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Liu Y, Zhang C, Li B, Yu C, Bai X, Xiao C, Wang L, Dang E, Yang L, Wang G. A novel role of IL-17A in contributing to the impaired suppressive function of Tregs in psoriasis. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 101:84-92. [PMID: 33334656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial in maintaining T cell homeostasis and preventing autoimmune responses. Deficiencies in the suppressive function of Tregs contribute to the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis. However, whether IL-17A upregulation in psoriatic patients contributes to Treg dysfunction is unknown. OBJECTIVE To explore the effect and underlying mechanism of IL-17A on the suppressive function of Tregs and to evaluate the restoration of the suppressive function of Tregs in psoriasis during anti-IL-17A (secukinumab) treatment. METHODS In vitro suppression assays were performed with or without the addition of IL-17A to the coculture system. The release of inhibitory cytokines, including IL-10 and TGF-β, was assessed by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. RNA-sequencing was conducted to characterize the cellular responses of Tregs. IL-17A signaling activation was analyzed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Blood samples were collected from three psoriasis patients before and after secukinumab treatment. RESULTS IL-17A blocked the suppressive function of Tregs, possibly by inhibiting the release of TGF-β and promoting the production of IFN-γ. Moreover, IL-17A activated the NF-κB signaling pathway in Tregs. Inhibition of the NF-κB pathway blocked IL-17A-induced upregulation of IFN-γ without affecting the secretion of TGF-β by Tregs. Clinical treatment in psoriasis with secukinumab restored the suppressive function and increased production of TGF-β in Tregs of psoriasis. CONCLUSION Our study implies a crucial role of IL-17A in mediating the dysfunction of the Treg suppressive function in psoriasis. Secukinumab, which neutralizes IL-17A signaling, restored the suppressive function of Tregs to exert its antipsoriatic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghe Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaocui Bai
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunying Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erle Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Luting Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Kuroda Y, Yuki T, Takahashi Y, Sakaguchi H, Matsunaga K, Itagaki H. An acid-hydrolyzed wheat protein activates the inflammatory and NF-κB pathways leading to long TSLP transcription in human keratinocytes. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:327-337. [PMID: 32493875 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolyzed wheat proteins (HWPs) contained in cosmetics have occasionally caused immediate-type hypersensitivity following repeated skin exposure. Although the Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel concluded that < 3,500 Da HWP is safe for use in cosmetics, it remains biologically unknown how allergenic HWPs evoke immediate-type allergy percutaneously. Keratinocyte-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) induces type 2 immune responses, which play an essential role in the pathogenesis of immediate-type allergy. Previously, we demonstrated that protein allergens in cultured human keratinocytes strongly induced long-form TSLP (loTSLP) transcription. However loTSLP-regulating signaling by HWP is poorly understood. In this study, we performed global gene expression analysis by microarray to investigate how the allergenic HWP acts on epidermal keratinocytes and the induction of loTSLP. Compared to human serum albumin (HSA), allergenic HWP induced a distinct gene expression pattern and preferentially activated various inflammatory pathways (High Mobility Group Box 1, Interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, and acute phase response signaling). We identified 85 genes as potential nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) target genes in GP19S-treated cells, compared with 29 such genes in HSA-treated cells. In addition, HWP specifically altered IL-17 signaling pathways in which transcription factors, NF-κB and activator protein-1, were activated. NF-κB signaling may be an important factor for HWP-induced inflammatory loTSLP transcription via inhibition assay. In conclusion, allergenic HWP caused an easily sensitizable milieu of activated inflammatory pathways and induced NF-κB-dependent loTSLP transcription in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Kuroda
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation.,Department of Material Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University
| | - Takuo Yuki
- Safety Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation
| | | | | | - Kayoko Matsunaga
- Department of Integrative Medical Science for Allergic Disease, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Itagaki
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University.,ITACS Consulting
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Appay M. Dermatite atopique de l’enfant, un traitement strictement symptomatique. ACTUALITES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0515-3700(20)30265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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54
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Hynes GM, Hinks TSC. The role of interleukin-17 in asthma: a protective response? ERJ Open Res 2020; 6:00364-2019. [PMID: 32494573 PMCID: PMC7248344 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00364-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While there now exist effective treatments for type 2 high, eosinophilic asthma, there are no specific therapies for 40–50% of people with asthma with other phenotypes, which result from poorly understood underlying pathological mechanisms. One such pathology is neutrophilic inflammation, which has been associated with interleukin (IL)-17 family cytokines. Human genetic studies identified IL-17 polymorphisms associated with asthma; in murine models of allergic airways disease, IL-17A contributes to airway hyperresponsiveness, and in humans, elevated airway IL-17A levels are repeatedly observed in severe asthma. However, the directionality of this association is unknown, and the assumption that IL-17 cytokines drive disease pathology remains speculative. Here, we explore the evidence underlying the relationship between IL-17 and asthma, we review lessons learned from investigating IL-17 in other inflammatory diseases, and discuss the possibility that IL-17 may even be protective in asthma rather than pathogenic. We also critically examine the newly proposed paradigm of a reciprocal relationship between type 2 and type 17 airways inflammation. In summary, we suggest an association between IL-17 and asthma, but research is needed examining the diverse functions of these cytokines, their longitudinal stability, their response to clinical interventions, and for mechanistic studies determining whether they are protective or pathogenic. IL-17 cytokines have been implicated in neutrophilic asthma by genetic, murine and human data. Here, previous studies are critiqued and the assumption their dominant role is pathogenic rather than protective of airway epithelial barrier integrity is challenged.http://bit.ly/3axB4Zs
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth M Hynes
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy S C Hinks
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Liu X, Michael S, Bharti K, Ferrer M, Song MJ. A biofabricated vascularized skin model of atopic dermatitis for preclinical studies. Biofabrication 2020; 12:035002. [PMID: 32059197 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab76a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) biofabrication techniques enable the production of multicellular tissue models as assay platforms for drug screening. The increased cellular and physiological complexity in these 3D tissue models should recapitulate the relevant biological environment found in the body. Here we describe the use of 3D bioprinting techniques to fabricate skin equivalent tissues of varying physiological complexity, including human epidermis, non-vascularized and vascularized full-thickness skin tissue equivalents, in a multi-well platform to enable drug screening. Human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and pericytes, and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells were used in the biofabrication process to produce the varying complexity. The skin equivalents exhibit the correct structural markers of dermis and epidermis stratification, with physiological functions of the skin barrier. The robustness, versatility and reproducibility of the biofabrication techniques are further highlighted by the generation of atopic dermatitis (AD)-disease like tissues. These AD models demonstrate several clinical hallmarks of the disease, including: (i) spongiosis and hyperplasia; (ii) early and terminal expression of differentiation proteins; and (iii) increases in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We show the pre-clinical relevance of the biofabricated AD tissue models to correct disease phenotype by testing the effects of dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid, and three Janus Kinase inhibitors from clinical trials for AD. This study demonstrates the development of a versatile and reproducible bioprinting approach to create human skin equivalents with a range of cellular complexity for disease modeling. In addition, we establish several assay readouts that are quantifiable, robust, AD relevant, and can be scaled up for compound screening. The results show that the cellular complexity of the tissues develops a more physiologically relevant AD disease model. Thus, the skin models in this study offer an in vitro approach for the rapid understanding of pathological mechanisms, and testing for efficacy of action and toxic effects of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
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Claudin-1 decrease impacts epidermal barrier function in atopic dermatitis lesions dose-dependently. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2024. [PMID: 32029783 PMCID: PMC7004991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58718-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein claudin-1 is a major component of epidermal tight junctions (TJs), which create a dynamic paracellular barrier in the epidermis. Claudin-1 downregulation has been linked to atopic dermatitis (AD) pathogenesis but variable levels of claudin-1 have also been observed in healthy skin. To elucidate the impact of different levels of claudin-1 in healthy and diseased skin we determined claudin-1 levels in AD patients and controls and correlated them to TJ and skin barrier function. We observed a strikingly broad range of claudin-1 levels with stable TJ and overall skin barrier function in healthy and non-lesional skin. However, a significant decrease in TJ barrier function was detected in lesional AD skin where claudin-1 levels were further reduced. Investigations on reconstructed human epidermis expressing different levels of claudin-1 revealed that claudin-1 levels correlated with inside-out and outside-in barrier function, with a higher coherence for smaller molecular tracers. Claudin-1 decrease induced keratinocyte-autonomous IL-1β expression and fostered inflammatory epidermal responses to non-pathogenic Staphylococci. In conclusion, claudin-1 decrease beyond a threshold level results in TJ and epidermal barrier function impairment and induces inflammation in human epidermis. Increasing claudin-1 levels might improve barrier function and decrease inflammation and therefore be a target for AD treatment.
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Smith P, Koval M, Levy JM. Mucosal Barrier Defects: What Have We Learned from Atopic Dermatitis, Asthma, and Allergic Rhinitis? CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40136-020-00267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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58
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Dufour AM, Borowczyk-Michalowska J, Alvarez M, Truchetet ME, Modarressi A, Brembilla NC, Chizzolini C. IL-17A Dissociates Inflammation from Fibrogenesis in Systemic Sclerosis. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:103-112.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Na K, Lkhagva‐Yondon E, Kim M, Lim Y, Shin E, Lee C, Jeon M. Oral treatment with Aloe polysaccharide ameliorates ovalbumin‐induced atopic dermatitis by restoring tight junctions in skin. Scand J Immunol 2019; 91:e12856. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwangmin Na
- Translational Research Center Department of Molecular Biomedicine IRIMS, and College of Medicine Inha University Incheon Republic of Korea
| | - Enkhmaa Lkhagva‐Yondon
- Translational Research Center Department of Molecular Biomedicine IRIMS, and College of Medicine Inha University Incheon Republic of Korea
| | - Minha Kim
- Translational Research Center Department of Molecular Biomedicine IRIMS, and College of Medicine Inha University Incheon Republic of Korea
| | - Yu‐Ree Lim
- Translational Research Center Department of Molecular Biomedicine IRIMS, and College of Medicine Inha University Incheon Republic of Korea
| | | | - Chong‐Kil Lee
- College of Pharmacy Chungbuk National University Cheongju Republic of Korea
| | - Myung‐Shin Jeon
- Translational Research Center Department of Molecular Biomedicine IRIMS, and College of Medicine Inha University Incheon Republic of Korea
- Convergent Research Center for Metabolism and Immunoregulation Inha University Incheon Republic of Korea
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Pathophysiology of Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis: Implications for Management in Children. CHILDREN-BASEL 2019; 6:children6100108. [PMID: 31590274 PMCID: PMC6826460 DOI: 10.3390/children6100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis are chronic inflammatory skin diseases associated with a significant cutaneous and systemic burden of disease as well as a poor health-related quality of life. Here, we review the complex pathophysiology of both AD and psoriasis and discuss the implications for treatment with current state-of-the-art and emerging topical and systemic therapies. Both AD and psoriasis are caused by a complex combination of immune dysregulation, skin-barrier disruption, genetic factors, and environmental influences. Previous treatments for both diseases were limited to anti-inflammatory agents that broadly suppress inflammation. Emerging insights into relevant pathways, including recognition of the role of T-helper type 2 driven inflammation in AD and T-helper 1 and 17 driven inflammation in psoriasis, have led to a therapeutic revolution. There are a number of novel treatment options available for AD and psoriasis with many more currently under investigation.
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61
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Schwartz C, Moran T, Saunders SP, Kaszlikowska A, Floudas A, Bom J, Nunez G, Iwakura Y, O’Neill L, Irvine AD, McKenzie ANJ, Ogg G, Walsh PT, Demengeot J, Fallon PG. Spontaneous atopic dermatitis in mice with a defective skin barrier is independent of ILC2 and mediated by IL-1β. Allergy 2019; 74:1920-1933. [PMID: 30937919 PMCID: PMC6850072 DOI: 10.1111/all.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common skin diseases with a multifactorial etiology. Mutations leading to loss of skin barrier function are associated with the development of AD with group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) promoting acute skin inflammation. Filaggrin-mutant (Flgft/ft ) mice develop spontaneous skin inflammation accompanied by an increase in skin ILC2 numbers, IL-1β production, and other cytokines recapitulating human AD. Here, we investigated the role of ILC2, effector cytokines, inflammasome activation, and mast cell function on the development of chronic AD-like inflammation in mice. METHODS Mice with a frameshift mutation in the filaggrin gene develop spontaneous dermatitis. Flgft/ft mice were crossed to cell- or cytokine-deficient mouse strains, or bred under germ-free conditions. Skin inflammation was scored, and microbiome composition was analyzed. Skin protein expression was measured by multiplex immunoassay. Infiltrating cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Wild-type and Flgft/ft mice significantly differ in their microbiome composition. Furthermore, mutant mice do not develop skin inflammation under germ-free conditions. ILC2 deficiency did not ameliorate chronic dermatitis in Flgft/ft mice, which was also independent of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, IL-17A, and IL-22. Inflammation was independent of NLRP3 inflammasome activation but required IL-1β and IL-1R1-signaling. Mechanistically, IL-1β promoted hyperactivation of IL-1R1-expressing mast cells. Treatment with anti-IL-1β-antibody alleviated dermatitis exacerbation, while antibiotic intervention ameliorated dermatitis in neonatal mice but not in adults with established inflammation. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we identified a critical role for the microbiome and IL-1β mediating chronic inflammation in mice with an impaired skin barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwartz
- School of MedicineTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
- Mikrobiologisches Institut ‐ Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und HygieneUniversitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich‐Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Tara Moran
- School of MedicineTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s HospitalDublinIreland
| | - Sean P. Saunders
- School of MedicineTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s HospitalDublinIreland
| | - Agnieszka Kaszlikowska
- School of MedicineTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s HospitalDublinIreland
| | - Achilleas Floudas
- School of MedicineTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s HospitalDublinIreland
| | - Joana Bom
- Instituto Gulbenkian de CiênciaOeirasPortugal
| | - Gabriel Nunez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical SciencesTokyo University of ScienceChibaJapan
| | - Luke O’Neill
- School of Biochemistry and ImmunologyTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Alan D. Irvine
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s HospitalDublinIreland
- Department of Paediatric DermatologyOur Lady’s Children’s HospitalDublinIreland
| | | | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineJohn Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Patrick T. Walsh
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s HospitalDublinIreland
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James’s Hospital, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | | | - Padraic G. Fallon
- School of MedicineTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
- National Children’s Research Centre, Our Lady’s Children’s HospitalDublinIreland
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James’s Hospital, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
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The Roles of Sex Hormones in the Course of Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194660. [PMID: 31547021 PMCID: PMC6802354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by T helper 2 cell (Th2)-shifted abnormal immunity, skin barrier impairment, and pruritus. The prevalence of AD in childhood is slightly higher in boys than in girls; after puberty, the sexual difference is reversed. The female preponderance in all generations exists in intrinsic AD with enhanced Th1 activity and nickel allergy, lacking increased serum IgE or filaggrin mutation. AD is often deteriorated before menstruation. We review the effects of sex hormones on immune responses and skin permeability barrier and propose possible hypotheses for the above phenomena. After puberty, the immune responses of patients are remarkably influenced by sex hormones. Estrogen and progesterone enhance the activities of Th2/regulatory T cell (Treg) but suppress Th1/Th17. Androgens suppress Th1/Th2/Th17 and induce Treg. The skin permeability barrier is fortified by estrogen but is impaired by progesterone and androgens. Dehydroepiandrosterone suppresses Th2 but enhances Th1. The amount of steroid sulfatase converting dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to dehydroepiandrosterone is higher in women than in men, and thus, women might be more susceptible to the influence of dehydroepiandrosterone. The balance of modulatory effects of sex hormones on immune responses and skin barrier might regulate the course of AD.
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Holocrine Secretion Occurs outside the Tight Junction Barrier in Multicellular Glands: Lessons from Claudin-1-Deficient Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:298-308.e5. [PMID: 31445004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.06.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Holocrine secretion is a specific mode of secretion involving secretion of entire cytoplasmic materials with remnants of dead cells, as observed in multicellular exocrine glands of reptiles, birds, and mammals. Here, we found that sebaceous glands in mice, representative of multicellular exocrine glands of mammals, exhibit a form of polarized stratified epithelium equipped with tight junctions (TJs), and found that holocrine secretion occurred outside the TJ barriers. Sebaceous glands share characteristics of stratified epithelia with interfollicular epidermis, including basal-layer-restricted cell proliferation, TJ barrier formation at a specific single layer of cells with apico-basolateral plasma membrane polarity, and cell death outside the TJ barrier. Knockout of claudin-1, a transmembrane adhesive protein in TJs, in mice caused leakage of the TJ barrier in sebaceous glands and incomplete degradation of the plasma membrane and nuclei during holocrine secretion. Claudin-1 knockout resulted in the accumulation of incompletely degenerated sebocytes in sebaceous ducts, suggesting that the TJ barrier was necessary for differentiation of holocrine secretion. The redefinition of sebaceous glands as TJ-forming stratified epithelia provides an important framework to understand the molecular mechanism of holocrine secretion.
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Brewer MG, Yoshida T, Kuo FI, Fridy S, Beck LA, De Benedetto A. Antagonistic Effects of IL-4 on IL-17A-Mediated Enhancement of Epidermal Tight Junction Function. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174070. [PMID: 31438472 PMCID: PMC6747459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease. AD is typically characterized by skewed T helper (Th) 2 inflammation, yet other inflammatory profiles (Th1, Th17, Th22) have been observed in human patients. How cytokines from these different Th subsets impact barrier function in this disease is not well understood. As such, we investigated the impact of the canonical Th17 cytokine, IL-17A, on barrier function and protein composition in primary human keratinocytes and human skin explants. These studies demonstrated that IL-17A enhanced tight junction formation and function in both systems, with a dependence on STAT3 signaling. Importantly, the Th2 cytokine, IL-4 inhibited the barrier-enhancing effect of IL-17A treatment. These observations propose that IL-17A helps to restore skin barrier function, but this action is antagonized by Th2 cytokines. This suggests that restoration of IL-17/IL-4 ratio in the skin of AD patients may improve barrier function and in so doing improve disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Brewer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Fiona I Kuo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Sade Fridy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Lisa A Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Gür Çetinkaya P, Şahiner ÜM. Childhood atopic dermatitis: current developments, treatment approaches, and future expectations. Turk J Med Sci 2019; 49:963-984. [PMID: 31408293 PMCID: PMC7018348 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1810-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disorder of childhood. Underlying factors that contribute to AD are impaired epithelial barrier, alterations in the lipid composition of the skin, immunological imbalance including increased Th2/Th1 ratio, proinflammatory cytokines, decreased T regulatory cells, genetic mutations, and epigenetic alterations. Atopic dermatitis is a multifactorial disease with a particularly complicated pathophysiology. Discoveries to date may be considered the tip of the iceberg, and the increasing number of studies in this field indicate that there are many points to be elucidated in AD pathophysiology. In this review, we aimed to illustrate the current understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms in AD, to evaluate available treatment options with a focus on recently discovered therapeutic agents, and to determine the personal, familial, and economic burdens of the disease, which are frequently neglected issues in AD. Currently available therapies only provide transient solutions and cannot fully cure the disease. However, advances in the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease have led to the production of new treatment options, while ongoing drug trials also have had promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Gür Çetinkaya
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ümit Murat Şahiner
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Sakamoto T, Ishio Y, Ishida Y, Mogi K, Kikusui T. Low maternal care enhances the skin barrier resistance of offspring in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219674. [PMID: 31295326 PMCID: PMC6624014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Deprivation of maternal care via lack of somatosensory input causes offspring to experience adverse consequences, especially in the central nervous system. However, little is known about the developmental effect of maternal care on peripheral tissues such as the skin, which includes cutaneous sensory neurons. In the present study, we examined the involvement of maternal care in the development of the skin. We investigated offspring reared by early-weaned mother mice who spontaneously showed lower frequency of licking/grooming on nursing. Offspring of early-weaned mothers showed higher resistance against skin barrier disruption than did offspring of normally-weaned mothers, and had normal skin barrier function in the intact trunk skin. In the dorsal root ganglion of early-weaned mother offspring, we also found up-regulation of mRNA levels of the Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor B4 (MrgprB4), which is a marker of sensory neurons that detect gentle stroking. We further found that levels of MrgprB4 mRNA were correlated with the enhancement of skin resistance. The present findings suggest that maternal somatosensory inputs have a developmental impact on the cutaneous sensory neurons of the skin in offspring. Interestingly, the present results suggest that lower maternal care has a benefit on the skin resistance. This provides important information for understanding the development of peripheral tissues in offspring reared under severe conditions such as lower maternal care in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sakamoto
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukino Ishio
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuiko Ishida
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Mogi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takefumi Kikusui
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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67
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Takahashi S, Ishida A, Kubo A, Kawasaki H, Ochiai S, Nakayama M, Koseki H, Amagai M, Okada T. Homeostatic pruning and activity of epidermal nerves are dysregulated in barrier-impaired skin during chronic itch development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8625. [PMID: 31197234 PMCID: PMC6565750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44866-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal barrier is thought to protect sensory nerves from overexposure to environmental stimuli, and barrier impairment leads to pathological conditions associated with itch, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). However, it is not known how the epidermal barrier continuously protects nerves for the sensory homeostasis during turnover of the epidermis. Here we show that epidermal nerves are contained underneath keratinocyte tight junctions (TJs) in normal human and mouse skin, but not in human AD samples or mouse models of chronic itch caused by epidermal barrier impairment. By intravital imaging of the mouse skin, we found that epidermal nerve endings were frequently extended and retracted, and occasionally underwent local pruning. Importantly, the epidermal nerve pruning took place rapidly at intersections with newly forming TJs in the normal skin, whereas this process was disturbed during chronic itch development. Furthermore, aberrant Ca2+ increases in epidermal nerves were induced in association with the disturbed pruning. Finally, TRPA1 inhibition suppressed aberrant Ca2+ increases in epidermal nerves and itch. These results suggest that epidermal nerve endings are pruned through interactions with keratinocytes to stay below the TJ barrier, and that disruption of this mechanism may lead to aberrant activation of epidermal nerves and pathological itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Takahashi
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Azusa Ishida
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Akiharu Kubo
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.,Disease Biology Group, RIKEN Medical Sciences Innovation Hub Program, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Sotaro Ochiai
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Manabu Nakayama
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Disease Biology Group, RIKEN Medical Sciences Innovation Hub Program, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.,Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takaharu Okada
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan. .,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan. .,JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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68
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Petrunin DD. Pharmacotherapy: Its impact on morphofunctional characteristics of the epidermal barrier. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2019. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2019-95-1-59-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Various pharmaceuticals used for topical and systemic therapy are capable of exerting significant impact on morphological and physiological characteristics of human epidermis, as well as its barrier properties. This may affect the course of dermatologic diseases and the efficacy of their treatment. In this literature review, the author analyzes the impact of various pharmaceutical classes on the morphofunctional characteristics of the epidermal barrier and formulates recommendations for skin disease treatment.
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The Dynamics of the Skin's Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081811. [PMID: 31013709 PMCID: PMC6515324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a complex organ that has devised numerous strategies, such as physical, chemical, and microbiological barriers, to protect the host from external insults. In addition, the skin contains an intricate network of immune cells resident to the tissue, crucial for host defense as well as tissue homeostasis. In the event of an insult, the skin-resident immune cells are crucial not only for prevention of infection but also for tissue reconstruction. Deregulation of immune responses often leads to impaired healing and poor tissue restoration and function. In this review, we will discuss the defensive components of the skin and focus on the function of skin-resident immune cells in homeostasis and their role in wound healing.
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Shi J, Barakat M, Chen D, Chen L. Bicellular Tight Junctions and Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123862. [PMID: 30518037 PMCID: PMC6321209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicellular tight junctions (TJs) are intercellular junctions comprised of a variety of transmembrane proteins including occludin, claudins, and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) as well as intracellular scaffold proteins such as zonula occludens (ZOs). TJs are functional, intercellular structures that form a barrier between adjacent cells, which constantly seals and unseals to control the paracellular passage of molecules. They are primarily present in the epithelial and endothelial cells of all tissues and organs. In addition to their well-recognized roles in maintaining cell polarity and barrier functions, TJs are important regulators of signal transduction, which modulates cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, as well as some components of the immune response and homeostasis. A vast breadth of research data is available on TJs, but little has been done to decipher their specific roles in wound healing, despite their primary distribution in epithelial and endothelial cells, which are essential contributors to the wound healing process. Some data exists to indicate that a better understanding of the functions and significance of TJs in healing wounds may prove crucial for future improvements in wound healing research and therapy. Specifically, recent studies demonstrate that occludin and claudin-1, which are two TJ component proteins, are present in migrating epithelial cells at the wound edge but are absent in chronic wounds. This indicates that functional TJs may be critical for effective wound healing. A tremendous amount of work is needed to investigate their roles in barrier function, re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, scar formation, and in the interactions between epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells both in the acute wound healing process and in non-healing wounds. A more thorough understanding of TJs in wound healing may shed new light on potential research targets and reveal novel strategies to enhance tissue regeneration and improve wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhe Shi
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - May Barakat
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Dandan Chen
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA.
| | - Lin Chen
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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71
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Dainichi T, Kitoh A, Otsuka A, Nakajima S, Nomura T, Kaplan DH, Kabashima K. The epithelial immune microenvironment (EIME) in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1286-1298. [PMID: 30446754 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The skin provides both a physical barrier and an immunologic barrier to external threats. The protective machinery of the skin has evolved to provide situation-specific responses to eliminate pathogens and to provide protection against physical dangers. Dysregulation of this machinery can give rise to the initiation and propagation of inflammatory loops in the epithelial microenvironment that result in inflammatory skin diseases in susceptible people. A defective barrier and microbial dysbiosis drive an interleukin 4 (IL-4) loop that underlies atopic dermatitis, while in psoriasis, disordered keratinocyte signaling and predisposition to type 17 responses drive a pathogenic IL-17 loop. Here we discuss the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis in terms of the epithelial immune microenvironment-the microbiota, keratinocytes and sensory nerves-and the resulting inflammatory loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Dainichi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kitoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Immunology, Cutaneous Biology Research Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. .,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore.
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Human and computational models of atopic dermatitis: A review and perspectives by an expert panel of the International Eczema Council. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:36-45. [PMID: 30414395 PMCID: PMC6626639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent disease worldwide and is associated with systemic comorbidities representing a significant burden on patients, their families, and society. Therapeutic options for AD remain limited, in part because of a lack of well-characterized animal models. There has been increasing interest in developing experimental approaches to study the pathogenesis of human AD in vivo, in vitro, and in silico to better define pathophysiologic mechanisms and identify novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers that predict therapeutic response. This review critically appraises a range of models, including genetic mutations relevant to AD, experimental challenge of human skin in vivo, tissue culture models, integration of “omics” data sets, and development of predictive computational models. Although no one individual model recapitulates the complex AD pathophysiology, our review highlights insights gained into key elements of cutaneous biology, molecular pathways, and therapeutic target identification through each approach. Recent developments in computational analysis, including application of machine learning and a systems approach to data integration and predictive modeling, highlight the applicability of these methods to AD subclassification (endotyping), therapy development, and precision medicine. Such predictive modeling will highlight knowledge gaps, further inform refinement of biological models, and support new experimental and systems approaches to AD. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019;143:36–45.)
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73
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Guttman-Yassky E, Bissonnette R, Ungar B, Suárez-Fariñas M, Ardeleanu M, Esaki H, Suprun M, Estrada Y, Xu H, Peng X, Silverberg JI, Menter A, Krueger JG, Zhang R, Chaudhry U, Swanson B, Graham NMH, Pirozzi G, Yancopoulos GD, D Hamilton JD. Dupilumab progressively improves systemic and cutaneous abnormalities in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:155-172. [PMID: 30194992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dupilumab is an IL-4 receptor α mAb inhibiting signaling of IL-4 and IL-13, key drivers of type 2-driven inflammation, as demonstrated by its efficacy in patients with atopic/allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE This placebo-controlled, double-blind trial (NCT01979016) evaluated the efficacy, safety, and effects of dupilumab on molecular/cellular lesional and nonlesional skin phenotypes and systemic type 2 biomarkers of patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS Skin biopsy specimens and blood were evaluated from 54 patients randomized 1:1 to weekly subcutaneous doses of 200 mg of dupilumab or placebo for 16 weeks. RESULTS Dupilumab (vs placebo) significantly improved clinical signs and symptoms of AD, was well tolerated, and progressively shifted the lesional transcriptome toward a nonlesional phenotype (weeks 4-16). Mean improvements in a meta-analysis-derived AD transcriptome (genes differentially expressed between lesional and nonlesional skin) were 68.8% and 110.8% with dupilumab and -10.5% and 55.0% with placebo (weeks 4 and 16, respectively; P < .001). Dupilumab significantly reduced expression of genes involved in type 2 inflammation (IL13, IL31, CCL17, CCL18, and CCL26), epidermal hyperplasia (keratin 16 [K16] and MKi67), T cells, dendritic cells (ICOS, CD11c, and CTLA4), and TH17/TH22 activity (IL17A, IL-22, and S100As) and concurrently increased expression of epidermal differentiation, barrier, and lipid metabolism genes (filaggrin [FLG], loricrin [LOR], claudins, and ELOVL3). Dupilumab reduced lesional epidermal thickness versus placebo (week 4, P = .001; week 16, P = .0002). Improvements in clinical and histologic measures correlated significantly with modulation of gene expression. Dupilumab also significantly suppressed type 2 serum biomarkers, including CCL17, CCL18, periostin, and total and allergen-specific IgEs. CONCLUSION Dupilumab-mediated inhibition of IL-4/IL-13 signaling through IL-4 receptor α blockade significantly and progressively improved disease activity, suppressed cellular/molecular cutaneous markers of inflammation and systemic measures of type 2 inflammation, and reversed AD-associated epidermal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY.
| | | | - Benjamin Ungar
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Mayte Suárez-Fariñas
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Hitokazu Esaki
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Maria Suprun
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Yeriel Estrada
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Xiangyu Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jonathan I Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, Preventive Medicine and Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Alan Menter
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Tex
| | - James G Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Rick Zhang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY
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75
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Human cystatin SN is an endogenous protease inhibitor that prevents allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1153-1162.e12. [PMID: 30012514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease allergens disrupt epithelial barriers to exert their allergenicity. Cystatin SN (encoded by CST1) is an endogenous cysteine protease inhibitor upregulated in nasal epithelia in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the protective effect of human cystatin SN on AR symptoms using pollen-induced AR mouse models. METHODS We performed an in vitro protease activity assay to evaluate the effect of recombinant human cystatin SN (rhCystatin SN) on Japanese cedar (JC) or ragweed proteases. A human nasal epithelial cell line, RPMI 2650, was used to examine tight junction (TJ) disruption in vitro. Mice were sensitized and nasally challenged with JC or ragweed pollens with or without rhCystatin SN to examine the effect of rhCystatin SN on AR symptoms and the epithelial barrier in vivo. Because mice lack CST1, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human CST1 under control of its genomic control region (hCST1-Tg mice) to examine the role of cystatin SN in physiologically expressed conditions. RESULTS rhCystatin SN inhibited JC but not ragweed protease activities and prevented JC-induced but not ragweed-induced TJ disruption in vitro. Exogenous administration of rhCystatin SN ameliorated JC-induced but not ragweed-induced sneezing and nasal TJ disruption in vivo. Furthermore, hCST1-Tg mice showed decreased JC-induced but not ragweed-induced sneezing symptoms and nasal TJ disruption compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSION Human cystatin SN suppresses AR symptoms through inhibiting allergen protease activities and protecting the nasal TJ barrier in an allergen-specific manner. We propose that upregulation of nasal endogenous protease inhibitors, including cystatin SN, is a novel therapeutic strategy for protease allergen-induced AR.
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Jeong NH, Yang EJ, Jin M, Lee JY, Choi YA, Park PH, Lee SR, Kim SU, Shin TY, Kwon TK, Jang YH, Song KS, Kim SH. Esculetin from Fraxinus rhynchophylla attenuates atopic skin inflammation by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:209-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Brunner PM, Israel A, Zhang N, Leonard A, Wen HC, Huynh T, Tran G, Lyon S, Rodriguez G, Immaneni S, Wagner A, Zheng X, Estrada YD, Xu H, Krueger JG, Paller AS, Guttman-Yassky E. Early-onset pediatric atopic dermatitis is characterized by T H2/T H17/T H22-centered inflammation and lipid alterations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:2094-2106. [PMID: 29731129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although atopic dermatitis (AD) often starts in early childhood, detailed tissue profiling of early-onset AD in children is lacking, hindering therapeutic development for this patient population with a particularly high unmet need for better treatments. OBJECTIVE We sought to globally profile the skin of infants with AD compared with that of adults with AD and healthy control subjects. METHODS We performed microarray, RT-PCR, and fluorescence microscopy studies in infants and young children (<5 years old) with early-onset AD (<6 months disease duration) compared with age-matched control subjects and adults with longstanding AD. RESULTS Transcriptomic analyses revealed profound differences between pediatric patients with early-onset versus adult patients with longstanding AD in not only lesional but also nonlesional tissues. Although both patient populations harbored TH2-centered inflammation, pediatric AD also showed significant TH17/TH22 skewing but lacked the TH1 upregulation that characterizes adult AD. Pediatric AD exhibited relatively normal expression of epidermal differentiation and cornification products, which is downregulated in adults with AD. Defects in the lipid barrier (eg, ELOVL fatty acid elongase 3 [ELOVL3] and diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 2 [DGAT2]) and tight junction regulation (eg, claudins 8 and 23) were evident in both groups. However, some lipid-associated mediators (eg, fatty acyl-CoA reductase 2 and fatty acid 2-hydroxylase) showed preferential downregulation in pediatric AD, and lipid barrier genes (FA2H and DGAT2) showed inverse correlations with transepidermal water loss, a functional measure of the epidermal barrier. CONCLUSIONS Skin samples from children and adult patients with AD share lipid metabolism and tight junction alterations, but epidermal differentiation complex defects are only present in adult AD, potentially resulting from chronic immune aberration that is not yet present in early-onset disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Brunner
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Ariel Israel
- Department of Family Medicine, Clalit Health Services, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Alexandra Leonard
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Huei-Chi Wen
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Thy Huynh
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Gary Tran
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Sarah Lyon
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Giselle Rodriguez
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Supriya Immaneni
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Annette Wagner
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Xiuzhong Zheng
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Yeriel D Estrada
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - James G Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Amy S Paller
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
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Ryu WI, Lee H, Bae HC, Jeon J, Ryu HJ, Kim J, Kim JH, Son JW, Kim J, Imai Y, Yamanishi K, Jeong SH, Son SW. IL-33 down-regulates CLDN1 expression through the ERK/STAT3 pathway in keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Selenium unmasks protective iron armor: A possible defense against cutaneous inflammation and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2518-2527. [PMID: 29852199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A link between selenium deficiency and inflammatory skin diseases have been noted by many, but this link is still not well understood. We have previously studied the efficacy of ceramide analogs, based on the fire ant venom Solenopsin A, against our psoriasis animal model. Treatment of animals with solenopsin analogs resulted in significantly improved skin as well as in a coordinate downregulation of selenoproteins, namely Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4). We thus hypothesize that ferroptosis may be a physiologic process that may protect the skin from both inflammatory and neoplastic processes. METHODS We analyze and compare gene expression profiles in the GEO database from clinical skin samples taken from healthy patients and psoriasis patients (both involved and noninvolved skin lesions). We validated the gene expression results against a second, independent, cohort from the GEO database. RESULTS Significant reduction in gene expression of GPX4, elevated expression of Nrf2 downstream targets, and expression profiles mirroring erastin-inhibition of Cystine/Glutamate Antiporter-System XC activity in psoriatic skin lesions, compared to both noninvolved skin and healthy patient samples, suggest an innately inducible mechanism of ferroptosis. CONCLUSIONS We present data that may indicate selenoproteins, particularly GPX4, in resolving inflammation and skin cancer, including the novel hypothesis that the human organism may downregulate GPX4 and reactive oxygen (REDOX) regulating proteins in the skin as a way of resolving psoriasis and nonmelanoma skin cancer through increased reactive oxygen species. Further studies are needed to investigate ferroptosis as a possible physiologic mechanism for eliminating inflammatory and malignant tissues. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study provides a fresh framework for understanding the seemingly contradictory effects of selenium supplementation. In addition, it offers a novel explanation of how physiologic upregulation of ferroptosis and downregulation of selenoprotein synthesis may mediate resolution of inflammation and carcinogenesis. This is of therapeutic significance.
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80
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Ichthyosis molecular fingerprinting shows profound T H17 skewing and a unique barrier genomic signature. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:604-618. [PMID: 29803800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ichthyoses are a group of rare skin disorders lacking effective treatments. Although genetic mutations are progressively delineated, comprehensive molecular phenotyping of ichthyotic skin could suggest much-needed pathogenesis-based therapy. OBJECTIVE We sought to profile the molecular fingerprint of the most common orphan ichthyoses. METHODS Gene, protein, and serum studies were performed on skin and blood samples from 29 patients (congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, n = 9; lamellar ichthyosis, n = 8; epidermolytic ichthyosis, n = 8; and Netherton syndrome, n = 4), as well as age-matched healthy control subjects (n = 14), patients with psoriasis (n = 30), and patients with atopic dermatitis (AD; n = 16). RESULTS Using criteria of a fold change of greater than 2 and a false discovery rate of less than 0.05, 132 differentially expressed genes were shared commonly among all ichthyoses, including many IL-17 and TNF-α-coregulated genes, which are considered hallmarks of psoriasis (defensin beta 4A, kynureninase, and vanin 3). Although striking upregulation of TH17 pathway genes (IL17F and IL36B/G) resembling that seen in patients with psoriasis was common to all patients with ichthyoses in a severity-related manner, patients with Netherton syndrome showed the greatest T-cell activation (inducible costimulator [ICOS]) and a broader immune phenotype with TH1/IFN-γ, OASL, and TH2/IL-4 receptor/IL-5 skewing, although less than seen in patients with AD (all P < .05). Ichthyoses lacked the epidermal differentiation and tight junction alterations of patients with AD (loricrin, filaggrin, and claudin 1) but showed characteristic alterations in lipid metabolism genes (ELOVL fatty acid elongase 3 and galanin), with parallel reductions in extracellular lipids and corneocyte compaction in all ichthyoses except epidermolytic ichthyosis, suggesting phenotypic variations. Transepidermal water loss, a functional barrier measure, significantly correlated with IL-17-regulated gene expression (IL17F and IL36A/IL36B/IL36G). CONCLUSION Similar to patients with AD and psoriasis, in whom cytokine dysregulation and barrier impairment orchestrate disease phenotypes, psoriasis-like immune dysregulation and lipid alterations characterize the ichthyoses. These data support the testing of IL-17/IL-36-targeted therapeutics for patients with ichthyosis similar to those used in patients with psoriasis.
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81
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Teramoto K, Asahina R, Nishida H, Kamishina H, Maeda S. Expression of ZO-1 and claudin-1 in a 3D epidermal equivalent using canine progenitor epidermal keratinocytes. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:288. [PMID: 29785754 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies indicate that tight junctions are involved in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). An in vitro skin model is needed to elucidate the specific role of tight junctions in cAD. A 3D epidermal equivalent model using canine progenitor epidermal keratinocytes (CPEK) has been established; the expression of tight junctions within this model is uncharacterized. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression of tight junctions in the 3D epidermal equivalent. ANIMALS Two normal laboratory beagle dogs served as donors of full-thickness skin biopsy samples for comparison to the in vitro model. METHODS Immunohistochemical techniques were employed to investigate the expression of tight junctions including zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and claudin-1 in normal canine skin, and in the CPEK 3D epidermal equivalent. RESULTS Results demonstrated the expression of ZO-1 and claudin-1 in the CPEK 3D epidermal equivalent, with staining patterns that were similar to those in normal canine skin. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The CPEK 3D epidermal equivalent has the potential to be a suitable in vitro research tool for clarifying the specific role of tight junctions in cAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Teramoto
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Ryota Asahina
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Nishida
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kamishina
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Sadatoshi Maeda
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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82
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The Initiation of Th2 Immunity Towards Food Allergens. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051447. [PMID: 29757238 PMCID: PMC5983584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast with Th1 immune responses against pathogenic viruses and bacteria, the incipient events that generate Th2 responses remain less understood. One difficulty in the identification of universal operating principles stems from the diversity of entities against which cellular and molecular Th2 responses are produced. Such responses are launched against harmful macroscopic parasites and noxious substances, such as venoms, but also against largely innocuous allergens. This suggests that the established understanding about sense and recognition applied to Th1 responses may not be translatable to Th2 responses. This review will discuss processes and signals known to occur in Th2 responses, particularly in the context of food allergy. We propose that perturbations of homeostasis at barrier sites induced by external or internal subverters, which can activate or lower the threshold activation of the immune system, are the major requirement for allergic sensitization. Innate signals produced in the tissue under these conditions equip dendritic cells with a program that forms an adaptive Th2 response.
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83
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Niehues H, Bouwstra JA, El Ghalbzouri A, Brandner JM, Zeeuwen PLJM, van den Bogaard EH. 3D skin models for 3R research: The potential of 3D reconstructed skin models to study skin barrier function. Exp Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc); Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS); Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Joke A. Bouwstra
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology; Cluster BioTherapeutics; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
| | | | - Johanna M. Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology; University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Patrick L. J. M. Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc); Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS); Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H. van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc); Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS); Nijmegen The Netherlands
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84
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Saito-Sasaki N, Sawada Y, Mashima E, Yamaguchi T, Ohmori S, Yoshioka H, Haruyama S, Okada E, Nakamura M. Maresin-1 suppresses imiquimod-induced skin inflammation by regulating IL-23 receptor expression. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5522. [PMID: 29615641 PMCID: PMC5882824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23623-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effect of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been confirmed in various inflammatory disease models. Maresin-1 (MaR1) is a lipid mediator derived from the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that has displayed strong anti-inflammatory effects in various inflammatory disease models. However, the effect of topical MaR1 on cutaneous inflammation remains unclear. Therefore, we initially examined the anti-inflammatory effects of topical Maresin-1 using an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like mouse model of inflammation. Topical MaR1 reduced the ear swelling response as seen in histological findings. RT-PCR and flow cytometry analyses revealed MaR1 had no inhibitory effect on IL-23, but MaR1 suppressed IL-17A production by γδTCRmid+ and CD4+ cells in the skin. These inhibitory effects were also observed in a subcutaneous IL-23-injected psoriasis model. MaR1 downmodulated IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) expression by suppressing retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) expression and internalization in a clathrin-dependent manner in γδTCRmid+ and CD4+ cells. These results lead to assumptions that topical MaR1 may be a new therapeutic agent for psoriasis and other IL-17-mediated cutaneous inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Saito-Sasaki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yu Sawada
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Emi Mashima
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shun Ohmori
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Haruna Yoshioka
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sanehito Haruyama
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Etsuko Okada
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Motonobu Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
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85
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Wang Y, Mumm JB, Herbst R, Kolbeck R, Wang Y. IL-22 Increases Permeability of Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junctions by Enhancing Claudin-2 Expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:3316-3325. [PMID: 28939759 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the epithelial barrier is a hallmark of inflammatory intestinal diseases. The intestinal epithelial barrier is maintained by expression of tight junctions that connect adjacent epithelial cells and seal the paracellular space. IL-22 is critical for the maintenance of intestinal barrier function through promoting antipathogen responses and regeneration of epithelial tissues in the gut. However, little is known about the effects of IL-22 on the regulation of tight junctions in the intestinal epithelium. In this study we report that IL-22 signals exclusively through the basolateral side of polarized Caco-2 cell monolayers. IL-22 treatment does not affect the flux of uncharged macromolecules across cell monolayers but significantly reduces transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), indicating an increase of paracellular permeability for ions. IL-22 treatment on Caco-2 monolayers and on primary human intestinal epithelium markedly induces the expression of Claudin-2, a cation-channel-forming tight junction protein. Furthermore, treatment of IL-22 in mice upregulates Claudin-2 protein in colonic epithelial cells. Knocking down Claudin-2 expression with small interfering RNA reverses the reduction of TEER in IL-22-treated cells. Moreover, IL-22-mediated upregulation of Claudin-2 and loss of TEER can be suppressed with the treatment of JAK inhibitors. In summary, our results reveal that IL-22 increases intestinal epithelial permeability by upregulating Claudin-2 expression through the JAK/STAT pathway. These results provide novel mechanistic insights into the role of IL-22 in the regulation and maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Wang
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; and
| | - John Brian Mumm
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; and
| | - Ronald Herbst
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; and
| | - Roland Kolbeck
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; and
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86
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Smits JPH, Niehues H, Rikken G, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, van de Zande GWHJF, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J, van den Bogaard EH. Immortalized N/TERT keratinocytes as an alternative cell source in 3D human epidermal models. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11838. [PMID: 28928444 PMCID: PMC5605545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The strong societal urge to reduce the use of experimental animals, and the biological differences between rodent and human skin, have led to the development of alternative models for healthy and diseased human skin. However, the limited availability of primary keratinocytes to generate such models hampers large-scale implementation of skin models in biomedical, toxicological, and pharmaceutical research. Immortalized cell lines may overcome these issues, however, few immortalized human keratinocyte cell lines are available and most do not form a fully stratified epithelium. In this study we compared two immortalized keratinocyte cell lines (N/TERT1, N/TERT2G) to human primary keratinocytes based on epidermal differentiation, response to inflammatory mediators, and the development of normal and inflammatory human epidermal equivalents (HEEs). Stratum corneum permeability, epidermal morphology, and expression of epidermal differentiation and host defence genes and proteins in N/TERT-HEE cultures was similar to that of primary human keratinocytes. We successfully generated N/TERT-HEEs with psoriasis or atopic dermatitis features and validated these models for drug-screening purposes. We conclude that the N/TERT keratinocyte cell lines are useful substitutes for primary human keratinocytes thereby providing a biologically relevant, unlimited cell source for in vitro studies on epidermal biology, inflammatory skin disease pathogenesis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos P H Smits
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Rikken
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M J J van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume W H J F van de Zande
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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87
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Schleimer RP, Berdnikovs S. Etiology of epithelial barrier dysfunction in patients with type 2 inflammatory diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:1752-1761. [PMID: 28583447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial barriers of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and airway serve common critical functions, such as maintaining a physical barrier against environmental insults and allergens and providing a tissue interface balancing the communication between the internal and external environments. We now understand that in patients with allergic disease, regardless of tissue location, the homeostatic balance of the epithelial barrier is skewed toward loss of differentiation, reduced junctional integrity, and impaired innate defense. Importantly, epithelial dysfunction characterized by these traits appears to pre-date atopy and development of allergic disease. Despite our growing appreciation of the centrality of barrier dysfunction in initiation of allergic disease, many important questions remain to be answered regarding mechanisms disrupting normal barrier function. Although our external environment (proteases, allergens, and injury) is classically thought of as a principal contributor to barrier disruption associated with allergic sensitization, there is a need to better understand contributions of the internal environment (hormones, diet, and circadian clock). Systemic drivers of disease, such as alterations of the endocrine system, metabolism, and aberrant control of developmental signaling, are emerging as new players in driving epithelial dysfunction and allergic predisposition at various barrier sites. Identifying such central mediators of epithelial dysfunction using both systems biology tools and causality-driven laboratory experimentation will be essential in building new strategic interventions to prevent or reverse the process of barrier loss in allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Sergejs Berdnikovs
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
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88
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Role of Microbial Modulation in Management of Atopic Dermatitis in Children. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080854. [PMID: 28792444 PMCID: PMC5579647 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial and is a complex interrelationship between skin barrier, genetic predisposition, immunologic development, skin microbiome, environmental, nutritional, pharmacological, and psychological factors. Several microbial modulations of the intestinal microbiome with pre- and/or probiotics have been used in AD management, with different clinical out-come (both positive, as well as null findings). This review provides an overview of the clinical evidence from trials in children from 2008 to 2017, aiming to evaluate the effect of dietary interventions with pre- and/or pro-biotics for the treatment of AD. By searching the PUBMED/MEDLINE, EMBADE, and COCHRANE databases 14 clinical studies were selected and included within this review. Data extraction was independently conducted by two authors. The primary outcome was an improvement in the clinical score of AD severity. Changes of serum immunological markers and/or gastrointestinal symptoms were explored if available. In these studies some dietary interventions with pre- and/or pro-biotics were beneficial compared to control diets in the management of AD in children, next to treatment with emollients, and/or local corticosteroids. However, heterogeneity between studies was high, making it clear that focused clinical randomized controlled trials are needed to understand the potential role and underlying mechanism of dietary interventions in children with AD.
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89
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Chieosilapatham P, Ogawa H, Niyonsaba F. Current insights into the role of human β-defensins in atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190:155-166. [PMID: 28708318 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-microbial peptides or host defence peptides are small molecules that display both anti-microbial activities and complex immunomodulatory functions to protect against various diseases. Among these peptides, the human β-defensins (hBDs) are localized primarily in epithelial surfaces, including those of the skin, where they contribute to protective barriers. In atopic dermatitis skin lesions, altered skin barrier and immune dysregulation are believed to be responsible for reduced hBD synthesis. Impaired hBD expression in the skin is reportedly the leading cause of increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infection in patients with atopic dermatitis. Although hBDs have considerable beneficial effects as anti-microbial agents and immunomodulators and may ameliorate atopic dermatitis clinically, recent evidence has also suggested the negative effects of hBDs in atopic dermatitis development. In the current review, we provide an overview of the regulation of hBDs and their role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. The efforts to utilize these molecules in clinical applications are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chieosilapatham
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Ogawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Niyonsaba
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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90
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Bäsler K, Galliano MF, Bergmann S, Rohde H, Wladykowski E, Vidal-Y-Sy S, Guiraud B, Houdek P, Schüring G, Volksdorf T, Caruana A, Bessou-Touya S, Schneider SW, Duplan H, Brandner JM. Biphasic influence of Staphylococcus aureus on human epidermal tight junctions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1405:53-70. [PMID: 28753223 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections (e.g., with Staphylococcus aureus) are serious problems in skin with a compromised barrier, such as in patients with atopic dermatitis. Previously, it was shown that tight junction (TJ) proteins are influenced by staphylococcal infection, and TJ function is impaired after infection of the keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. However, functional studies in cells or models more similar to human skin are missing. Therefore, we investigated bacterial colonialization and infection with live S. aureus in primary human keratinocytes and reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). We show that short-term inoculation results in increased TJ barrier function-which could not be seen in HaCaT cells-hinting at an early protective effect. This is accompanied by occludin phosphorylation and sustained localization of occludin and claudin-4 at cell membranes. Long-term incubation resulted in decreased presence of claudin-1 and claudin-4 at cell membranes and decreased TJ barrier function. The agr regulon of S. aureus plays a role in the increasing but not in the decreasing effect. Proinflammatory cytokines, which are produced as a result of S. aureus inoculation, influence both phases. In summary, we show here that S. aureus can have short-term promoting effects on the TJ barrier, while in the long term it results in disturbance of TJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Bäsler
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sophia Bergmann
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ewa Wladykowski
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Vidal-Y-Sy
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Pia Houdek
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Germar Schüring
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Volksdorf
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefan W Schneider
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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91
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Esophageal and Small Intestinal Mucosal Integrity in Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Response to an Elemental Diet. Am J Gastroenterol 2017; 112:1061-1071. [PMID: 28417991 PMCID: PMC5527277 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2017.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The esophageal mucosal integrity is impaired in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and it has been suggested that the duodenal permeability is increased. The absence of food allergens may restore the integrity. The aims of this study were to assess duodenal permeability in EoE and to evaluate the effect of an elemental diet on the esophageal and duodenal integrity. METHODS In this prospective study 17 adult EoE patients and 8 healthy controls (HC) were included. Esophageal biopsy specimens were sampled before and after 4 weeks of elemental diet to measure eosinophil counts and gene expression of tight junction and barrier integrity proteins. Esophageal and duodenal impedance were measured by electrical tissue impedance spectroscopy and Ussing chambers were used to measure transepithelial resistance (TER) and transepithelial molecule flux. Small intestinal permeability was measured using a test, measuring lactulose/mannitol (L/M) ratios. RESULTS In EoE patients, the esophageal but not the duodenal integrity was impaired, compared with HC. We observed no significant difference between L/M ratios of HC and EoE patients. After diet, eosinophil counts decreased significantly, which was paralleled by normalization of esophageal impedance and transepithelial molecule flux. The esophageal TER improved significantly, but did not reach values seen in HC. Esophageal expression of genes encoding for barrier integrity proteins filaggrin and desmoglein-1 was impaired at baseline and restored after diet. CONCLUSIONS An elemental diet restores esophageal integrity, suggesting that it is at least partly secondary to allergen exposure. Duodenal integrity seems not to be affected in EoE, and possibly plays a minor role in its pathophysiology.
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Rerknimitr P, Otsuka A, Nakashima C, Kabashima K. The etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: barrier disruption, immunological derangement, and pruritus. Inflamm Regen 2017; 37:14. [PMID: 29259713 PMCID: PMC5725646 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-017-0044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic skin inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent eczema accompanied by an intractable itch that leads to an impaired quality of life. Extensive recent studies have shed light on the multifaceted pathogenesis of the disease. The complex interplay among skin barrier deficiency, immunological derangement, and pruritus contributes to the development, progression, and chronicity of the disease. Abnormalities in filaggrin, other stratum corneum constituents, and tight junctions induce and/or promote skin inflammation. This inflammation, in turn, can further deteriorate the barrier function by downregulating a myriad of essential barrier-maintaining molecules. Pruritus in AD, which may be due to hyperinnervation of the epidermis, increases pruritogens, and central sensitization compromises the skin integrity and promotes inflammation. There are unmet needs in the treatment of AD. Based on the detailed evidence available to date, certain disease mechanisms can be chosen as treatment targets. Numerous clinical trials of biological agents are currently being conducted and are expected to provide treatments for patients suffering from AD in the future. This review summarizes the etiopathogenesis of the disease and provides a rationale for choosing the novel targeted therapy that will be available in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawinee Rerknimitr
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan.,Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Chisa Nakashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin-Kawara, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore
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David Boothe W, Tarbox JA, Tarbox MB. Atopic Dermatitis: Pathophysiology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1027:21-37. [PMID: 29063428 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64804-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis is complex and multifactorial, involving elements of barrier dysfunction, alterations in cell mediated immune responses, IgE mediated hypersensitivity, and environmental factors. Loss of function mutations in filaggrin have been implicated in severe atopic dermatitis due to a potential increase in trans-epidermal water loss, pH alterations, and dehydration. Other genetic changes have also been identified which may alter the skin's barrier function, resulting in an atopic dermatitis phenotype. The imbalance of Th2 to Th1 cytokines observed in atopic dermatitis can create alterations in the cell mediated immune responses and can promote IgE mediated hypersensitivity, both of which appear to play a role in the development of atopic dermatitis. One must additionally take into consideration the role of the environment on the causation of atopic dermatitis and the impact of chemicals such as airborne formaldehyde, harsh detergents, fragrances, and preservatives. Use of harsh alkaline detergents in skin care products may also unfavorably alter the skin's pH causing downstream changes in enzyme activity and triggering inflammation. Environmental pollutants can trigger responses from both the innate and adaptive immune pathways. This chapter will discuss the multifaceted etiology of atopic dermatitis which will help us to elucidate potential therapeutic targets. We will also review existing treatment options and their interaction with the complex inflammatory and molecular triggers of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W David Boothe
- Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - James A Tarbox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Michelle B Tarbox
- Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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Bäsler K, Brandner JM. Tight junctions in skin inflammation. Pflugers Arch 2016; 469:3-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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