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Huang G, Liu Z, Gu B, Zhao H, Jia J, Fan G, Meng Y, Du Y, Shan W. An RXLR effector secreted by Phytophthora parasitica is a virulence factor and triggers cell death in various plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:356-371. [PMID: 30320960 PMCID: PMC6637884 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
RXLR effectors encoded by Phytophthora species play a central role in pathogen-plant interactions. An understanding of the biological functions of RXLR effectors is conducive to the illumination of the pathogenic mechanisms and the development of disease control strategies. However, the virulence function of Phytophthora parasitica RXLR effectors is poorly understood. Here, we describe the identification of a P. parasitica RXLR effector gene, PPTG00121 (PpE4), which is highly transcribed during the early stages of infection. Live cell imaging of P. parasitica transformants expressing a full-length PpE4 (E4FL)-mCherry protein indicated that PpE4 is secreted and accumulates around haustoria during plant infection. Silencing of PpE4 in P. parasitica resulted in significantly reduced virulence on Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient expression of PpE4 in N. benthamiana in turn restored the pathogenicity of the PpE4-silenced lines. Furthermore, the expression of PpE4 in both N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana consistently enhanced plant susceptibility to P. parasitica. These results indicate that PpE4 contributes to pathogen infection. Finally, heterologous expression experiments showed that PpE4 triggers non-specific cell death in a variety of plants, including tobacco, tomato, potato and A. thaliana. Virus-induced gene silencing assays revealed that PpE4-induced cell death is dependent on HSP90, NPK and SGT1, suggesting that PpE4 is recognized by the plant immune system. In conclusion, PpE4 is an important virulence RXLR effector of P. parasitica and recognized by a wide range of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Zhirou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Biao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Hong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Jinbu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of BiologySouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Guangjin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of HorticultureNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
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Wang H, He H, Qi Y, McLellan H, Tian Z, Birch PRJ, Tian Z. The oomycete microbe-associated molecular pattern Pep-13 triggers SERK3/BAK1-independent plant immunity. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:173-182. [PMID: 30488097 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Oomycetes MAMP Pep-13 can trigger SERK3/BAK1-independent PTI. Silencing of SERK3/BAK1 in solanaceous plants resulted in reduced expression of brassinosteroid marker genes and enhanced PTI transcriptional responses to Pep-13 treatment. To prevent disease, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are responsible for detecting microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to switch on plant innate immunity. SOMATIC EMBROYOGENESIS KINASE 3 (SERK3)/BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1) is a well-characterized receptor-like kinase (RLK) that serves as a pivotal co-receptor with PRRs to activate immunity following recognition of MAMPs including flg22, EF-Tu, INF1 and XEG1. However, the requirement for SERK3/BAK1 in many pattern-triggered immune (PTI) signaling pathways is not yet known. Pep-13 is an oomycete MAMP that consists of a highly conserved motif (an oligopeptide of 13 amino acids) shared in Phytophthora transglutaminases. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis reveals that the transcripts of three PTI marker genes (WRKY7, WRKY8 and ACRE31) rapidly accumulate in response to three different MAMPs: flg22, chitin and Pep-13. Whereas silencing of SERK3/BAK1 in Nicotiana benthamiana or potato compromised transcript accumulation in response to flg22, it did not attenuate WRKY7, WRKY8 and ACRE31 up-regulation in response to chitin or Pep-13. This indicates that Pep-13 triggers immunity in a SERK3/BAK1-independent manner, similar to chitin. Surprisingly, silencing of SERK3/BAK1 led to significantly increased accumulation of PTI marker gene transcripts following Pep-13 or chitin treatment, compared to controls. This was accompanied by reduced expression of brassinosteroid (BR) marker genes StSTDH, StEXP8 and StCAB50 and StCHL1, which is a negative regulator of PTI, supporting previous reports that SERK3/BAK1-dependent BR signaling attenuates plant immunity. We provide Pep-13 as an alternative to chitin as a trigger of SERK3/BAK1-independent immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Huan He
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yetong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Zhejuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Ochoa JC, Herrera M, Navia M, Romero HM. Visualization of Phytophthora palmivora Infection in Oil Palm Leaflets with Fluorescent Proteins and Cell Viability Markers. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 35:19-31. [PMID: 30828276 PMCID: PMC6385658 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.02.2018.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bud rot (BR) is the most devastating disease affecting oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) crops in Colombia. Its causal agent, Phytophthora palmivora, initiates the infection in immature oil palm leaflets producing necrotic lesions, followed by colonization of opportunistic necrotrophs, which increases disease damage. To improve the characterization of the disease, we transformed P. palmivora using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) to include the fluorescent proteins CFP-SKL (peroxisomal localization), eGFP and mRFP1 (cytoplasmic localization). The stability of some transformants was confirmed by Southern blot analysis and single zoospore cultures; additionally, virulence and in vitro growth were compared to the wild-type isolate to select transformants with the greatest resemblance to the WT isolate. GFP-tagged P. palmivora was useful to identify all of the infective structures that are commonly formed by hemibiotrophic oomycetes, including apoplastic colonization and haustorium formation. Finally, we detected cell death responses associated with immature oil palm tissues that showed reduced susceptibility to P. palmivora infection, indicating that these tissues could exhibit age-related resistance. The aim of this research is to improve the characterization of the initial disease stages and generate cell biology tools that may be useful for developing methodologies for early identification of oil palm materials resistant or susceptible to BR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Ochoa
- Oil Palm Biology and Breeding Research Program, Colombian Oil Palm Research Center (CENIPALMA), Bogotá,
Colombia
| | - Mariana Herrera
- Oil Palm Biology and Breeding Research Program, Colombian Oil Palm Research Center (CENIPALMA), Bogotá,
Colombia
| | - Mónica Navia
- Oil Palm Biology and Breeding Research Program, Colombian Oil Palm Research Center (CENIPALMA), Bogotá,
Colombia
| | - Hernán Mauricio Romero
- Oil Palm Biology and Breeding Research Program, Colombian Oil Palm Research Center (CENIPALMA), Bogotá,
Colombia
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá,
Colombia
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Mou S, Gao F, Shen L, Yang S, He W, Cheng W, Wu Y, He S. CaLRR-RLK1, a novel RD receptor-like kinase from Capsicum annuum and transcriptionally activated by CaHDZ27, act as positive regulator in Ralstonia solanacearum resistance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:28. [PMID: 30654746 PMCID: PMC6337819 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1609-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most important diseases in pepper worldwide, however, the molecular mechanism underlying pepper resistance to bacterial wilt remains poorly understood. RESULTS Herein, a novel RD leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, CaLRR-RLK1, was functionally characterized in immunity against R. solanacearum. CaLRR-RLK1 was targeted exclusively to plasma membrane and was up-regulated by R. solanacearum inoculation (RSI) as well as by the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or ethephon (ETH). The silencing of CaLRR-RLK1 led to enhanced susceptibility of pepper plants to RSI, accompanied by down-regulation of immunity-related genes including CaACO1, CaHIR1, CaPR4 and CaPO2. In contrast, transient overexpression of CaLRR-RLK1 triggered hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death and H2O2 accumulation in pepper leaves, manifested by darker trypan blue and DAB staining respectively. In addition, the ectopic overexpression of CaLRR-RLK1 in tobacco plants enhanced resistance R. solanacearum, accompanied with the immunity associated marker genes including NtPR2, NtPR2, NtHSR203 and NtHSR515. Furthermore, it was found that CaHDZ27, a positive regulator in pepper response to RSI in our previous study, transcriptionally activated CaLRR-RLK1 by direct targeting its promoter probably in a CAATTATTG dependent manner. CONCLUSION The study revealed that CaLRR-RLK1 confers pepper resistance to R. solanacearum as the direct targeting of CaHDZ27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoliang Mou
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihong He
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, Jiangxi 343000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuilin He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 People’s Republic of China
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Gao X, Ruan X, Sun Y, Wang X, Feng B. BAKing up to Survive a Battle: Functional Dynamics of BAK1 in Plant Programmed Cell Death. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1913. [PMID: 30671069 PMCID: PMC6331536 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In plants, programmed cell death (PCD) has diverse, essential roles in vegetative and reproductive development, and in the responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Despite the rapid progress in understanding the occurrence and functions of the diverse forms of PCD in plants, the signaling components and molecular mechanisms underlying the core PCD machinery remain a mystery. The roles of BAK1 (BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1), an essential co-receptor of multiple receptor complexes, in the regulation of immunity and development- and defense-related PCD have been well characterized. However, the ways in which BAK1 functions in mediating PCD need to be further explored. In this review, different forms of PCD in both plants and mammals are discussed. Moreover, we mainly summarize recent advances in elucidating the functions and possible mechanisms of BAK1 in controlling diverse forms of PCD. We also highlight the involvement of post-translational modifications (PTMs) of multiple signaling component proteins in BAK1-mediated PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiquan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinsen Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yali Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baomin Feng
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Irieda H, Inoue Y, Mori M, Yamada K, Oshikawa Y, Saitoh H, Uemura A, Terauchi R, Kitakura S, Kosaka A, Singkaravanit-Ogawa S, Takano Y. Conserved fungal effector suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity by targeting plant immune kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:496-505. [PMID: 30584105 PMCID: PMC6329965 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807297116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens have optimized their own effector sets to adapt to their hosts. However, certain effectors, regarded as core effectors, are conserved among various pathogens, and may therefore play an important and common role in pathogen virulence. We report here that the widely distributed fungal effector NIS1 targets host immune components that transmit signaling from pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in plants. NIS1 from two Colletotrichum spp. suppressed the hypersensitive response and oxidative burst, both of which are induced by pathogen-derived molecules, in Nicotiana benthamianaMagnaporthe oryzae NIS1 also suppressed the two defense responses, although this pathogen likely acquired the NIS1 gene via horizontal transfer from Basidiomycota. Interestingly, the root endophyte Colletotrichum tofieldiae also possesses a NIS1 homolog that can suppress the oxidative burst in N. benthamiana We show that NIS1 of multiple pathogens commonly interacts with the PRR-associated kinases BAK1 and BIK1, thereby inhibiting their kinase activities and the BIK1-NADPH oxidase interaction. Furthermore, mutations in the NIS1-targeting proteins, i.e., BAK1 and BIK1, in Arabidopsis thaliana also resulted in reduced immunity to Colletotrichum fungi. Finally, M. oryzae lacking NIS1 displayed significantly reduced virulence on rice and barley, its hosts. Our study therefore reveals that a broad range of filamentous fungi maintain and utilize the core effector NIS1 to establish infection in their host plants and perhaps also beneficial interactions, by targeting conserved and central PRR-associated kinases that are also known to be targeted by bacterial effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Irieda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Academic Assembly, Institute of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Inoue
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masashi Mori
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Kohji Yamada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8513, Japan
| | - Yuu Oshikawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Saitoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Aiko Uemura
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Saeko Kitakura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kosaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
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Wang H, Chen Y, Wu X, Long Z, Sun C, Wang H, Wang S, Birch PRJ, Tian Z. A potato STRUBBELIG-RECEPTOR FAMILY member, StLRPK1, associates with StSERK3A/BAK1 and activates immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5573-5586. [PMID: 30137408 PMCID: PMC6255708 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant STRUBBELIG (SUB)-RECEPTOR FAMILY (SRF) genes encode putative leucine-rich repeat transmembrane receptor-like kinases. SRFs have been reported to play essential roles in tissue morphogenesis in many plant organs. Here, we show that a potato SRF family gene, StLRPK1, is involved in plant immunity. StLRPK1 is located at the cell plasma membrane and is strongly induced by culture filtrate from in vitro growth of the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Overexpression of StLRPK1 in stable transgenic potato or ectopic expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants enhances P. infestans disease resistance, whereas RNA interference (RNAi) of StLRPK1 in potato decreases disease resistance. We found that StLRPK1 constitutively interacts with a pivotal co-receptor, SERK3A/BAK1, which plays a central role in plant immunity. Virus-induced gene silencing of SERK3A/BAK1 in N. benthamiana lines expressing StLRPK1 attenuated P. infestans resistance, indicating that SERK3A/BAK1 is required for StLRPK1-mediated immunity. Finally, we show that StLRPK1-triggered late blight resistance depends on the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase MEK2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase WIPK. We propose a model in which StLRPK1 associates with SERK3A/BAK1 to positively regulate plant immunity to P. infestans through a MAPK cascade. These data provide new insights into our understanding of SRF function in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingtong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongshang Long
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunlian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hairong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shumei Wang
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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58
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Domazakis E, Wouters D, Visser RGF, Kamoun S, Joosten MHAJ, Vleeshouwers VGAA. The ELR-SOBIR1 Complex Functions as a Two-Component Receptor-Like Kinase to Mount Defense Against Phytophthora infestans. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:795-802. [PMID: 29451434 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-17-0217-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ELICITIN RESPONSE protein (ELR) from Solanum microdontum can recognize INF1 elicitin of Phytophthora infestans and trigger defense responses. ELR is a receptor-like protein (RLP) that lacks a cytoplasmic signaling domain and is anticipated to require interaction with a signaling-competent receptor-like kinase. SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-1 (SOBIR1) has been proposed as a general interactor for RLPs involved in immunity and, as such, is a potential interactor for ELR. Here, we investigate whether SOBIR1 is required for response to INF1 and resistance to P. infestans and whether it associates with ELR. Our results show that virus-induced gene silencing of SOBIR1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leads to loss of INF1-triggered cell death and increased susceptibility to P. infestans. Using genetic complementation, we found that the kinase activity of SOBIR1 is required for INF1-triggered cell death. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that ELR constitutively associates with potato SOBIR1 in planta, forming a bipartite receptor complex. Upon INF1 elicitation, this ELR-SOBIR1 complex recruits SERK3 (SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 3) leading to downstream signaling activation. Overall, our study shows that SOBIR1 is required for basal resistance to P. infestans and for INF1-triggered cell death and functions as an adaptor kinase for ELR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Domazakis
- 1 Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Doret Wouters
- 1 Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- 1 Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Vivianne G A A Vleeshouwers
- 1 Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Upson JL, Zess EK, Białas A, Wu CH, Kamoun S. The coming of age of EvoMPMI: evolutionary molecular plant-microbe interactions across multiple timescales. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 44:108-116. [PMID: 29604609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant-microbe interactions are great model systems to study co-evolutionary dynamics across multiple timescales. However, mechanistic research on plant-microbe interactions has often been conducted with little consideration of evolutionary concepts and methods. Conversely, evolutionary research has rarely integrated the range of mechanisms and models from the molecular plant-microbe interactions field. In recent years, the incipient field of evolutionary molecular plant-microbe interactions (EvoMPMI) has emerged to bridge this gap. Here, we report on some of the recent advances in EvoMPMI. In particular, we highlight new systems to study microbe interactions with early diverging land plants, and new findings from studies of adaptive evolution in pathogens and plants. By linking mechanistic and evolutionary research, EvoMPMI promises to expand our understanding of plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Upson
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Erin K Zess
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Chih-Hang Wu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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Gene Profiling in Late Blight Resistance in Potato Genotype SD20. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061728. [PMID: 29891775 PMCID: PMC6032139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Late blight caused by the oomycete fungus Phytophthora infestans (Pi) is the most serious obstacle to potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in the world. A super race isolate, CN152, which was identified from Sichuan Province, China, could overcome nearly all known late blight resistance genes and caused serious damage in China. The potato genotype SD20 was verified to be highly resistant to CN152; however, the molecular regulation network underlying late blight resistance pathway remains unclear in SD20. Here, we performed a time-course experiment to systematically profile the late blight resistance response genes using RNA-sequencing in SD20. We identified 3354 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which mainly encoded transcription factors and protein kinases, and also included four NBS-LRR genes. The late blight responsive genes showed time-point-specific induction/repression. Multi-signaling pathways of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene signaling pathways involved in resistance and defense against Pi in SD20. Gene Ontology and KEGG analyses indicated that the DEGs were significantly enriched in metabolic process, protein serine/threonine kinase activity, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Forty-three DEGs were involved in immune response, of which 19 were enriched in hypersensitive response reaction, which could play an important role in broad-spectrum resistance to Pi infection. Experimental verification confirmed the induced expression of the responsive genes in the late blight resistance signaling pathway, such as WRKY, ERF, MAPK, and NBS-LRR family genes. Our results provided valuable information for understanding late blight resistance mechanism of potato.
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61
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Murphy F, He Q, Armstrong M, Giuliani LM, Boevink PC, Zhang W, Tian Z, Birch PRJ, Gilroy EM. The Potato MAP3K StVIK Is Required for the Phytophthora infestans RXLR Effector Pi17316 to Promote Disease. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:398-410. [PMID: 29588335 PMCID: PMC5933144 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens deliver effectors to manipulate processes in their hosts, creating a suitable environment for invasion and proliferation. Yet, little is known about the host proteins that are targeted by effectors from filamentous pathogens. Here, we show that stable transgenic expression in potato (Solanum tuberosum) and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of the arginine-any amino acid-leucine-arginine effector Pi17316 enhances leaf colonization by the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans Expression of Pi17316 also attenuates cell death triggered by the pathogen-associated molecular pattern Infestin1 (INF1), indicating that the effector suppresses pattern-triggered immunity. However, this effector does not attenuate cell death triggered by a range of resistance proteins, showing that it specifically suppresses INF1-triggered cell death (ICD). In yeast two-hybrid assays, Pi17316 interacts directly with the potato ortholog of VASCULAR HIGHWAY1-interacting kinase (StVIK), encoding a predicted MEK kinase (MAP3K). Interaction in planta was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and occurs at the plant plasma membrane. Virus-induced gene silencing of VIK in N. benthamiana attenuated P. infestans colonization, whereas transient overexpression of StVIK enhanced colonization, indicating that this host protein acts as a susceptibility factor. Moreover, VIK overexpression specifically attenuated ICD, indicating that it is a negative regulator of immunity. The abilities of Pi17316 to enhance P. infestans colonization or suppress ICD were compromised significantly in NbVIK-silenced plants, demonstrating that the effector activity of Pi17316 is mediated by this MAP3K. Thus, StVIK is exploited by P. infestans as a susceptibility factor to promote late blight disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser Murphy
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Qin He
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Miles Armstrong
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Licida M Giuliani
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor M Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
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62
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Lai MW, Liou RF. Two genes encoding GH10 xylanases are essential for the virulence of the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora parasitica. Curr Genet 2018; 64:931-943. [PMID: 29470644 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are pivotal battlegrounds between microbial pathogens and their hosts. To penetrate the cell wall and thereby to facilitate infection, microbial pathogens are equipped with a wide array of cell wall-degrading enzymes to depolymerize the polysaccharides in the cell wall. However, many of these enzymes and their role in the pathogenesis of microbial pathogens are not characterized, especially those from Oomycetes. In this study, we analyzed the function of four putative endo-beta-1,4-xylanase-encoding genes (ppxyn1-ppxyn4) from Phytophthora parasitica, an oomycete plant pathogen known to cause severe disease in a wide variety of plant species. All four genes belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 10 (GH10). Recombinant proteins of ppxyn1, ppxyn2, and ppxyn4 obtained from the yeast Pichia pastoris showed degrading activities toward birch wood xylan, but they behaved differently in terms of the conditions for optimal activity, thermostability, and durability. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed upregulated expression of all four genes, especially ppxyn1 and ppxyn2, during plant infection. In contrast, ppxyn3 was highly expressed in cysts and its close homolog, ppxyn4, in germinating cysts. To uncover the role of ppxyn1 and ppxyn2 in the pathogenesis of P. parasitica, we generated silencing transformants for these two genes by double-stranded RNA-mediated gene silencing. Silencing ppxyn1 and ppxyn2 reduced the virulence of P. parasitica toward tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and tomato plants. These results demonstrate the crucial role of xylanase-encoding ppxyn1 and ppxyn2 in the infection process of P. parasitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Lai
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, #1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Fen Liou
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, #1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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63
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Rey T, Bonhomme M, Chatterjee A, Gavrin A, Toulotte J, Yang W, André O, Jacquet C, Schornack S. The Medicago truncatula GRAS protein RAD1 supports arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis and Phytophthora palmivora susceptibility. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5871-5881. [PMID: 29186498 PMCID: PMC5854134 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The roots of most land plants are colonized by symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi. To facilitate this symbiosis, plant genomes encode a set of genes required for microbial perception and accommodation. However, the extent to which infection by filamentous root pathogens also relies on some of these genes remains an open question. Here, we used genome-wide association mapping to identify genes contributing to colonization of Medicago truncatula roots by the pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora palmivora. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers most significantly associated with plant colonization response were identified upstream of RAD1, which encodes a GRAS transcription regulator first negatively implicated in root nodule symbiosis and recently identified as a positive regulator of AM symbiosis. RAD1 transcript levels are up-regulated both in response to AM fungus and, to a lower extent, in infected tissues by P. palmivora where its expression is restricted to root cortex cells proximal to pathogen hyphae. Reverse genetics showed that reduction of RAD1 transcript levels as well as a rad1 mutant are impaired in their full colonization by AM fungi as well as by P. palmivora. Thus, the importance of RAD1 extends beyond symbiotic interactions, suggesting a general involvement in M. truncatula microbe-induced root development and interactions with unrelated beneficial and detrimental filamentous microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rey
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory, UK
| | - Maxime Bonhomme
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), France
| | | | | | | | - Weibing Yang
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory, UK
| | - Olivier André
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), France
| | - Christophe Jacquet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), France
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64
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Nicaise V, Candresse T. Plum pox virus capsid protein suppresses plant pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:878-886. [PMID: 27301551 PMCID: PMC6638313 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by immune receptors launches defence mechanisms referred to as PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Successful pathogens must suppress PTI pathways via the action of effectors to efficiently colonize their hosts. So far, plant PTI has been reported to be active against most classes of pathogens, except viruses, although this defence layer has been hypothesized recently as an active part of antiviral immunity which needs to be suppressed by viruses for infection success. Here, we report that Arabidopsis PTI genes are regulated upon infection by viruses and contribute to plant resistance to Plum pox virus (PPV). Our experiments further show that PPV suppresses two early PTI responses, the oxidative burst and marker gene expression, during Arabidopsis infection. In planta expression of PPV capsid protein (CP) was found to strongly impair these responses in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis, revealing its PTI suppressor activity. In summary, we provide the first clear evidence that plant viruses acquired the ability to suppress PTI mechanisms via the action of effectors, highlighting a novel strategy employed by viruses to escape plant defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Nicaise
- INRA, UMR 1332 BFP, CS 20032Villenave d'Ornon cedex33882France
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 BFP, CS 20032Villenave d'Ornon cedex33882France
| | - Thierry Candresse
- INRA, UMR 1332 BFP, CS 20032Villenave d'Ornon cedex33882France
- University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 BFP, CS 20032Villenave d'Ornon cedex33882France
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65
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Evangelisti E, Gogleva A, Hainaux T, Doumane M, Tulin F, Quan C, Yunusov T, Floch K, Schornack S. Time-resolved dual transcriptomics reveal early induced Nicotiana benthamiana root genes and conserved infection-promoting Phytophthora palmivora effectors. BMC Biol 2017; 15:39. [PMID: 28494759 PMCID: PMC5427549 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-pathogenic oomycetes are responsible for economically important losses in crops worldwide. Phytophthora palmivora, a tropical relative of the potato late blight pathogen, causes rotting diseases in many tropical crops including papaya, cocoa, oil palm, black pepper, rubber, coconut, durian, mango, cassava and citrus. Transcriptomics have helped to identify repertoires of host-translocated microbial effector proteins which counteract defenses and reprogram the host in support of infection. As such, these studies have helped in understanding how pathogens cause diseases. Despite the importance of P. palmivora diseases, genetic resources to allow for disease resistance breeding and identification of microbial effectors are scarce. RESULTS We employed the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana to study the P. palmivora root infections at the cellular and molecular levels. Time-resolved dual transcriptomics revealed different pathogen and host transcriptome dynamics. De novo assembly of P. palmivora transcriptome and semi-automated prediction and annotation of the secretome enabled robust identification of conserved infection-promoting effectors. We show that one of them, REX3, suppresses plant secretion processes. In a survey for early transcriptionally activated plant genes we identified a N. benthamiana gene specifically induced at infected root tips that encodes a peptide with danger-associated molecular features. CONCLUSIONS These results constitute a major advance in our understanding of P. palmivora diseases and establish extensive resources for P. palmivora pathogenomics, effector-aided resistance breeding and the generation of induced resistance to Phytophthora root infections. Furthermore, our approach to find infection-relevant secreted genes is transferable to other pathogen-host interactions and not restricted to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Gogleva
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University (SLCU), Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Hainaux
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University (SLCU), Cambridge, UK
- Present address: Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mehdi Doumane
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University (SLCU), Cambridge, UK
- Present address: École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Frej Tulin
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University (SLCU), Cambridge, UK
| | - Clément Quan
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University (SLCU), Cambridge, UK
| | - Temur Yunusov
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University (SLCU), Cambridge, UK
| | - Kévin Floch
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University (SLCU), Cambridge, UK
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66
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Turnbull D, Yang L, Naqvi S, Breen S, Welsh L, Stephens J, Morris J, Boevink PC, Hedley PE, Zhan J, Birch PRJ, Gilroy EM. RXLR Effector AVR2 Up-Regulates a Brassinosteroid-Responsive bHLH Transcription Factor to Suppress Immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:356-369. [PMID: 28270626 PMCID: PMC5411136 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An emerging area in plant research focuses on antagonism between regulatory systems governing growth and immunity. Such cross talk represents a point of vulnerability for pathogens to exploit. AVR2, an RXLR effector secreted by the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans, interacts with potato BSL1, a putative phosphatase implicated in growth-promoting brassinosteroid (BR) hormone signaling. Transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants expressing the effector exhibit transcriptional and phenotypic hallmarks of overactive BR signaling and show enhanced susceptibility to P. infestans Microarray analysis was used to identify a set of BR-responsive marker genes in potato, all of which are constitutively expressed to BR-induced levels in AVR2 transgenic lines. One of these genes was a bHLH transcription factor, designated StCHL1, homologous to AtCIB1 and AtHBI1, which are known to facilitate antagonism between BR and immune responses. Transient expression of either AVR2 or CHL1 enhanced leaf colonization by P. infestans and compromised immune cell death activated by perception of the elicitin Infestin1 (INF1). Knockdown of CHL1 transcript using Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) reduced colonization of P. infestans on Nicotiana benthamiana Moreover, the ability of AVR2 to suppress INF1-triggered cell death was attenuated in NbCHL1-silenced plants, indicating that NbCHL1 was important for this effector activity. Thus, AVR2 exploits cross talk between BR signaling and innate immunity in Solanum species, representing a novel, indirect mode of innate immune suppression by a filamentous pathogen effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionne Turnbull
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Lina Yang
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Shaista Naqvi
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Susan Breen
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Lydia Welsh
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Jennifer Stephens
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Jenny Morris
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Pete E Hedley
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.)
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
| | - Eleanor M Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., J.S., J.M., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.), and Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science (at The James Hutton institute) (D.T., L.Y., S.N., P.R.J.B.), University of Dundee Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom;
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China (L.Y., J.Z.);
- James Hutton Ltd (at The James Hutton Institute), Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia (S.B.); and
- Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.T., L.Y., S.N., L.W., P.C.B., P.E.H., P.R.J.B., E.M.G.)
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Dagvadorj B, Ozketen AC, Andac A, Duggan C, Bozkurt TO, Akkaya MS. A Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici secreted protein activates plant immunity at the cell surface. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1141. [PMID: 28442716 PMCID: PMC5430700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens secrete effector proteins to suppress host immunity, mediate nutrient uptake and subsequently enable parasitism. However, on non-adapted hosts, effectors can be detected as non-self by host immune receptors and activate non-host immunity. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of effector triggered non-host resistance remain unknown. Here, we report that a small cysteine-rich protein PstSCR1 from the wheat rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) activates immunity in the non-host solanaceous model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. PstSCR1 homologs were found to be conserved in Pst, and in its closest relatives, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici and Puccinia triticina. When PstSCR1 was expressed in N. benthamiana with its signal peptide, it provoked the plant immune system, whereas no stimulation was observed when it was expressed without its signal peptide. PstSCR1 expression in N. benthamiana significantly reduced infection capacity of the oomycete pathogens. Moreover, apoplast-targeted PstSCR1 triggered plant cell death in a dose dependent manner. However, in Brassinosteroid insensitive 1-Associated Kinase 1 (SERK3/BAK1) silenced N. benthamiana, cell death was remarkably decreased. Finally, purified PstSCR1 protein activated defence related gene expression in N. benthamiana. Our results show that a Pst-secreted protein, PstSCR1 can activate surface mediated immunity in non-adapted hosts and contribute to non-host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayantes Dagvadorj
- Middle East Technical University, Biotechnology Program, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupinar Blvd., Cankaya, Ankara, TR-06800, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Caglar Ozketen
- Middle East Technical University, Biotechnology Program, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupinar Blvd., Cankaya, Ankara, TR-06800, Turkey
| | - Ayse Andac
- Middle East Technical University, Biotechnology Program, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupinar Blvd., Cankaya, Ankara, TR-06800, Turkey
| | - Cian Duggan
- Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Mahinur S Akkaya
- Middle East Technical University, Biotechnology Program, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupinar Blvd., Cankaya, Ankara, TR-06800, Turkey.
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Yang B, Wang Q, Jing M, Guo B, Wu J, Wang H, Wang Y, Lin L, Wang Y, Ye W, Dong S, Wang Y. Distinct regions of the Phytophthora essential effector Avh238 determine its function in cell death activation and plant immunity suppression. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:361-375. [PMID: 28134441 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora pathogens secrete effectors to manipulate host innate immunity, thus facilitating infection. Among the RXLR effectors highly induced during Phytophthora sojae infection, Avh238 not only contributes to pathogen virulence but also triggers plant cell death. However, the detailed molecular basis of Avh238 functions remains largely unknown. We mapped the regions responsible for Avh238 functions in pathogen virulence and plant cell death induction using a strategy that combines investigation of natural variation and large-scale mutagenesis assays. The correlation between cellular localization and Avh238 functions was also evaluated. We found that the 79th residue (histidine or leucine) of Avh238 determined its cell death-inducing activity, and that the 53 amino acids in its C-terminal region are responsible for promoting Phytophthora infection. Transient expression of Avh238 in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed that nuclear localization is essential for triggering cell death, while Avh238-mediated suppression of INF1-triggered cell death requires cytoplasmic localization. Our results demonstrate that a representative example of an essential Phytophthora RXLR effector can evolve to escape recognition by the host by mutating one nucleotide site, and can also retain plant immunosuppressive activity to enhance pathogen virulence in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qunqing Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Baodian Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haonan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Long Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
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69
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Tang D, Wang G, Zhou JM. Receptor Kinases in Plant-Pathogen Interactions: More Than Pattern Recognition. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:618-637. [PMID: 28302675 PMCID: PMC5435430 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) play crucial roles in plant immunity, growth, and development. Plants deploy a large number of RLKs and RLPs as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect microbe- and host-derived molecular patterns as the first layer of inducible defense. Recent advances have uncovered novel PRRs, their corresponding ligands, and mechanisms underlying PRR activation and signaling. In general, PRRs associate with other RLKs and function as part of multiprotein immune complexes at the cell surface. Innovative strategies have emerged for the rapid identification of microbial patterns and their cognate PRRs. Successful pathogens can evade or block host recognition by secreting effector proteins to "hide" microbial patterns or inhibit PRR-mediated signaling. Furthermore, newly identified pathogen effectors have been shown to manipulate RLKs controlling growth and development by mimicking peptide hormones of host plants. The ongoing studies illustrate the importance of diverse plant RLKs in plant disease resistance and microbial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guoxun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Wang L, Xie X, Yao W, Wang J, Ma F, Wang C, Yang Y, Tong W, Zhang J, Xu Y, Wang X, Zhang C, Wang Y. RING-H2-type E3 gene VpRH2 from Vitis pseudoreticulata improves resistance to powdery mildew by interacting with VpGRP2A. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1669-1687. [PMID: 28369599 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine is one of the world's most important fruit crops. European cultivated grape species have the best fruit quality but show almost no resistance to powdery mildew (PM). PM caused by Uncinula necator is a harmful disease that has a significant impact on the economic value of the grape crop. In this study, we examined a RING-H2-type ubiquitin ligase gene VpRH2 that is associated with significant PM-resistance of Chinese wild-growing grape Vitis pseudoreticulata accession Baihe-35-1. The expression of VpRH2 was clearly induced by U. necator inoculation compared with its homologous gene VvRH2 in a PM-susceptible grapevine V. vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless. Using a yeast two-hybrid assay we confirmed that VpRH2 interacted with VpGRP2A, a glycine-rich RNA-binding protein. The degradation of VpGRP2A was inhibited by treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 while VpRH2 did not promote the degradation of VpGRP2A. Instead, the transcripts of VpRH2 were increased by over-expressing VpGRP2A while VpRH2 suppressed the expression of VpGRP2A. Furthermore, VpGRP2A was down-regulated in both Baihe-35-1 and Thompson Seedless after U. necator inoculation. Specifically, we generated VpRH2 overexpression transgenic lines in Thompson Seedless and found that the transgenic plants showed enhanced resistance to powdery mildew compared with the wild-type. In summary, our results indicate that VpRH2 interacts with VpGRP2A and plays a positive role in resistance to powdery mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, the People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Xie
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, the People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
| | - Wenkong Yao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, the People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, the People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
| | - Fuli Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, the People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, the People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhou Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, the People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
| | - Weihuo Tong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, the People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxia Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, the People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, the People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
| | - Xiping Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, the People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
| | - Chaohong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, the People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, the People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, the People's Republic of China
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Catanzariti AM, Do HTT, Bru P, de Sain M, Thatcher LF, Rep M, Jones DA. The tomato I gene for Fusarium wilt resistance encodes an atypical leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein whose function is nevertheless dependent on SOBIR1 and SERK3/BAK1. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:1195-1209. [PMID: 27995670 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We have identified the tomato I gene for resistance to the Fusarium wilt fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) and show that it encodes a membrane-anchored leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein (LRR-RLP). Unlike most other LRR-RLP genes involved in plant defence, the I gene is not a member of a gene cluster and contains introns in its coding sequence. The I gene encodes a loopout domain larger than those in most other LRR-RLPs, with a distinct composition rich in serine and threonine residues. The I protein also lacks a basic cytosolic domain. Instead, this domain is rich in aromatic residues that could form a second transmembrane domain. The I protein recognises the Fol Avr1 effector protein, but, unlike many other LRR-RLPs, recognition specificity is determined in the C-terminal half of the protein by polymorphic amino acid residues in the LRRs just preceding the loopout domain and in the loopout domain itself. Despite these differences, we show that I/Avr1-dependent necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana depends on the LRR receptor-like kinases (RLKs) SERK3/BAK1 and SOBIR1. Sequence comparisons revealed that the I protein and other LRR-RLPs involved in plant defence all carry residues in their last LRR and C-terminal LRR capping domain that are conserved with SERK3/BAK1-interacting residues in the same relative positions in the LRR-RLKs BRI1 and PSKR1. Tyrosine mutations of two of these conserved residues, Q922 and T925, abolished I/Avr1-dependent necrosis in N. benthamiana, consistent with similar mutations in BRI1 and PSKR1 preventing their interaction with SERK3/BAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Maree Catanzariti
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Huong T T Do
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Pierrick Bru
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Mara de Sain
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louise F Thatcher
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Wembley, WA, Australia
| | - Martijn Rep
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David A Jones
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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72
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Belhaj K, Cano LM, Prince DC, Kemen A, Yoshida K, Dagdas YF, Etherington GJ, Schoonbeek H, van Esse HP, Jones JD, Kamoun S, Schornack S. Arabidopsis late blight: infection of a nonhost plant by Albugo laibachii enables full colonization by Phytophthora infestans. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19:e12628. [PMID: 27302335 PMCID: PMC5215655 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans causes potato late blight, and as a potato and tomato specialist pathogen, is seemingly poorly adapted to infect plants outside the Solanaceae. Here, we report the unexpected finding that P. infestans can infect Arabidopsis thaliana when another oomycete pathogen, Albugo laibachii, has colonized the host plant. The behaviour and speed of P. infestans infection in Arabidopsis pre-infected with A. laibachii resemble P. infestans infection of susceptible potato plants. Transcriptional profiling of P. infestans genes during infection revealed a significant overlap in the sets of secreted-protein genes that are induced in P. infestans upon colonization of potato and susceptible Arabidopsis, suggesting major similarities in P. infestans gene expression dynamics on the two plant species. Furthermore, we found haustoria of A. laibachii and P. infestans within the same Arabidopsis cells. This Arabidopsis-A. laibachii-P. infestans tripartite interaction opens up various possibilities to dissect the molecular mechanisms of P. infestans infection and the processes occurring in co-infected Arabidopsis cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Belhaj
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Liliana M. Cano
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
- University of FloridaDepartment of Plant Pathology, Indian River Research and Education CenterFort PierceUSA
| | - David C. Prince
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Ariane Kemen
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | - Kentaro Yoshida
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
- Organization of Advanced Science and TechnologyKobe UniversityKobeHyogoJapan
| | - Yasin F. Dagdas
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Graham J. Etherington
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
- The Genome Analysis CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Henk‐jan Schoonbeek
- John Innes CentreDepartment of Crop Genetics, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
- Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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73
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Derevnina L, Petre B, Kellner R, Dagdas YF, Sarowar MN, Giannakopoulou A, De la Concepcion JC, Chaparro-Garcia A, Pennington HG, van West P, Kamoun S. Emerging oomycete threats to plants and animals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150459. [PMID: 28080985 PMCID: PMC5095538 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes, or water moulds, are fungal-like organisms phylogenetically related to algae. They cause devastating diseases in both plants and animals. Here, we describe seven oomycete species that are emerging or re-emerging threats to agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture and natural ecosystems. They include the plant pathogens Phytophthora infestans, Phytophthora palmivora, Phytophthora ramorum, Plasmopara obducens, and the animal pathogens Aphanomyces invadans, Saprolegnia parasitica and Halioticida noduliformans For each species, we describe its pathology, importance and impact, discuss why it is an emerging threat and briefly review current research activities.This article is part of the themed issue 'Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Derevnina
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ronny Kellner
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Yasin F Dagdas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mohammad Nasif Sarowar
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | - Pieter van West
- International Centre for Aquaculture Research and Development, Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Ma X, Xu G, He P, Shan L. SERKing Coreceptors for Receptors. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:1017-1033. [PMID: 27660030 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a large number of cell surface-resident receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs), many of which are implicated in sensing extrinsic and intrinsic signals, and govern diverse cellular responses. The signaling pathways mediated by RLKs and RLPs converge at a small group of RLKs, somatic embryogenesis receptor kinases (SERKs), via ligand-induced heterodimerization and transphosphorylation. As shared coreceptors in diverse signaling receptorsomes, SERKs exhibit functional plasticity yet maintain a high degree of signaling specificity. Here, we review recent advances in newly identified SERK functions in plant cell differentiation, growth, and immunity; discuss the regulation and activation mechanisms of SERK-associated receptorsomes; and provide insights into how SERKs maintain signaling specificity as convergent hubs in various signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Ma
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Molecular & Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Molecular & Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Molecular & Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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75
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Derevnina L, Dagdas YF, De la Concepcion JC, Bialas A, Kellner R, Petre B, Domazakis E, Du J, Wu CH, Lin X, Aguilera-Galvez C, Cruz-Mireles N, Vleeshouwers VGAA, Kamoun S. Nine things to know about elicitins. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:888-895. [PMID: 27582271 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
888 I. 888 II. 889 III. 889 IV. 889 V. 891 VI. 891 VII. 891 VIII. 892 IX. 892 X. 893 XI. 893 893 References 893 SUMMARY: Elicitins are structurally conserved extracellular proteins in Phytophthora and Pythium oomycete pathogen species. They were first described in the late 1980s as abundant proteins in Phytophthora culture filtrates that have the capacity to elicit hypersensitive (HR) cell death and disease resistance in tobacco. Later, they became well-established as having features of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and to elicit defences in a variety of plant species. Research on elicitins culminated in the recent cloning of the elicitin response (ELR) cell surface receptor-like protein, from the wild potato Solanum microdontum, which mediates response to a broad range of elicitins. In this review, we provide an overview on elicitins and the plant responses they elicit. We summarize the state of the art by describing what we consider to be the nine most important features of elicitin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Derevnina
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yasin F Dagdas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Aleksandra Bialas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ronny Kellner
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Emmanouil Domazakis
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Ministry of Education National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Xiao Lin
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Carolina Aguilera-Galvez
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | | | - Vivianne G A A Vleeshouwers
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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76
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Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms exposed constantly to potential virulent microbes seeking for full pathogenesis in hosts. Different from animals employing both adaptive and innate immune systems, plants only rely on innate immunity to detect and fight against pathogen invasions. Plant innate immunity is proposed to be a two-tiered immune system including pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity. In PTI, PAMPs, the elicitors derived from microbial pathogens, are perceived by cell surface-localized proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs). As single-pass transmembrane proteins, RLKs and RLPs contain an extracellular domain (ECD) responsible for ligand binding. Recognitions of signal molecules by PRR-ECDs induce homo- or heterooligomerization of RLKs and RLPs to trigger corresponding intracellular immune responses. RLKs possess a cytoplasmic Ser/Thr kinase domain that is absent in RLPs, implying that protein phosphorylations underlie key mechanism in transducing immunity signalings and that RLPs unlikely mediate signal transduction independently, and recruitment of other patterns, such as RLKs, is required for the function of RLPs in plant immunity. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases, resembling RLK structures but lacking the ECD, act as immediate substrates of PRRs, modulating PRR activities and linking PRRs with downstream signaling mediators. In this chapter, we summarize recent discoveries illustrating the molecular machines of major components of PRR complexes in mediating pathogen perception and immunity activation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Y Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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77
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Mbengue M, Bourdais G, Gervasi F, Beck M, Zhou J, Spallek T, Bartels S, Boller T, Ueda T, Kuhn H, Robatzek S. Clathrin-dependent endocytosis is required for immunity mediated by pattern recognition receptor kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:11034-9. [PMID: 27651493 PMCID: PMC5047200 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606004113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing of potential pathogenic bacteria is of critical importance for immunity. In plants, this involves plasma membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors, one of which is the FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) receptor kinase. Ligand-activated FLS2 receptors are internalized into endosomes. However, the extent to which these spatiotemporal dynamics are generally present among pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their regulation remain elusive. Using live-cell imaging, we show that at least three other receptor kinases associated with plant immunity, PEP RECEPTOR 1/2 (PEPR1/2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR), internalize in a ligand-specific manner. In all cases, endocytosis requires the coreceptor BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1), and thus depends on receptor activation status. We also show the internalization of liganded FLS2, suggesting the transport of signaling competent receptors. Trafficking of activated PRRs requires clathrin and converges onto the same endosomal vesicles that are also shared with the hormone receptor BRASSINOSTERIOD INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1). Importantly, clathrin-dependent endocytosis participates in plant defense against bacterial infection involving FLS2-mediated stomatal closure and callose deposition, but is uncoupled from activation of the flagellin-induced oxidative burst and MAP kinase signaling. In conclusion, immunity mediated by pattern recognition receptors depends on clathrin, a critical component for the endocytosis of signaling competent receptors into a common endosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malick Mbengue
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fabio Gervasi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; Fruit Tree Research Center, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 00134 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Beck
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Ji Zhou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Spallek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Bartels
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Boller
- Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Ueda
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom; Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
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78
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Hind SR, Strickler SR, Boyle PC, Dunham DM, Bao Z, O'Doherty IM, Baccile JA, Hoki JS, Viox EG, Clarke CR, Vinatzer BA, Schroeder FC, Martin GB. Tomato receptor FLAGELLIN-SENSING 3 binds flgII-28 and activates the plant immune system. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16128. [PMID: 27548463 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants and animals detect the presence of potential pathogens through the perception of conserved microbial patterns by cell surface receptors. Certain solanaceous plants, including tomato, potato and pepper, detect flgII-28, a region of bacterial flagellin that is distinct from that perceived by the well-characterized FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 receptor. Here we identify and characterize the receptor responsible for this recognition in tomato, called FLAGELLIN-SENSING 3. This receptor binds flgII-28 and enhances immune responses leading to a reduction in bacterial colonization of leaf tissues. Further characterization of FLS3 and its signalling pathway could provide new insights into the plant immune system and transfer of the receptor to other crop plants offers the potential of enhancing resistance to bacterial pathogens that have evolved to evade FLS2-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Hind
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Susan R Strickler
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Patrick C Boyle
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Diane M Dunham
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Zhilong Bao
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Inish M O'Doherty
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Joshua A Baccile
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Jason S Hoki
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Elise G Viox
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Christopher R Clarke
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Boris A Vinatzer
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Frank C Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Gregory B Martin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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79
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Teixeira MA, Wei L, Kaloshian I. Root-knot nematodes induce pattern-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:276-87. [PMID: 26892116 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) are plant parasites with a broad host range causing great losses worldwide. To parasitize their hosts, RKNs establish feeding sites in roots known as giant cells. The majority of work studying plant-RKN interactions in susceptible hosts addresses establishment of the giant cells and there is limited information on the early defense responses. Here we characterized early defense or pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) against RKNs in Arabidopsis thaliana. To address PTI, we evaluated known canonical PTI signaling mutants with RKNs and investigated the expression of PTI marker genes after RKN infection using both quantitative PCR and β-glucuronidase reporter transgenic lines. We showed that PTI-compromised plants have enhanced susceptibility to RKNs, including the bak1-5 mutant. BAK1 is a common partner of distinct receptors of microbe- and damage-associated molecular patterns. Furthermore, our data indicated that nematode recognition leading to PTI responses involves camalexin and glucosinolate biosynthesis. While the RKN-induced glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway was BAK1-dependent, the camalexin biosynthetic pathway was only partially dependent on BAK1. Combined, our results indicate the presence of BAK1-dependent and -independent PTI against RKNs in A. thaliana, suggesting the existence of diverse nematode recognition mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella A Teixeira
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Lihui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Isgouhi Kaloshian
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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80
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Raaymakers TM, Van den Ackerveken G. Extracellular Recognition of Oomycetes during Biotrophic Infection of Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:906. [PMID: 27446136 PMCID: PMC4915311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular recognition of pathogens by plants constitutes an important early detection system in plant immunity. Microbe-derived molecules, also named patterns, can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the host cell membrane that trigger plant immune responses. Most knowledge on extracellular pathogen detection by plants comes from research on bacterial and fungal pathogens. For oomycetes, that comprise some of the most destructive plant pathogens, mechanisms of extracellular pattern recognition have only emerged recently. These include newly recognized patterns, e.g., cellulose-binding elicitor lectin, necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1-like proteins (NLPs), and glycoside hydrolase 12, as well as their receptors, e.g., the putative elicitin PRR elicitin response and the NLP PRR receptor-like protein 23. Immunity can also be triggered by the release of endogenous host-derived patterns, as a result of oomycete enzymes or damage. In this review we will describe the types of patterns, both pathogen-derived exogenous and plant-derived endogenous ones, and what is known about their extracellular detection during (hemi-)biotrophic oomycete infection of plants.
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81
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Liu P, Li B, Lin M, Chen G, Ding X, Weng Q, Chen Q. Phosphite-induced reactive oxygen species production and ethylene and ABA biosynthesis, mediate the control of Phytophthora capsici in pepper (Capsicum annuum). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:563-574. [PMID: 32480486 DOI: 10.1071/fp16006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is an oomycete pathogen with a broad host range that inflicts significant damage in vegetables. Phosphite (Phi) is used to control oomycete diseases, but the molecular mechanisms underlying Phi-induced resistance to P. capsici are unknown. Thus, Phi-inhibited mycelial growth on strain LT1534 and primed host defence were analysed. We demonstrated that Phi (>5µgmL-1) had a direct antibiotic effect on mycelial growth and zoospore production, and that mortality and DNA content were significantly reduced by pre-treatment with Phi. In addition, elevated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) promoted callose deposition and increased the levels of soluble proteins and Capsicum annuum L. pathogenesis-related 1 (CaPR1) expression. Furthermore, Phi (1gL-1) significantly increased the transcription of the antioxidant enzyme genes, and the genes involved in ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. However, pre-treatment with reactive oxygen species (ROS), ABA and ET biosynthesis inhibitors decreased Phi-induced resistance and reduced the expression of ABA-responsive 1 (CaABR1) and lipoxygenase 1 (CaLOX1). In addition, the decreased ROS and ABA inhibited Phi-induced expression of CaMPK17-1. We propose that Phi-induced ROS production, ET and ABA biosynthesis mediate the control of P. capsici, and that ABA functions through CaMPK17-1-mediated MAPK signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqing Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350 003, China
| | - Benjin Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350 003, China
| | - Ming Lin
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovative Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350 002, China
| | - Guoliang Chen
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovative Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350 002, China
| | - Xueling Ding
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350 003, China
| | - Qiyong Weng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350 003, China
| | - Qinghe Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350 003, China
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82
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Chen XR, Li YP, Li QY, Xing YP, Liu BB, Tong YH, Xu JY. SCR96, a small cysteine-rich secretory protein of Phytophthora cactorum, can trigger cell death in the Solanaceae and is important for pathogenicity and oxidative stress tolerance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:577-87. [PMID: 26307454 PMCID: PMC6638419 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Peptides and small molecules produced by both the plant pathogen Phytophthora and host plants in the apoplastic space mediate the relationship between the interplaying organisms. Various Phytophthora apoplastic effectors, including small cysteine-rich (SCR) secretory proteins, have been identified, but their roles during interaction remain to be determined. Here, we identified an SCR effector encoded by scr96, one of three novel genes encoding SCR proteins in P. cactorum with similarity to the P. cactorum phytotoxic protein PcF. Together with the other two genes, scr96 was transcriptionally induced throughout the developmental and infection stages of the pathogen. These genes triggered plant cell death (PCD) in the Solanaceae, including Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato. The scr96 gene did not show single nucleotide polymorphisms in a collection of P. cactorum isolates from different countries and host plants, suggesting that its role is essential and non-redundant during infection. Homologues of SCR96 were identified only in oomycetes, but not in fungi and other organisms. A stable protoplast transformation protocol was adapted for P. cactorum using green fluorescent protein as a marker. The silencing of scr96 in P. cactorum caused gene-silenced transformants to lose their pathogenicity on host plants and these transformants were significantly more sensitive to oxidative stress. Transient expression of scr96 partially recovered the virulence of gene-silenced transformants on plants. Overall, our results indicate that the P. cactorum scr96 gene encodes an important virulence factor that not only causes PCD in host plants, but is also important for pathogenicity and oxidative stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ren Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui Eastern Road 48, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan-Peng Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui Eastern Road 48, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi-Yuan Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui Eastern Road 48, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Ping Xing
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui Eastern Road 48, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bei-Bei Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui Eastern Road 48, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun-Hui Tong
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui Eastern Road 48, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing-You Xu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui Eastern Road 48, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
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83
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Postma J, Liebrand TWH, Bi G, Evrard A, Bye RR, Mbengue M, Kuhn H, Joosten MHAJ, Robatzek S. Avr4 promotes Cf-4 receptor-like protein association with the BAK1/SERK3 receptor-like kinase to initiate receptor endocytosis and plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:627-42. [PMID: 26765243 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The first layer of plant immunity is activated by cell surface receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and proteins (RLPs) that detect infectious pathogens. Constitutive interaction with the SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1 (SOBIR1) RLK contributes to RLP stability and kinase activity. As RLK activation requires transphosphorylation with a second associated RLK, it remains elusive how RLPs initiate downstream signaling. We employed live-cell imaging, gene silencing and coimmunoprecipitation to investigate the requirement of associated kinases for functioning and ligand-induced subcellular trafficking of Cf RLPs that mediate immunity of tomato against Cladosporium fulvum. Our research shows that after elicitation with matching effector ligands Avr4 and Avr9, BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1/SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 3 (BAK1/SERK3) associates with Cf-4 and Cf-9. BAK1/SERK3 is required for the effector-triggered hypersensitive response and resistance of tomato against C. fulvum. Furthermore, Cf-4 interacts with SOBIR1 at the plasma membrane and is recruited to late endosomes upon Avr4 trigger, also depending on BAK1/SERK3. These observations indicate that RLP-mediated resistance and endocytosis require ligand-induced recruitment of BAK1/SERK3, reminiscent of BAK1/SERK3 interaction and subcellular fate of the FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) RLK. This reveals that diverse classes of cell surface immune receptors share common requirements for initiation of resistance and endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Postma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Thomas W H Liebrand
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guozhi Bi
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Evrard
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ruby R Bye
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Malick Mbengue
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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84
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Saur IML, Kadota Y, Sklenar J, Holton NJ, Smakowska E, Belkhadir Y, Zipfel C, Rathjen JP. NbCSPR underlies age-dependent immune responses to bacterial cold shock protein in Nicotiana benthamiana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3389-94. [PMID: 26944079 PMCID: PMC4812737 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1511847113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants use receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are typical of whole classes of microbes. After ligand perception, many leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing PRRs interact with the LRR-RK BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1). BAK1 is thus expected to interact with unknown PRRs. Here, we used BAK1 as molecular bait to identify a previously unknown LRR-RLP required for the recognition of the csp22 peptide derived from bacterial cold shock protein. We established a method to identify proteins that interact with BAK1 only after csp22 treatment. BAK1 was expressed transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana and immunopurified after treatment with csp22. BAK1-associated proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. We identified several proteins including known BAK1 interactors and a previously uncharacterized LRR-RLP that we termed RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN REQUIRED FOR CSP22 RESPONSIVENESS (NbCSPR). This RLP associates with BAK1 upon csp22 treatment, and NbCSPR-silenced plants are impaired in csp22-induced defense responses. NbCSPR confers resistance to bacteria in an age-dependent and flagellin-induced manner. As such, it limits bacterial growth and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of flowering N. benthamiana plants. Transgenic expression of NbCSPR into Arabidopsis thaliana conferred responsiveness to csp22 and antibacterial resistance. Our method may be used to identify LRR-type RKs and RLPs required for PAMP perception/responsiveness, even when the active purified PAMP has not been defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M L Saur
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yasuhiro Kadota
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Holton
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Elwira Smakowska
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology GmbH, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology GmbH, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom;
| | - John P Rathjen
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia;
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85
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Oomycete interactions with plants: infection strategies and resistance principles. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 79:263-80. [PMID: 26041933 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00010-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Oomycota include many economically significant microbial pathogens of crop species. Understanding the mechanisms by which oomycetes infect plants and identifying methods to provide durable resistance are major research goals. Over the last few years, many elicitors that trigger plant immunity have been identified, as well as host genes that mediate susceptibility to oomycete pathogens. The mechanisms behind these processes have subsequently been investigated and many new discoveries made, marking a period of exciting research in the oomycete pathology field. This review provides an introduction to our current knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms used by oomycetes, including elicitors and effectors, plus an overview of the major principles of host resistance: the established R gene hypothesis and the more recently defined susceptibility (S) gene model. Future directions for development of oomycete-resistant plants are discussed, along with ways that recent discoveries in the field of oomycete-plant interactions are generating novel means of studying how pathogen and symbiont colonizations overlap.
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86
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Jordá L, Sopeña-Torres S, Escudero V, Nuñez-Corcuera B, Delgado-Cerezo M, Torii KU, Molina A. ERECTA and BAK1 Receptor Like Kinases Interact to Regulate Immune Responses in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:897. [PMID: 27446127 PMCID: PMC4923796 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
ERECTA (ER) receptor-like kinase (RLK) regulates Arabidopsis thaliana organ growth, and inflorescence and stomatal development by interacting with the ERECTA-family genes (ERf) paralogs, ER-like 1 (ERL1) and ERL2, and the receptor-like protein (RLP) TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM). ER also controls immune responses and resistance to pathogens such as the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto) and the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina BMM (PcBMM). We found that er null-mutant plants overexpressing an ER dominant-negative version lacking the cytoplasmic kinase domain (ERΔK) showed an enhanced susceptibility to PcBMM, suggesting that ERΔK associates and forms inactive complexes with additional RLKs/RLPs required for PcBMM resistance. Genetic analyses demonstrated that ER acts in a combinatorial specific manner with ERL1, ERL2, and TMM to control PcBMM resistance. Moreover, BAK1 (BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated kinase 1) RLK, which together with ERf/TMM regulates stomatal patterning and resistance to Pto, was also found to have an unequal contribution with ER in regulating immune responses and resistance to PcBMM. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments in Nicotiana benthamiana further demonstrated BAK1-ER protein interaction. The secreted epidermal pattern factor peptides (EPF1 and EPF2), which are perceived by ERf members to specify stomatal patterning, do not seem to regulate ER-mediated immunity to PcBMM, since their inducible overexpression in A. thaliana did not impact on PcBMM resistance. Our results indicate that the multiproteic receptorsome formed by ERf, TMM and BAK1 modulates A. thaliana resistance to PcBMM, and suggest that the cues underlying ERf/TMM/BAK1-mediated immune responses are distinct from those regulating stomatal pattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Lucía Jordá,
| | - Sara Sopeña-Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Viviana Escudero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Nuñez-Corcuera
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Delgado-Cerezo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Keiko U. Torii
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, SeattleWA, USA
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
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87
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Chaparro-Garcia A, Schwizer S, Sklenar J, Yoshida K, Petre B, Bos JIB, Schornack S, Jones AME, Bozkurt TO, Kamoun S. Phytophthora infestans RXLR-WY Effector AVR3a Associates with Dynamin-Related Protein 2 Required for Endocytosis of the Plant Pattern Recognition Receptor FLS2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137071. [PMID: 26348328 PMCID: PMC4562647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens utilize effectors to suppress basal plant defense known as PTI (Pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity). However, our knowledge of PTI suppression by filamentous plant pathogens, i.e. fungi and oomycetes, remains fragmentary. Previous work revealed that the co-receptor BAK1/SERK3 contributes to basal immunity against the potato pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Moreover BAK1/SERK3 is required for the cell death induced by P. infestans elicitin INF1, a protein with characteristics of PAMPs. The P. infestans host-translocated RXLR-WY effector AVR3a is known to supress INF1-mediated cell death by binding the plant E3 ligase CMPG1. In contrast, AVR3aKI-Y147del, a deletion mutant of the C-terminal tyrosine of AVR3a, fails to bind CMPG1 and does not suppress INF1-mediated cell death. Here, we studied the extent to which AVR3a and its variants perturb additional BAK1/SERK3-dependent PTI responses in N. benthamiana using the elicitor/receptor pair flg22/FLS2 as a model. We found that all tested variants of AVR3a suppress defense responses triggered by flg22 and reduce internalization of activated FLS2. Moreover, we discovered that AVR3a associates with the Dynamin-Related Protein 2 (DRP2), a plant GTPase implicated in receptor-mediated endocytosis. Interestingly, silencing of DRP2 impaired ligand-induced FLS2 internalization but did not affect internalization of the growth receptor BRI1. Our results suggest that AVR3a associates with a key cellular trafficking and membrane-remodeling complex involved in immune receptor-mediated endocytosis. We conclude that AVR3a is a multifunctional effector that can suppress BAK1/SERK3-mediated immunity through at least two different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Schwizer
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Kentaro Yoshida
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jorunn I. B. Bos
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tolga O. Bozkurt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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88
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Adachi H, Nakano T, Miyagawa N, Ishihama N, Yoshioka M, Katou Y, Yaeno T, Shirasu K, Yoshioka H. WRKY Transcription Factors Phosphorylated by MAPK Regulate a Plant Immune NADPH Oxidase in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:2645-63. [PMID: 26373453 PMCID: PMC4815087 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen attack sequentially confers pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) after sensing of pathogen patterns and effectors by plant immune receptors, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play pivotal roles in PTI and ETI as signaling molecules. Nicotiana benthamiana RBOHB, an NADPH oxidase, is responsible for both the transient PTI ROS burst and the robust ETI ROS burst. Here, we show that RBOHB transactivation mediated by MAPK contributes to R3a/AVR3a-triggered ETI (AVR3a-ETI) ROS burst. RBOHB is markedly induced during the ETI and INF1-triggered PTI (INF1-PTI), but not flg22-tiggered PTI (flg22-PTI). We found that the RBOHB promoter contains a functional W-box in the R3a/AVR3a and INF1 signal-responsive cis-element. Ectopic expression of four phospho-mimicking mutants of WRKY transcription factors, which are MAPK substrates, induced RBOHB, and yeast one-hybrid analysis indicated that these mutants bind to the cis-element. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated direct binding of the WRKY to the cis-element in plants. Silencing of multiple WRKY genes compromised the upregulation of RBOHB, resulting in impairment of AVR3a-ETI and INF1-PTI ROS bursts, but not the flg22-PTI ROS burst. These results suggest that the MAPK-WRKY pathway is required for AVR3a-ETI and INF1-PTI ROS bursts by activation of RBOHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Adachi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | | | | | - Miki Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuri Katou
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Yaeno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN CSRS, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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89
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Manosalva P, Manohar M, Kogel KH, Kang HG, Klessig DF. The GHKL ATPase MORC1 Modulates Species-Specific Plant Immunity in Solanaceae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:927-42. [PMID: 25822715 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-14-0401-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The microrchidia (MORC) proteins, a subset of the GHKL ATPase superfamily, were recently described as components involved in transcriptional gene silencing and plant immunity in Arabidopsis. To assess the role of MORC1 during resistance to Phytophthora infestans in solanaceous species, we altered the expression of the corresponding MORC1 homologs in potato, tomato, and Nicotiana benthamiana. Basal resistance to P. infestans was compromised in StMORC1-silenced potato and enhanced in overexpressing lines, indicating that StMORC1 positively affects immunity. By contrast, silencing SlMORC1 expression in tomato or NbMORC1 expression in N. benthamiana enhanced basal resistance to this oomycete pathogen. In addition, silencing SlMORC1 further enhanced resistance conferred by two resistance genes in tomato. Transient expression of StMORC1 in N. benthamiana accelerated cell death induced by infestin1 (INF1), whereas SlMORC1 or NbMORC1 suppressed it. Domain-swapping and mutational analyses indicated that the C-terminal region dictates the species-specific effects of the solanaceous MORC1 proteins on INF1-induced cell death. This C-terminal region also was required for homodimerization and phosphorylation of recombinant StMORC1 and SlMORC1, and its transient expression induced spontaneous cell death in N. benthamiana. Thus, this C-terminal region likely plays important roles in both determining and modulating the biological activity of MORC1 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Manosalva
- 1 Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside 92521, U.S.A
| | - Murli Manohar
- 1 Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- 3 Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use, and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen D-35392, Germany; and
| | - Hong-Gu Kang
- 4 Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos 78666, U.S.A
| | - Daniel F Klessig
- 1 Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
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90
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Peng KC, Wang CW, Wu CH, Huang CT, Liou RF. Tomato SOBIR1/EVR Homologs Are Involved in Elicitin Perception and Plant Defense Against the Oomycete Pathogen Phytophthora parasitica. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:913-26. [PMID: 25710821 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-14-0405-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
During host-pathogen interactions, pattern recognition receptors form complexes with proteins, such as receptor-like kinases, to elicit pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), an evolutionarily conserved plant defense program. However, little is known about the components of the receptor complex, as are the molecular events leading to PTI induced by the oomycete Phytophthora pathogen. Here, we demonstrate that tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) SlSOBIR1 and SlSOBIR1-like genes are involved in defense responses to Phytophthora parasitica. Silencing of SlSOBIR1 and SlSOBIR1-like enhanced susceptibility to P. parasitica in tomato. Callose deposition, reactive oxygen species production, and PTI marker gene expression were compromised in SlSOBIR1- and SlSOBIR1-like-silenced plants. Interestingly, P. parasitica infection and elicitin (ParA1) treatment induced the relocalization of SlSOBIR1 from the plasma membrane to endosomal compartments and silencing of NbSOBIR1 compromised ParA1-mediated cell death on Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, the SlSOBIR1 kinase domain is indispensable for ParA1 to trigger SlSOBIR1 internalization and plant cell death. Taken together, these results support the idea of participation of solanaceous SOBIR1/EVR homologs in the perception of elicitins and indicate their important roles in plant basal defense against oomycete pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Chun Peng
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wen Wang
- 2 Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Tzu Huang
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Fen Liou
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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91
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Oliva RF, Cano LM, Raffaele S, Win J, Bozkurt TO, Belhaj K, Oh SK, Thines M, Kamoun S. A Recent Expansion of the RXLR Effector Gene Avrblb2 Is Maintained in Global Populations of Phytophthora infestans Indicating Different Contributions to Virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:901-12. [PMID: 25894205 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-14-0393-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The introgression of disease resistance (R) genes encoding immunoreceptors with broad-spectrum recognition into cultivated potato appears to be the most promising approach to achieve sustainable management of late blight caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Rpi-blb2 from Solanum bulbocastanum shows great potential for use in agriculture based on preliminary potato disease trials. Rpi-blb2 confers immunity by recognizing the P. infestans avirulence effector protein AVRblb2 after it is translocated inside the plant cell. This effector belongs to the RXLR class of effectors and is under strong positive selection. Structure-function analyses revealed a key polymorphic amino acid (position 69) in AVRblb2 effector that is critical for activation of Rpi-blb2. In this study, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of the Avrblb2 gene family and further characterized its genetic structure in worldwide populations. Our data indicate that Avrblb2 evolved as a single-copy gene in a putative ancestral species of P. infestans and has recently expanded in the Phytophthora spp. that infect solanaceous hosts. As a consequence, at least four variants of AVRblb2 arose in P. infestans. One of these variants, with a Phe residue at position 69, evades recognition by the cognate resistance gene. Surprisingly, all Avrblb2 variants are maintained in pathogen populations. This suggests a potential benefit for the pathogen in preserving duplicated versions of AVRblb2, possibly because the variants may have different contributions to pathogen fitness in a diversified solanaceous host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo F Oliva
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Liliana M Cano
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Win
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Khaoula Belhaj
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sang-Keun Oh
- 2 Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Marco Thines
- 3 Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BiK-F, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- 4 Goethe University, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Siesmayer. 70, D-60323 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- 5 Senckenberg Gesellschft für Naturforschung, Senckenbergallee 25, D-60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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92
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Xue R, Wu J, Zhu Z, Wang L, Wang X, Wang S, Blair MW. Differentially Expressed Genes in Resistant and Susceptible Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes in Response to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127698. [PMID: 26030070 PMCID: PMC4452237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. f.sp. phaseoli (Fop), is one of the most important diseases of common beans worldwide. Few natural sources of resistance to Fop exist and provide only moderate or partial levels of protection. Despite the economic importance of the disease across multiple crops, only a few of Fop induced genes have been analyzed in legumes. Therefore, our goal was to identify transcriptionally regulated genes during an incompatible interaction between common bean and the Fop pathogen using the cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) technique. We generated a total of 8,730 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) with 768 primer pairs based on the comparison of a moderately resistant and a susceptible genotype. In total, 423 TDFs (4.9%) displayed altered expression patterns after inoculation with Fop inoculum. We obtained full amplicon sequences for 122 selected TDFs, of which 98 were identified as annotated known genes in different functional categories based on their putative functions, 10 were predicted but non-annotated genes and 14 were not homologous to any known genes. The 98 TDFs encoding genes of known putative function were classified as related to metabolism (22), signal transduction (21), protein synthesis and processing (20), development and cytoskeletal organization (12), transport of proteins (7), gene expression and RNA metabolism (4), redox reactions (4), defense and stress responses (3), energy metabolism (3), and hormone responses (2). Based on the analyses of homology, 19 TDFs from different functional categories were chosen for expression analysis using quantitative RT-PCR. The genes found to be important here were implicated at various steps of pathogen infection and will allow a better understanding of the mechanisms of defense and resistance to Fop and similar pathogens. The differential response genes discovered here could also be used as molecular markers in association mapping or QTL analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfeng Xue
- Crop Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhendong Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lanfen Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shumin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SW); (MWB)
| | - Matthew W. Blair
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SW); (MWB)
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93
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Aan den Toorn M, Albrecht C, de Vries S. On the Origin of SERKs: Bioinformatics Analysis of the Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinases. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:762-82. [PMID: 25864910 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinases (SERKs) are leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases involved in several, seemingly unrelated, plant-signaling pathways. In Arabidopsis thaliana, functional and genetic analysis of four SERK proteins has indicated that they are only partly redundant; their functions overlap but each performs a specific subset of signaling roles. The molecular basis for the functional specificity within this highly homologous protein family is currently not known. Sequence analysis of SERK proteins from different plant species indicates that the SERKs are a highly conserved protein family present in monocots, dicots, and non-vascular plants. Residues in the extracellular domain that are important for interaction with other receptor kinases are highly conserved, even among SERK members without a function in the corresponding pathways. SERK2, for instance, does not function in the brassinosteroid pathway, does not interact with BRI1, but is conserved in its BRI1-interacting domain. Further sequence analysis indicates that SERK3/BAK1 and SERK4/BKK1 have diverged from the original SERK protein in both their extracellular and cytoplasmic domains. Functional analysis of chimeric SERK proteins shows that different domains provide the SERK proteins with different functional specificity. For instance, the SERK1 or SERK2 extracellular domains are essential for SERK function in male sporogenesis, while the SERK3 extracellular and cytoplasmic domains are essential for SERK3 activity in brassinosteroid and flagellin signaling. The emerging picture is that SERKs are ancient genes, whose products have been recruited as co-receptors in the newly evolved signaling pathways. The SERK ligand-binding and protein-protein interaction domains are highly conserved, allowing all SERKs to form complexes, albeit with different affinity. However, specific functional residues must have been altered, in both the extracellular and intracellular domains, to allow for the observed differences in functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Aan den Toorn
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Catherine Albrecht
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sacco de Vries
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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94
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Du J, Verzaux E, Chaparro-Garcia A, Bijsterbosch G, Keizer LCP, Zhou J, Liebrand TWH, Xie C, Govers F, Robatzek S, van der Vossen EAG, Jacobsen E, Visser RGF, Kamoun S, Vleeshouwers VGAA. Elicitin recognition confers enhanced resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15034. [PMID: 27247034 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Potato late blight, caused by the destructive Irish famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans, is a major threat to global food security(1,2). All late blight resistance genes identified to date belong to the coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat class of intracellular immune receptors(3). However, virulent races of the pathogen quickly evolved to evade recognition by these cytoplasmic immune receptors(4). Here we demonstrate that the receptor-like protein ELR (elicitin response) from the wild potato Solanum microdontum mediates extracellular recognition of the elicitin domain, a molecular pattern that is conserved in Phytophthora species. ELR associates with the immune co-receptor BAK1/SERK3 and mediates broad-spectrum recognition of elicitin proteins from several Phytophthora species, including four diverse elicitins from P. infestans. Transfer of ELR into cultivated potato resulted in enhanced resistance to P. infestans. Pyramiding cell surface pattern recognition receptors with intracellular immune receptors could maximize the potential of generating a broader and potentially more durable resistance to this devastating plant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China); Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Estelle Verzaux
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gerard Bijsterbosch
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ji Zhou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Thomas W H Liebrand
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Conghua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China); Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Edwin A G van der Vossen
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Jacobsen
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vivianne G A A Vleeshouwers
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
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95
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Adachi H, Yoshioka H. Kinase-mediated orchestration of NADPH oxidase in plant immunity. Brief Funct Genomics 2015; 14:253-9. [PMID: 25740095 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elv004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signalling molecules, which participate in multiple physiological processes including immune response, development, cell elongation and hormonal signalling in plants. Plant NADPH oxidase, termed respiratory burst oxidase homologue (RBOH), is frequently studied as a main player for pathogen-responsive ROS burst. Our understanding of the activation mechanism of RBOH after pathogen recognition has increased in recent years. In this review, we focus on kinase-mediated regulatory mechanisms of RBOHs. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are well known to activate RBOHs by direct phosphorylation. In addition to functions of CDPKs in plants, we also describe the involvement of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in fine-tuning RBOH activity at the post-translational and transcriptional levels, respectively.
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96
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Bozkurt TO, Belhaj K, Dagdas YF, Chaparro-Garcia A, Wu CH, Cano LM, Kamoun S. Rerouting of plant late endocytic trafficking toward a pathogen interface. Traffic 2015; 16:204-26. [PMID: 25430691 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of plant pathogenic and symbiotic microbes produce specialized cellular structures that invade host cells where they remain enveloped by host-derived membranes. The mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and functions of host-microbe interfaces are poorly understood. Here, we show that plant late endocytic trafficking is diverted toward the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM); a host-pathogen interface that develops in plant cells invaded by Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans. A late endosome and tonoplast marker protein Rab7 GTPase RabG3c, but not a tonoplast-localized sucrose transporter, is recruited to the EHM, suggesting specific rerouting of vacuole-targeted late endosomes to a host-pathogen interface. We revealed the dynamic nature of this process by showing that, upon activation, a cell surface immune receptor traffics toward the haustorial interface. Our work provides insight into the biogenesis of the EHM and reveals dynamic processes that recruit membrane compartments and immune receptors to this host-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga O Bozkurt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK; Current address: Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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97
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Ma L, Borhan MH. The receptor-like kinase SOBIR1 interacts with Brassica napus LepR3 and is required for Leptosphaeria maculans AvrLm1-triggered immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:933. [PMID: 26579176 PMCID: PMC4625043 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Leptosphaeria maculans (L. maculans) is the causal agent of blackleg disease of canola/oilseed rape (Brassica napus) worldwide. We previously reported cloning of the B. napus blackleg resistance gene, LepR3, which encodes a receptor-like protein. LepR3 triggers localized cell death upon recognition of its cognate Avr protein, AvrLm1. Here, we exploited the Nicotiana benthamiana model plant to investigate the recognition mechanism of AvrLm1 by LepR3. Co-expression of the LepR3/AvrLm1 gene pair in N. benthamiana resulted in development of a hypersensitive response (HR). However, a truncated AvrLm1 lacking its indigenous signal peptide was compromised in its ability to induce LepR3-mediated HR, indicating that AvrLm1 is perceived by LepR3 extracellularly. Structure-function analysis of the AvrLm1 protein revealed that the C-terminal region of AvrLm1 was required for LepR3-mediated HR in N. benthamiana and for resistance to L. maculans in B. napus. LepR3 was shown to be physically interacting with the B. napus receptor like kinase, SOBIR1 (BnSOBIR1). Silencing of NbSOBIR1 or NbSERK3 (BAK1) compromised LepR3-AvrLm1-dependent HR in N. benthamiana, suggesting that LepR3-mediated resistance to L. maculans in B. napus requires SOBIR1 and BAK1/SERK3. Using this model system, we determined that BnSOBIR1 and SERK3/BAK1 are essential partners in the LepR3 signaling complex and were able to define the AvrLm1 effector domain.
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98
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Giannakopoulou A, Schornack S, Bozkurt TO, Haart D, Ro DK, Faraldos JA, Kamoun S, O’Maille PE. Variation in capsidiol sensitivity between Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora capsici is consistent with their host range. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107462. [PMID: 25203155 PMCID: PMC4159330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants protect themselves against a variety of invading pathogenic organisms via sophisticated defence mechanisms. These responses include deployment of specialized antimicrobial compounds, such as phytoalexins, that rapidly accumulate at pathogen infection sites. However, the extent to which these compounds contribute to species-level resistance and their spectrum of action remain poorly understood. Capsidiol, a defense related phytoalexin, is produced by several solanaceous plants including pepper and tobacco during microbial attack. Interestingly, capsidiol differentially affects growth and germination of the oomycete pathogens Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora capsici, although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study we revisited the differential effect of capsidiol on P. infestans and P. capsici, using highly pure capsidiol preparations obtained from yeast engineered to express the capsidiol biosynthetic pathway. Taking advantage of transgenic Phytophthora strains expressing fluorescent markers, we developed a fluorescence-based method to determine the differential effect of capsidiol on Phytophtora growth. Using these assays, we confirm major differences in capsidiol sensitivity between P. infestans and P. capsici and demonstrate that capsidiol alters the growth behaviour of both Phytophthora species. Finally, we report intraspecific variation within P. infestans isolates towards capsidiol tolerance pointing to an arms race between the plant and the pathogens in deployment of defence related phytoalexins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tolga O. Bozkurt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Imperial College, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Haart
- Institute of Food Research, Food & Health Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Juan A. Faraldos
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul E. O’Maille
- Institute of Food Research, Food & Health Programme, Norwich, United Kingdom
- John Innes Centre, Department of Metabolic Biology, Norwich, United Kingdom
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99
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Ali SS, Gunupuru LR, Kumar GBS, Khan M, Scofield S, Nicholson P, Doohan FM. Plant disease resistance is augmented in uzu barley lines modified in the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:227. [PMID: 25135116 PMCID: PMC4158134 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brassinosteroid hormones regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. The membrane receptor BRI1 is a central player in the brassinosteroid signaling cascade. Semi-dwarf 'uzu' barley carries a mutation in a conserved domain of the kinase tail of BRI1 and this mutant allele is recognised for its positive contribution to both yield and lodging resistance. RESULTS Here we show that uzu barley exhibits enhanced resistance to a range of pathogens. It was due to a combination of preformed, inducible and constitutive defence responses, as determined by a combination of transcriptomic and biochemical studies. Gene expression studies were used to determine that the uzu derivatives are attenuated in downstream brassinosteroid signaling. The reduction of BRI1 RNA levels via virus-induced gene silencing compromised uzu disease resistance. CONCLUSIONS The pathogen resistance of uzu derivatives may be due to pleiotropic effects of BRI1 or the cascade effects of their repressed BR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin S Ali
- />Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- />SPCL, USDA/ARS Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Lokanadha R Gunupuru
- />Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - G B Sunil Kumar
- />Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mojibur Khan
- />Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- />Present address: Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati -35, India
| | - Steve Scofield
- />Department of Agronomy, USDA-ARS, Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit and Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Paul Nicholson
- />Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
| | - Fiona M Doohan
- />Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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100
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Bozkurt TO, Richardson A, Dagdas YF, Mongrand S, Kamoun S, Raffaele S. The Plant Membrane-Associated REMORIN1.3 Accumulates in Discrete Perihaustorial Domains and Enhances Susceptibility to Phytophthora infestans. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1005-1018. [PMID: 24808104 PMCID: PMC4081318 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.235804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous pathogens such as the oomycete Phytophthora infestans infect plants by developing specialized structures termed haustoria inside the host cells. Haustoria are thought to enable the secretion of effector proteins into the plant cells. Haustorium biogenesis, therefore, is critical for pathogen accommodation in the host tissue. Haustoria are enveloped by a specialized host-derived membrane, the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM), which is distinct from the plant plasma membrane. The mechanisms underlying the biogenesis of the EHM are unknown. Remarkably, several plasma membrane-localized proteins are excluded from the EHM, but the remorin REM1.3 accumulates around P. infestans haustoria. Here, we used overexpression, colocalization with reporter proteins, and superresolution microscopy in cells infected by P. infestans to reveal discrete EHM domains labeled by REM1.3 and the P. infestans effector AVRblb2. Moreover, SYNAPTOTAGMIN1, another previously identified perihaustorial protein, localized to subdomains that are mainly not labeled by REM1.3 and AVRblb2. Functional characterization of REM1.3 revealed that it is a susceptibility factor that promotes infection by P. infestans. This activity, and REM1.3 recruitment to the EHM, require the REM1.3 membrane-binding domain. Our results implicate REM1.3 membrane microdomains in plant susceptibility to an oomycete pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga O Bozkurt
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (T.O.B., A.R., Y.F.D., S.K., S.R.);Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.O.B.);John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.R.);Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Bordeaux Segalen-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France (S.M.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Unité Mixte de Recherche 2594 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (S.R.)
| | - Annis Richardson
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (T.O.B., A.R., Y.F.D., S.K., S.R.);Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.O.B.);John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.R.);Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Bordeaux Segalen-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France (S.M.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Unité Mixte de Recherche 2594 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (S.R.)
| | - Yasin F Dagdas
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (T.O.B., A.R., Y.F.D., S.K., S.R.);Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.O.B.);John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.R.);Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Bordeaux Segalen-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France (S.M.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Unité Mixte de Recherche 2594 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (S.R.)
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (T.O.B., A.R., Y.F.D., S.K., S.R.);Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.O.B.);John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.R.);Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Bordeaux Segalen-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France (S.M.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Unité Mixte de Recherche 2594 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (S.R.)
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (T.O.B., A.R., Y.F.D., S.K., S.R.);Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.O.B.);John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.R.);Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Bordeaux Segalen-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France (S.M.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Unité Mixte de Recherche 2594 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (S.R.)
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (T.O.B., A.R., Y.F.D., S.K., S.R.);Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom (T.O.B.);John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.R.);Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Bordeaux Segalen-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France (S.M.); andLaboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Unité Mixte de Recherche 2594 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France (S.R.)
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