51
|
Etna MP, Severa M, Licursi V, Pardini M, Cruciani M, Rizzo F, Giacomini E, Macchia G, Palumbo O, Stallone R, Carella M, Livingstone M, Negri R, Pellegrini S, Coccia EM. Genome-Wide Gene Expression Analysis of Mtb-Infected DC Highlights the Rapamycin-Driven Modulation of Regulatory Cytokines via the mTOR/GSK-3β Axis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:649475. [PMID: 33936070 PMCID: PMC8086600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In human primary dendritic cells (DC) rapamycin-an autophagy inducer and protein synthesis inhibitor-overcomes the autophagy block induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and promotes a Th1 response via IL-12 secretion. Here, the immunostimulatory activity of rapamycin in Mtb-infected DC was further investigated by analyzing both transcriptome and translatome gene profiles. Hundreds of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by transcriptome and translatome analyses of Mtb-infected DC, and some of these genes were found further modulated by rapamycin. The majority of transcriptome-associated DEGs overlapped with those present in the translatome, suggesting that transcriptionally stimulated mRNAs are also actively translated. In silico analysis of DEGs revealed significant changes in intracellular cascades related to cytokine production, cytokine-induced signaling and immune response to pathogens. In particular, rapamycin treatment of Mtb-infected DC caused an enrichment of IFN-β, IFN-λ and IFN-stimulated gene transcripts in the polysome-associated RNA fraction. In addition, rapamycin led to an increase of IL-12, IL-23, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α but to a reduction of IL-10. Interestingly, upon silencing or pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3β, the rapamycin-driven modulation of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance was lost, indicating that, in Mtb-infected DC, GSK-3β acts as molecular switch for the regulation of the cytokine milieu. In conclusion, our study sheds light on the molecular mechanism by which autophagy induction contributes to DC activation during Mtb infection and points to rapamycin and GSK-3β modulators as promising compounds for host-directed therapy in the control of Mtb infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilena P Etna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Severa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Licursi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Pardini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Cruciani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Rizzo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Giacomini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Orazio Palumbo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Raffaella Stallone
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Massimo Carella
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS-Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Mark Livingstone
- Cytokine Signaling Unit, Inserm, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Rodolfo Negri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Eliana M Coccia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Pan A, Li Y, Guan J, Zhang P, Zhang C, Han Y, Zhang T, Cheng Y, Sun L, Lu S, Weng J, Ren Q, Fan S, Wang W, Wang J. USP18-deficiency in cervical carcinoma is crucial for the malignant behavior of tumor cells in an ERK signal-dependent manner. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:421. [PMID: 33850562 PMCID: PMC8025074 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific peptidase (USP)18 belongs to the USP family, and is involved in cleaving and removing ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like molecules from their target molecules. Recently, increasing evidence has suggested that USP18 is constitutively expressed in different types of human tumors, and ectopic expression or downregulation of USP18 expression may contribute to tumorigenesis. However, the role of USP18 in uterine cervical cancer (UCC) remains unclear. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate USP18 expression in a human tissue microarray constructed using UCC and non-cancer cervical tissues, and to determine the potential role and molecular mechanism by which USP18 is implicated in the tumor biology of human UCC HeLa cells. Microarray analysis demonstrated that USP18 protein expression was downregulated in tumor tissues compared with in normal tissues. In addition, in vitro analysis revealed that USP18-knockdown markedly promoted the proliferation, colony formation, migration and aggressiveness of HeLa cells. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that USP18-knockdown increased the levels of Bcl-2, STAT3 and phosphorylated-ERK in HeLa cells. Notably, USP18 silencing-induced malignant phenotypes were interrupted following exogenous administration of the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. Overall, the results of the present study suggested that USP18 may be a potent inhibitor involved in UCC tumor-associated biological behaviors, which are associated with the ERK signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aonan Pan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Second Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Departments of Immunology and Etiology, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Jian Guan
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154002, P.R. China
| | - Pengxia Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Chunbin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Yupeng Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154002, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Departments of Immunology and Etiology, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154002, P.R. China
| | - Luo Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154002, P.R. China
| | - Shizhen Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Jinru Weng
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154002, P.R. China
| | - Qiaosheng Ren
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154002, P.R. China
| | - Shengjie Fan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Rehabilitation Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Weiqun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Attilio PJ, Snapper DM, Rusnak M, Isaac A, Soltis AR, Wilkerson MD, Dalgard CL, Symes AJ. Transcriptomic Analysis of Mouse Brain After Traumatic Brain Injury Reveals That the Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Candesartan Acts Through Novel Pathways. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:636259. [PMID: 33828448 PMCID: PMC8019829 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.636259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in complex pathological reactions, where the initial lesion is followed by secondary inflammation and edema. Our laboratory and others have reported that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have efficacy in improving recovery from traumatic brain injury in mice. Treatment of mice with a subhypotensive dose of the ARB candesartan results in improved functional recovery, and reduced pathology (lesion volume, inflammation and gliosis). In order to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms through which candesartan improves recovery after controlled cortical impact injury (CCI), we performed transcriptomic profiling on brain regions after injury and drug treatment. We examined RNA expression in the ipsilateral hippocampus, thalamus and hypothalamus at 3 or 29 days post injury (dpi) treated with either candesartan (0.1 mg/kg) or vehicle. RNA was isolated and analyzed by bulk mRNA-seq. Gene expression in injured and/or candesartan treated brain region was compared to that in sham vehicle treated mice in the same brain region to identify genes that were differentially expressed (DEGs) between groups. The most DEGs were expressed in the hippocampus at 3 dpi, and the number of DEGs reduced with distance and time from the lesion. Among pathways that were differentially expressed at 3 dpi after CCI, candesartan treatment altered genes involved in angiogenesis, interferon signaling, extracellular matrix regulation including integrins and chromosome maintenance and DNA replication. At 29 dpi, candesartan treatment reduced the expression of genes involved in the inflammatory response. Some changes in gene expression were confirmed in a separate cohort of animals by qPCR. Fewer DEGs were found in the thalamus, and only one in the hypothalamus at 3 dpi. Additionally, in the hippocampi of sham injured mice, 3 days of candesartan treatment led to the differential expression of 384 genes showing that candesartan in the absence of injury had a powerful impact on gene expression specifically in the hippocampus. Our results suggest that candesartan has broad actions in the brain after injury and affects different processes at acute and chronic times after injury. These data should assist in elucidating the beneficial effect of candesartan on recovery from TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Attilio
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dustin M. Snapper
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Milan Rusnak
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Akira Isaac
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Anthony R. Soltis
- The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew D. Wilkerson
- The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clifton L. Dalgard
- The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Aviva J. Symes
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Freij BJ, Hanrath AT, Chen R, Hambleton S, Duncan CJA. Life-Threatening Influenza, Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis and Probable Vaccine-Strain Varicella in a Novel Case of Homozygous STAT2 Deficiency. Front Immunol 2021; 11:624415. [PMID: 33679716 PMCID: PMC7930908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.624415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT2 is a transcription factor that plays an essential role in antiviral immunity by mediating the activity of type I and III interferons (IFN-I and IFN-III). It also has a recently established function in the negative regulation of IFN-I signaling. Homozygous STAT2 deficiency is an ultra-rare inborn error of immunity which provides unique insight into the pathologic consequence of STAT2 dysfunction. We report here a novel genetic cause of homozygous STAT2 deficiency with several notable clinical features. The proband presented aged 12 months with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) closely followed by clinical varicella, both occurring within three weeks of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) and varicella vaccinations. There was a history of life-threatening influenza A virus (IAV) disease 2 months previously. Genetic investigation uncovered homozygosity for a novel nonsense variant in STAT2 (c. 1999C>T, p. Arg667Ter) that abrogated STAT2 protein expression. Compatible with STAT2 deficiency, dermal fibroblasts from the child demonstrated a defect of interferon-stimulated gene expression and a failure to mount an antiviral state in response to treatment with IFN-I, a phenotype that was rescued by lentiviral complementation by wild type STAT2. This case significantly expands the phenotypic spectrum of STAT2 deficiency. The occurrence of life-threatening influenza, which has not previously been reported in this condition, adds STAT2 to the list of monogenetic causes of this phenotype and underscores the critical importance of IFN-I and IFN-III to influenza immunity. The development of probable vaccine-strain varicella is also a novel occurrence in STAT2 deficiency, implying a role for IFN-I/III immunity in control of attenuated varicella zoster virus in vivo and reinforcing the susceptibility to pathologic effects of live-attenuated viral vaccines in disorders of IFN-I immunity. Finally, the occurrence of HLH in this case reinforces emerging links to hyperinflammation in patients with STAT2 deficiency and other related defects of IFN-I signaling-highlighting an important avenue for further scientific enquiry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bishara J. Freij
- Pediatric Department, Beaumont Children's Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Aidan T. Hanrath
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Chen
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. A. Duncan
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Rubino E, Cruciani M, Tchitchek N, Le Tortorec A, Rolland AD, Veli Ö, Vallet L, Gaggi G, Michel F, Dejucq-Rainsford N, Pellegrini S. Human Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase 18 Is Regulated by microRNAs via the 3'Untranslated Region, A Sequence Duplicated in Long Intergenic Non-coding RNA Genes Residing in chr22q11.21. Front Genet 2021; 11:627007. [PMID: 33633774 PMCID: PMC7901961 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.627007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18) acts as gatekeeper of type I interferon (IFN) responses by binding to the IFN receptor subunit IFNAR2 and preventing activation of the downstream JAK/STAT pathway. In any given cell type, the level of USP18 is a key determinant of the output of IFN-stimulated transcripts. How the baseline level of USP18 is finely tuned in different cell types remains ill defined. Here, we identified microRNAs (miRNAs) that efficiently target USP18 through binding to the 3’untranslated region (3’UTR). Among these, three miRNAs are particularly enriched in circulating monocytes which exhibit low baseline USP18. Intriguingly, the USP18 3’UTR sequence is duplicated in human and chimpanzee genomes. In humans, four USP18 3’UTR copies were previously found to be embedded in long intergenic non-coding (linc) RNA genes residing in chr22q11.21 and known as FAM247A-D. Here, we further characterized their sequence and measured their expression profile in human tissues. Importantly, we describe an additional lincRNA bearing USP18 3’UTR (here linc-UR-B1) that is expressed only in testis. RNA-seq data analyses from testicular cell subsets revealed a positive correlation between linc-UR-B1 and USP18 expression in spermatocytes and spermatids. Overall, our findings uncover a set of miRNAs and lincRNAs, which may be part of a network evolved to fine-tune baseline USP18, particularly in cell types where IFN responsiveness needs to be tightly controlled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erminia Rubino
- Unit of Cytokine Signaling, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, Paris, France.,École Doctorale Physiologie, Physiopathologie et Thérapeutique, ED394, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Melania Cruciani
- Unit of Cytokine Signaling, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- École Doctorale Physiologie, Physiopathologie et Thérapeutique, ED394, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,i3 research unit, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière-Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Anna Le Tortorec
- UMR_S1085, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), EHESP, Inserm, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Antoine D Rolland
- UMR_S1085, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), EHESP, Inserm, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Önay Veli
- Unit of Cytokine Signaling, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, Paris, France
| | - Leslie Vallet
- Unit of Cytokine Signaling, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Gaggi
- Unit of Cytokine Signaling, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Michel
- Unit of Cytokine Signaling, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- UMR_S1085, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), EHESP, Inserm, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Sandra Pellegrini
- Unit of Cytokine Signaling, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Zanin N, Viaris de Lesegno C, Lamaze C, Blouin CM. Interferon Receptor Trafficking and Signaling: Journey to the Cross Roads. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615603. [PMID: 33552080 PMCID: PMC7855707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Like most plasma membrane proteins, type I interferon (IFN) receptor (IFNAR) traffics from the outer surface to the inner compartments of the cell. Long considered as a passive means to simply control subunits availability at the plasma membrane, an array of new evidence establishes IFNAR endocytosis as an active contributor to the regulation of signal transduction triggered by IFN binding to IFNAR. During its complex journey initiated at the plasma membrane, the internalized IFNAR complex, i.e. IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 subunits, will experience post-translational modifications and recruit specific effectors. These finely tuned interactions will determine not only IFNAR subunits destiny (lysosomal degradation vs. plasma membrane recycling) but also the control of IFN-induced signal transduction. Finally, the IFNAR system perfectly illustrates the paradigm of the crosstalk between membrane trafficking and intracellular signaling. Investigating the complexity of IFN receptor intracellular routes is therefore necessary to reveal new insight into the role of IFNAR membrane dynamics in type I IFNs signaling selectivity and biological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Zanin
- NDORMS, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Viaris de Lesegno
- Institut Curie-Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signalling Laboratory, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3666, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- Institut Curie-Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signalling Laboratory, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3666, Paris, France
| | - Cedric M Blouin
- Institut Curie-Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Membrane Dynamics and Mechanics of Intracellular Signalling Laboratory, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3666, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Furuyama W, Shifflett K, Pinski AN, Griffin AJ, Feldmann F, Okumura A, Gourdine T, Jankeel A, Lovaglio J, Hanley PW, Thomas T, Clancy CS, Messaoudi I, O'Donnell KL, Marzi A. Rapid protection from COVID-19 in nonhuman primates vaccinated intramuscularly but not intranasally with a single dose of a recombinant vaccine. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33501447 PMCID: PMC7836117 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.19.426885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to exert a significant burden on health care systems worldwide. With limited treatments available, vaccination remains an effective strategy to counter transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recent discussions concerning vaccination strategies have focused on identifying vaccine platforms, number of doses, route of administration, and time to reach peak immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we generated a single dose, fast-acting vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine derived from the licensed Ebola virus (EBOV) vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV, expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the EBOV glycoprotein (VSV-SARS2-EBOV). Rhesus macaques vaccinated intramuscularly (IM) with a single dose of VSV-SARS2-EBOV were protected within 10 days and did not show signs of COVID-19 pneumonia. In contrast, intranasal (IN) vaccination resulted in limited immunogenicity and enhanced COVID-19 pneumonia compared to control animals. While IM and IN vaccination both induced neutralizing antibody titers, only IM vaccination resulted in a significant cellular immune response. RNA sequencing data bolstered these results by revealing robust activation of the innate and adaptive immune transcriptional signatures in the lungs of IM-vaccinated animals only. Overall, the data demonstrates that VSV-SARS2-EBOV is a potent single-dose COVID-19 vaccine candidate that offers rapid protection based on the protective efficacy observed in our study. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY VSV vaccine protects NHPs from COVID-19 in 10 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Furuyama
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kyle Shifflett
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Amanda N Pinski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Amanda J Griffin
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Tylisha Gourdine
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Allen Jankeel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Patrick W Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Tina Thomas
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Chad S Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kyle L O'Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Wittling MC, Cahalan SR, Levenson EA, Rabin RL. Shared and Unique Features of Human Interferon-Beta and Interferon-Alpha Subtypes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:605673. [PMID: 33542718 PMCID: PMC7850986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.605673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) were first discovered as an antiviral factor by Isaacs and Lindenmann in 1957, but they are now known to also modulate innate and adaptive immunity and suppress proliferation of cancer cells. While much has been revealed about IFN-I, it remains a mystery as to why there are 16 different IFN-I gene products, including IFNβ, IFNω, and 12 subtypes of IFNα. Here, we discuss shared and unique aspects of these IFN-I in the context of their evolution, expression patterns, and signaling through their shared heterodimeric receptor. We propose that rather than investigating responses to individual IFN-I, these contexts can serve as an alternative approach toward investigating roles for IFNα subtypes. Finally, we review uses of IFNα and IFNβ as therapeutic agents to suppress chronic viral infections or to treat multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megen C Wittling
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Shannon R Cahalan
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Eric A Levenson
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ronald L Rabin
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Fox LE, Locke MC, Lenschow DJ. Context Is Key: Delineating the Unique Functions of IFNα and IFNβ in Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606874. [PMID: 33408718 PMCID: PMC7779635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical effector cytokines of the immune system and were originally known for their important role in protecting against viral infections; however, they have more recently been shown to play protective or detrimental roles in many disease states. Type I IFNs consist of IFNα, IFNβ, IFNϵ, IFNκ, IFNω, and a few others, and they all signal through a shared receptor to exert a wide range of biological activities, including antiviral, antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and immunomodulatory effects. Though the individual type I IFN subtypes possess overlapping functions, there is growing appreciation that they also have unique properties. In this review, we summarize some of the mechanisms underlying differential expression of and signaling by type I IFNs, and we discuss examples of differential functions of IFNα and IFNβ in models of infectious disease, cancer, and autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E Fox
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marissa C Locke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deborah J Lenschow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Stanifer ML, Guo C, Doldan P, Boulant S. Importance of Type I and III Interferons at Respiratory and Intestinal Barrier Surfaces. Front Immunol 2020; 11:608645. [PMID: 33362795 PMCID: PMC7759678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.608645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) constitute the first line of defense against microbial infections particularly against viruses. They provide antiviral properties to cells by inducing the expression of hundreds of genes known as interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). The two most important IFNs that can be produced by virtually all cells in the body during intrinsic innate immune response belong to two distinct families: the type I and type III IFNs. The type I IFN receptor is ubiquitously expressed whereas the type III IFN receptor's expression is limited to epithelial cells and a subset of immune cells. While originally considered to be redundant, type III IFNs have now been shown to play a unique role in protecting mucosal surfaces against pathogen challenges. The mucosal specific functions of type III IFN do not solely rely on the restricted epithelial expression of its receptor but also on the distinct means by which type III IFN mediates its anti-pathogen functions compared to the type I IFN. In this review we first provide a general overview on IFNs and present the similarities and differences in the signal transduction pathways leading to the expression of either type I or type III IFNs. By highlighting the current state-of-knowledge of the two archetypical mucosal surfaces (e.g. the respiratory and intestinal epitheliums), we present the differences in the signaling cascades used by type I and type III IFNs to uniquely induce the expression of ISGs. We then discuss in detail the role of each IFN in controlling pathogen infections in intestinal and respiratory epithelial cells. Finally, we provide our perspective on novel concepts in the field of IFN (stochasticity, response heterogeneity, cellular polarization/differentiation and tissue microenvironment) that we believe have implications in driving the differences between type I and III IFNs and could explain the preferences for type III IFNs at mucosal surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Stanifer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cuncai Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patricio Doldan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Research Group “Cellular polarity and viral infection”, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Agarwal S, Vierbuchen T, Ghosh S, Chan J, Jiang Z, Kandasamy RK, Ricci E, Fitzgerald KA. The long non-coding RNA LUCAT1 is a negative feedback regulator of interferon responses in humans. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6348. [PMID: 33311506 PMCID: PMC7733444 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs are important regulators of biological processes including immune responses. The immunoregulatory functions of lncRNAs have been revealed primarily in murine models with limited understanding of lncRNAs in human immune responses. Here, we identify lncRNA LUCAT1 which is upregulated in human myeloid cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and other innate immune stimuli. Targeted deletion of LUCAT1 in myeloid cells increases expression of type I interferon stimulated genes in response to LPS. By contrast, increased LUCAT1 expression results in a reduction of the inducible ISG response. In activated cells, LUCAT1 is enriched in the nucleus where it associates with chromatin. Further, LUCAT1 limits transcription of interferon stimulated genes by interacting with STAT1 in the nucleus. Together, our study highlights the role of the lncRNA LUCAT1 as a post-induction feedback regulator which functions to restrain the immune response in human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiuli Agarwal
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Tim Vierbuchen
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Sreya Ghosh
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jennie Chan
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Zhaozhao Jiang
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Richard K Kandasamy
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emiliano Ricci
- Université de Lyon, ENSL, UCBL, CNRS, INSERM, LBMC, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Lozhkov AA, Klotchenko SA, Ramsay ES, Moshkoff HD, Moshkoff DA, Vasin AV, Salvato MS. The Key Roles of Interferon Lambda in Human Molecular Defense against Respiratory Viral Infections. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9120989. [PMID: 33255985 PMCID: PMC7760417 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9120989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are crucial for the innate immune response. Slightly more than two decades ago, a new type of IFN was discovered: the lambda IFN (type III IFN). Like other IFN, the type III IFN display antiviral activity against a wide variety of infections, they induce expression of antiviral, interferon-stimulated genes (MX1, OAS, IFITM1), and they have immuno-modulatory activities that shape adaptive immune responses. Unlike other IFN, the type III IFN signal through distinct receptors is limited to a few cell types, primarily mucosal epithelial cells. As a consequence of their greater and more durable production in nasal and respiratory tissues, they can determine the outcome of respiratory infections. This review is focused on the role of IFN-λ in the pathogenesis of respiratory viral infections, with influenza as a prime example. The influenza virus is a major public health problem, causing up to half a million lethal infections annually. Moreover, the virus has been the cause of four pandemics over the last century. Although IFN-λ are increasingly being tested in antiviral therapy, they can have a negative influence on epithelial tissue recovery and increase the risk of secondary bacterial infections. Therefore, IFN-λ expression deserves increased scrutiny as a key factor in the host immune response to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Lozhkov
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.L.); (D.A.M.); (A.V.V.)
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 196376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (S.A.K.); (E.S.R.)
| | - Sergey A. Klotchenko
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 196376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (S.A.K.); (E.S.R.)
| | - Edward S. Ramsay
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 196376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (S.A.K.); (E.S.R.)
| | - Herman D. Moshkoff
- Russian Technological University (MIREA), 119454 Moscow, Russia;
- US Pharma Biotechnology, Inc., 5000 Thayer Center, Suite C, Oakland, MD 21550, USA
| | - Dmitry A. Moshkoff
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.L.); (D.A.M.); (A.V.V.)
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 196376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (S.A.K.); (E.S.R.)
- US Pharma Biotechnology, Inc., 5000 Thayer Center, Suite C, Oakland, MD 21550, USA
- Global Virus Network(GVN), 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Andrey V. Vasin
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.L.); (D.A.M.); (A.V.V.)
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 196376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (S.A.K.); (E.S.R.)
- Global Virus Network(GVN), 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- St. Petersburg State Chemical-Pharmaceutical Academy, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria S. Salvato
- Global Virus Network(GVN), 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Walter MR. The Role of Structure in the Biology of Interferon Signaling. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606489. [PMID: 33281831 PMCID: PMC7689341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines with the unique ability to induce cell intrinsic programs that enhance resistance to viral infection. Induction of an antiviral state at the cell, tissue, organ, and organismal level is performed by three distinct IFN families, designated as Type-I, Type-II, and Type-III IFNs. Overall, there are 21 human IFNs, (16 type-I, 12 IFNαs, IFNβ, IFNϵ, IFNκ, and IFNω; 1 type-II, IFNγ; and 4 type-III, IFNλ1, IFNλ2, IFNλ3, and IFNλ4), that induce pleotropic cellular activities essential for innate and adaptive immune responses against virus and other pathogens. IFN signaling is initiated by binding to distinct heterodimeric receptor complexes. The three-dimensional structures of the type-I (IFNα/IFNAR1/IFNAR2), type-II (IFNγ/IFNGR1/IFNGR2), and type-III (IFNλ3/IFNλR1/IL10R2) signaling complexes have been determined. Here, we highlight similar and unique features of the IFNs, their cell surface complexes and discuss their role in inducing downstream IFN signaling responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Walter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Kumar V. Toll-like receptors in sepsis-associated cytokine storm and their endogenous negative regulators as future immunomodulatory targets. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107087. [PMID: 33075714 PMCID: PMC7550173 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis infects more than 48.9 million people world-wide, with 19.7 million deaths. Cytokine storm plays a significant role in sepsis, along with severe COVID-19. TLR signaling pathways plays a crucial role in generating the cytokine storm. Endogenous negative regulators of TLR signaling are crucial to regulate cytokine storm.
Cytokine storm generates during various systemic acute infections, including sepsis and current pandemic called COVID-19 (severe) causing devastating inflammatory conditions, which include multi-organ failure or multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and death of the patient. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the major pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by immune cells as well as non-immune cells, including neurons, which play a crucial role in generating cytokine storm. They recognize microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, expressed by pathogens) and damage or death-associate molecular patterns (DAMPs; released and/expressed by damaged/killed host cells). Upon recognition of MAMPs and DAMPs, TLRs activate downstream signaling pathways releasing several pro-inflammatory mediators [cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS or RNS)], which cause acute inflammation meant to control the pathogen and repair the damage. Induction of an exaggerated response due to genetic makeup of the host and/or persistence of the pathogen due to its evasion mechanisms may lead to severe systemic inflammatory condition called sepsis in response to the generation of cytokine storm and organ dysfunction. The activation of TLR-induced inflammatory response is hardwired to the induction of several negative feedback mechanisms that come into play to conclude the response and maintain immune homeostasis. This state-of-the-art review describes the importance of TLR signaling in the onset of the sepsis-associated cytokine storm and discusses various host-derived endogenous negative regulators of TLR signaling pathways. The subject is very important as there is a vast array of genes and processes implicated in these negative feedback mechanisms. These molecules and mechanisms can be targeted for developing novel therapeutic drugs for cytokine storm-associated diseases, including sepsis, severe COVID-19, and other inflammatory diseases, where TLR-signaling plays a significant role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Children Health Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Guo K, Shen G, Kibbie J, Gonzalez T, Dillon SM, Smith HA, Cooper EH, Lavender K, Hasenkrug KJ, Sutter K, Dittmer U, Kroehl M, Kechris K, Wilson CC, Santiago ML. Qualitative Differences Between the IFNα subtypes and IFNβ Influence Chronic Mucosal HIV-1 Pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008986. [PMID: 33064743 PMCID: PMC7592919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Type I Interferons (IFN-Is) are innate antiviral cytokines that include 12 different IFNα subtypes and IFNβ that signal through the IFN-I receptor (IFNAR), inducing hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that comprise the 'interferome'. Quantitative differences in IFNAR binding correlate with antiviral activity, but whether IFN-Is exhibit qualitative differences remains controversial. Moreover, the IFN-I response is protective during acute HIV-1 infection, but likely pathogenic during the chronic stages. To gain a deeper understanding of the IFN-I response, we compared the interferomes of IFNα subtypes dominantly-expressed in HIV-1-exposed plasmacytoid dendritic cells (1, 2, 5, 8 and 14) and IFNβ in the earliest cellular targets of HIV-1 infection. Primary gut CD4 T cells from 3 donors were treated for 18 hours ex vivo with individual IFN-Is normalized for IFNAR signaling strength. Of 1,969 IFN-regulated genes, 246 'core ISGs' were induced by all IFN-Is tested. However, many IFN-regulated genes were not shared between the IFNα subtypes despite similar induction of canonical antiviral ISGs such as ISG15, RSAD2 and MX1, formally demonstrating qualitative differences between the IFNα subtypes. Notably, IFNβ induced a broader interferome than the individual IFNα subtypes. Since IFNβ, and not IFNα, is upregulated during chronic HIV-1 infection in the gut, we compared core ISGs and IFNβ-specific ISGs from colon pinch biopsies of HIV-1-uninfected (n = 13) versus age- and gender-matched, antiretroviral-therapy naïve persons with HIV-1 (PWH; n = 19). Core ISGs linked to inflammation, T cell activation and immune exhaustion were elevated in PWH, positively correlated with plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels and gut IFNβ levels, and negatively correlated with gut CD4 T cell frequencies. In sharp contrast, IFNβ-specific ISGs linked to protein translation and anti-inflammatory responses were significantly downregulated in PWH, negatively correlated with gut IFNβ and LPS, and positively correlated with plasma IL6 and gut CD4 T cell frequencies. Our findings reveal qualitative differences in interferome induction by diverse IFN-Is and suggest potential mechanisms for how IFNβ may drive HIV-1 pathogenesis in the gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Guannan Shen
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Jon Kibbie
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Tania Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Stephanie M. Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Harry A. Smith
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Emily H. Cooper
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Kerry Lavender
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Kim J. Hasenkrug
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisberg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisberg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Miranda Kroehl
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Center for Innovative Design and Analysis, Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Cara C. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Mudla A, Jiang Y, Arimoto KI, Xu B, Rajesh A, Ryan AP, Wang W, Daugherty MD, Zhang DE, Hao N. Cell-cycle-gated feedback control mediates desensitization to interferon stimulation. eLife 2020; 9:58825. [PMID: 32945770 PMCID: PMC7500952 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells use molecular circuits to interpret and respond to extracellular cues, such as hormones and cytokines, which are often released in a temporally varying fashion. In this study, we combine microfluidics, time-lapse microscopy, and computational modeling to investigate how the type I interferon (IFN)-responsive regulatory network operates in single human cells to process repetitive IFN stimulation. We found that IFN-α pretreatments lead to opposite effects, priming versus desensitization, depending on input durations. These effects are governed by a regulatory network composed of a fast-acting positive feedback loop and a delayed negative feedback loop, mediated by upregulation of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18). We further revealed that USP18 upregulation can only be initiated at the G1/early S phases of cell cycle upon the treatment onset, resulting in heterogeneous and delayed induction kinetics in single cells. This cell cycle gating provides a temporal compartmentalization of feedback loops, enabling duration-dependent desensitization to repetitive stimulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anusorn Mudla
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Yanfei Jiang
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Kei-Ichiro Arimoto
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Bingxian Xu
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Adarsh Rajesh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Andy P Ryan
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Matthew D Daugherty
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Dong-Er Zhang
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Pathology, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Nan Hao
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Kang JA, Jeon YJ. Emerging Roles of USP18: From Biology to Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186825. [PMID: 32957626 PMCID: PMC7555095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic proteomes are enormously sophisticated through versatile post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins. A large variety of code generated via PTMs of proteins by ubiquitin (ubiquitination) and ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls), such as interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) and neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated 8 (NEDD8), not only provides distinct signals but also orchestrates a plethora of biological processes, thereby underscoring the necessity for sophisticated and fine-tuned mechanisms of code regulation. Deubiquitinases (DUBs) play a pivotal role in the disassembly of the complex code and removal of the signal. Ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (USP18), originally referred to as UBP43, is a major DUB that reverses the PTM of target proteins by ISG15 (ISGylation). Intriguingly, USP18 is a multifaceted protein that not only removes ISG15 or ubiquitin from conjugated proteins in a deconjugating activity-dependent manner but also acts as a negative modulator of type I IFN signaling, irrespective of its catalytic activity. The function of USP18 has become gradually clear, but not yet been completely addressed. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the multifaceted roles of USP18. We also highlight new insights into how USP18 is implicated not only in physiology but also in pathogenesis of various human diseases, involving infectious diseases, neurological disorders, and cancers. Eventually, we integrate a discussion of the potential of therapeutic interventions for targeting USP18 for disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji An Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Young Joo Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-280-6766; Fax: +82-42-280-6769
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Guo G, Shi X, Wang H, Ye L, Tong X, Yan K, Ding N, Chen C, Zhang H, Xue X. Epitranscriptomic N4-Acetylcytidine Profiling in CD4 + T Cells of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:842. [PMID: 32984334 PMCID: PMC7483482 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging epitranscriptome plays an essential role in autoimmune disease. As a novel mRNA modification, N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) could promote mRNA stability and translational efficiency. However, whether epigenetic mechanisms of RNA ac4C modification are involved in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains unclear. Herein, we detected eleven modifications in CD4+ T cells of SLE patients using mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Furthermore, using samples from four CD4+ T cell pools, we identified lower modification of ac4C mRNA in SLE patients as compared to that in healthy controls (HCs). Meanwhile, significantly lower mRNA acetyltransferase NAT10 expression was detected in lupus CD4+ T cells by RT-qPCR. We then illustrated the transcriptome-wide ac4C profile in CD4+ T cells of SLE patients by ac4C-RIP-Seq and found ac4C distribution in mRNA transcripts to be highly conserved and enriched in mRNA coding sequence regions. Using bioinformatics analysis, the 3879 and 4073 ac4C hyper-acetylated and hypoacetylated peaks found in SLE samples, respectively, were found to be significantly involved in SLE-related function enrichments, including multiple metabolic and transcription-related processes, ROS-induced cellular signaling, apoptosis signaling, and NF-κB signaling. Moreover, we demonstrated the ac4C-modified regulatory network of gene biological functions in lupus CD4+ T cells. Notably, we determined that the 26 upregulated genes with hyperacetylation played essential roles in autoimmune diseases and disease-related processes. Additionally, the unique ac4C-related transcripts, including USP18, GPX1, and RGL1, regulate mRNA catabolic processes and translational initiation. Our study identified novel dysregulated ac4C mRNAs associated with critical immune and inflammatory responses, that have translational potential in lupus CD4+ T cells. Hence, our findings reveal transcriptional significance and potential therapeutic targets of mRNA ac4C modifications in SLE pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gangqiang Guo
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huijing Wang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lele Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinya Tong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kejing Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chaosheng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huidi Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Hodge K, Makjaroen J, Robinson J, Khoomrung S, Pisitkun T. Deep Proteomic Deconvolution of Interferons and HBV Transfection Effects on a Hepatoblastoma Cell Line. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:16796-16810. [PMID: 32685848 PMCID: PMC7364717 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Interferons are commonly utilized in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection but are not effective for all patients. A deep understanding of the limitations of interferon treatment requires delineation of its activity at multiple "omic" levels. While myriad studies have characterized the transcriptomic effects of interferon treatment, surprisingly, few have examined interferon-induced effects at the proteomic level. To remedy this paucity, we stimulated HepG2 cells with both IFN-α and IFN-λ and performed proteomic analysis versus unstimulated cells. Alongside, we examined the effects of HBV transfection in the same cell line, reasoning that parallel IFN and HBV analysis might allow determination of cases where HBV transfection counters the effects of interferons. More than 6000 proteins were identified, with multiple replicates allowing for differential expression analysis at high confidence. Drawing on a compendium of transcriptomic data, as well as proteomic half-life data, we suggest means by which transcriptomic results diverge from our proteomic results. We also invoke a recent multiomic study of HBV-related hepatocarcinoma (HCC), showing that despite HBV's role in initiating HCC, the regulated proteomic landscapes of HBV transfection and HCC do not strongly align. Special focus is applied to the proteasome, with numerous components divergently altered under IFN and HBV-transfection conditions. We also examine alterations of other protein groups relevant to HLA complex peptide display, unveiling intriguing alterations in a number of ubiquitin ligases. Finally, we invoke genome-scale metabolic modeling to predict relevant alterations to the metabolic landscape under experimental conditions. Our data should be useful as a resource for interferon and HBV researchers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Hodge
- The
Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jiradej Makjaroen
- The
Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jonathan Robinson
- Department
of Biology and Biological Engineering, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure
Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Chalmers
University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Center for Protein Research, Chalmers University
of Technology, Kemivägen
10, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Sakda Khoomrung
- Metabolomics
and Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, and Siriraj Metabolomics
and Phenomics Center Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
- Center
for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- The
Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- . Phone: +6692-537-0549
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Duncan CJA, Thompson BJ, Chen R, Rice GI, Gothe F, Young DF, Lovell SC, Shuttleworth VG, Brocklebank V, Corner B, Skelton AJ, Bondet V, Coxhead J, Duffy D, Fourrage C, Livingston JH, Pavaine J, Cheesman E, Bitetti S, Grainger A, Acres M, Innes BA, Mikulasova A, Sun R, Hussain R, Wright R, Wynn R, Zarhrate M, Zeef LAH, Wood K, Hughes SM, Harris CL, Engelhardt KR, Crow YJ, Randall RE, Kavanagh D, Hambleton S, Briggs TA. Severe type I interferonopathy and unrestrained interferon signaling due to a homozygous germline mutation in STAT2. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/42/eaav7501. [PMID: 31836668 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aav7501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Excessive type I interferon (IFNα/β) activity is implicated in a spectrum of human disease, yet its direct role remains to be conclusively proven. We investigated two siblings with severe early-onset autoinflammatory disease and an elevated IFN signature. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a shared homozygous missense Arg148Trp variant in STAT2, a transcription factor that functions exclusively downstream of innate IFNs. Cells bearing STAT2R148W in homozygosity (but not heterozygosity) were hypersensitive to IFNα/β, which manifest as prolonged Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling and transcriptional activation. We show that this gain of IFN activity results from the failure of mutant STAT2R148W to interact with ubiquitin-specific protease 18, a key STAT2-dependent negative regulator of IFNα/β signaling. These observations reveal an essential in vivo function of STAT2 in the regulation of human IFNα/β signaling, providing concrete evidence of the serious pathological consequences of unrestrained IFNα/β activity and supporting efforts to target this pathway therapeutically in IFN-associated disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J A Duncan
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. .,Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Benjamin J Thompson
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rui Chen
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gillian I Rice
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Florian Gothe
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dan F Young
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Simon C Lovell
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Victoria G Shuttleworth
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Vicky Brocklebank
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bronte Corner
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew J Skelton
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Vincent Bondet
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Coxhead
- Genomics Core Facility, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - John H Livingston
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - Julija Pavaine
- Academic Unit of Paediatric Radiology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Edmund Cheesman
- Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Central Manchester University Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephania Bitetti
- Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Central Manchester University Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Angela Grainger
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Meghan Acres
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Barbara A Innes
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Aneta Mikulasova
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ruyue Sun
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rafiqul Hussain
- Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ronnie Wright
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Wynn
- Department of Paediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Rd., Manchester, UK
| | | | - Leo A H Zeef
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Katrina Wood
- Department of Pathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stephen M Hughes
- Immunology Department, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Claire L Harris
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Karin R Engelhardt
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Yanick J Crow
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - David Kavanagh
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hosptials NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. .,Children's Immunology Service, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tracy A Briggs
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. .,Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Kok F, Rosenblatt M, Teusel M, Nizharadze T, Gonçalves Magalhães V, Dächert C, Maiwald T, Vlasov A, Wäsch M, Tyufekchieva S, Hoffmann K, Damm G, Seehofer D, Boettler T, Binder M, Timmer J, Schilling M, Klingmüller U. Disentangling molecular mechanisms regulating sensitization of interferon alpha signal transduction. Mol Syst Biol 2020; 16:e8955. [PMID: 32696599 PMCID: PMC7373899 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20198955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tightly interlinked feedback regulators control the dynamics of intracellular responses elicited by the activation of signal transduction pathways. Interferon alpha (IFNα) orchestrates antiviral responses in hepatocytes, yet mechanisms that define pathway sensitization in response to prestimulation with different IFNα doses remained unresolved. We establish, based on quantitative measurements obtained for the hepatoma cell line Huh7.5, an ordinary differential equation model for IFNα signal transduction that comprises the feedback regulators STAT1, STAT2, IRF9, USP18, SOCS1, SOCS3, and IRF2. The model-based analysis shows that, mediated by the signaling proteins STAT2 and IRF9, prestimulation with a low IFNα dose hypersensitizes the pathway. In contrast, prestimulation with a high dose of IFNα leads to a dose-dependent desensitization, mediated by the negative regulators USP18 and SOCS1 that act at the receptor. The analysis of basal protein abundance in primary human hepatocytes reveals high heterogeneity in patient-specific amounts of STAT1, STAT2, IRF9, and USP18. The mathematical modeling approach shows that the basal amount of USP18 determines patient-specific pathway desensitization, while the abundance of STAT2 predicts the patient-specific IFNα signal response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Kok
- Division Systems Biology of Signal TransductionGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Faculty of BiosciencesHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Marcus Rosenblatt
- Institute of PhysicsUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- FDM ‐ Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and ModelingUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Melissa Teusel
- Division Systems Biology of Signal TransductionGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Faculty of BiosciencesHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Tamar Nizharadze
- Division Systems Biology of Signal TransductionGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Faculty of BiosciencesHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Vladimir Gonçalves Magalhães
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”Division Virus‐Associated CarcinogenesisGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Christopher Dächert
- Faculty of BiosciencesHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”Division Virus‐Associated CarcinogenesisGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Tim Maiwald
- Institute of PhysicsUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Artyom Vlasov
- Division Systems Biology of Signal TransductionGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Faculty of BiosciencesHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Marvin Wäsch
- Division Systems Biology of Signal TransductionGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Silvana Tyufekchieva
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation SurgeryRuprecht Karls University HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Katrin Hoffmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation SurgeryRuprecht Karls University HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral TransplantationUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Visceral TransplantationUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine IIUniversity Hospital Freiburg—Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Marco Binder
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”Division Virus‐Associated CarcinogenesisGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jens Timmer
- Institute of PhysicsUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- FDM ‐ Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and ModelingUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA)University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Marcel Schilling
- Division Systems Biology of Signal TransductionGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Division Systems Biology of Signal TransductionGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Dziamałek-Macioszczyk P, Harazny JM, Kwella N, Wojtacha P, Jung S, Dienemann T, Schmieder RE, Stompór T. Relationship Between Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase 18 and Hypertension in Polish Adult Male Subjects: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e921919. [PMID: 32527992 PMCID: PMC7305785 DOI: 10.12659/msm.921919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial hypertension (HT) is a leading cause of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18) has been recently described as a factor that prevents myocardial dysfunction. The present study measured serum USP18 levels in normotensive (n=29), isolated diastolic hypertensive (n=20), and systolic-diastolic hypertensive (n=30) male participants and correlated these results with biochemical parameters that are included in routine assessments of patients with hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy-nine men, aged 24 to 82 years (mean=50.8±11.4 years), were included in the study. None of the participants had ever been treated for HT. Blood and urine parameters were assessed using routine techniques. Serum USP18 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The means and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of USP18 levels in the HT(-), iDHT(+), and HT(+) groups were 69.3 (22.1-116.5) pg/ml, 90.1 (29.0-151.3) pg/ml, and 426.7 (163.1-690.3) pg/ml, respectively. In the HT(+) group, the mean serum USP18 level was 6.2-times higher than in the HT(-) group (p=0.014) and 4.7-times higher than in the iDHT(+) group (p=0.19). The partial correlation analysis that was adjusted for risk factors of arteriosclerosis indicated that USP18 levels were correlated with systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, and heart rate. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study found that serum USP18 levels were significantly higher in drug-naive male participants with arterial hypertension compared with normotensive controls. USP18 exerts cardiovascular-protective effects. Elevations of USP18 levels may indicate a counterregulatory process that is engaged during increases in pressure in the left ventricle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Dziamałek-Macioszczyk
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Internal Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna M Harazny
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.,Clinical Research Centre, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, China (mainland)
| | - Norbert Kwella
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Internal Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Paweł Wojtacha
- Department of Industrial and Food Microbiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Susanne Jung
- Clinical Research Centre, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Dienemann
- Clinical Research Centre, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland E Schmieder
- Clinical Research Centre, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tomasz Stompór
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Internal Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Major J, Crotta S, Llorian M, McCabe TM, Gad HH, Priestnall SL, Hartmann R, Wack A. Type I and III interferons disrupt lung epithelial repair during recovery from viral infection. Science 2020; 369:712-717. [PMID: 32527928 PMCID: PMC7292500 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are central to antiviral immunity. Viral recognition elicits IFN production, which in turn triggers the transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which engage in various antiviral functions. Type I IFNs (IFN-α and IFN-β) are widely expressed and can result in immunopathology during viral infections. By contrast, type III IFN (IFN-λ) responses are primarily restricted to mucosal surfaces and are thought to confer antiviral protection without driving damaging proinflammatory responses. Accordingly, IFN-λ has been proposed as a therapeutic in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other such viral respiratory diseases (see the Perspective by Grajales-Reyes and Colonna). Broggi et al. report that COVID-19 patient morbidity correlates with the high expression of type I and III IFNs in the lung. Furthermore, IFN-λ secreted by dendritic cells in the lungs of mice exposed to synthetic viral RNA causes damage to the lung epithelium, which increases susceptibility to lethal bacterial superinfections. Similarly, using a mouse model of influenza infection, Major et al. found that IFN signaling (especially IFN-λ) hampers lung repair by inducing p53 and inhibiting epithelial proliferation and differentiation. Complicating this picture, Hadjadj et al. observed that peripheral blood immune cells from severe and critical COVID-19 patients have diminished type I IFN and enhanced proinflammatory interleukin-6– and tumor necrosis factor-α–fueled responses. This suggests that in contrast to local production, systemic production of IFNs may be beneficial. The results of this trio of studies suggest that the location, timing, and duration of IFN exposure are critical parameters underlying the success or failure of therapeutics for viral respiratory infections. Science, this issue p. 706, p. 712, p. 718; see also p. 626 Excessive cytokine signaling frequently exacerbates lung tissue damage during respiratory viral infection. Type I (IFN-α and IFN-β) and III (IFN-λ) interferons are host-produced antiviral cytokines. Prolonged IFN-α and IFN-β responses can lead to harmful proinflammatory effects, whereas IFN-λ mainly signals in epithelia, thereby inducing localized antiviral immunity. In this work, we show that IFN signaling interferes with lung repair during influenza recovery in mice, with IFN-λ driving these effects most potently. IFN-induced protein p53 directly reduces epithelial proliferation and differentiation, which increases disease severity and susceptibility to bacterial superinfections. Thus, excessive or prolonged IFN production aggravates viral infection by impairing lung epithelial regeneration. Timing and duration are therefore critical parameters of endogenous IFN action and should be considered carefully for IFN therapeutic strategies against viral infections such as influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Major
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Stefania Crotta
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Miriam Llorian
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Teresa M McCabe
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Hans Henrik Gad
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon L Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK.,Experimental Histopathology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Rune Hartmann
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas Wack
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Urban C, Welsch H, Heine K, Wüst S, Haas DA, Dächert C, Pandey A, Pichlmair A, Binder M. Persistent Innate Immune Stimulation Results in IRF3-Mediated but Caspase-Independent Cytostasis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060635. [PMID: 32545331 PMCID: PMC7354422 DOI: 10.3390/v12060635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent virus infection continuously produces non-self nucleic acids that activate cell-intrinsic immune responses. However, the antiviral defense evolved as a transient, acute phase response and the effects of persistently ongoing stimulation onto cellular homeostasis are not well understood. To study the consequences of long-term innate immune activation, we expressed the NS5B polymerase of Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which in absence of viral genomes continuously produces immune-stimulatory RNAs. Surprisingly, within 3 weeks, NS5B expression declined and the innate immune response ceased. Proteomics and functional analyses indicated a reduced proliferation of those cells most strongly stimulated, which was independent of interferon signaling but required mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Depletion of MAVS or IRF3, or overexpression of the MAVS-inactivating HCV NS3/4A protease not only blocked interferon responses but also restored cell growth in NS5B expressing cells. However, pan-caspase inhibition could not rescue the NS5B-induced cytostasis. Our results underline an active counter selection of cells with prolonged innate immune activation, which likely constitutes a cellular strategy to prevent persistent virus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Urban
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (C.U.); (D.A.H.)
| | - Hendrik Welsch
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Heine
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Sandra Wüst
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Darya A. Haas
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (C.U.); (D.A.H.)
| | - Christopher Dächert
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aparna Pandey
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (C.U.); (D.A.H.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Marco Binder
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Holthaus D, Vasou A, Bamford CGG, Andrejeva J, Paulus C, Randall RE, McLauchlan J, Hughes DJ. Direct Antiviral Activity of IFN-Stimulated Genes Is Responsible for Resistance to Paramyxoviruses in ISG15-Deficient Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:261-271. [PMID: 32423918 PMCID: PMC7311202 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture model of ISG15 deficiency replicates findings in ISG15−/− patient cells. Cause of resistance in ISG15−/− cells differs depending on duration of IFN treatment. ISG15−/− patients without serious viral disease do not prove ISGylation is unimportant.
IFNs, produced during viral infections, induce the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Some ISGs have specific antiviral activity, whereas others regulate the cellular response. Besides functioning as an antiviral effector, ISG15 is a negative regulator of IFN signaling, and inherited ISG15 deficiency leads to autoinflammatory IFNopathies, in which individuals exhibit elevated ISG expression in the absence of pathogenic infection. We have recapitulated these effects in cultured human A549-ISG15−/− cells and (using A549-UBA7−/− cells) confirmed that posttranslational modification by ISG15 (ISGylation) is not required for regulation of the type I IFN response. ISG15-deficient cells pretreated with IFN-α were resistant to paramyxovirus infection. We also showed that IFN-α treatment of ISG15-deficient cells led to significant inhibition of global protein synthesis, leading us to ask whether resistance was due to the direct antiviral activity of ISGs or whether cells were nonpermissive because of translation defects. We took advantage of the knowledge that IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1) is the principal antiviral ISG for parainfluenza virus 5. Knockdown of IFIT1 restored parainfluenza virus 5 infection in IFN-α–pretreated, ISG15-deficient cells, confirming that resistance was due to the direct antiviral activity of the IFN response. However, resistance could be induced if cells were pretreated with IFN-α for longer times, presumably because of inhibition of protein synthesis. These data show that the cause of virus resistance is 2-fold; ISG15 deficiency leads to the early overexpression of specific antiviral ISGs, but the later response is dominated by an unanticipated, ISG15-dependent loss of translational control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Holthaus
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andri Vasou
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
| | - Connor G G Bamford
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Jelena Andrejeva
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christina Paulus
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
| | - Richard E Randall
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
| | - John McLauchlan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - David J Hughes
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; and
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Gruber C, Martin-Fernandez M, Ailal F, Qiu X, Taft J, Altman J, Rosain J, Buta S, Bousfiha A, Casanova JL, Bustamante J, Bogunovic D. Homozygous STAT2 gain-of-function mutation by loss of USP18 activity in a patient with type I interferonopathy. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20192319. [PMID: 32092142 PMCID: PMC7201920 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferonopathies are monogenic disorders characterized by enhanced type I interferon (IFN-I) cytokine activity. Inherited USP18 and ISG15 deficiencies underlie type I interferonopathies by preventing the regulation of late responses to IFN-I. Specifically, USP18, being stabilized by ISG15, sterically hinders JAK1 from binding to the IFNAR2 subunit of the IFN-I receptor. We report an infant who died of autoinflammation due to a homozygous missense mutation (R148Q) in STAT2. The variant is a gain of function (GOF) for induction of the late, but not early, response to IFN-I. Surprisingly, the mutation does not enhance the intrinsic activity of the STAT2-containing transcriptional complex responsible for IFN-I-stimulated gene induction. Rather, the STAT2 R148Q variant is a GOF because it fails to appropriately traffic USP18 to IFNAR2, thereby preventing USP18 from negatively regulating responses to IFN-I. Homozygosity for STAT2 R148Q represents a novel molecular and clinical phenocopy of inherited USP18 deficiency, which, together with inherited ISG15 deficiency, defines a group of type I interferonopathies characterized by an impaired regulation of late cellular responses to IFN-I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor Gruber
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Fatima Ailal
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, King Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Averroes, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Xueer Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Justin Taft
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jennie Altman
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jérémie Rosain
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Sofija Buta
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Aziz Bousfiha
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, King Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Averroes, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
- Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Paris University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
2', 5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase 2 (OAS2) Inhibits Zika Virus Replication through Activation of Type Ι IFN Signaling Pathway. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040418. [PMID: 32276512 PMCID: PMC7232345 DOI: 10.3390/v12040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2', 5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 2 (OAS2) has been known as an antiviral interferon-stimulated gene (ISG). However, the role of OAS2 on Zika virus (ZIKV) replication is still unknown. In this study, we sought to explore the effect of OAS2 on ZIKV replication and its underlying mechanism. METHODS We performed RNA-Seq in A549 cells with or without ZIKV infection. OAS2 or RIG-I was overexpressed by plasmid transfection or knocked down by siRNA in A549 cells. Expression levels of mRNA and protein of selected genes were detected by RT-qPCR and Western Blot, respectively. Interferon stimulated response element (ISRE) activity was examined by dual luciferase assay. RESULTS We found that ZIKV infection induced OAS2 expression through a RIG-I-dependent pathway. OAS2 overexpression inhibited ZIKV replication, while OAS2 knockdown increased ZIKV replication. We observed that OAS2 inhibited ZIKV replication through enhanced IFNβ expression, leading to the activation of the Jak/STAT signaling pathway. CONCLUSION ZIKV infection induced OAS2 expression, which in turn exerted its anti-ZIKV activities through the IFN-activated Jak/STAT signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
78
|
Li Y, Yao M, Duan X, Ye H, Li S, Chen L, Yang C, Chen Y. The USP18 cysteine protease promotes HBV production independent of its protease activity. Virol J 2020; 17:47. [PMID: 32248821 PMCID: PMC7133002 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains as one of the major public health problems in the world. Type I interferon (IFN) plays an essential role in antiviral defense by induced expression of a few hundred interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), including ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (USP18). The expression level of USP18 was elevated in the pretreatment liver tissues of chronic hepatitis B(CHB) patients who did not respond to IFN treatment. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the effects of USP18 on HBV replication/production. Methods The levels of wild type USP18(WT-USP18) and USP18 catalytically inactive form C64S were up-regulated by plasmids transfection in HepAD38 cells, respectively. Real-time PCR and ELISA were used to quantify HBV replication. Type I IFN signaling pathway was monitored at three levels: p-STAT1 (western Blot), interferon stimulated response element (ISRE) activity (dual luciferase assay) and ISGs expression (real time PCR). Results Our data demonstrated that overexpression of either WT-USP18 or USP18-C64S inactive mutant increased the intracellular viral pgRNA, total DNA, cccDNA, as well as HBV DNA levels in the culture supernatant, while silencing USP18 led to opposite effect on HBV production. In addition, upregulated WT-USP18 or USP18-C64S suppressed ISRE activity and the expression levels of p-STAT1 and ISGs. Conclusion USP18 promoted HBV replication via inhibiting type I IFN signaling pathway, which was independent of its protease activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Yao
- The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Duan
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Haiyan Ye
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Shilin Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Limin Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China.,Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1L6, Canada
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 regulates the differentiation and function of Treg cells. Genes Dis 2020; 8:344-352. [PMID: 33997181 PMCID: PMC8093650 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18) plays an important role in the development of CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) and Th17 cells, however, its role in the differentiation of other T cell subsets, especially in regulatory T (Treg) cells, is unknown. In our study, we used Usp18 KO mice to study the loss of USP18 on the impact of Treg cell differentiation and function. We found that USP18 deficiency upregulates the differentiation of Treg cells, which may lead to disrupted homeostasis of peripheral T cells, and downregulates INF-γ, IL-2, IL-17A producing CD4+ T cells and INF-γ producing CD8+ T cells. Mechanistically, we also found that the upregulation of Tregs is due to elevated expression of CD25 in Usp18 KO mice. Finally, we found that the suppressive function of Usp18 KO Tregs is downregulated. Altogether, our study was the first to identify the role of USP18 in Tregs differentiation and its suppressive function, which may provide a new reference for the treatment of Treg function in many autoimmune diseases, and USP18 can be used as a new therapeutic target for precise medical treatment.
Collapse
|
80
|
Qiu X, Taft J, Bogunovic D. Developing Broad-Spectrum Antivirals Using Porcine and Rhesus Macaque Models. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:890-894. [PMID: 31637432 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ISG15-deficient humans exhibit permanent, low-level expression of antiviral effectors that safely protect them from various viruses. Because the murine ISG15 axis functions differently, we identified animal models that recapitulate the human condition for the development of ISG15-targeting broad-spectrum antivirals. Canine, porcine, and rhesus macaque ISG15, such as human ISG15, stabilize USP18, a potent inhibitor of type I interferon (IFN)-I. Type I Interferon-primed ISG15-knockout porcine and rhesus cells demonstrate enhanced ISG expression and protection against vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus infection compared with wild type. Collectively, we unveil the interspecies diversity of the ability of ISG15/USP18 axis to control IFN-I signaling and reveal the therapeutic potential of ISG15-deficient porcine and rhesus models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueer Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Justin Taft
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Alsohime F, Martin-Fernandez M, Temsah MH, Alabdulhafid M, Le Voyer T, Alghamdi M, Qiu X, Alotaibi N, Alkahtani A, Buta S, Jouanguy E, Al-Eyadhy A, Gruber C, Hasan GM, Bashiri FA, Halwani R, Hassan HH, Al-Muhsen S, Alkhamis N, Alsum Z, Casanova JL, Bustamante J, Bogunovic D, Alangari AA. JAK Inhibitor Therapy in a Child with Inherited USP18 Deficiency. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:256-265. [PMID: 31940699 PMCID: PMC7155173 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1905633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18) is a severe type I interferonopathy. USP18 down-regulates type I interferon signaling by blocking the access of Janus-associated kinase 1 (JAK1) to the type I interferon receptor. The absence of USP18 results in unmitigated interferon-mediated inflammation and is lethal during the perinatal period. We describe a neonate who presented with hydrocephalus, necrotizing cellulitis, systemic inflammation, and respiratory failure. Exome sequencing identified a homozygous mutation at an essential splice site on USP18. The encoded protein was expressed but devoid of negative regulatory ability. Treatment with ruxolitinib was followed by a prompt and sustained recovery. (Funded by King Saud University and others.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Alsohime
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Marta Martin-Fernandez
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Mohamad-Hani Temsah
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Majed Alabdulhafid
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Tom Le Voyer
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Malak Alghamdi
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Xueer Qiu
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Najla Alotaibi
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Areej Alkahtani
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Sofija Buta
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Ayman Al-Eyadhy
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Conor Gruber
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Gamal M Hasan
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Fahad A Bashiri
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Rabih Halwani
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Hamdy H Hassan
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Saleh Al-Muhsen
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Nouf Alkhamis
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Zobaida Alsum
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| | - Abdullah A Alangari
- From the Department of Pediatrics (F.A., M.-H.T., M. Alabdulhafid, M. Alghamdi, N. Alotaibi, A.A., A.A.-E., G.M.H., F.A.B., S.A.-M., N. Alkhamis, Z.A., A.A.A.) and the Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics (R.H., S.A.-M.), College of Medicine, King Saud University, the Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammed bin Saud University (A.A.), and the Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, King Saud University Medical City (H.H.H.) - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the Departments of Microbiology and Pediatrics and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (M.M.-F., X.Q., S.B., C.G., D.B.), St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, the Rockefeller University (E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (J.-L.C.) - all in New York; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, and the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM Unité 1163 (T.L.V., E.J., J.-L.C., J.B.), and the Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit (J.-L.C.) and the Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies (J.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker Hospital for Sick Children - all in Paris; the Department of Pediatrics, Assiut Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt (G.M.H.); and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (R.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
de Oyarzabal E, García-García L, Rangel-Escareño C, Ferreyra-Reyes L, Orozco L, Herrera MT, Carranza C, Sada E, Juárez E, Ponce-de-León A, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Wilkinson RJ, Torres M. Expression of USP18 and IL2RA Is Increased in Individuals Receiving Latent Tuberculosis Treatment with Isoniazid. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1297131. [PMID: 31886294 PMCID: PMC6925913 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1297131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in individuals at risk of reactivation is essential for tuberculosis control. However, blood biomarkers associated with LTBI treatment have not been identified. METHODS Blood samples from tuberculin skin test (TST) reactive individuals were collected before and after one and six months of isoniazid (INH) therapy. Peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated, and an in-house interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) was performed. Expression of chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4), chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), chemokine ligand 11 (CXCL11), interferon alpha (IFNA), radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing 2 (RSAD2), ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18), interferon-induced protein 44 (IFI44), interferon-induced protein 44 like (IFI44L), interferon-induced protein tetratricopeptide repeats 1(IFIT1), and interleukin 2 receptor subunit alpha (IL2RA) mRNA levels were assessed by qPCR before, during, and after INH treatment. RESULTS We observed significantly lower relative abundances of USP18, IFI44L, IFNA, and IL2RA transcripts in PBMC from IGRA-positive individuals compared to levels in IGRA-negative individuals before INH therapy. Also, relative abundance of CXCL11 was significantly lower in IGRA-positive than in IGRA-negative individuals before and after one month of INH therapy. However, the relative abundance of CCL4, CXCL10, and CXCL11 mRNA was significantly decreased and that of IL2RA and USP18 significantly increased after INH therapy, regardless of the IGRA result. Our results show that USP18, IFI44L, IFIT1, and IL2RA relative abundances increased significantly, meanwhile the relative abundance of CCL4, CXCL11, and IFNA decreased significantly after six months of INH therapy in TST-positive individuals. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the profiles of USP18, IL2RA, IFNA, CCL4, and CXCL11 expressions during INH treatment in TST-positive individuals, regardless of IGRA status, are potential tools for monitoring latent tuberculosis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleane de Oyarzabal
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Lourdes García-García
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Claudia Rangel-Escareño
- Computational and Integrative Genomics Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leticia Ferreyra-Reyes
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Lorena Orozco
- Computational and Integrative Genomics Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María Teresa Herrera
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Claudia Carranza
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Sada
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Esmeralda Juárez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ponce-de-León
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Sifuentes-Osornio
- Dirección Médica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y de Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Robert J. Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 IAT, UK
| | - Martha Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
The Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 18 Promotes Hepatitis C Virus Production by Increasing Viral Infectivity. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:3124745. [PMID: 31871427 PMCID: PMC6906844 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3124745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (USP18) is involved in immunoregulation and response to interferon- (IFN-) based treatment in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). We investigated whether and how its upregulation alters HCV infection. Methods Overexpression of wild-type (USP18 WT) or catalytically inactive mutant (USP18 C64S) USP18 was examined for effects on HCV replication in the absence and presence of IFNα or IFNλ using both the HCV-infective model and replicon cells. The IFN signaling pathway was assessed via STAT1 phosphorylation (western blot) and downstream ISG expression (real-time PCR). Mechanistic roles were sought by quantifying microRNA-122 levels and J6/JFH1 infectivity of Huh7.5 cells. Results We found that overexpression of either USP18 WT or USP18 C64S stimulated HCV production and blunted the anti-HCV effect of IFNα and IFNλ in the infective model but not in the replicon system. Overexpressed USP18 showed no effect on Jak/STAT signaling nor on microRNA-122 expression. However, USP18 upregulation markedly increased J6/JFH1 infectivity and promoted the expression of the key HCV entry factor CD81 on Huh7.5 cells. Conclusions USP18 stimulates HCV production and blunts the effect of both type I and III IFNs by fostering a cellular environment characterized by upregulation of CD81, promoting virus entry and infectivity.
Collapse
|
84
|
Lazear HM, Schoggins JW, Diamond MS. Shared and Distinct Functions of Type I and Type III Interferons. Immunity 2019; 50:907-923. [PMID: 30995506 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 628] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) (IFN-α, IFN-β) and type III IFNs (IFN-λ) share many properties, including induction by viral infection, activation of shared signaling pathways, and transcriptional programs. However, recent discoveries have revealed context-specific functional differences. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of type I and type III IFN activities, highlighting shared and distinct features from molecular mechanisms through physiological responses. Beyond discussing canonical antiviral functions, we consider the adaptive immune priming, anti-tumor, and autoimmune functions of IFNs. We discuss a model wherein type III IFNs serve as a front-line defense that controls infection at epithelial barriers while minimizing damaging inflammatory responses, reserving the more potent type I IFN response for when local responses are insufficient. In this context, we discuss current therapeutic applications targeting these cytokine pathways and highlight gaps in understanding of the biology of type I and type III IFNs in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Lazear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - John W Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, and Molecular Microbiology, and The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Shaabani N, Honke N, Nguyen N, Huang Z, Arimoto KI, Lazar D, Loe TK, Lang KS, Prinz M, Knobeloch KP, Zhang DE, Teijaro JR. The probacterial effect of type I interferon signaling requires its own negative regulator USP18. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/27/eaau2125. [PMID: 30266866 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling paradoxically impairs host immune responses during many primary and secondary bacterial infections. Lack of IFN-I receptor reduces bacterial replication and/or bacterial persistence during infection with several bacteria. However, the mechanisms that mediate the adverse IFN-I effect are incompletely understood. Here, we show that Usp18, an interferon-stimulated gene that negatively regulates IFN-I signaling, is primarily responsible for the deleterious effect of IFN-I signaling during infection of mice with Listeria monocytogenes or Staphylococcus aureus Mechanistically, USP18 promoted bacterial replication by inhibiting antibacterial tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) signaling. Deleting IFNAR1 or USP18 in CD11c-Cre+ cells similarly reduced bacterial titers in multiple organs and enhanced survival. Our results demonstrate that inhibiting USP18 function can promote control of primary and secondary bacterial infection by enhancing the antibacterial effect of TNF-α, which correlates with induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These findings suggest that USP18 could be targeted therapeutically in patients to ameliorate disease caused by serious bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namir Shaabani
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. .,Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nadine Honke
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology, Hiller Research Center Rheumatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nhan Nguyen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhe Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kei-Ichiro Arimoto
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel Lazar
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Taylor K Loe
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Knobeloch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dong-Er Zhang
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Division of Biological Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Abstract
HIV-1 has evolved many strategies to circumvent the host’s antiviral innate immune responses and establishes disseminated infection; the molecular mechanisms of these strategies are not entirely clear. We showed previously that USP18 contributes to HIV-1 replication by abrogating p21 antiviral function. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism by which USP18 mediates p21 downregulation in myeloid cells. USP18, by its protease activity, accumulates misfolded p53, which requires ISG15 for clearance. Depletion of ISG15 causes accumulation of misfolded dominant negative p53, which supports HIV-1 replication. This work clarifies the function and consequences of p53 modification by ISG15 and implicates USP18 in HIV-1 infection and potentially in carcinogenesis. Macrophages and dendritic cells dominate early immune responses to lentiviruses. HIV-1 sensing by pathogen recognition receptors induces signaling cascades that culminate in type I alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) induction. IFN-α/β signals back via the IFN-α/β receptors, inducing a plethora of IFN-stimulated gene (ISGs), including ISG15, p53, and p21Cip1. p21 inhibits HIV-1 replication by inactivating the deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) biosynthesis pathway and activating the restriction factor SAMHD1. p21 is induced by functional p53. ISG15-specific isopeptidase USP18 negatively regulates IFN signaling. We showed previously that USP18 contributes to HIV-1 replication by abrogating p21 antiviral function. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism by which USP18 mediates p21 downregulation in myeloid cells. USP18, by its protease activity, accumulates misfolded p53, which requires ISG15 for its degradation. Depletion of ISG15 causes accumulation of misfolded dominant negative p53, which enhances HIV-1 replication. This work clarifies the function and consequences of p53 modification by ISG15 and implicates USP18 in HIV-1 infection and potentially in carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
87
|
Taft J, Bogunovic D. The Goldilocks Zone of Type I IFNs: Lessons from Human Genetics. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 201:3479-3485. [PMID: 30530500 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Type I IFNs (IFN-Is) are powerful cytokines. They provide remarkable protection against viral infections, but their indiscriminate production causes severe self-inflicted damage that can be lethal, particularly in early development. In humans, inappropriately high IFN-I levels caused by defects in the regulatory mechanisms that control IFN-I production and response result in clinical conditions known as type I interferonopathies. In essence, type I interferonopathies define the upper limit of safe, IFN-related inflammation in vivo. Conversely, the loss of IFN-I responsiveness increases susceptibility to viral infections, but, surprisingly, most affected individuals survive despite these inborn errors of immunity. These findings suggest that too much IFN-I early in life is toxic, but that insensitivity to IFN-I is perhaps not the death sentence it was initially thought to be. Human genetic analyses have suggested that seemingly insignificant levels of IFN-regulated gene activity may be sufficient for most of the antiviral defenses used by humans in natura.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Taft
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029; and The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Bradley KC, Finsterbusch K, Schnepf D, Crotta S, Llorian M, Davidson S, Fuchs SY, Staeheli P, Wack A. Microbiota-Driven Tonic Interferon Signals in Lung Stromal Cells Protect from Influenza Virus Infection. Cell Rep 2019; 28:245-256.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
89
|
Onabajo OO, Muchmore B, Prokunina-Olsson L. The IFN-λ4 Conundrum: When a Good Interferon Goes Bad. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39:636-641. [PMID: 31241411 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 2013, interferon lambda 4 (IFN-λ4) has received a reputation as a paradoxical type III IFN. Difficulties in detecting IFN-λ4, especially in secreted form even led to questions about its existence. However, the genetic ability to generate IFN-λ4, determined by the presence of the rs368234815-ΔG allele, is the strongest predictor of impaired clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in humans. Significant modulation of IFN-λ4 activity by a genetic variant (P70S) supports IFN-λ4, and not other type III IFNs encoded in the same genomic locus, as the primary functional cause of the association with HCV clearance. Although the ability to produce IFN-λ4 is associated with decreased HCV clearance, the recombinant IFN-λ4 is active against HCV and other viruses. These observations present an apparent conundrum-when and how does a presumably good IFN, with anti-HCV activity, interfere with the ability to clear HCV? In this review, we discuss findings that suggest potential mechanisms for explaining this conundrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O Onabajo
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brian Muchmore
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Pervolaraki K, Guo C, Albrecht D, Boulant S, Stanifer ML. Type-Specific Crosstalk Modulates Interferon Signaling in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39:650-660. [PMID: 31199715 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are the primary target of enteric viruses. Their infection by viruses leads to the upregulation of both type I and type III interferons (IFNs). These IFNs then act in an autocrine and paracrine manner to protect IECs from viral propagation. To date, whether both IFNs use similar signaling pathways and whether these 2 cytokines can act synergistically to protect against viral infection remain unclear. Using human IECs depleted of either the type I or type III IFN receptor, we found that both signal transduction pathways are interconnected and influence each other at the level of interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression and efficiency of antiviral protection. Precisely, in human IECs, the presence of a functional type III IFN receptor negatively regulates type I IFN signaling and activity, whereas the presence of type I IFN receptor positively reinforces type III IFN signaling and function. We propose that this complex crosstalk allows for a preferential type III IFN-mediated protection of human intestinal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Pervolaraki
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Research Group "Cellular Polarity and Viral Infection" (F140), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cuncai Guo
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Albrecht
- Research Group "Cellular Polarity and Viral Infection" (F140), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Research Group "Cellular Polarity and Viral Infection" (F140), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Megan L Stanifer
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Mesev EV, LeDesma RA, Ploss A. Decoding type I and III interferon signalling during viral infection. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:914-924. [PMID: 30936491 PMCID: PMC6554024 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral responses are central to host defence against viral infection. Despite the existence of at least 20 IFNs, there are only three known cell surface receptors. IFN signalling and viral evasion mechanisms form an immensely complex network that differs across species. In this Review, we begin by highlighting some of the advances that have been made towards understanding the complexity of differential IFN signalling inputs and outputs that contribute to antiviral defences. Next, we explore some of the ways viruses can interfere with, or circumvent, these defences. Lastly, we address the largely under-reviewed impact of IFN signalling on host tropism, and we offer perspectives on the future of research into IFN signalling complexity and viral evasion across species. This Review highlights some of the advances that have been made towards understanding the complexity of differential interferon (IFN) signalling inputs and outputs as well as some of the strategies viruses use to interfere with or circumvent IFN-induced antiviral responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily V Mesev
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Robert A LeDesma
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Differential Regulation of Type I and Type III Interferon Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061445. [PMID: 30901970 PMCID: PMC6471306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are very powerful cytokines, which play a key role in combatting pathogen infections by controlling inflammation and immune response by directly inducing anti-pathogen molecular countermeasures. There are three classes of IFNs: type I, type II and type III. While type II IFN is specific for immune cells, type I and III IFNs are expressed by both immune and tissue specific cells. Unlike type I IFNs, type III IFNs have a unique tropism where their signaling and functions are mostly restricted to epithelial cells. As such, this class of IFN has recently emerged as a key player in mucosal immunity. Since the discovery of type III IFNs, the last 15 years of research in the IFN field has focused on understanding whether the induction, the signaling and the function of these powerful cytokines are regulated differently compared to type I IFN-mediated immune response. This review will cover the current state of the knowledge of the similarities and differences in the signaling pathways emanating from type I and type III IFN stimulation.
Collapse
|
93
|
USP18 and ISG15 coordinately impact on SKP2 and cell cycle progression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4066. [PMID: 30858391 PMCID: PMC6411882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
USP18 is an isopeptidase that cleaves the ubiquitin-like ISG15 from conjugates and is also an essential negative feedback regulator of type I interferon signaling. We and others reported that USP18 protein is stabilized by ISG15 and targeted for degradation by SKP2 (S-phase kinase associated protein 2), the substrate-recognition subunit of the SCFSKP2 ubiquitin E3 ligase complex, which operates in cell cycle progression. Here, we have analyzed how, under non stimulated conditions, USP18, ISG15 and SKP2 communicate with each other, by enforcing or silencing their expression. We found that USP18 and SKP2 interact and that free ISG15 abrogates the complex, liberating USP18 from degradation and concomitantly driving SKP2 to degradation and/or ISGylation. These data reveal a dynamic interplay where the substrate USP18 stabilizes SKP2, both exogenous and endogenous. Consistent with this we show that silencing of baseline USP18 slows down progression of HeLa S3 cells towards S phase. Our findings point to USP18 and ISG15 as unexpected new SKP2 regulators, which aid in cell cycle progression at homeostasis.
Collapse
|
94
|
Han HG, Moon HW, Jeon YJ. ISG15 in cancer: Beyond ubiquitin-like protein. Cancer Lett 2018; 438:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
95
|
USP18 - a multifunctional component in the interferon response. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180250. [PMID: 30126853 PMCID: PMC6240716 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) represent the largest family of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUB). These proteases cleave the isopeptide bond between ubiquitin and a lysine residue of a ubiquitin-modified protein. USP18 is a special member of the USP family as it only deconjugates the ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 (interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) 15) from target proteins but is not active towards ubiquitin. Independent of its protease activity, USP18 functions as a major negative regulator of the type I interferon response showing that USP18 is – at least – a bifunctional protein. In this review, we summarise our current knowledge of protease-dependent and -independent functions of USP18 and discuss the structural basis of its dual activity.
Collapse
|
96
|
Pervolaraki K, Rastgou Talemi S, Albrecht D, Bormann F, Bamford C, Mendoza JL, Garcia KC, McLauchlan J, Höfer T, Stanifer ML, Boulant S. Differential induction of interferon stimulated genes between type I and type III interferons is independent of interferon receptor abundance. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007420. [PMID: 30485383 PMCID: PMC6287881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is currently believed that type I and III interferons (IFNs) have redundant functions. However, the preferential distribution of type III IFN receptor on epithelial cells suggests functional differences at epithelial surfaces. Here, using human intestinal epithelial cells we could show that although both type I and type III IFNs confer an antiviral state to the cells, they do so with distinct kinetics. Type I IFN signaling is characterized by an acute strong induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) and confers fast antiviral protection. On the contrary, the slow acting type III IFN mediated antiviral protection is characterized by a weaker induction of ISGs in a delayed manner compared to type I IFN. Moreover, while transcript profiling revealed that both IFNs induced a similar set of ISGs, their temporal expression strictly depended on the IFNs, thereby leading to unique antiviral environments. Using a combination of data-driven mathematical modeling and experimental validation, we addressed the molecular reason for this differential kinetic of ISG expression. We could demonstrate that these kinetic differences are intrinsic to each signaling pathway and not due to different expression levels of the corresponding IFN receptors. We report that type III IFN is specifically tailored to act in specific cell types not only due to the restriction of its receptor but also by providing target cells with a distinct antiviral environment compared to type I IFN. We propose that this specific environment is key at surfaces that are often challenged with the extracellular environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Pervolaraki
- Schaller research group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Cellular polarity and viral infection, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Soheil Rastgou Talemi
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Albrecht
- Schaller research group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Bormann
- Division of Epigenetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Connor Bamford
- MRC- University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Juan L. Mendoza
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - John McLauchlan
- MRC- University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Megan L. Stanifer
- Schaller research group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Schaller research group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Cellular polarity and viral infection, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Gorby C, Martinez-Fabregas J, Wilmes S, Moraga I. Mapping Determinants of Cytokine Signaling via Protein Engineering. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2143. [PMID: 30319612 PMCID: PMC6170656 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines comprise a large family of secreted ligands that are critical for the regulation of immune homeostasis. Cytokines initiate signaling via dimerization or oligomerization of the cognate receptor subunits, triggering the activation of the Janus Kinases (JAKs)/ signal transducer and activator of transcription (STATs) pathway and the induction of specific gene expression programs and bioactivities. Deregulation of cytokines or their downstream signaling pathways are at the root of many human disorders including autoimmunity and cancer. Identifying and understanding the mechanistic principles that govern cytokine signaling will, therefore, be highly important in order to harness the therapeutic potential of cytokines. In this review, we will analyze how biophysical (ligand-receptor binding geometry and affinity) and cellular (receptor trafficking and intracellular abundance of signaling molecules) parameters shape the cytokine signalosome and cytokine functional pleiotropy; from the initial cytokine binding to its receptor to the degradation of the cytokine receptor complex in the proteasome and/or lysosome. We will also discuss how combining advanced protein engineering with detailed signaling and functional studies has opened promising avenues to tackle complex questions in the cytokine signaling field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gorby
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Martinez-Fabregas
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Jung YS, Chae D, Park K. Population PK-PD Model of Pegylated Interferon Alfa-2a in Healthy Korean Men. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:3171-3178. [PMID: 30179597 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pegylated interferon alfa-2a (PEG-IFN alfa-2a), which was developed to overcome the disadvantages of conventional formulations, is widely prescribed for hepatitis B or C virus infection. It is characterized by pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties much different from those of conventional forms. The present study developed a population PK-PD model of subcutaneous PEG-IFN alfa-2a in a Korean population. For PK, IFN alfa-2a concentrations were described by a 1-compartment model with first-order absorption, preceded by skin-to-depot first-order input. For PD, serum 2'-5' oligoadenylsynthetase activity was described by an effect compartment model incorporating a tolerance compartment. The baseline serum 2'-5' oligoadenylsynthetase level was found to have an inverse relationship with sensitivity to tolerance, leading to high tolerance at low baseline. The model revealed that subjects with low baselines experienced time delay, while those with high baselines showed tolerance in their concentration-effect relationships. The developed models matched well with data and simulation results, and the model showed that the optimal dose decreases with the baseline, with no dose effective for a baseline >250 pmol/dL. Our results can serve as a basis for improving dosing regimens of PEG-IFN alfa-2a in adult patients with chronic hepatitis B or C infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Seob Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongwoo Chae
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Strand-Specific Dual RNA Sequencing of Bronchial Epithelial Cells Infected with Influenza A/H3N2 Viruses Reveals Splicing of Gene Segment 6 and Novel Host-Virus Interactions. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00518-18. [PMID: 29976658 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00518-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-influenza virus interplay at the transcript level has been extensively characterized in epithelial cells. Yet, there are no studies that simultaneously characterize human host and influenza A virus (IAV) genomes. We infected human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells with two seasonal IAV/H3N2 strains, Brisbane/10/07 and Perth/16/09 (reference strains for past vaccine seasons) and the well-characterized laboratory strain Udorn/307/72. Strand-specific RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of the infected BEAS-2B cells allowed for simultaneous analysis of host and viral transcriptomes, in addition to pathogen genomes, to reveal changes in mRNA expression and alternative splicing (AS). In general, patterns of global and immune gene expression induced by the three IAVs were mostly shared. However, AS of host transcripts and small nuclear RNAs differed between the seasonal and laboratory strains. Analysis of viral transcriptomes showed deletions of the polymerase components (defective interfering-like RNAs) within the genome. Surprisingly, we found that the neuraminidase gene undergoes AS and that the splicing event differs between seasonal and laboratory strains. Our findings reveal novel elements of the host-virus interaction and highlight the importance of RNA-seq in identifying molecular changes at the genome level that may contribute to shaping RNA-based innate immunity.IMPORTANCE The use of massively parallel RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has revealed insights into human and pathogen genomes and their evolution. Dual RNA-seq allows simultaneous dissection of host and pathogen genomes and strand-specific RNA-seq provides information about the polarity of the RNA. This is important in the case of negative-strand RNA viruses like influenza virus, which generate positive (complementary and mRNA) and negative-strand RNAs (genome) that differ in their potential to trigger innate immunity. Here, we characterize interactions between human bronchial epithelial cells and three influenza A/H3N2 strains using strand-specific dual RNA-seq. We focused on this subtype because of its epidemiological importance in causing significant morbidity and mortality during influenza epidemics. We report novel elements that differ between seasonal and laboratory strains highlighting the complexity of the host-virus interplay at the RNA level.
Collapse
|
100
|
Hodgkinson A, Uzé G, Radulescu O, Trucu D. Signal Propagation in Sensing and Reciprocating Cellular Systems with Spatial and Structural Heterogeneity. Bull Math Biol 2018; 80:1900-1936. [PMID: 29721746 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-018-0439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Sensing and reciprocating cellular systems (SARs) are important for the operation of many biological systems. Production in interferon (IFN) SARs is achieved through activation of the Jak-Stat pathway, and downstream upregulation of IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-7 and IFN transcription, but the role that high- and low-affinity IFNs play in this process remains unclear. We present a comparative between a minimal spatio-temporal partial differential equation model and a novel spatio-structural-temporal (SST) model for the consideration of receptor, binding, and metabolic aspects of SAR behaviour. Using the SST framework, we simulate single- and multi-cluster paradigms of IFN communication. Simulations reveal a cyclic process between the binding of IFN to the receptor, and the consequent increase in metabolism, decreasing the propensity for binding due to the internal feedback mechanism. One observes the effect of heterogeneity between cellular clusters, allowing them to individualise and increase local production, and within clusters, where we observe 'subpopular quiescence'; a process whereby intra-cluster subpopulations reduce their binding and metabolism such that other such subpopulations may augment their production. Finally, we observe the ability for low-affinity IFN to communicate a long range signal, where high affinity cannot, and the breakdown of this relationship through the introduction of cell motility. Biological systems may utilise cell motility where environments are unrestrictive and may use fixed system, with low-affinity communication, where a localised response is desirable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arran Hodgkinson
- DIMNP - UMR 5235, Université de Montpellier, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Gilles Uzé
- DIMNP - UMR 5235, Université de Montpellier, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Ovidiu Radulescu
- DIMNP - UMR 5235, Université de Montpellier, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Dumitru Trucu
- Division of Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|