, and AKT1 in the blood of acute schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Res 2016; 243:397-402. [PMID: 27449010 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3 kinase - protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway plays an important role in the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) pathway and in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This study measured the mRNA levels of DRD2, PI3KCB, and AKT1 in peripheral blood samples from 24 acute schizophrenia patients and 20 healthy controls using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time qRT-PCR). We found that in the acute schizophrenia patients, the mRNA expression levels of DRD2 and PI3KCB were significantly lower than those in the healthy controls, while the AKT1 mRNA levels were significantly higher than those in the healthy controls. A significant relationship between the mRNA levels of DRD2 and PI3KCB was found only in the controls. In conclusion, the gene expression state of the DRD2-PI3K-AKT signaling cascade differed significantly between acute schizophrenia patients and healthy controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Yin Luo
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guofu Zhang
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chunhui Jin
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhenhe Zhou
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zaohuo Cheng
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China; Wuxi Tongren International Rehabilitation Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guozhen Yuan
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China; Wuxi Tongren International Rehabilitation Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Xu B, Bressloff PC. Model of Growth Cone Membrane Polarization via Microtubule Length Regulation. Biophys J 2016; 109:2203-14. [PMID: 26588578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a mathematical model of membrane polarization in growth cones. We proceed by coupling an active transport model of cytosolic proteins along a two-dimensional microtubule (MT) network with a modified Dogterom-Leibler model of MT growth. In particular, we consider a Rac1-stathmin-MT pathway in which the growth and catastrophe rates of MTs are regulated by cytosolic stathmin, while the stathmin is regulated by Rac1 at the membrane. We use regular perturbation theory and numerical simulations to determine the steady-state stathmin concentration, the mean MT length distribution, and the resulting distribution of membrane-bound proteins. We thus show how a nonuniform Rac1 distribution on the membrane generates a polarized distribution of membrane proteins. The mean MT length distribution and hence the degree of membrane polarization are sensitive to the precise form of the Rac1 distribution and parameters such as the catastrophe-promoting constant and tubulin association rate. This is a consequence of the fact that the lateral diffusion of stathmin tends to weaken the effects of Rac1 on the distribution of mean MT lengths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Mizoguchi T, Kawakami K, Itoh M. Zebrafish lines expressing UAS-driven red probes for monitoring cytoskeletal dynamics. Genesis 2016; 54:483-9. [PMID: 27342687 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Actin filaments and microtubules are principal components of the cytoskeleton that regulate the basic cellular phenomena underlying many fundamental cellular processes. Therefore, analyzing their dynamics in living cells is important for understanding cellular events more precisely. In this article, we report two novel transgenic zebrafish lines expressing red fluorescent proteins tagged with Lifeact or EB1 that interact with actin filaments and microtubule plus ends, respectively, under the control of the GAL4-UAS system. Using these transgenic lines, we could detect F-actin and microtubule plus end dynamics in specific tissues of living zebrafish embryos by crossing with GAL4 driver lines. In addition, we could achieve multi-color imaging using these transgenic lines with GFP-expressing transgenic lines. Therefore, our transgenic lines that carry UAS-driven red fluorescent cytoskeletal probes are useful tools for analyzing spatiotemporal changes of the cytoskeletal elements using multicolor live imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Kahn OI, Baas PW. Microtubules and Growth Cones: Motors Drive the Turn. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:433-440. [PMID: 27233682 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Navigation of the growth cone at the tip of the developing axon is crucial for the proper wiring of the nervous system. Mechanisms of actin-dependent growth cone steering, via signaling cascades, are well documented. Microtubules are also important in growth cone guidance, because their polarized invasion into the peripheral domain on one side of the growth cone is essential for it to turn in that direction. Classically, microtubules have been considered secondary players, invading the peripheral domain only where the actin cytoskeleton permits them to go. Presented here is evidence for an underappreciated mechanism by which signaling cascades can potentially affect growth cone turning, namely through regulatable forces imposed on the microtubules by molecular motor proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga I Kahn
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Peter W Baas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Zhang Z, Zheng F, You Y, Ma Y, Lu T, Yue W, Zhang D. Growth arrest specific gene 7 is associated with schizophrenia and regulates neuronal migration and morphogenesis. Mol Brain 2016; 9:54. [PMID: 27189492 PMCID: PMC4870797 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a highly heritable chronic mental disorder with significant abnormalities in brain function. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis proposes that schizophrenia originates in the prenatal period due to impairments in neuronal developmental processes such as migration and arborization, leading to abnormal brain maturation. Previous studies have identified multiple promising candidate genes that drive functions in neurodevelopment and are associated with schizophrenia. However, the molecular mechanisms of how they exert effects on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia remain largely unknown. RESULTS In our research, we identified growth arrest specific gene 7 (GAS7) as a schizophrenia risk gene in two independent Han Chinese populations using a two-stage association study. Functional experiments were done to further explore the underlying mechanisms of the role of Gas7 in cortical development. In vitro, we discovered that Gas7 contributed to neurite outgrowth through the F-BAR domain. In vivo, overexpression of Gas7 arrested neuronal migration by increasing leading process branching, while suppression of Gas7 could inhibit neuronal migration by lengthening leading processes. Through a series of behavioral tests, we also found that Gas7-deficient mice showed sensorimotor gating deficits. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate GAS7 as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. Gas7 might participate in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia by regulating neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration through its C-terminal F-BAR domain. The impaired pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) of Gas7-deficient mice might mirror the disease-related behavior in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fanfan Zheng
- Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China. .,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 95 Zhong Guan Cun East Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Yang You
- Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuanlin Ma
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tianlan Lu
- Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health & National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
van de Willige D, Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A. Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins in neuronal development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2053-77. [PMID: 26969328 PMCID: PMC4834103 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the microtubule cytoskeleton is of pivotal importance for neuronal development and function. One such regulatory mechanism centers on microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs): structurally and functionally diverse regulatory factors, which can form complex macromolecular assemblies at the growing microtubule plus-ends. +TIPs modulate important properties of microtubules including their dynamics and their ability to control cell polarity, membrane transport and signaling. Several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases are associated with mutations in +TIPs or with misregulation of these proteins. In this review, we focus on the role and regulation of +TIPs in neuronal development and associated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonnée van de Willige
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Higa GM, Sypult C. Molecular Biology and Clinical Mitigation of Cancer Treatment-Induced Neuropathy. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2016; 10:27-34. [PMID: 27081324 PMCID: PMC4820064 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s32810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of microtubule function is the antitumor mechanism of several classes of drugs used to treat cancer today. However, the significant beneficial effect on tumor outcomes is frequently counterbalanced by neurotoxic complications. Despite an abundance of scientific data, our under-standing of the biological mechanisms underlying this toxic reaction remains unclear, further hindering attempts to identify and develop effective preventive strategies. The primary goals of this review are to: (1) provide insight regarding the biology of the microtubule, (2) analyze the molecular and biochemical pathways that may be involved in the development of neurotoxicity, and (3) propose a unifying concept linking drug-induced neuropathy, microtubule dysfunction, and vitamin D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald M Higa
- Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, Clinical Professor of Medicine, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Corbin Sypult
- Doctor of Pharmacy Student, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Cammarata GM, Bearce EA, Lowery LA. Cytoskeletal social networking in the growth cone: How +TIPs mediate microtubule-actin cross-linking to drive axon outgrowth and guidance. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:461-76. [PMID: 26783725 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The growth cone is a unique structure capable of guiding axons to their proper destinations. Within the growth cone, extracellular guidance cues are interpreted and then transduced into physical changes in the actin filament (F-actin) and microtubule cytoskeletons, providing direction and movement. While both cytoskeletal networks individually possess important growth cone-specific functions, recent data over the past several years point towards a more cooperative role between the two systems. Facilitating this interaction between F-actin and microtubules, microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) have been shown to link the two cytoskeletons together. Evidence suggests that many +TIPs can couple microtubules to F-actin dynamics, supporting both microtubule advance and retraction in the growth cone periphery. In addition, growing in vitro and in vivo data support a secondary role for +TIPs in which they may participate as F-actin nucleators, thus directly influencing F-actin dynamics and organization. This review focuses on how +TIPs may link F-actin and microtubules together in the growth cone, and how these interactions may influence axon guidance. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Anne Lowery
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Erdogan B, Ebbert PT, Lowery LA. Using Xenopus laevis retinal and spinal neurons to study mechanisms of axon guidance in vivo and in vitro. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 51:64-72. [PMID: 26853934 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The intricate and precise establishment of neuronal connections in the developing nervous system relies on accurate navigation of growing axons. Since Ramón y Cajal's discovery of the growth cone, the phenomenon of axon guidance has been revealed as a coordinated operation of guidance molecules, receptors, secondary messengers, and responses driven by the dynamic cytoskeleton within the growth cone. With the advent of new and accelerating techniques, Xenopus laevis emerged as a robust model to investigate neuronal circuit formation during development. We present here the advantages of the Xenopus nervous system to our growing understanding of axon guidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Erdogan
- Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
| | - Patrick T Ebbert
- Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
| | - Laura Anne Lowery
- Department of Biology, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Girdler GC, Applewhite DA, Perry WMG, Rogers SL, Röper K. The Gas2 family protein Pigs is a microtubule +TIP that affects cytoskeleton organisation. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:121-34. [PMID: 26585311 PMCID: PMC4732294 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.176230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination between different cytoskeletal systems is crucial for many cell biological functions, including cell migration and mitosis, and also plays an important role during tissue morphogenesis. Proteins of the class of cytoskeletal crosslinkers, or cytolinkers, have the ability to interact with more than one cytoskeletal system at a time and are prime candidates to mediate any coordination. One such class comprises the Gas2-like proteins, combining a conserved calponin-homology-type actin-binding domain and a Gas2 domain predicted to bind microtubules (MTs). This domain combination is also found in spectraplakins, huge cytolinkers that play important roles in many tissues in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Here, we dissect the ability of the single Drosophila Gas2-like protein Pigs to interact with both actin and MT cytoskeletons, both in vitro and in vivo, and illustrate complex regulatory interactions that determine the localisation of Pigs to and its effects on the cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma C Girdler
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Derek A Applewhite
- Department of Biology & Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3280, 422 Fordham Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Wick M G Perry
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Stephen L Rogers
- Department of Biology & Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3280, 422 Fordham Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Katja Röper
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Yang Y, Zhao B, Ji Z, Zhang G, Zhang J, Li S, Guo G, Lin H. CRMPs colocalize and interact with cytoskeleton in hippocampal neurons. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:22337-22344. [PMID: 26885211 PMCID: PMC4729997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CRMP family proteins (CRMPs) are widely expressed in the developing neurons, mediating a variety of fundamental functions such as growth cone guidance, neuronal polarity and axon elongation. However, whether all the CRMP proteins interact with cytoskeleton remains unknown. In this study, we found that in cultured hippocampal neurons, CRMPs mainly colocalized with tubulin and actin network in neurites. In growth cones, CRMPs colocalized with tubulinmainly in the central (C-) domain and transition zone (T-zone), less in the peripheral (P-) domain and colocalized with actin in all the C-domain, T-zone and P-domain. The correlation efficiency of CRMPs between actin was significantly higher than that between tubulin, especially in growth cones. We successfully constructed GST-CRMPs plasmids, expressed and purified the GST-CRMP proteins. By GST-pulldown assay, all the CRMP family proteins were found to beinteracted with cytoskeleton proteins. Taken together, we revealed that CRMPs were colocalized with cytoskeleton in hippocampal neurons, especially in growth cones. CRMPs can interact with both tubulin and actin, thus mediating neuronal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510630, China
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510630, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhisheng Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510630, China
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510630, China
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510630, China
| | - Sumei Li
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510630, China
| | - Guoqing Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hongsheng Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou 510630, China
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Microtubule-Actin Crosslinking Factor 1 Is Required for Dendritic Arborization and Axon Outgrowth in the Developing Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6018-6032. [PMID: 26526844 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic arborization and axon outgrowth are critical steps in the establishment of neural connectivity in the developing brain. Changes in the connectivity underlie cognitive dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders. However, molecules and associated mechanisms that play important roles in dendritic and axon outgrowth in the brain are only partially understood. Here, we show that microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1) regulates dendritic arborization and axon outgrowth of developing pyramidal neurons by arranging cytoskeleton components and mediating GSK-3 signaling. MACF1 deletion using conditional mutant mice and in utero gene transfer in the developing brain markedly decreased dendritic branching of cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. MACF1-deficient neurons showed reduced density and aberrant morphology of dendritic spines. Also, loss of MACF1 impaired the elongation of callosal axons in the brain. Actin and microtubule arrangement appeared abnormal in MACF1-deficient neurites. Finally, we found that GSK-3 is associated with MACF1-controlled dendritic differentiation. Our findings demonstrate a novel role for MACF1 in neurite differentiation that is critical to the creation of neuronal connectivity in the developing brain.
Collapse
|
86
|
Blasiak A, Lee GU, Kilinc D. Neuron Subpopulations with Different Elongation Rates and DCC Dynamics Exhibit Distinct Responses to Isolated Netrin-1 Treatment. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1578-90. [PMID: 26190161 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct wiring of the nervous system requires guidance cues, diffusible or substrate-bound proteins that steer elongating axons to their target tissues. Netrin-1, the best characterized member of the Netrins family of guidance molecules, is known to induce axon turning and modulate axon elongation rate; however, the factors regulating the axonal response to Netrin-1 are not fully understood. Using microfluidics, we treated fluidically isolated axons of mouse primary cortical neurons with Netrin-1 and characterized axon elongation rates, as well as the membrane localization of deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC), a well-established receptor of Netrin-1. The capacity to stimulate and observe a large number of individual axons allowed us to conduct distribution analyses, through which we identified two distinct neuron subpopulations based on different elongation behavior and different DCC membrane dynamics. Netrin-1 reduced the elongation rates in both subpopulations, where the effect was more pronounced in the slow growing subpopulation. Both the source of Ca(2+) influx and the basal cytosolic Ca(2+) levels regulated the effect of Netrin-1, for example, Ca(2+) efflux from the endoplasmic reticulum due to the activation of Ryanodine channels blocked Netrin-1-induced axon slowdown. Netrin-1 treatment resulted in a rapid membrane insertion of DCC, followed by a gradual internalization. DCC membrane dynamics were different in the central regions of the growth cones compared to filopodia and axon shafts, highlighting the temporal and spatial heterogeneity in the signaling events downstream of Netrin-1. Cumulatively, these results demonstrate the power of microfluidic compartmentalization and distribution analysis in describing the complex axonal Netrin-1 response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Blasiak
- Bionanoscience Group, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin
4, Ireland
| | - Gil U. Lee
- Bionanoscience Group, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin
4, Ireland
| | - Devrim Kilinc
- Bionanoscience Group, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin
4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Ohara Y, Koganezawa N, Yamazaki H, Roppongi RT, Sato K, Sekino Y, Shirao T. Early-stage development of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1804-13. [PMID: 26346430 PMCID: PMC5049656 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer new possibilities for biomedical research and clinical applications. Differentiated neurons from hiPSCs are expected to be useful for developing novel methods of treatment for various neurological diseases. However, the detailed process of functional maturation of hiPSC-derived neurons (hiPS neurons) remains poorly understood. This study analyzes development of hiPS neurons, focusing specifically on early developmental stages through 48 hr after cell seeding; development was compared with that of primary cultured neurons derived from the rat hippocampus. At 5 hr after cell seeding, neurite formation occurs in a similar manner in both neuronal populations. However, very few neurons with axonal polarization were observed in the hiPS neurons even after 48 hr, indicating that hiPS neurons differentiate more slowly than rat neurons. We further investigated the elongation speed of axons and found that hiPS neuronal axons were slower. In addition, we characterized the growth cones. The localization patterns of skeletal proteins F-actin, microtubule, and drebrin were similar to those of rat neurons, and actin depolymerization by cytochalasin D induced similar changes in cytoskeletal distribution in the growth cones between hiPS neurons and rat neurons. These results indicate that, during the very early developmental stage, hiPS neurons develop comparably to rat hippocampal neurons with regard to axonal differentiation, but the growth of axons is slower.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ohara
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Noriko Koganezawa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamazaki
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Reiko T Roppongi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sato
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sekino
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Shirao
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Chen CH, Mayo JN, Gourdie RG, Johnstone SR, Isakson BE, Bearden SE. The connexin 43/ZO-1 complex regulates cerebral endothelial F-actin architecture and migration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C600-7. [PMID: 26289751 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00155.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell migration is a fundamental process during angiogenesis and, therefore, a point of intervention for therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling pathologies involving blood vessel growth. We sought to determine the role of the gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) in key features of angiogenesis in the central nervous system. We used an in vitro model to test the hypothesis that a complex of interacting proteins, including Cx43 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), regulates the migratory behavior of cerebral endothelium. With knockdown and overexpression experiments, we demonstrate that the rate of healing following scrape-wounding of endothelium is regulated by the level of Cx43 protein expression. The effects on cell motility and proliferation were independent of gap junction communication as cells were sensitive to altered Cx43 expression in single plated cells. Coupling of Cx43/ZO-1 critically regulates this process as demonstrated with the use of a Cx43 α-carboxy terminus 1 peptide mimetic (αCT1) and overexpression of a mutant ZO-1 with the Cx43-binding PDZ2 domain deleted. Disrupting the Cx43/ZO-1 complex with these treatments resulted in collapse of the organized F-actin cytoskeleton and the appearance of actin nodes. Preincubation with the myosin 2 inhibitors blebbistatin or Y-27632 disrupted the Cx43/ZO-1 complex and inhibited cell spreading at the leading edge of migration. Cells studied individually in time-lapse open field locomotion assays wandered less when Cx43/ZO-1 interaction was disrupted without significant change in speed, suggesting that faster wound healing is a product of linearized migration. In contrast to the breakdown of F-actin architecture, microtubule architecture was not obviously affected by treatments. This study provides new insight into the fundamental regulatory mechanisms of cerebral endothelial cell locomotion. Cx43 tethers the F-actin cytoskeleton through a ZO-1 linker and supports cell spreading and exploration during locomotion. Here, we demonstrate that releasing this actin-coupled tether shifts the balance of directional migration control to a more linear movement that enhances the rate of wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hung Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho
| | - Jamie N Mayo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho
| | - Robert G Gourdie
- Virginia Polytechnic and State University Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Scott R Johnstone
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Shawn E Bearden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho;
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Stamatakou E, Hoyos-Flight M, Salinas PC. Wnt Signalling Promotes Actin Dynamics during Axon Remodelling through the Actin-Binding Protein Eps8. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134976. [PMID: 26252776 PMCID: PMC4529215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon arrival at their synaptic targets, axons slow down their growth and extensively remodel before the assembly of presynaptic boutons. Wnt proteins are target-derived secreted factors that promote axonal remodelling and synaptic assembly. In the developing spinal cord, Wnts secreted by motor neurons promote axonal remodelling of NT-3 responsive dorsal root ganglia neurons. Axon remodelling induced by Wnts is characterised by growth cone pausing and enlargement, processes that depend on the re-organisation of microtubules. However, the contribution of the actin cytoskeleton has remained unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that Wnt3a regulates the actin cytoskeleton by rapidly inducing F-actin accumulation in growth cones from rodent DRG neurons through the scaffold protein Dishevelled-1 (Dvl1) and the serine-threonine kinase Gsk3β. Importantly, these changes in actin cytoskeleton occurs before enlargement of the growth cones is evident. Time-lapse imaging shows that Wnt3a increases lamellar protrusion and filopodia velocity. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of actin assembly demonstrates that Wnt3a increases actin dynamics. Through a yeast-two hybrid screen, we identified the actin-binding protein Eps8 as a direct interactor of Dvl1, a scaffold protein crucial for the Wnt signalling pathway. Gain of function of Eps8 mimics Wnt-mediated axon remodelling, whereas Eps8 silencing blocks the axon remodelling activity of Wnt3a. Importantly, blockade of the Dvl1-Eps8 interaction completely abolishes Wnt3a-mediated axonal remodelling. These findings demonstrate a novel role for Wnt-Dvl1 signalling through Eps8 in the regulation of axonal remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanna Stamatakou
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Hoyos-Flight
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia C. Salinas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Abstract
SUMMARY Stimuli that promote cell migration, such as chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors in metazoans and cyclic AMP in Dictyostelium, activate signaling pathways that control organization of the actin cytoskeleton and adhesion complexes. The Rho-family GTPases are a key convergence point of these pathways. Their effectors include actin regulators such as formins, members of the WASP/WAVE family and the Arp2/3 complex, and the myosin II motor protein. Pathways that link to the Rho GTPases include Ras GTPases, TorC2, and PI3K. Many of the molecules involved form gradients within cells, which define the front and rear of migrating cells, and are also established in related cellular behaviors such as neuronal growth cone extension and cytokinesis. The signaling molecules that regulate migration can be integrated to provide a model of network function. The network displays biochemical excitability seen as spontaneous waves of activation that propagate along the cell cortex. These events coordinate cell movement and can be biased by external cues to bring about directed migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Alan Rick Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Kilinc D, Blasiak A, Lee GU. Microtechnologies for studying the role of mechanics in axon growth and guidance. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:282. [PMID: 26283918 PMCID: PMC4515553 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The guidance of axons to their proper targets is not only a crucial event in neurodevelopment, but also a potential therapeutic target for neural repair. Axon guidance is mediated by various chemo- and haptotactic cues, as well as the mechanical interactions between the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Axonal growth cones, dynamic ends of growing axons, convert external stimuli to biochemical signals, which, in turn, are translated into behavior, e.g., turning or retraction, via cytoskeleton-matrix linkages. Despite the inherent mechanical nature of the problem, the role of mechanics in axon guidance is poorly understood. Recent years has witnessed the application of a range of microtechnologies in neurobiology, from microfluidic circuits to single molecule force spectroscopy. In this mini-review, we describe microtechnologies geared towards dissecting the mechanical aspects of axon guidance, divided into three categories: controlling the growth cone microenvironment, stimulating growth cones with externally applied forces, and measuring forces exerted by the growth cones. A particular emphasis is given to those studies that combine multiple techniques, as dictated by the complexity of the problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Kilinc
- Bionanosciences Group, School of Chemisty and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Agata Blasiak
- Bionanosciences Group, School of Chemisty and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gil U Lee
- Bionanosciences Group, School of Chemisty and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Bearce EA, Erdogan B, Lowery LA. TIPsy tour guides: how microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) facilitate axon guidance. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:241. [PMID: 26175669 PMCID: PMC4485311 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth cone is a dynamic cytoskeletal vehicle, which drives the end of a developing axon. It serves to interpret and navigate through the complex landscape and guidance cues of the early nervous system. The growth cone’s distinctive cytoskeletal organization offers a fascinating platform to study how extracellular cues can be translated into mechanical outgrowth and turning behaviors. While many studies of cell motility highlight the importance of actin networks in signaling, adhesion, and propulsion, both seminal and emerging works in the field have highlighted a unique and necessary role for microtubules (MTs) in growth cone navigation. Here, we focus on the role of singular pioneer MTs, which extend into the growth cone periphery and are regulated by a diverse family of microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs). These +TIPs accumulate at the dynamic ends of MTs, where they are well-positioned to encounter and respond to key signaling events downstream of guidance receptors, catalyzing immediate changes in microtubule stability and actin cross-talk, that facilitate both axonal outgrowth and turning events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Burcu Erdogan
- Department of Biology, Boston College Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Yamada H, Kikuchi T, Masumoto T, Wei FY, Abe T, Takeda T, Nishiki T, Tomizawa K, Watanabe M, Matsui H, Takei K. Possible role of cortactin phosphorylation by protein kinase Cα in actin-bundle formation at growth cone. Biol Cell 2015; 107:319-30. [PMID: 26033110 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201500032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Cortactin contributes to growth cone morphogenesis by forming with dynamin, ring-shaped complexes that mechanically bundle and stabilise F-actin. However, the regulatory mechanism of cortactin action is poorly understood. RESULTS Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that protein kinase C (PKC) α colocalises with cortactin at growth cone filopodia in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. PKC activation by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate causes cortactin phosphorylation, filopodial retraction and F-actin-bundle loss. Moreover, PKCα directly phosphorylates cortactin in vitro at S135/T145/S172, mitigating both cortactin's actin-binding and actin-crosslinking activity, whereas cellular expression of a phosphorylation-mimetic cortactin mutant hinders filopodial formation with a significant decrease of actin bundles. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that PKC-mediated cortactin phosphorylation might be implicated in the maintenance of growth cone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Neuroscience, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kikuchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toshio Masumoto
- Department of Cell Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Fan-Yan Wei
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tadashi Abe
- Department of Neuroscience, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takeda
- Department of Neuroscience, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Teiichi Nishiki
- Department of Cell Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masami Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hideki Matsui
- Department of Cell Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kohji Takei
- Department of Neuroscience, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Tamariz E, Varela-Echavarría A. The discovery of the growth cone and its influence on the study of axon guidance. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:51. [PMID: 26029056 PMCID: PMC4432662 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a century, there has been a great deal of interest in understanding how neural connectivity is established during development and regeneration. Interest in the latter arises from the possibility that knowledge of this process can be used to re-establish lost connections after lesion or neurodegeneration. At the end of the XIX century, Santiago Ramón y Cajal discovered that the distal tip of growing axons contained a structure that he called the growth cone. He proposed that this structure enabled the axon's oriented growth in response to attractants, now known as chemotropic molecules. He further proposed that the physical properties of the surrounding tissues could influence the growth cone and the direction of growth. This seminal discovery afforded a plausible explanation for directed axonal growth and has led to the discovery of axon guidance mechanisms that include diffusible attractants and repellants and guidance cues anchored to cell membranes or extracellular matrix. In this review the major events in the development of this field are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Tamariz
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad VeracruzanaXalapa, Mexico
| | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
CRMP4 and CRMP2 Interact to Coordinate Cytoskeleton Dynamics, Regulating Growth Cone Development and Axon Elongation. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:947423. [PMID: 26064693 PMCID: PMC4442009 DOI: 10.1155/2015/947423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeleton dynamics are critical phenomena that underpin many fundamental cellular processes. Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) are highly expressed in the developing nervous system, mediating growth cone guidance, neuronal polarity, and axonal elongation. However, whether and how CRMPs associate with microtubules and actin coordinated cytoskeletal dynamics remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that CRMP2 and CRMP4 interacted with tubulin and actin in vitro and colocalized with the cytoskeleton in the transition-zone in developing growth cones. CRMP2 and CRMP4 also interacted with one another coordinately to promote growth cone development and axonal elongation. Genetic silencing of CRMP2 enhanced, whereas overexpression of CRMP2 suppressed, the inhibitory effects of CRMP4 knockdown on axonal development. In addition, knockdown of CRMP2 or overexpression of truncated CRMP2 reversed the promoting effect of CRMP4. With the overexpression of truncated CRMP2 or CRMP4 lacking the cytoskeleton interaction domain, the promoting effect of CRMP was suppressed. These data suggest a model in which CRMP2 and CRMP4 form complexes to bridge microtubules and actin and thus work cooperatively to regulate growth cone development and axonal elongation.
Collapse
|
96
|
Elie A, Prezel E, Guérin C, Denarier E, Ramirez-Rios S, Serre L, Andrieux A, Fourest-Lieuvin A, Blanchoin L, Arnal I. Tau co-organizes dynamic microtubule and actin networks. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9964. [PMID: 25944224 PMCID: PMC4421749 DOI: 10.1038/srep09964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between microtubules and actin is essential for cellular functions. However, mechanisms underlying the microtubule-actin organization by cross-linkers remain largely unexplored. Here, we report that tau, a neuronal microtubule-associated protein, binds to microtubules and actin simultaneously, promoting in vitro co-organization and coupled growth of both networks. By developing an original assay to visualize concomitant microtubule and actin assembly, we show that tau can induce guided polymerization of actin filaments along microtubule tracks and growth of single microtubules along actin filament bundles. Importantly, tau mediates microtubule-actin co-alignment without changing polymer growth properties. Mutagenesis studies further reveal that at least two of the four tau repeated motifs, primarily identified as tubulin-binding sites, are required to connect microtubules and actin. Tau thus represents a molecular linker between microtubule and actin networks, enabling a coordination of the two cytoskeletons that might be essential in various neuronal contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Auréliane Elie
- 1] Inserm, U836, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France [2] Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Elea Prezel
- 1] Inserm, U836, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France [2] Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Christophe Guérin
- Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS/CEA/INRA/UJF, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Denarier
- 1] Inserm, U836, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France [2] Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France [3] iRTSV, GPC, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Sacnicte Ramirez-Rios
- 1] Inserm, U836, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France [2] Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Laurence Serre
- 1] Inserm, U836, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France [2] Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- 1] Inserm, U836, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France [2] Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France [3] iRTSV, GPC, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Fourest-Lieuvin
- 1] Inserm, U836, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France [2] Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France [3] iRTSV, GPC, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS/CEA/INRA/UJF, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Arnal
- 1] Inserm, U836, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France [2] Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Chen J, Hao H, Guo G, Li S, Xiao X. Effect of Rho-kinase pathway on neurite outgrowth of rat hippocampal neurons under atomic force microscopy. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:496-500. [PMID: 25745434 PMCID: PMC4348994 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neurons of neonatal rats were cultured in serum-free culture medium for 5 days in vitro, and treated with the Rho-kinase inducer lysophosphatidic acid. Atomic force microscopy revealed that the numbers of level-1, -2 and -3 neurites protruding from rat hippocampal neurons was significantly reduced. After treatment with the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632, a significant increase in the numbers of these neurites was observed. Our experimental findings indicate that the Rho-kinase pathway is closely associated with the neurites of hippocampal neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hu Hao
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guoqing Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sitao Li
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Missaire M, Hindges R. The role of cell adhesion molecules in visual circuit formation: from neurite outgrowth to maps and synaptic specificity. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:569-83. [PMID: 25649254 PMCID: PMC4855686 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The formation of visual circuitry is a multistep process that involves cell–cell interactions based on a range of molecular mechanisms. The correct implementation of individual events, including axon outgrowth and guidance, the formation of the topographic map, or the synaptic targeting of specific cellular subtypes, are prerequisites for a fully functional visual system that is able to appropriately process the information captured by the eyes. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) with their adhesive properties and their high functional diversity have been identified as key actors in several of these fundamental processes. Because of their growth‐promoting properties, CAMs play an important role in neuritogenesis. Furthermore, they are necessary to control additional neurite development, regulating dendritic spacing and axon pathfinding. Finally, trans‐synaptic interactions of CAMs ensure cell type‐specific connectivity as a basis for the establishment of circuits processing distinct visual features. Recent discoveries implicating CAMs in novel mechanisms have led to a better general understanding of neural circuit formation, but also revealed an increasing complexity of their function. This review aims at describing the different levels of action for CAMs to shape neural connectivity, with a special focus on the visual system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 569–583, 2015
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mégane Missaire
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Hindges
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Goodhill GJ, Faville RA, Sutherland DJ, Bicknell BA, Thompson AW, Pujic Z, Sun B, Kita EM, Scott EK. The dynamics of growth cone morphology. BMC Biol 2015; 13:10. [PMID: 25729914 PMCID: PMC4353455 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal brain function depends on the development of appropriate patterns of neural connections. A critical role in guiding axons to their targets during neural development is played by neuronal growth cones. These have a complex and rapidly changing morphology; however, a quantitative understanding of this morphology, its dynamics and how these are related to growth cone movement, is lacking. RESULTS Here we use eigenshape analysis (principal components analysis in shape space) to uncover the set of five to six basic shape modes that capture the most variance in growth cone form. By analysing how the projections of growth cones onto these principal modes evolve in time, we found that growth cone shape oscillates with a mean period of 30 min. The variability of oscillation periods and strengths between different growth cones was correlated with their forward movement, such that growth cones with strong, fast shape oscillations tended to extend faster. A simple computational model of growth cone shape dynamics based on dynamic microtubule instability was able to reproduce quantitatively both the mean and variance of oscillation periods seen experimentally, suggesting that the principal driver of growth cone shape oscillations may be intrinsic periodicity in cytoskeletal rearrangements. CONCLUSIONS Intrinsically driven shape oscillations are an important component of growth cone shape dynamics. More generally, eigenshape analysis has the potential to provide new quantitative information about differences in growth cone behaviour in different conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Goodhill
- />Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- />School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard A Faville
- />Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel J Sutherland
- />Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brendan A Bicknell
- />Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- />School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew W Thompson
- />Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zac Pujic
- />Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Biao Sun
- />Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M Kita
- />Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ethan K Scott
- />School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Sengottuvel V, Fischer D. Facilitating axon regeneration in the injured CNS by microtubules stabilization. Commun Integr Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/cib.15552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|