51
|
Lichtenegger A, Muck M, Eugui P, Harper DJ, Augustin M, Leskovar K, Hitzenberger CK, Woehrer A, Baumann B. Assessment of pathological features in Alzheimer's disease brain tissue with a large field-of-view visible-light optical coherence microscope. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:035002. [PMID: 30137880 PMCID: PMC6057230 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.3.035002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We implemented a wide field-of-view visible-light optical coherence microscope (OCM) for investigating ex-vivo brain tissue of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and of a mouse model of AD. A submicrometer axial resolution in tissue was achieved using a broad visible light spectrum. The use of various objective lenses enabled reaching micrometer transversal resolution and the acquisition of images of microscopic brain features, such as cell structures, vessels, and white matter tracts. Amyloid-beta plaques in the range of 10 to 70 μ m were visualized. Large field-of-view images of young and old mouse brain sections were imaged using an automated x - y - z stage. The plaque load was characterized, revealing an age-related increase. Human brain tissue affected by cerebral amyloid angiopathy was investigated and hyperscattering structures resembling amyloid beta accumulations in the vessel walls were identified. All results were in good agreement with histology. A comparison of plaque features in both human and mouse brain tissue was performed, revealing an increase in plaque load and a decrease in reflectivity for mouse as compared with human brain tissue. Based on the promising outcome of our experiments, visible light OCM might be a powerful tool for investigating microscopic features in ex-vivo brain tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Lichtenegger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Muck
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Neurology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pablo Eugui
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Danielle J. Harper
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Augustin
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Leskovar
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Hitzenberger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid Woehrer
- General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Neurology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Baumann
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Yashin KS, Kravets LY, Gladkova ND, Gelikonov GV, Medyanik IA, Karabut MM, Kiseleva EB, Shilyagin PA. [Optical coherence tomography in neurosurgery]. ZHURNAL VOPROSY NEĬROKHIRURGII IMENI N. N. BURDENKO 2018; 81:107-115. [PMID: 28665394 DOI: 10.17116/neiro2017813107-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K S Yashin
- Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of Public Health Ministry of Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - L Yu Kravets
- Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of Public Health Ministry of Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - N D Gladkova
- Nizhny Novgorod state medical Academy of Public Health Ministry of Russia, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - G V Gelikonov
- The Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - I A Medyanik
- Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of Public Health Ministry of Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - M M Karabut
- Nizhny Novgorod state medical Academy of Public Health Ministry of Russia, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - E B Kiseleva
- Nizhny Novgorod state medical Academy of Public Health Ministry of Russia, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - P A Shilyagin
- The Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Marchand PJ, Szlag D, Bouwens A, Lasser T. In vivo high-resolution cortical imaging with extended-focus optical coherence microscopy in the visible-NIR wavelength range. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-7. [PMID: 29575831 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.3.036012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Visible light optical coherence tomography has shown great interest in recent years for spectroscopic and high-resolution retinal and cerebral imaging. Here, we present an extended-focus optical coherence microscopy system operating from the visible to the near-infrared wavelength range for high axial and lateral resolution imaging of cortical structures in vivo. The system exploits an ultrabroad illumination spectrum centered in the visible wavelength range (λc = 650 nm, Δλ ∼ 250 nm) offering a submicron axial resolution (∼0.85 μm in water) and an extended-focus configuration providing a high lateral resolution of ∼1.4 μm maintained over ∼150 μm in depth in water. The system's axial and lateral resolution are first characterized using phantoms, and its imaging performance is then demonstrated by imaging the vasculature, myelinated axons, and neuronal cells in the first layers of the somatosensory cortex of mice in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Marchand
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire d' Optique Biomédicale, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Szlag
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire d' Optique Biomédicale, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arno Bouwens
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire d' Optique Biomédicale, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Theo Lasser
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire d' Optique Biomédicale, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Meaney PM, Paulsen KD. Addressing Multipath Signal Corruption in Microwave Tomography and the Influence on System Design and Algorithm Development. OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING AND BIOSCIENCES 2018; 1:102. [PMID: 30828701 PMCID: PMC6395052 DOI: 10.32474/oajbeb.2018.01.000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In developing a microwave tomography system, we started by examining the fundamental signal measurement challenges-i.e., how to interrogate the target while suppressing unwanted multi-path signals. Beginning with a lossy coupling bath to suppress unwanted surface waves, we have developed a robust and reliable system that is both simple and low profile. However, beyond the basic measurement configuration, the lossy coupling medium concept has also informed our choice of array antenna and imaging algorithms. The synergism of these concepts has produced a novel concept which is embodied in a system that has been successfully translated to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Meaney
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, USA
- Electrical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Fan Y, Xia Y, Zhang X, Sun Y, Tang J, Zhang L, Liao H. Optical coherence tomography for precision brain imaging, neurosurgical guidance and minimally invasive theranostics. Biosci Trends 2018; 12:12-23. [PMID: 29332928 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2017.01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based neurosurgical application for imaging and treatment of brain tumors. OCT has emerged as one of the most innovative and successful translational biomedical-diagnostic techniques. It is a useful imaging tool for noninvasive, in vivo, in situ and real-time imaging in soft biological tissues, such as brain tumor imaging. OCT can detect the structure of biological tissue in a micrometer scale, and functional OCT has some clinical researches and applications, such as nerve fiber tracts and neurovascular imaging. OCT is able to identify tumor margins, and it gives intraoperative precision identification and resection guidance. OCT-based theranostics is introduced into preclinical neurosurgical resection, such as the integration of OCT and laser ablation. We discuss the challenges and opportunities of OCT-based system in the field of combination of intraoperative structural and functional imaging, neurosurgical guidance and minimally invasive theranostics. We point out that OCT and laser ablation-based theranostics can give more precision and intelligence for intraoperative diagnosis and therapeutics in clinical applications. The theranostics can precisely locate, or specifically target cancerous tissues, and then as much as possiblly eliminate them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University
| | - Xinran Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Hongen Liao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Merkle CW, Chong SP, Kho AM, Zhu J, Dubra A, Srinivasan VJ. Visible light optical coherence microscopy of the brain with isotropic femtoliter resolution in vivo. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:198-201. [PMID: 29328237 PMCID: PMC5953552 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Most flying-spot optical coherence tomography and optical coherence microscopy (OCM) systems use a symmetric confocal geometry, where the detection path retraces the illumination path starting from and ending with the spatial mode of a single-mode optical fiber. Here we describe a visible light OCM instrument that breaks this symmetry to improve transverse resolution without sacrificing collection efficiency in scattering tissue. This was achieved by overfilling a water immersion objective on the illumination path while maintaining a conventional Gaussian mode detection path (1/e2 intensity diameter ∼0.82 Airy disks), enabling ∼1.1 μm full width at half-maximum (FWHM) transverse resolution. At the same time, a ∼0.9 μm FWHM axial resolution in tissue, achieved by a broadband visible light source, enabled femtoliter volume resolution. We characterized this instrument according to paraxial coherent microscopy theory and, finally, used it to image the meningeal layers, intravascular red blood cell-free layer, and myelinated axons in the mouse neocortex in vivo through the thinned skull.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conrad William Merkle
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Shau Poh Chong
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Aaron Michael Kho
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Alfredo Dubra
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94303, USA
| | - Vivek Jay Srinivasan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Saliani A, Perraud B, Duval T, Stikov N, Rossignol S, Cohen-Adad J. Axon and Myelin Morphology in Animal and Human Spinal Cord. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:129. [PMID: 29311857 PMCID: PMC5743665 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing precisely the microstructure of axons, their density, size and myelination is of interest for the neuroscientific community, for example to help maximize the outcome of studies on white matter (WM) pathologies of the spinal cord (SC). The existence of a comprehensive and structured database of axonal measurements in healthy and disease models could help the validation of results obtained by different researchers. The purpose of this article is to provide such a database of healthy SC WM, to discuss the potential sources of variability and to suggest avenues for robust and accurate quantification of axon morphometry based on novel acquisition and processing techniques. The article is organized in three sections. The first section reviews morphometric results across species according to range of densities and counts of myelinated axons, axon diameter and myelin thickness, and characteristics of unmyelinated axons in different regions. The second section discusses the sources of variability across studies, such as age, sex, spinal pathways, spinal levels, statistical power and terminology in regard to tracts and protocols. The third section presents new techniques and perspectives that could benefit histology studies. For example, coherent anti-stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) imaging can provide sub-micrometric resolution without the need for fixation and staining, while slide scanners and stitching algorithms can provide full cross-sectional area of SC. In combination with these acquisition techniques, automatic segmentation algorithms for delineating axons and myelin sheath can help provide large-scale statistics on axon morphometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Saliani
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Blanche Perraud
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tanguy Duval
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nikola Stikov
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Serge Rossignol
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Cohen-Adad
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Functionnal Neuroimaging Unit, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Jelescu IO, Budde MD. Design and validation of diffusion MRI models of white matter. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2017; 28:61. [PMID: 29755979 PMCID: PMC5947881 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2017.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion MRI is arguably the method of choice for characterizing white matter microstructure in vivo. Over the typical duration of diffusion encoding, the displacement of water molecules is conveniently on a length scale similar to that of the underlying cellular structures. Moreover, water molecules in white matter are largely compartmentalized which enables biologically-inspired compartmental diffusion models to characterize and quantify the true biological microstructure. A plethora of white matter models have been proposed. However, overparameterization and mathematical fitting complications encourage the introduction of simplifying assumptions that vary between different approaches. These choices impact the quantitative estimation of model parameters with potential detriments to their biological accuracy and promised specificity. First, we review biophysical white matter models in use and recapitulate their underlying assumptions and realms of applicability. Second, we present up-to-date efforts to validate parameters estimated from biophysical models. Simulations and dedicated phantoms are useful in assessing the performance of models when the ground truth is known. However, the biggest challenge remains the validation of the "biological accuracy" of estimated parameters. Complementary techniques such as microscopy of fixed tissue specimens have facilitated direct comparisons of estimates of white matter fiber orientation and densities. However, validation of compartmental diffusivities remains challenging, and complementary MRI-based techniques such as alternative diffusion encodings, compartment-specific contrast agents and metabolites have been used to validate diffusion models. Finally, white matter injury and disease pose additional challenges to modeling, which are also discussed. This review aims to provide an overview of the current state of models and their validation and to stimulate further research in the field to solve the remaining open questions and converge towards consensus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ileana O Jelescu
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomédicale, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew D Budde
- Zablocki VA Medical Center, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Medical College Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Lichtenegger A, Harper DJ, Augustin M, Eugui P, Muck M, Gesperger J, Hitzenberger CK, Woehrer A, Baumann B. Spectroscopic imaging with spectral domain visible light optical coherence microscopy in Alzheimer's disease brain samples. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:4007-4025. [PMID: 28966843 PMCID: PMC5611919 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.004007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A visible light spectral domain optical coherence microscopy system was developed. A high axial resolution of 0.88 μm in tissue was achieved using a broad visible light spectrum (425 - 685 nm). Healthy human brain tissue was imaged to quantify the difference between white (WM) and grey matter (GM) in intensity and attenuation. The high axial resolution enables the investigation of amyloid-beta plaques of various sizes in human brain tissue and animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). By performing a spectroscopic analysis of the OCM data, differences in the characteristics for WM, GM, and neuritic amyloid-beta plaques were found. To gain additional contrast, Congo red stained AD brain tissue was investigated. A first effort was made to investigate optically cleared mouse brain tissue to increase the penetration depth and visualize hyperscattering structures in deeper cortical regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Lichtenegger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Danielle J. Harper
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Marco Augustin
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Pablo Eugui
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Martina Muck
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
- Institute of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Johanna Gesperger
- Institute of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Christoph K. Hitzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Adelheid Woehrer
- Institute of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Bernhard Baumann
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Kawagoe H, Yamanaka M, Nishizawa N. Axial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio in deep-tissue imaging with 1.7-μm high-resolution optical coherence tomography with an ultrabroadband laser source. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:85002. [PMID: 28777837 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.8.085002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the axial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) characteristics in deep-tissue imaging by 1.7-μm optical coherence tomography (OCT) with the axial resolution of 4.3 μm in tissue. Because 1.7-μm OCT requires a light source with a spectral width of more than 300 nm full-width at half maximum to achieve such high resolution, the axial resolution in the tissue might be degraded by spectral distortion and chromatic dispersion mismatching between the sample and reference arms. In addition, degradation of the axial resolution would also lead to reduced SNR. Here, we quantitatively evaluated the degradation of the axial resolution and the resulting decrease in SNR by measuring interference signals through a lipid mixture serving as a turbid tissue phantom with large scattering and absorption coefficients. Although the axial resolution was reduced by a factor of ∼6 after passing through a 2-mm-thick tissue phantom, our result clearly showed that compensation of the dispersion mismatching allowed us to achieve an axial resolution of 4.3 μm in tissue and improve the SNR by ∼5 dB compared with the case where dispersion mismatching was not compensated. This improvement was also confirmed in the observation of a hamster’s cheek pouch in a buffer solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kawagoe
- , Department of Quantum Engineering, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Marchand PJ, Bouwens A, Szlag D, Nguyen D, Descloux A, Sison M, Coquoz S, Extermann J, Lasser T. Visible spectrum extended-focus optical coherence microscopy for label-free sub-cellular tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3343-3359. [PMID: 28717571 PMCID: PMC5508832 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel extended-focus optical coherence microscope (OCM) attaining 0.7 μm axial and 0.4 μm lateral resolution maintained over a depth of 40 μm, while preserving the advantages of Fourier domain OCM. Our system uses an ultra-broad spectrum from a supercontinuum laser source. As the spectrum spans from near-infrared to visible wavelengths (240 nm in bandwidth), we call the system visOCM. The combination of such a broad spectrum with a high-NA objective creates an almost isotropic 3D submicron resolution. We analyze the imaging performance of visOCM on microbead samples and demonstrate its image quality on cell cultures and ex-vivo brain tissue of both healthy and alzheimeric mice. In addition to neuronal cell bodies, fibers and plaques, visOCM imaging of brain tissue reveals fine vascular structures and sub-cellular features through its high spatial resolution. Sub-cellular structures were also observed in live cells and were further revealed through a protocol traditionally used for OCT angiography.
Collapse
|
62
|
Mollink J, Kleinnijenhuis M, Cappellen van Walsum AMV, Sotiropoulos SN, Cottaar M, Mirfin C, Heinrich MP, Jenkinson M, Pallebage-Gamarallage M, Ansorge O, Jbabdi S, Miller KL. Evaluating fibre orientation dispersion in white matter: Comparison of diffusion MRI, histology and polarized light imaging. Neuroimage 2017; 157:561-574. [PMID: 28602815 PMCID: PMC5607356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion MRI is an exquisitely sensitive probe of tissue microstructure, and is currently the only non-invasive measure of the brain's fibre architecture. As this technique becomes more sophisticated and microstructurally informative, there is increasing value in comparing diffusion MRI with microscopic imaging in the same tissue samples. This study compared estimates of fibre orientation dispersion in white matter derived from diffusion MRI to reference measures of dispersion obtained from polarized light imaging and histology. Three post-mortem brain specimens were scanned with diffusion MRI and analyzed with a two-compartment dispersion model. The specimens were then sectioned for microscopy, including polarized light imaging estimates of fibre orientation and histological quantitative estimates of myelin and astrocytes. Dispersion estimates were correlated on region – and voxel-wise levels in the corpus callosum, the centrum semiovale and the corticospinal tract. The region-wise analysis yielded correlation coefficients of r = 0.79 for the diffusion MRI and histology comparison, while r = 0.60 was reported for the comparison with polarized light imaging. In the corpus callosum, we observed a pattern of higher dispersion at the midline compared to its lateral aspects. This pattern was present in all modalities and the dispersion profiles from microscopy and diffusion MRI were highly correlated. The astrocytes appeared to have minor contribution to dispersion observed with diffusion MRI. These results demonstrate that fibre orientation dispersion estimates from diffusion MRI represents the tissue architecture well. Dispersion models might be improved by more faithfully incorporating an informed mapping based on microscopy data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Mollink
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Michiel Kleinnijenhuis
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stamatios N Sotiropoulos
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michiel Cottaar
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Mirfin
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mattias P Heinrich
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mark Jenkinson
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Olaf Ansorge
- Neuropathology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Karla L Miller
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Baumann B, Woehrer A, Ricken G, Augustin M, Mitter C, Pircher M, Kovacs GG, Hitzenberger CK. Visualization of neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease by polarization-sensitive optical coherence microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43477. [PMID: 28262719 PMCID: PMC5337955 DOI: 10.1038/srep43477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One major hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is the deposition of extracellular senile plaques and vessel wall deposits composed of amyloid-beta (Aβ). In AD, degeneration of neurons is preceded by the formation of Aβ plaques, which show different morphological forms. Most of them are birefringent owing to the parallel arrangement of amyloid fibrils. Here, we present polarization sensitive optical coherence microscopy (PS-OCM) for imaging mature neuritic Aβ plaques based on their birefringent properties. Formalin-fixed, post-mortem brain samples of advanced stage AD patients were investigated. In several cortical brain regions, neuritic Aβ plaques were successfully visualized in tomographic and three-dimensional (3D) images. Cortical grey matter appeared polarization preserving, whereas neuritic plaques caused increased phase retardation. Consistent with the results from PS-OCM imaging, the 3D structure of senile Aβ plaques was computationally modelled for different illumination settings and plaque sizes. Furthermore, the birefringent properties of cortical and meningeal vessel walls in CAA were investigated in selected samples. Significantly increased birefringence was found in smaller vessels. Overall, these results provide evidence that PS-OCM is able to assess amyloidosis based on intrinsic birefringent properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Baumann
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid Woehrer
- General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Neurology, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerda Ricken
- General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Neurology, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Augustin
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Mitter
- General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Neurology, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
- General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabor G. Kovacs
- General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, Institute of Neurology, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Hitzenberger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Cernat R, Bradu A, Israelsen NM, Bang O, Rivet S, Keane PA, Heath DG, Rajendram R, Podoleanu A. Gabor fusion master slave optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:813-827. [PMID: 28270987 PMCID: PMC5330593 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the application of the Gabor filtering protocol to a Master/Slave (MS) swept source optical coherence tomography (SS)-OCT system at 1300 nm. The MS-OCT system delivers information from selected depths, a property that allows operation similar to that of a time domain OCT system, where dynamic focusing is possible. The Gabor filtering processing following collection of multiple data from different focus positions is different from that utilized by a conventional swept source OCT system using a Fast Fourier transform (FFT) to produce an A-scan. Instead of selecting the bright parts of A-scans for each focus position, to be placed in a final B-scan image (or in a final volume), and discarding the rest, the MS principle can be employed to advantageously deliver signal from the depths within each focus range only. The MS procedure is illustrated on creating volumes of data of constant transversal resolution from a cucumber and from an insect by repeating data acquisition for 4 different focus positions. In addition, advantage is taken from the tolerance to dispersion of the MS principle that allows automatic compensation for dispersion created by layers above the object of interest. By combining the two techniques, Gabor filtering and Master/Slave, a powerful imaging instrument is demonstrated. The master/slave technique allows simultaneous display of three categories of images in one frame: multiple depth en-face OCT images, two cross-sectional OCT images and a confocal like image obtained by averaging the en-face ones. We also demonstrate the superiority of MS-OCT over its FFT based counterpart when used with a Gabor filtering OCT instrument in terms of the speed of assembling the fused volume. For our case, we show that when more than 4 focus positions are required to produce the final volume, MS is faster than the conventional FFT based procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Cernat
- Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, Kent, UK
| | - Adrian Bradu
- Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, Kent, UK
| | - Niels Møller Israelsen
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ole Bang
- DTU Fotonik, Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sylvain Rivet
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, EA 938 Laboratoire de Spectrométrie et Optique Laser, 6 Avenue Le Gorgeu, C.S. 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - Pearse A. Keane
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL UK
| | - David-Garway Heath
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL UK
| | - Ranjan Rajendram
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL UK
| | - Adrian Podoleanu
- Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, Kent, UK
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Tang Q, Lin J, Tsytsarev V, Erzurumlu RS, Liu Y, Chen Y. Review of mesoscopic optical tomography for depth-resolved imaging of hemodynamic changes and neural activities. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:011009. [PMID: 27990452 PMCID: PMC5108095 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.1.011009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the functional wiring of neural circuits and their patterns of activation following sensory stimulations is a fundamental task in the field of neuroscience. Furthermore, charting the activity patterns is undoubtedly important to elucidate how neural networks operate in the living brain. However, optical imaging must overcome the effects of light scattering in the tissue, which limit the light penetration depth and affect both the imaging quantitation and sensitivity. Laminar optical tomography (LOT) is a three-dimensional (3-D) in-vivo optical imaging technique that can be used for functional imaging. LOT can achieve both a resolution of 100 to [Formula: see text] and a penetration depth of 2 to 3 mm based either on absorption or fluorescence contrast, as well as large field-of-view and high acquisition speed. These advantages make LOT suitable for 3-D depth-resolved functional imaging of the neural functions in the brain and spinal cords. We review the basic principles and instrumentations of representative LOT systems, followed by recent applications of LOT on 3-D imaging of neural activities in the rat forepaw stimulation model and mouse whisker-barrel system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinggong Tang
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2334 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jonathan Lin
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2334 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Vassiliy Tsytsarev
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 20 Penn Street, HSFII S251, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Reha S. Erzurumlu
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 20 Penn Street, HSFII S251, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Yi Liu
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2334 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yu Chen
- University of Maryland, Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2334 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Yu Chen, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Liu CJ, Williams KE, Orr HT, Akkin T. Visualizing and mapping the cerebellum with serial optical coherence scanner. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:011006. [PMID: 27725947 PMCID: PMC5048104 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.1.011006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present the visualization of the mouse cerebellum and adjacent brainstem using a serial optical coherence scanner, which integrates a vibratome slicer and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography for ex vivo imaging. The scanner provides intrinsic optical contrasts to distinguish the cerebellar cortical layers and white matter. Images from serial scans reveal the large-scale anatomy in detail and map the nerve fiber pathways in the cerebellum and brainstem. By incorporating a water-immersion microscope objective, we also present high-resolution tiled images that delineate fine structures in the cerebellum and brainstem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao J. Liu
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 312 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kristen E. Williams
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 312 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Harry T. Orr
- University of Minnesota, Institute of Translational Neuroscience, 2101 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- University of Minnesota, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 420 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Taner Akkin
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 312 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Taner Akkin, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Meleppat RK, Shearwood C, Keey SL, Matham MV. Quantitative optical coherence microscopy for the in situ investigation of the biofilm. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:127002. [PMID: 27936266 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.12.127002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the potential of optical coherence microscopy (OCM) for the <italic<in situ</italic< monitoring of biofilm growth. The quantitative imaging of the early developmental biology of a representative biofilm, <italic<Klebsiella pneumonia</italic< (KP-1), was performed using a swept source-based Fourier domain OCM system. The growth dynamics of the KP-1 biofilms and their transient response under perturbation was investigated using the enface visualization of microcolonies and their spatial localization. Furthermore, the optical density (OD) and planar density of the biofilms are calculated using an OCM technique and compared with OD and colony forming units measured using standard procedures via the sampling of the flow-cell effluent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratheesh Kumar Meleppat
- Nanyang Technological University, Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Christopher Shearwood
- Nanyang Technological University, Biological Process Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Seah Leong Keey
- Nanyang Technological University, Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Murukeshan Vadakke Matham
- Nanyang Technological University, Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Tamborski S, Lyu HC, Dolezyczek H, Malinowska M, Wilczynski G, Szlag D, Lasser T, Wojtkowski M, Szkulmowski M. Extended-focus optical coherence microscopy for high-resolution imaging of the murine brain. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:4400-4414. [PMID: 27895982 PMCID: PMC5119582 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.004400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new method and optical instrumentation for mouse brain imaging based on extended-focus optical coherence microscopy. This in vivo imaging technique allows the evaluation of the cytoarchitecture at cellular level and the circulation system dynamics in three dimensions. This minimally invasive and non-contact approach is performed without the application of contrasting agents. The optical design achieved a resolution of 2.2 μm over a distance of 800 μm, which was sufficient to obtain a detailed three-dimensional image of a wild-type mouse's brain down to the layer III of the cortex. Intrinsically contrasted microvessels and structures similar to the bodies of neurons were distinguishable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Tamborski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Hong Chou Lyu
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Hubert Dolezyczek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Malinowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wilczynski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Szlag
- Laboratoire d’Optique Biomédicale, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Theo Lasser
- Laboratoire d’Optique Biomédicale, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maciej Wojtkowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Maciej Szkulmowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Yamanaka M, Teranishi T, Kawagoe H, Nishizawa N. Optical coherence microscopy in 1700 nm spectral band for high-resolution label-free deep-tissue imaging. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31715. [PMID: 27546517 PMCID: PMC4992836 DOI: 10.1038/srep31715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) is a label-free, high-resolution, three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and confocal microscopy. Here, we report that the 1700-nm spectral band has the great potential to improve the imaging depth in high-resolution OCM imaging of animal tissues. Recent studies to improve the imaging depth in OCT revealed that the 1700-nm spectral band is a promising choice for imaging turbid scattering tissues due to the low attenuation of light in the wavelength region. In this study, we developed high-resolution OCM by using a high-power supercontinuum source in the 1700-nm spectral band, and compared the attenuation of signal-to-noise ratio between the 1700-nm and 1300-nm OCM imaging of a mouse brain under the condition of the same sensitivity. The comparison clearly showed that the 1700-nm OCM provides larger imaging depth than the 1300-nm OCM. In this 1700-nm OCM, the lateral resolution of 1.3 μm and the axial resolution of 2.8 μm, when a refractive index was assumed to be 1.38, was achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Yamanaka
- Department of Quantum Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Teranishi
- Department of Quantum Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawagoe
- Department of Quantum Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Norihiko Nishizawa
- Department of Quantum Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8603, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Men J, Huang Y, Solanki J, Zeng X, Alex A, Jerwick J, Zhang Z, Tanzi RE, Li A, Zhou C. Optical Coherence Tomography for Brain Imaging and Developmental Biology. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2016; 22:6803213. [PMID: 27721647 PMCID: PMC5049888 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2015.2513667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a promising research tool for brain imaging and developmental biology. Serving as a three-dimensional optical biopsy technique, OCT provides volumetric reconstruction of brain tissues and embryonic structures with micrometer resolution and video rate imaging speed. Functional OCT enables label-free monitoring of hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the brain in vitro and in vivo in animal models. Due to its non-invasiveness nature, OCT enables longitudinal imaging of developing specimens in vivo without potential damage from surgical operation, tissue fixation and processing, and staining with exogenous contrast agents. In this paper, various OCT applications in brain imaging and developmental biology are reviewed, with a particular focus on imaging heart development. In addition, we report findings on the effects of a circadian gene (Clock) and high-fat-diet on heart development in Drosophila melanogaster. These findings contribute to our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms connecting circadian genes and obesity to heart development and cardiac diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Men
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, and Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA, 18015
| | - Yongyang Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, and Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA, 18015
| | - Jitendra Solanki
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, and Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA, 18015
| | - Xianxu Zeng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, and Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA, 18015
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China, 450000
| | - Aneesh Alex
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, and Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA, 18015
| | - Jason Jerwick
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, and Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA, 18015
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China, 450000
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02129
| | - Airong Li
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02129
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, and Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA, 18015
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Wang H, Akkin T, Magnain C, Wang R, Dubb J, Kostis WJ, Yaseen MA, Cramer A, Sakadžić S, Boas D. Polarization sensitive optical coherence microscopy for brain imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2213-6. [PMID: 27176965 PMCID: PMC5357322 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence microscopy (OCM) have demonstrated the ability to investigate cyto- and myelo-architecture in the brain. Polarization-sensitive OCT provides sensitivity to additional contrast mechanisms, specifically the birefringence of myelination and, therefore, is advantageous for investigating white matter fiber tracts. In this Letter, we developed a polarization-sensitive optical coherence microscope (PS-OCM) with a 3.5 μm axial and 1.3 μm transverse resolution to investigate fiber organization and orientation at a finer scale than previously demonstrated with PS-OCT. In a reconstructed mouse brain section, we showed that at the focal depths of 20-70 μm, the PS-OCM reliably identifies the neuronal fibers and quantifies the in-plane orientation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
- Corresponding author:
| | - Taner Akkin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Caroline Magnain
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Ruopeng Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Jay Dubb
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - William J Kostis
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Mohammad A Yaseen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Avilash Cramer
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Sava Sakadžić
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - David Boas
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Magnain C, Wang H, Sakadžić S, Fischl B, Boas DA. En face speckle reduction in optical coherence microscopy by frequency compounding. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:1925-8. [PMID: 27128040 PMCID: PMC5350630 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.001925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of frequency compounding to significantly reduce speckle noise in optical coherence microscopy, more specifically on the en face images. This method relies on the fact that the speckle patterns recorded from different wavelengths simultaneously are independent; hence their summation yields significant reduction in noise, with only a single acquisition. The results of our experiments with microbeads show that the narrow confocal parameter, due to a high numerical aperture objective, restricts the axial resolution loss that would otherwise theoretically broaden linearly with the number of optical frequency bands used. This speckle reduction scheme preserves the lateral resolution since it is performed on individual A-scans. Finally, we apply this technique to images of fixed human brain tissue, showing significant improvements in contrast-to-noise ratio with only moderate loss of axial resolution, in an effort to improve automatic three-dimensional detection of cells and fibers in the cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Magnain
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Corresponding author:
| | - Hui Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Sava Sakadžić
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Computer Science and AI Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - David A. Boas
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Hammer DX, Lozzi A, Boretsky A, Welle CG. Acute insertion effects of penetrating cortical microelectrodes imaged with quantitative optical coherence angiography. NEUROPHOTONICS 2016; 3:025002. [PMID: 32064297 PMCID: PMC7011942 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.3.2.025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The vascular response during cortical microelectrode insertion was measured with amplitude decorrelation-based quantitative optical coherence angiography (OCA). Four different shank-style microelectrode configurations were inserted in murine motor cortex beneath a surgically implanted window in discrete steps while OCA images were collected and processed for angiography and flowmetry. Quantitative measurements included tissue displacement (measured by optical flow), perfused capillary density, and capillary flow velocity. The primary effect of insertion was mechanical perturbation, the effects of which included tissue displacement, arteriolar rupture, and compression of a branch of the anterior cerebral artery causing a global decrease in flow. Other effects observed included local flow drop-out in the region immediately surrounding the microelectrode. The mean basal capillary network velocity for all animals was 0.23 ( ± 0.05 SD ) and 0.18 ( ± 0.07 SD ) mm / s for capillaries from 100 to 300 μ m and 300 to 500 μ m , respectively. Upon insertion, the 2-shank electrode arrays caused a decrease in capillary flow density and velocity, while the results from other configurations were not different from controls. The proximity to large vessels appears to play a larger role than the array configuration. These results can guide neurosurgeons and electrode designers to minimize trauma and ischemia during microelectrode insertion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel X. Hammer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, 20903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Daniel X. Hammer, E-mail:
| | - Andrea Lozzi
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, 20903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Adam Boretsky
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, 20903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Cristin G. Welle
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, 20903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
- University of Colorado Denver, Departments of Neurosurgery and Bioengineering, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Leahy C, Radhakrishnan H, Bernucci M, Srinivasan VJ. Imaging and graphing of cortical vasculature using dynamically focused optical coherence microscopy angiography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:20502. [PMID: 26882447 PMCID: PMC4754386 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.2.020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography has enabled label-free imaging of vasculature based on dynamic scattering in vessels. However, quantitative volumetric analysis of the vascular networks depicted in OCT angiography data has remained challenging. Multiple-scattering tails (artifacts specific to the imaging geometry) make automated assessment of vascular morphology problematic. We demonstrate that dynamically focused optical coherence microscopy (OCM) angiography with a high numerical aperture, chosen so the scattering length greatly exceeds the depth-of-field, significantly reduces the deleterious effect of multiple-scattering tails in synthesized angiograms. Capitalizing on the improved vascular image quality, we devised and tailored a self-correcting automated graphing approach that achieves a reconstruction of cortical microvasculature from OCM angiography data sets with accuracy approaching that attained by trained operators. The automated techniques described here will facilitate more widespread study of vascular network topology in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor Leahy
- University of California Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Neurophotonics Laboratory, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Harsha Radhakrishnan
- University of California Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Neurophotonics Laboratory, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Marcel Bernucci
- University of California Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Neurophotonics Laboratory, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Vivek J. Srinivasan
- University of California Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Neurophotonics Laboratory, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
- University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, California 95616, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Vivek J. Srinivasan, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Tang Q, Tsytsarev V, Liang CP, Akkentli F, Erzurumlu RS, Chen Y. In Vivo Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging of Subcortical Brain Function. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17325. [PMID: 26612326 PMCID: PMC4661443 DOI: 10.1038/srep17325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The whisker system of rodents is an excellent model to study peripherally evoked neural activity in the brain. Discrete neural modules represent each whisker in the somatosensory cortex (“barrels”), thalamus (“barreloids”), and brain stem (“barrelettes”). Stimulation of a single whisker evokes neural activity sequentially in its corresponding barrelette, barreloid, and barrel. Conventional optical imaging of functional activation in the brain is limited to surface structures such as the cerebral cortex. To access subcortical structures and image sensory-evoked neural activity, we designed a needle-based optical system using gradient-index (GRIN) rod lens. We performed voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDi) with GRIN rod lens to visualize neural activity evoked in the thalamic barreloids by deflection of whiskers in vivo. We stimulated several whiskers together to determine the sensitivity of our approach in differentiating between different barreloid responses. We also carried out stimulation of different whiskers at different times. Finally, we used muscimol in the barrel cortex to silence the corticothalamic inputs while imaging in the thalamus. Our results show that it is possible to obtain functional maps of the sensory periphery in deep brain structures such as the thalamic barreloids. Our approach can be broadly applicable to functional imaging of other core brain structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinggong Tang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Vassiliy Tsytsarev
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Chia-Pin Liang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Fatih Akkentli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Reha S Erzurumlu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Chong SP, Merkle CW, Cooke DF, Zhang T, Radhakrishnan H, Krubitzer L, Srinivasan VJ. Noninvasive, in vivo imaging of subcortical mouse brain regions with 1.7 μm optical coherence tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:4911-4. [PMID: 26512481 PMCID: PMC4871109 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.004911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A spectral/Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) intravital microscope using a supercontinuum light source at 1.7 μm was developed to study subcortical structures noninvasively in the living mouse brain. The benefits of 1.7 μm for deep tissue brain imaging are demonstrated by quantitatively comparing OCT signal attenuation characteristics of cortical tissue across visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Imaging of hippocampal tissue architecture and white matter microvasculature are demonstrated in vivo through thinned-skull, glass coverslip-reinforced cranial windows in mice. Applications of this novel platform include monitoring disease progression and pathophysiology in rodent models of Alzheimer's disease and subcortical dementias, including vascular dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shau Poh Chong
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Conrad W. Merkle
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Dylan F. Cooke
- Department of Psychology & Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Tingwei Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Harsha Radhakrishnan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Leah Krubitzer
- Department of Psychology & Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Vivek J. Srinivasan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Corresponding author:
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Sakadžić S, Lee J, Boas DA, Ayata C. High-resolution in vivo optical imaging of stroke injury and repair. Brain Res 2015; 1623:174-92. [PMID: 25960347 PMCID: PMC4569527 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) function and dysfunction are best understood within a framework of interactions between neuronal, glial and vascular compartments comprising the neurovascular unit (NVU), all of which contribute to stroke-induced CNS injury, plasticity, repair, and recovery. Recent advances in in vivo optical microscopy have enabled us to observe and interrogate cells and their processes with high spatial resolution in real time and in their natural environment deep in the brain tissue. Here, we review some of these state-of-the-art imaging techniques with an emphasis on imaging the interactions among the constituents of the NVU during ischemic injury and repair in small animal models. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sava Sakadžić
- Optics Division, MHG/MIT/HMS Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Jonghwan Lee
- Optics Division, MHG/MIT/HMS Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - David A Boas
- Optics Division, MHG/MIT/HMS Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Min E, Lee J, Vavilin A, Jung S, Shin S, Kim J, Jung W. Wide-field optical coherence microscopy of the mouse brain slice. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:4420-3. [PMID: 26421546 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.004420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The imaging capability of optical coherence microscopy (OCM) has great potential to be used in neuroscience research because it is able to visualize anatomic features of brain tissue without labeling or external contrast agents. However, the field of view of OCM is still narrow, which dilutes the strength of OCM and limits its application. In this study, we present fully automated wide-field OCM for mosaic imaging of sliced mouse brains. A total of 308 segmented OCM images were acquired, stitched, and reconstructed as an en-face brain image after intensive imaging processing. The overall imaging area was 11.2×7.0 mm (horizontal×vertical), and the corresponding pixel resolution was 1.2×1.2 μm. OCM images were compared to traditional histology stained with Nissl and Luxol fast blue (LFB). In particular, the orientation of the fibers was analyzed and quantified in wide-field OCM.
Collapse
|
79
|
Choi WJ, Wang RK. Swept-source optical coherence tomography powered by a 1.3-μm vertical cavity surface emitting laser enables 2.3-mm-deep brain imaging in mice in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:106004. [PMID: 26447860 PMCID: PMC4689103 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.10.106004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report noninvasive, in vivo optical imaging deep within a mouse brain by swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT), enabled by a 1.3-μm vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). VCSEL SS-OCT offers a constant signal sensitivity of 105 dB throughout an entire depth of 4.25 mm in air, ensuring an extended usable imaging depth range of more than 2 mm in turbid biological tissue. Using this approach, we show deep brain imaging in mice with an open-skull cranial window preparation, revealing intact mouse brain anatomy from the superficial cerebral cortex to the deep hippocampus. VCSEL SS-OCT would be applicable to small animal studies for the investigation of deep tissue compartments in living brains where diseases such as dementia and tumor can take their toll.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo June Choi
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Ruikang K. Wang
- University of Washington, Department of Bioengineering, 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Zhao Y, Tu H, Liu Y, Bower AJ, Boppart SA. Enhancement of optical coherence microscopy in turbid media by an optical parametric amplifier. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:512-21. [PMID: 25196251 PMCID: PMC4370812 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the enhancement in imaging performance of a spectral-domain optical coherence microscope (OCM) in turbid media by incorporating an optical parametric amplifier (OPA). The OPA provides a high level of optical gain to the sample arm, thereby improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the OCM by a factor of up to 15 dB. A unique nonlinear confocal gate is automatically formed in the OPA, which enables selective amplification of singly scattered (ballistic) photons against the multiply-scattered light background. Simultaneous enhancement in both imaging depth and spatial resolution in imaging microstructures in highly light-scattering media are demonstrated with the combined OPA-OCM setup. Typical OCM inteferograms (left) and images (right) without and with OPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youbo Zhao
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Haohua Tu
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrew J Bower
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Wang H, Lenglet C, Akkin T. Structure tensor analysis of serial optical coherence scanner images for mapping fiber orientations and tractography in the brain. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:036003. [PMID: 25741662 PMCID: PMC4350401 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.3.036003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative investigations of fiber orientation and structural connectivity at microscopic resolution have led to great challenges for current neuroimaging techniques. Here, we present a structure tensor (ST) analysis of ex vivo rat brain images acquired by a multicontrast (MC) serial optical coherence scanner. The ST considers the gradients of images in local neighbors to generate a matrix whose eigen-decomposition can estimate the local features such as the edges, anisotropy, and orientation of tissue constituents. This computational analysis is applied on the conventional- and polarization-based contrasts of optical coherence tomography. The three-dimensional (3-D) fiber orientation maps are computed from the image stacks of sequential scans both at mesoresolution for a global view and at high-resolution for the details. The computational orientation maps demonstrate a good agreement with the optic axis orientation contrast which measures the in-plane fiber orientation. Moreover, tractography is implemented using the directional information extracted from the 3-D ST. The study provides a unique opportunity to leverage MC high-resolution information to map structural connectivity of the whole brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Hui Wang, E-mail:
| | - Christophe Lenglet
- University of Minnesota, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Taner Akkin
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Magnain C, Augustinack JC, Konukoglu E, Frosch MP, Sakadžić S, Varjabedian A, Garcia N, Wedeen VJ, Boas DA, Fischl B. Optical coherence tomography visualizes neurons in human entorhinal cortex. NEUROPHOTONICS 2015; 2:015004. [PMID: 25741528 PMCID: PMC4346095 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.2.1.015004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The cytoarchitecture of the human brain is of great interest in diverse fields: neuroanatomy, neurology, neuroscience, and neuropathology. Traditional histology is a method that has been historically used to assess cell and fiber content in the ex vivo human brain. However, this technique suffers from significant distortions. We used a previously demonstrated optical coherence microscopy technique to image individual neurons in several square millimeters of en-face tissue blocks from layer II of the human entorhinal cortex, over 50 µm in depth. The same slices were then sectioned and stained for Nissl substance. We registered the optical coherence tomography (OCT) images with the corresponding Nissl stained slices using a nonlinear transformation. The neurons were then segmented in both images and we quantified the overlap. We show that OCT images contain information about neurons that is comparable to what can be obtained from Nissl staining, and thus can be used to assess the cytoarchitecture of the ex vivo human brain with minimal distortion. With the future integration of a vibratome into the OCT imaging rig, this technique can be scaled up to obtain undistorted volumetric data of centimeter cube tissue blocks in the near term, and entire human hemispheres in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Magnain
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, 149 Thirteen Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Caroline Magnain, E-mail:
| | - Jean C. Augustinack
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, 149 Thirteen Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Ender Konukoglu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, 149 Thirteen Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Matthew P. Frosch
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Pathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Warren Building 225, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sava Sakadžić
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, 149 Thirteen Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Ani Varjabedian
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, 149 Thirteen Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Nathalie Garcia
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, 149 Thirteen Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Van J. Wedeen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, 149 Thirteen Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - David A. Boas
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, 149 Thirteen Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, 149 Thirteen Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- MIT, Computer Science and AI Laboratory, the Stata Center, Building 32, 32 Vassar Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Atry F, Frye S, Richner TJ, Brodnick SK, Soehartono A, Williams J, Pashaie R. Monitoring Cerebral Hemodynamics Following Optogenetic Stimulation via Optical Coherence Tomography. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 62:766-73. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2364816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
84
|
Grulkowski I, Szulzycki K, Wojtkowski M. Microscopic OCT imaging with focus extension by ultrahigh-speed acousto-optic tunable lens and stroboscopic illumination. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:31746-60. [PMID: 25607144 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.031746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We develop high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) system with high-speed acousto-optic tunable lens. Stroboscopic pulsed illumination is used for the first time to perform time-resolved OCT imaging with acousto-optic tunable focusing. The operation of ultrahigh-speed tunable acousto-optic lens is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. Focal position tuning at MHz frequency range is experimentally shown in the imaging system leading to OCT images with extended depth of focus. Imaging with active optical elements is helpful for improvement of photon collection efficiency, depth of focus and enhancement of the image quality.
Collapse
|
85
|
Li F, Song Y, Dryer A, Cogguillo W, Berdichevsky Y, Zhou C. Nondestructive evaluation of progressive neuronal changes in organotypic rat hippocampal slice cultures using ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence microscopy. NEUROPHOTONICS 2014; 1:025002. [PMID: 25750928 PMCID: PMC4350448 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.1.2.025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional tissue cultures have been used as effective models for studying different diseases, including epilepsy. High-throughput, nondestructive techniques are essential for rapid assessment of disease-related processes, such as progressive cell death. An ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence microscopy (UHR-OCM) system with [Formula: see text] axial resolution and [Formula: see text] transverse resolution was developed to evaluate seizure-induced neuronal injury in organotypic rat hippocampal cultures. The capability of UHR-OCM to visualize cells in neural tissue was confirmed by comparison of UHR-OCM images with confocal immunostained images of the same cultures. In order to evaluate the progression of neuronal injury, UHR-OCM images were obtained from cultures on 7, 14, 21, and 28 days in vitro (DIVs). In comparison to DIV 7, statistically significant reductions in three-dimensional cell count and culture thickness from UHR-OCM images were observed on subsequent time points. In cultures treated with kynurenic acid, significantly less reduction in cell count and culture thickness was observed compared to the control specimens. These results demonstrate the capability of UHR-OCM to perform rapid, label-free, and nondestructive evaluation of neuronal death in organotypic hippocampal cultures. UHR-OCM, in combination with three-dimensional tissue cultures, can potentially prove to be a promising tool for high-throughput screening of drugs targeting various disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiang Li
- Lehigh University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
- Lehigh University, Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, 7 ASA Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Yu Song
- Lehigh University, Bioengineering Program, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Alexandra Dryer
- Lehigh University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - William Cogguillo
- Lehigh University, Bioengineering Program, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Yevgeny Berdichevsky
- Lehigh University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
- Lehigh University, Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, 7 ASA Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
- Lehigh University, Bioengineering Program, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Chao Zhou
- Lehigh University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
- Lehigh University, Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, 7 ASA Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
- Lehigh University, Bioengineering Program, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Liu YZ, Shemonski ND, Adie SG, Ahmad A, Bower AJ, Carney PS, Boppart SA. Computed optical interferometric tomography for high-speed volumetric cellular imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:2988-3000. [PMID: 25401012 PMCID: PMC4230871 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.002988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional high-resolution imaging methods are important for cellular-level research. Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) is a low-coherence-based interferometry technology for cellular imaging with both high axial and lateral resolution. Using a high-numerical-aperture objective, OCM normally has a shallow depth of field and requires scanning the focus through the entire region of interest to perform volumetric imaging. With a higher-numerical-aperture objective, the image quality of OCM is affected by and more sensitive to aberrations. Interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy (ISAM) and computational adaptive optics (CAO) are computed imaging techniques that overcome the depth-of-field limitation and the effect of optical aberrations in optical coherence tomography (OCT), respectively. In this work we combine OCM with ISAM and CAO to achieve high-speed volumetric cellular imaging. Experimental imaging results of ex vivo human breast tissue, ex vivo mouse brain tissue, in vitro fibroblast cells in 3D scaffolds, and in vivo human skin demonstrate the significant potential of this technique for high-speed volumetric cellular imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Zhi Liu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Nathan D. Shemonski
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Steven G. Adie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 101 Weill Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Adeel Ahmad
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Andrew J. Bower
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - P. Scott Carney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Srinivasan VJ, Radhakrishnan H. Optical Coherence Tomography angiography reveals laminar microvascular hemodynamics in the rat somatosensory cortex during activation. Neuroimage 2014; 102 Pt 2:393-406. [PMID: 25111471 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The BOLD (blood-oxygen-level dependent) fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) signal is shaped, in part, by changes in red blood cell (RBC) content and flow across vascular compartments over time. These complex dynamics have been challenging to characterize directly due to a lack of appropriate imaging modalities. In this study, making use of infrared light scattering from RBCs, depth-resolved Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) angiography was applied to image laminar functional hyperemia in the rat somatosensory cortex. After defining and validating depth-specific metrics for changes in RBC content and speed, laminar hemodynamic responses in microvasculature up to cortical depths of >1mm were measured during a forepaw stimulus. The results provide a comprehensive picture of when and where changes in RBC content and speed occur during and immediately following cortical activation. In summary, the earliest and largest microvascular RBC content changes occurred in the middle cortical layers, while post-stimulus undershoots were most prominent superficially. These laminar variations in positive and negative responses paralleled known distributions of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, suggesting neuronal underpinnings. Additionally, the RBC speed response consistently returned to baseline more promptly than RBC content after the stimulus across cortical layers, supporting a "flow-volume mismatch" of hemodynamic origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek J Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Davis, 451 E. Health Sciences Dr. GBSF 2303, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Harsha Radhakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Davis, 451 E. Health Sciences Dr. GBSF 2303, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Hammer DX, Lozzi A, Abliz E, Greenbaum N, Agrawal A, Krauthamer V, Welle CG. Longitudinal vascular dynamics following cranial window and electrode implantation measured with speckle variance optical coherence angiography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:2823-36. [PMID: 25136505 PMCID: PMC4133009 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.002823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Speckle variance optical coherence angiography (OCA) was used to characterize the vascular tissue response from craniotomy, window implantation, and electrode insertion in mouse motor cortex. We observed initial vasodilation ~40% greater than original diameter 2-3 days post-surgery (dps). After 4 weeks, dilation subsided in large vessels (>50 µm diameter) but persisted in smaller vessels (25-50 µm diameter). Neovascularization began 8-12 dps and vessel migration continued throughout the study. Vasodilation and neovascularization were primarily associated with craniotomy and window implantation rather than electrode insertion. Initial evidence of capillary re-mapping in the region surrounding the implanted electrode was manifest in OCA image dissimilarity. Further investigation, including higher resolution imaging, is required to validate the finding. Spontaneous lesions also occurred in many electrode animals, though the inception point appeared random and not directly associated with electrode insertion. OCA allows high resolution, label-free in vivo visualization of neurovascular tissue, which may help determine any biological contribution to chronic electrode signal degradation. Vascular and flow-based biomarkers can aid development of novel neural prostheses.
Collapse
|
89
|
Wang H, Zhu J, Reuter M, Vinke LN, Yendiki A, Boas DA, Fischl B, Akkin T. Cross-validation of serial optical coherence scanning and diffusion tensor imaging: a study on neural fiber maps in human medulla oblongata. Neuroimage 2014; 100:395-404. [PMID: 24954840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We established a strategy to perform cross-validation of serial optical coherence scanner imaging (SOCS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) on a postmortem human medulla. Following DTI, the sample was serially scanned by SOCS, which integrates a vibratome slicer and a multi-contrast optical coherence tomography rig for large-scale three-dimensional imaging at microscopic resolution. The DTI dataset was registered to the SOCS space. An average correlation coefficient of 0.9 was found between the co-registered fiber maps constructed by fractional anisotropy and retardance contrasts. Pixelwise comparison of fiber orientations demonstrated good agreement between the DTI and SOCS measures. Details of the comparison were studied in regions exhibiting a variety of fiber organizations. DTI estimated the preferential orientation of small fiber tracts; however, it didn't capture their complex patterns as SOCS did. In terms of resolution and imaging depth, SOCS and DTI complement each other, and open new avenues for cross-modality investigations of the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Junfeng Zhu
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Martin Reuter
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Louis N Vinke
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Anastasia Yendiki
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - David A Boas
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Taner Akkin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Molecular neuroimaging of post-injury plasticity. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:630-8. [PMID: 24909382 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nerve injury induces long-term changes in neuronal activity in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), which has often been implicated as the origin of sensory dysfunction. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. C-fos is an immediate early gene, which has been shown to play an instrumental role in plasticity. By developing a new platform to image real-time changes in gene expression in vivo, we investigated whether injury modulates the levels of c-fos in layer V of S1, since previous studies have suggested that these neurons are particularly susceptible to injury. The yellow fluorescent protein, ZsYellow1, under the regulation of the c-fos promoter, was expressed throughout the rat brain. A fiber-based confocal microscope that enabled deep brain imaging was utilized, and local field potentials were collected simultaneously. In the weeks following limb denervation in adult rats (n=10), sensory stimulation of the intact limb induced significant increases in c-fos gene expression in cells located in S1, both contralateral (affected, 27.6±3 cells) and ipsilateral (8.6±3 cells) to the injury, compared to controls (n=10, 13.4±3 and 1.0±1, respectively, p value<0.05). Thus, we demonstrated that injury activates cellular mechanisms that are involved in reshaping neuronal connections, and this may translate to neurorehabilitative potential.
Collapse
|
91
|
Cheng B, Wei MY, Liu Y, Pitta H, Xie Z, Hong Y, Nguyen KT, Yuan B. Development of Ultrasound-switchable Fluorescence Imaging Contrast Agents based on Thermosensitive Polymers and Nanoparticles. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2014; 20:6801214. [PMID: 26052192 PMCID: PMC4454428 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2013.2280997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work we first introduced a recently developed high-resolution, deep-tissue imaging technique, ultrasound-switchable fluorescence (USF). The imaging principles based on two types of USF contrast agents were reviewed. To improve USF imaging techniques further, excellent USF contrast agents were developed based on high-performance thermoresponsive polymers and environment-sensitive fluorophores. Herein, such contrast agents were synthesized and characterized with five key parameters: (1) peak excitation and emission wavelengths (λex and λem), (2) the fluorescence intensity ratio between on and off states (IOn/IOff), (3) the fluorescence lifetime ratio between on and off states (τOn/τOff), (4) the temperature threshold to switch on fluorophores (Tth), and (5) the temperature transition bandwidth (TBW). We mainly investigated fluorescence intensity and lifetime changes of four environment-sensitive dyes [7-(2-Aminoethylamino)-N,N-dimethyl-4-benzofurazansulfonamide (DBD-ED), St633, Sq660, and St700] as a function of temperature, while the dye was attached to poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) linear polymers or encapsulated in nanoparticles. Six fluorescence resonance energy transfer systems were invented in which both the donor (DBD-ED or ST425) and the acceptor (Sq660) were adopted. Our results indicate that three Förster resonance energy transfer systems, where both IOn/IOff and τOn/τOff are larger than 2.5, are promising for application in future surface tissue bioimaging by USF technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuan Liu
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Harish Pitta
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
| | | | - Yi Hong
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
| | - Kytai T. Nguyen
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76010, USA
| | - Baohong Yuan
- Corresponding author: B. Yuan, . Tel: +1-817-272-2917; FAX: +1-817-272-2251
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Min G, Choi WJ, Kim JW, Lee BH. Refractive index measurements of multiple layers using numerical refocusing in FF-OCT. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:29955-67. [PMID: 24514547 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.029955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate the novel method of refractive index (RI) measurement for each layer of multilayered samples, which is based on numerical refocusing in full field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT). The en-face FF-OCT image on an inner layer boundary of a multilayered sample is unintentionally blurred or defocused due to the RI of the sample itself, but can be numerically refocused. The refocusing is performed by numerically shifting the image sensor plane of the system, in general. However, by calculating the corresponding sample shift and then compared it with the actual sample shifting distance, we could extract the average RI of the layer between any two layer boundaries within the multilayered sample. In addition, the thickness of that particular layer could be derived at the same time. For the idea proof, several samples were prepared by stacking, for each sample, two transparent plates with a gap in between. While changing the material of the plate and filling the gap with oil, the RIs of the plate and the oil were measured. For oils of various RIs, from 1.2977 to 1.3857, the measured RIs were well matched with the reported ones within 0.205%. Moreover, even with a stack of various and multiple plates in front of the same oil layer, the oil RI and the physical thickness of the oil layer were extracted with average errors of only 0.065% and 0.990%, respectively.
Collapse
|
93
|
Wu Y, Christensen R, Colón-Ramos D, Shroff H. Advanced optical imaging techniques for neurodevelopment. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:1090-7. [PMID: 23831260 PMCID: PMC3830703 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, developmental neuroscience has been transformed by the widespread application of confocal and two-photon fluorescence microscopy. Even greater progress is imminent, as recent innovations in microscopy now enable imaging with increased depth, speed, and spatial resolution; reduced phototoxicity; and in some cases without external fluorescent probes. We discuss these new techniques and emphasize their dramatic impact on neurobiology, including the ability to image neurons at depths exceeding 1mm, to observe neurodevelopment noninvasively throughout embryogenesis, and to visualize neuronal processes or structures that were previously too small or too difficult to target with conventional microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Wu
- Section on High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 13 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ryan Christensen
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536
| | - Daniel Colón-Ramos
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536
| | - Hari Shroff
- Section on High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 13 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Wang H, Zhu J, Akkin T. Serial optical coherence scanner for large-scale brain imaging at microscopic resolution. Neuroimage 2013; 84:1007-17. [PMID: 24099843 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a serial optical coherence scanner (SOCS) for high resolution imaging of ex-vivo brain. SOCS integrates a multi-contrast optical coherence tomography and a vibratome slicer to establish comprehensive brain anatomy and fiber pathways in three-dimensional space. Rat brain images are demonstrated by utilizing intrinsic optical contrasts including back-scattering, birefringence and optic axis orientation, which are simultaneously generated from the same dataset. Volumetric images from serial scans are combined to realize large scale brain maps. Nerve fiber tracts are globally described in 3D by retardance, and delicately delineated by cross-polarization at the resolution of 15×15×5.5μm(3). In-plane orientations of the tracts are quantified by optic axis orientation. SOCS offers a new solution for complete reconstructions of macroscopic tissues such as primate and human brains at microscopic resolution. The technique also opens up varieties of opportunities for connectome studies and systematic investigations on neurological diseases and brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Magnain C, Augustinack JC, Reuter M, Wachinger C, Frosch MP, Ragan T, Akkin T, Wedeen VJ, Boas DA, Fischl B. Blockface histology with optical coherence tomography: a comparison with Nissl staining. Neuroimage 2013; 84:524-33. [PMID: 24041872 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a high resolution imaging technique that generates excellent contrast based on intrinsic optical properties of the tissue, such as neurons and fibers. The SD-OCT data acquisition is performed directly on the tissue block, diminishing the need for cutting, mounting and staining. We utilized SD-OCT to visualize the laminar structure of the isocortex and compared cortical cytoarchitecture with the gold standard Nissl staining, both qualitatively and quantitatively. In histological processing, distortions routinely affect registration to the blockface image and prevent accurate 3D reconstruction of regions of tissue. We compared blockface registration to SD-OCT and Nissl, respectively, and found that SD-OCT-blockface registration was significantly more accurate than Nissl-blockface registration. Two independent observers manually labeled cortical laminae (e.g. III, IV and V) in SD-OCT images and Nissl stained sections. Our results show that OCT images exhibit sufficient contrast in the cortex to reliably differentiate the cortical layers. Furthermore, the modalities were compared with regard to cortical laminar organization and showed good agreement. Taken together, these SD-OCT results suggest that SD-OCT contains information comparable to standard histological stains such as Nissl in terms of distinguishing cortical layers and architectonic areas. Given these data, we propose that SD-OCT can be used to reliably generate 3D reconstructions of multiple cubic centimeters of cortex that can be used to accurately and semi-automatically perform standard histological analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Magnain
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Srinivasan VJ, Mandeville ET, Can A, Blasi F, Climov M, Daneshmand A, Lee JH, Yu E, Radhakrishnan H, Lo EH, Sakadžić S, Eikermann-Haerter K, Ayata C. Multiparametric, longitudinal optical coherence tomography imaging reveals acute injury and chronic recovery in experimental ischemic stroke. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71478. [PMID: 23940761 PMCID: PMC3737090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in experimental stroke and translational medicine could be accelerated by high-resolution in vivo imaging of disease progression in the mouse cortex. Here, we introduce optical microscopic methods that monitor brain injury progression using intrinsic optical scattering properties of cortical tissue. A multi-parametric Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) platform for longitudinal imaging of ischemic stroke in mice, through thinned-skull, reinforced cranial window surgical preparations, is described. In the acute stages, the spatiotemporal interplay between hemodynamics and cell viability, a key determinant of pathogenesis, was imaged. In acute stroke, microscopic biomarkers for eventual infarction, including capillary non-perfusion, cerebral blood flow deficiency, altered cellular scattering, and impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow, were quantified and correlated with histology. Additionally, longitudinal microscopy revealed remodeling and flow recovery after one week of chronic stroke. Intrinsic scattering properties serve as reporters of acute cellular and vascular injury and recovery in experimental stroke. Multi-parametric OCT represents a robust in vivo imaging platform to comprehensively investigate these properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek J Srinivasan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Ahsen OO, Tao YK, Potsaid BM, Sheikine Y, Jiang J, Grulkowski I, Tsai TH, Jayaraman V, Kraus MF, Connolly JL, Hornegger J, Cable A, Fujimoto JG. Swept source optical coherence microscopy using a 1310 nm VCSEL light source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:18021-33. [PMID: 23938673 PMCID: PMC3756222 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.018021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate high speed, swept source optical coherence microscopy (OCM) using a MEMS tunable vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) light source. The light source had a sweep rate of 280 kHz, providing a bidirectional axial scan rate of 560 kHz. The sweep bandwidth was 117 nm centered at 1310 nm, corresponding to an axial resolution of 13.1 µm in air, corresponding to 8.1 µm (9.6 µm spectrally shaped) in tissue. Dispersion mismatch from different objectives was compensated numerically, enabling magnification and field of view to be easily changed. OCM images were acquired with transverse resolutions between 0.86 µm - 3.42 µm using interchangeable 40X, 20X and 10X objectives with ~600 µm x 600 µm, ~1 mm x 1 mm and ~2 mm x 2 mm field-of-view (FOV), respectively. Parasitic variations in path length with beam scanning were corrected numerically. These features enable swept source OCM to be integrated with a wide range of existing scanning microscopes. Large FOV mosaics were generated by serially acquiring adjacent overlapping microscopic fields and combining them in post-processing. Fresh human colon, thyroid and kidney specimens were imaged ex vivo and compared to matching histology sections, demonstrating the ability of OCM to image tissue specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osman O Ahsen
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Ahmad A, Shemonski ND, Adie SG, Kim HS, Hwu WMW, Carney PS, Boppart SA. Real-time in vivo computed optical interferometric tomography. NATURE PHOTONICS 2013; 7:444-448. [PMID: 23956790 PMCID: PMC3742112 DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution real-time tomography of scattering tissues is important for many areas of medicine and biology1-6. However, the compromise between transverse resolution and depth-of-field in addition to low sensitivity deep in tissue continue to impede progress towards cellular-level volumetric tomography. Computed imaging has the potential to solve these long-standing limitations. Interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy (ISAM)7-9 is a computed imaging technique enabling high-resolution volumetric tomography with spatially invariant resolution. However, its potential for clinical diagnostics remains largely untapped since full volume reconstructions required lengthy postprocessing, and the phase-stability requirements have been difficult to satisfy in vivo. Here we demonstrate how 3-D Fourier-domain resampling, in combination with high-speed optical coherence tomography (OCT), can achieve high-resolution in vivo tomography. Enhanced depth sensitivity was achieved over a depth-of-field extended in real time by more than an order of magnitude. This work lays the foundation for high-speed volumetric cellular-level tomography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Ahmad
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Quantitative imaging of cerebral blood flow velocity and intracellular motility using dynamic light scattering-optical coherence tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:819-25. [PMID: 23403378 PMCID: PMC3677104 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a novel optical method for label-free quantitative imaging of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and intracellular motility (IM) in the rodent cerebral cortex. This method is based on a technique that integrates dynamic light scattering (DLS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), named DLS-OCT. The technique measures both the axial and transverse velocities of CBF, whereas conventional Doppler OCT measures only the axial one. In addition, the technique produces a three-dimensional map of the diffusion coefficient quantifying nontranslational motions. In the DLS-OCT diffusion map, we observed high-diffusion spots, whose locations highly correspond to neuronal cell bodies and whose diffusion coefficient agreed with that of the motion of intracellular organelles reported in vitro in the literature. Therefore, the present method has enabled, for the first time to our knowledge, label-free imaging of the diffusion-like motion of intracellular organelles in vivo. As an example application, we used the method to monitor CBF and IM during a brief ischemic stroke, where we observed an induced persistent reduction in IM despite the recovery of CBF after stroke. This result supports that the IM measured in this study represent the cellular energy metabolism-related active motion of intracellular organelles rather than free diffusion of intracellular macromolecules.
Collapse
|
100
|
Augustinack JC, Magnain C, Reuter M, van der Kouwe AJW, Boas D, Fischl B. MRI parcellation of ex vivo medial temporal lobe. Neuroimage 2013; 93 Pt 2:252-9. [PMID: 23702414 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in radio frequency coils, field strength and sophisticated pulse sequences have propelled modern brain mapping and have made validation to biological standards - histology and pathology - possible. The medial temporal lobe has long been established as a pivotal brain region for connectivity, function and unique structure in the human brain, and reveals disconnection in mild Alzheimer's disease. Specific brain mapping of mesocortical areas affected with neurofibrillary tangle pathology early in disease progression provides not only an accurate description for location of these areas but also supplies spherical coordinates that allow comparison between other ex vivo cases and larger in vivo datasets. We have identified several cytoarchitectonic features in the medial temporal lobe with high resolution ex vivo MRI, including gray matter structures such as the entorhinal layer II 'islands', perirhinal layer II-III columns, presubicular 'clouds', granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus as well as lamina of the hippocampus. Localization of Brodmann areas 28 and 35 (entorhinal and perirhinal, respectively) demonstrates MRI based area boundaries validated with multiple methods and histological stains. Based on our findings, both myelin and Nissl staining relate to contrast in ex vivo MRI. Precise brain mapping serves to create modern atlases for cortical areas, allowing accurate localization with important applications to detecting early disease processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean C Augustinack
- Athinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, MGH, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Caroline Magnain
- Athinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, MGH, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Martin Reuter
- Athinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, MGH, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - André J W van der Kouwe
- Athinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, MGH, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - David Boas
- Athinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, MGH, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Athinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, MGH, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; MIT Computer Science and AI Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|