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Pattnaik A, Sahoo BR, Pattnaik AK. Current Status of Zika Virus Vaccines: Successes and Challenges. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020266. [PMID: 32486368 PMCID: PMC7349928 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently emerged Zika virus (ZIKV) spread to the Americas, causing a spectrum of congenital diseases including microcephaly in newborn and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in adults. The unprecedented nature of the epidemic and serious diseases associated with the viral infections prompted the global research community to understand the immunopathogenic mechanisms of the virus and rapidly develop safe and efficacious vaccines. This has led to a number of ZIKV vaccine candidates that have shown significant promise in human clinical trials. These candidates include nucleic acid vaccines, inactivated vaccines, viral-vectored vaccines, and attenuated vaccines. Additionally, a number of vaccine candidates have been shown to protect animals in preclinical studies. However, as the epidemic has waned in the last three years, further development of the most promising vaccine candidates faces challenges in clinical efficacy trials, which is needed before a vaccine is brought to licensure. It is important that a coalition of government funding agencies and private sector companies is established to move forward with a safe and effective vaccine ready for deployment when the next ZIKV epidemic occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryamav Pattnaik
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Bikash R. Sahoo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Asit K. Pattnaik
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (A.P.); (B.R.S.)
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-472-1067
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Cárdenas DM, Jaimes MA, Vega LD, Oliveros NL, Soto JA, Chía CR, Osorio JE, Ciuoderis KA. Immunological Memory to Zika Virus in a University Community in Colombia, South America. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20190883. [PMID: 32491129 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020190883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus appeared in South America in 2015, generating alarm worldwide as it causes microcephaly and autoimmunity. This study aims to determine the serological footprint of the incoming epidemic in a student community and to characterize the memory functional cell response during post convalescence. In a cross-sectional study, Zika-specific IgG using LIA immunoassay was found in 328 university students (CI=95%), while in the second phase, the functional cellular memory response for IFN-γ and IL-2 was quantified using post-stimulus ELISpot with inactivated virus, starting with individuals seropositive for Zika and control individuals (seropositive only for Dengue and seronegative for Zika-Dengue). Depending on the antigen used, memory humoral response (IgG) against Zika Virus was observed in >60% of the population; seropositivity for NS1 was 21.1% higher than E antigen with high intensity. The analysis of cell functionality in 22 individuals seropositive for Zika virus revealed either IFN-γ+ or IL-2+ cells in 86.3% of cases (Th1 profile), presenting multifunctionality in 50% (11 individuals), 64% of which presented> 6 SFC/104 PBMCs (>600 SFC/106 PBMC), reflecting memory circulating cells. A good agreement (Kappa= 0.754) was observed between the coexistence of both cellular and humoral responses but not in their intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denny M Cárdenas
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Santander, Cucuta, Colombia
| | - Miguel A Jaimes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Santander, Cucuta, Colombia
| | - Leidy D Vega
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Santander, Cucuta, Colombia
| | | | - Javier A Soto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Santander, Cucuta, Colombia
| | - Claudia R Chía
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Santander, Cucuta, Colombia
| | - Jorge E Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Karl A Ciuoderis
- Center for Research and Surveillance of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellin, Colombia
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53
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Condotta SA, Downey J, Pardy RD, Valbon SF, Tarrab E, Lamarre A, Divangahi M, Richer MJ. Cyclophilin D Regulates Antiviral CD8 + T Cell Survival in a Cell-Extrinsic Manner. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:217-230. [PMID: 32332052 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity is critical for host defense against viruses and requires mitochondria-mediated type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling for optimal protection. Cyclophilin D (CypD) is a mitochondrial matrix protein that modulates the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, but its role in IFN-I signaling and CD8+ T cell responses to viral infection has not been previously explored. In this study, we demonstrate that CypD plays a critical extrinsic role in the survival of Ag-specific CD8+ T cell following acute viral infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in mice. CypD deficiency resulted in reduced IFN-I and increased CD8+ T cell death, resulting in a reduced antiviral CD8+ T cell response. In addition, CypD deficiency was associated with an increase in pathogen burden at an early time-point following infection. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that transfer of wild-type macrophages (expressing CypD) to CypD-deficient mice can partially restore CD8+ T cell responses. These results establish that CypD plays an extrinsic role in regulating optimal effector CD8+ T cell responses to viral infection. Furthermore, this suggests that, under certain circumstances, inhibition of CypD function may have a detrimental impact on the host's ability to respond to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Condotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Downey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ryan D Pardy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Stefanie F Valbon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Esther Tarrab
- Laboratoire d'Immunovirologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada; and
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Laboratoire d'Immunovirologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada; and
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada;
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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54
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Bullard BL, Corder BN, Gordon DN, Pierson TC, Weaver EA. Characterization of a Species E Adenovirus Vector as a Zika virus vaccine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3613. [PMID: 32107394 PMCID: PMC7046724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a safe and efficacious Zika virus (ZIKV) vaccine remains a global health priority. In our previous work, we developed an Adenovirus vectored ZIKV vaccine using a low-seroprevalent human Adenovirus type 4 (Ad4-prM-E) and compared it to an Ad5 vector (Ad5-prM-E). We found that vaccination with Ad4-prM-E leads to the development of a strong anti-ZIKV T-cell response without eliciting significant anti-ZIKV antibodies, while vaccination with Ad5-prM-E leads to the development of both anti-ZIKV antibody and T-cell responses in C57BL/6 mice. However, both vectors conferred protection against ZIKV infection in a lethal challenge model. Here we continued to characterize the T-cell biased immune response observed in Ad4 immunized mice. Vaccination of BALB/c mice resulted in immune correlates similar to C57BL/6 mice, confirming that this response is not mouse strain-specific. Vaccination with an Ad4 expressing an influenza hemagglutinin (HA) protein resulted in anti-HA T-cell responses without the development of significant anti-HA antibodies, indicating this unique response is specific to the Ad4 serotype rather than the transgene expressed. Co-administration of a UV inactivated Ad4 vector with the Ad5-prM-E vaccine led to a significant reduction in anti-ZIKV antibody development suggesting that this serotype-specific immune profile is capsid-dependent. These results highlight the serotype-specific immune profiles elicited by different Adenovirus vector types and emphasize the importance of continued characterization of these alternative Ad serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna L Bullard
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA
| | - Brigette N Corder
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA
| | - David N Gordon
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric A Weaver
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA.
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55
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Reynolds CJ, Watber P, Santos CNO, Ribeiro DR, Alves JC, Fonseca ABL, Bispo AJB, Porto RLS, Bokea K, de Jesus AMR, de Almeida RP, Boyton RJ, Altmann DM. Strong CD4 T Cell Responses to Zika Virus Antigens in a Cohort of Dengue Virus Immune Mothers of Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome Infants. Front Immunol 2020; 11:185. [PMID: 32132999 PMCID: PMC7040481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is an urgent need to understand the complex relationship between cross-reactive anti-viral immunity, disease susceptibility, and severity in the face of differential exposure to related, circulating Flaviviruses. Co-exposure to Dengue virus and Zika virus in Brazil is a case in point. A devastating aspect of the 2015-2016 South American Zika outbreak was the dramatic increase in numbers of infants born with microcephaly to mothers exposed to Zika virus during pregnancy. It has been proposed that this is more likely to ensue from Zika infection in women lacking cross-protective Dengue immunity. In this case series we measure the prevalence of Dengue immunity in a cohort of mothers exposed to Zika virus during pregnancy in the 2015-2016 Zika outbreak that gave birth to an infant affected by microcephaly and explore their adaptive immunity to Zika virus. Results: Fifty women from Sergipe, Brazil who gave birth to infants with microcephaly following Zika virus exposure during the 2015-16 outbreak were tested for serological evidence of Dengue exposure and IFNγ ELISpot spot forming cell (SFC) response to Zika virus. The majority (46/50) demonstrated Dengue immunity. IFNγ ELISpot responses to Zika virus antigens showed the following hierarchy: Env>NS1>NS3>C protein. Twenty T cell epitopes from Zika virus Env were identified. Responses to Zika virus antigens Env and NS1 were polyfunctional with cells making IFNγ, TNFα, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10. In contrast, responses to NS5 only produced the immune regulatory TGFβ1 cytokine. There were SFC responses against Zika virus Env (1-20) and variant peptide sequences from West Nile virus, Dengue virus 1-4 and Yellow Fever virus. Conclusion: Almost all the women in our study showed serological evidence of Dengue immunity, suggesting that microcephaly can occur in DENV immune mothers. T cell immunity to Zika virus showed a multifunctional response to the antigens Env and NS1 and immune regulatory responses to NS5 and C protein. Our data support an argument that different viral products may skew the antiviral response to a more pro or anti-inflammatory outcome, with an associated impact on immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J. Reynolds
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Watber
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Natália Oliveira Santos
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Science, University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Danielle Rodrigues Ribeiro
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Science, University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Juliana Cardoso Alves
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Science, University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Adriana B. L. Fonseca
- Microcephaly Clinic, Pediatric Division, University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Ana J. B. Bispo
- Microcephaly Clinic, Pediatric Division, University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Roseane L. S. Porto
- Microcephaly Clinic, Pediatric Division, University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Kalliopi Bokea
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amélia Maria Ribeiro de Jesus
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Roque Pacheco de Almeida
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of the Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Rosemary J. Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M. Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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56
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB. Zika Vaccine Development: Current Status. Mayo Clin Proc 2019; 94:2572-2586. [PMID: 31806107 PMCID: PMC7094556 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus outbreaks have been explosive and unpredictable and have led to significant adverse health effects-as well as considerable public anxiety. Significant scientific work has resulted in multiple candidate vaccines that are now undergoing further clinical development, with several vaccines now in phase 2 clinical trials. In this review, we survey current vaccine efforts, preclinical and clinical results, and ethical and other concerns that directly bear on vaccine development. It is clear that the world needs safe and effective vaccines to protect against Zika virus infection. Whether such vaccines can be developed through to licensure and public availability absent significant financial investment by countries, and other barriers discussed within this article, remains uncertain.
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Key Words
- ade, antibody-dependent enhancement
- c, capsid
- denv, dengue virus
- e, envelope
- gbs, guillain-barré syndrome
- ifn, interferon
- irf, ifn response factor
- mrna, messenger rna
- prm, premembrane/membrane
- who, world health organization
- zikv, zika virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | - Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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57
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Bellmann J, Monette A, Tripathy V, Sójka A, Abo-Rady M, Janosh A, Bhatnagar R, Bickle M, Mouland AJ, Sterneckert J. Viral Infections Exacerbate FUS-ALS Phenotypes in iPSC-Derived Spinal Neurons in a Virus Species-Specific Manner. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:480. [PMID: 31695598 PMCID: PMC6817715 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) arises from an interplay of genetic mutations and environmental factors. ssRNA viruses are possible ALS risk factors, but testing their interaction with mutations such as in FUS, which encodes an RNA-binding protein, has been difficult due to the lack of a human disease model. Here, we use isogenic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived spinal neurons (SNs) to investigate the interaction between ssRNA viruses and mutant FUS. We find that rabies virus (RABV) spreads ALS phenotypes, including the formation of stress granules (SGs) with aberrant composition due to increased levels of FUS protein, as well as neurodegeneration and reduced restriction activity by FUS mutations. Consistent with this, iPSC-derived SNs harboring mutant FUS are more sensitive to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and Zika viruses (ZIKV). We demonstrate that RABV and HIV-1 exacerbate cytoplasmic mislocalization of FUS. Our results demonstrate that viral infections worsen ALS pathology in SNs with genetic risk factors, suggesting a novel role for viruses in modulating patient phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bellmann
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Monette
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vadreenath Tripathy
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Sójka
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Masin Abo-Rady
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Janosh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Marc Bickle
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrew J Mouland
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jared Sterneckert
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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58
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Vδ2 T-Cells Kill ZIKV-Infected Cells by NKG2D-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090350. [PMID: 31547470 PMCID: PMC6781265 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An expansion of effector/activated Vδ2 T-cells was recently described in acute Zika virus (ZIKV)-infected patients, but their role in the protective immune response was not clarified. The aim of this study was to define the antiviral activity of Vδ2 T-cells against ZIKV-infected cells. The Vδ2 T-cells expansion and their cytotoxic activity against ZIKV-infected cells were tested in vitro and analyzed by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. We found that ZIKV infection was able to induce Vδ2 T-cells expansion and sensitized A549 cells to Vδ2-mediated killing. Indeed, expanded Vδ2 T-cells killed ZIKV-infected cells through degranulation and perforin release. Moreover, ZIKV infection was able to increase the expression on A549 cells of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs), namely MICA, MICB, and ULBP2, at both the mRNA and protein levels, suggesting the possible involvement of these molecules in the recognition by NKG2D-expressing Vδ2 T-cells. Indeed, the killing of ZIKV-infected cells by expanded Vδ2 T-cells was mediated by NKG2D/NKG2DL interaction as NKG2D neutralization abrogated Vδ2 cytotoxicity. Our data showed a strong antiviral activity of Vδ2 T-cells against ZIKV-infected cells, suggesting their involvement in the protective immune response. Other studies are necessary to investigate whether the lack of Vδ2 T-cells expansion in vivo may be associated with disease complications.
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59
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Hayashida E, Ling ZL, Ashhurst TM, Viengkhou B, Jung SR, Songkhunawej P, West PK, King NJC, Hofer MJ. Zika virus encephalitis in immunocompetent mice is dominated by innate immune cells and does not require T or B cells. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:177. [PMID: 31511023 PMCID: PMC6740023 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1566-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Until the end of the twentieth century, Zika virus (ZIKV) was thought to cause a mostly mild, self-limiting disease in humans. However, as the geographic distribution of ZIKV has shifted, so too has its pathogenicity. Modern-day ZIKV infection is now known to cause encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome in otherwise healthy adults. Nevertheless, the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for this shift in virulence remain unclear. Methods Here, we investigated the contribution of the innate versus the adaptive immune response using a new mouse model involving intracranial infection of adult immunocompetent mice with a moderately low dose of ZIKV MR766. To determine the contribution of type I interferons (IFN-Is) and adaptive immune cells, we also studied mice deficient for the IFN-I receptor 1 (Ifnar1−/−) and recombination-activating gene 1 (Rag1−/−). Results We show that intracranial infection with ZIKV resulted in lethal encephalitis. In wild-type mice, ZIKV remained restricted predominantly to the central nervous system (CNS) and infected neurons, whereas astrocytes and microglia were spared. Histological and molecular analysis revealed prominent activation of resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes that were accompanied by an expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The disease was independent of T and B cells. Importantly, unlike peripheral infection, IFN-Is modulated but did not protect from infection and lethal disease. Lack of IFN-I signaling resulted in spread of the virus, generalized inflammatory changes, and accelerated disease onset. Conclusions Using intracranial infection of immunocompetent wild-type mice with ZIKV, we demonstrate that in contrast to the peripheral immune system, the CNS is susceptible to infection and responds to ZIKV by initiating an antiviral immune response. This response is dominated by resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes and macrophages but does not require T or B cells. Unlike in the periphery, IFN-Is in the CNS cannot prevent the establishment of infection. Our findings show that ZIKV encephalitis in mice is dependent on the innate immune response, and adaptive immune cells play at most a minor role in disease pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1566-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emina Hayashida
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zheng Lung Ling
- Discipline of Pathology, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas M Ashhurst
- Discipline of Pathology, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Cytometry Facility, The University of Sydney and the Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barney Viengkhou
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - So Ri Jung
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pattama Songkhunawej
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Phillip K West
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas J C King
- Discipline of Pathology, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Bosch Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Cytometry Facility, The University of Sydney and the Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Markus J Hofer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Molecular Bioscience Bldg., Maze Crescent G08, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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60
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Pardy RD, Richer MJ. Protective to a T: The Role of T Cells during Zika Virus Infection. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080820. [PMID: 31382545 PMCID: PMC6721718 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 and CD8 T cells are an important part of the host's capacity to defend itself against viral infections. During flavivirus infections, T cells have been implicated in both protective and pathogenic responses. Given the recent emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) as a prominent global health threat, the question remains as to how T cells contribute to anti-ZIKV immunity. Furthermore, high homology between ZIKV and other, co-circulating flaviviruses opens the possibility of positive or negative effects of cross-reactivity due to pre-existing immunity. In this review, we will discuss the CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to ZIKV, and the lessons we have learned from both mouse and human infections. In addition, we will consider the possibility of whether T cells, in the context of flavivirus-naïve and flavivirus-immune subjects, play a role in promoting ZIKV pathogenesis during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Pardy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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61
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Hassert M, Harris MG, Brien JD, Pinto AK. Identification of Protective CD8 T Cell Responses in a Mouse Model of Zika Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1678. [PMID: 31379867 PMCID: PMC6652237 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many flaviviruses including dengue (DENV), and Zika (ZIKV) have attracted significant attention in the past few years. As many flaviviruses are spread by arthropods, most of the world's population is at risk of encountering a flavivirus, and infection with these viruses has created a significant disease burden worldwide. Vaccination against flaviviruses is thought to be one of the most promising avenues for reducing the disease burden associated with these viruses. The optimism surrounding a vaccine approach is supported by the highly successful vaccines for yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis. Central to the development of new successful vaccines is the understanding of the correlates of protection that will be necessary to engineer into new vaccines. To aid in this endeavor we have directed our efforts to identify correlates of protection that will reduce the disease burden associated with ZIKV and DENV. Within this study we have identified a novel murine ZIKV specific CD8+ T cell epitope, and shown that the ZIKV epitope specific CD8+ T cell response has a distinct immunodominance hierarchy present during acute infection and is detectible as part of the memory T cell responses. Our studies confirm that ZIKV-specific CD8+ T cells are an important correlate of protection for ZIKV and demonstrate that both naïve and ZIKV immune CD8+ T cells are sufficient for protection against a lethal ZIKV infection. Overall this study adds to the body of literature demonstrating a role for CD8+ T cells in controlling flavivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Hassert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Madison G Harris
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - James D Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Amelia K Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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62
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Hanajiri R, Sani GM, Hanley PJ, Silveira CG, Kallas EG, Keller MD, Bollard CM. Generation of Zika virus-specific T cells from seropositive and virus-naïve donors for potential use as an autologous or "off-the-shelf" immunotherapeutic. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:840-855. [PMID: 31279695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) infection can cause severe birth defects in newborns with no effective currently available treatment. Adoptive transfer of virus-specific T cells has proven to be safe and effective for the prevention or treatment of many viral infections, and could represent a novel treatment approach for patients with ZIKV infection. However, extending this strategy to the ZIKV setting has been hampered by limited data on immunogenic T-cell antigens within ZIKV. Hence, we have generated ZIKV-specific T cells and characterized the cellular immune responses against ZIKV antigens. METHODS T-cell products were generated from peripheral blood of ZIKV-exposed donors, ZIKV-naive adult donors and umbilical cord blood by stimulation with pentadecamer (15mer) overlapping peptide libraries spanning four ZIKV polyproteins (C, M, E and NS1) using a Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant protocol. RESULTS We successfully generated T cells targeting ZIKV antigens with clinically relevant numbers. The ex vivo-expanded T cells comprised both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that were able to produce Th1-polarized effector cytokines and kill ZIKV-infected HLA-matched monocytes, confirming functionality of this unique T-cell product as a potential "off-the-shelf" therapeutic. Epitope mapping using peptide arrays identified several novel HLA class I and class II-restricted epitopes within NS1 antigen, which is essential for viral replication and immune evasion. DISCUSSION Our findings demonstrate that it is feasible to generate potent ZIKV-specific T cells from a variety of cell sources including virus naïve donors for future clinical use in an "off-the-shelf" setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hanajiri
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Gelina M Sani
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Patrick J Hanley
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA; The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Cassia G Silveira
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esper G Kallas
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael D Keller
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA; The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA; The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.
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63
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Pardy RD, Valbon SF, Richer MJ. Running interference: Interplay between Zika virus and the host interferon response. Cytokine 2019; 119:7-15. [PMID: 30856603 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) family of cytokines is a crucial part of the host's ability to mount an effective immune response against viral infections. In addition to establishing an antiviral state within cells, IFNs also support the optimal activation of other key immune cell types. The ability of members of the Flaviviridae family to suppress type I IFN responses has been well-described. Of these viruses, Zika virus (ZIKV) has recently attracted international attention due to a series of major outbreaks that featured the novel association of neurological symptoms with infection. Researchers have begun to investigate the strategies ZIKV uses to evade type I IFNs, and the impact this has on the host. However, a unique feature of ZIKV infection compared to other flaviviruses is its capacity to be transmitted sexually, as well as its ability to infect and persist within reproductive tissues. As such, this raises the question of a potential role for type III IFN during ZIKV infection. In this review, we will discuss the interplay between these two classes of IFN with ZIKV, models that have been used to interrogate these interactions, and the effect this interplay has on infection and infection outcomes. We will also consider the intriguing possibility of whether ZIKV has evolved improved evasion mechanisms to suppress the IFN response in recent outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Pardy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stefanie F Valbon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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64
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Elong Ngono A, Young MP, Bunz M, Xu Z, Hattakam S, Vizcarra E, Regla-Nava JA, Tang WW, Yamabhai M, Wen J, Shresta S. CD4+ T cells promote humoral immunity and viral control during Zika virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007474. [PMID: 30677097 PMCID: PMC6345435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several Zika virus (ZIKV) vaccines designed to elicit protective antibody (Ab) responses are currently under rapid development, but the underlying mechanisms that control the magnitude and quality of the Ab response remain unclear. Here, we investigated the CD4+ T cell response to primary intravenous and intravaginal infection with ZIKV. Using the LysMCre+Ifnar1fl/fl (myeloid type I IFN receptor-deficient) C57BL/6 mouse models, we identified six I-Ab-restricted ZIKV epitopes that stimulated CD4+ T cells with a predominantly cytotoxic Th1 phenotype in mice primed with ZIKV. Intravenous and intravaginal infection with ZIKV effectively induced follicular helper and regulatory CD4+ T cells. Treatment of mice with a CD4+ T cell-depleting Ab reduced the plasma cell, germinal center B cell, and IgG responses to ZIKV without affecting the CD8+ T cell response. CD4+ T cells were required to protect mice from a lethal dose of ZIKV after infection intravaginally, but not intravenously. However, adoptive transfer and peptide immunization experiments showed a role for memory CD4+ T cells in ZIKV clearance in mice challenged intravenously. These results demonstrate that CD4+ T cells are required mainly for the generation of a ZIKV-specific humoral response but not for an efficient CD8+ T cell response. Thus, CD4+ T cells could be important mediators of protection against ZIKV, depending on the infection or vaccination context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Elong Ngono
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Matthew P Young
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Maximilian Bunz
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Institute of Arboviruses, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sararat Hattakam
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Edward Vizcarra
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jose Angel Regla-Nava
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - William W Tang
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Montarop Yamabhai
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Jinsheng Wen
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Institute of Arboviruses, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Institute of Arboviruses, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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65
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Kudchodkar SB, Choi H, Reuschel EL, Esquivel R, Jin-Ah Kwon J, Jeong M, Maslow JN, Reed CC, White S, Kim JJ, Kobinger GP, Tebas P, Weiner DB, Muthumani K. Rapid response to an emerging infectious disease - Lessons learned from development of a synthetic DNA vaccine targeting Zika virus. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:676-684. [PMID: 29555345 PMCID: PMC6593156 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are considered one of the greatest advances in modern medicine. The global burden of numerous infectious diseases has been significantly reduced, and in some cases, effectively eradicated through the deployment of specific vaccines. However, efforts to develop effective new vaccines against infectious pathogens such as influenza, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Ebola virus, and Zika virus (ZIKV) have proven challenging. Zika virus is a mosquito-vectored flavivirus responsible for periodic outbreaks of disease in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands dating back over 50 years. Over this period, ZIKV infections were subclinical in most infected individuals and resulted in mild cases of fever, arthralgia, and rash in others. Concerns about ZIKV changed over the past two years, however, as outbreaks in Brazil, Central American countries, and Caribbean islands revealed novel aspects of infection including vertical and sexual transmission modes. Cases have been reported showing dramatic neurological pathologies including microcephaly and other neurodevelopmental problems in babies born to ZIKV infected mothers, as well as an increased risk of Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. These findings prompted the World Health Organization to declare ZIKV a public health emergency in 2016, which resulted in expanded efforts to develop ZIKV vaccines and immunotherapeutics. Several ZIKV vaccine candidates that are immunogenic and effective at blocking ZIKV infection in animal models have since been developed, with some of these now being evaluated in the clinic. Additional therapeutics under investigation include anti-ZIKV monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that have been shown to neutralize infection in vitro as well as protect against morbidity in mouse models of ZIKV infection. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of ZIKV biology and describe our efforts to rapidly develop a vaccine against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar B Kudchodkar
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hyeree Choi
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emma L Reuschel
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rianne Esquivel
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott White
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - J Joseph Kim
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | | | - Pablo Tebas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David B Weiner
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kar Muthumani
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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66
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Pérez P, Q Marín M, Lázaro-Frías A, Jiménez de Oya N, Blázquez AB, Escribano-Romero E, S Sorzano CÓ, Ortego J, Saiz JC, Esteban M, Martín-Acebes MA, García-Arriaza J. A Vaccine Based on a Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Vector Expressing Zika Virus Structural Proteins Controls Zika Virus Replication in Mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17385. [PMID: 30478418 PMCID: PMC6255889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that affects humans and can cause severe neurological complications, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. Since 2007 there have been three large outbreaks; the last and larger spread in the Americas in 2015. Actually, ZIKV is circulating in the Americas, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands, and represents a potential pandemic threat. Given the rapid ZIKV dissemination and the severe neurological and teratogenic sequelae associated with ZIKV infection, the development of a safe and efficacious vaccine is critical. In this study, we have developed and characterized the immunogenicity and efficacy of a novel ZIKV vaccine based on the highly attenuated poxvirus vector modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing the ZIKV prM and E structural genes (termed MVA-ZIKV). MVA-ZIKV expressed efficiently the ZIKV structural proteins, assembled in virus-like particles (VLPs) and was genetically stable upon nine passages in cell culture. Immunization of mice with MVA-ZIKV elicited antibodies that were able to neutralize ZIKV and induced potent and polyfunctional ZIKV-specific CD8+ T cell responses that were mainly of an effector memory phenotype. Moreover, a single dose of MVA-ZIKV reduced significantly the viremia in susceptible immunocompromised mice challenged with live ZIKV. These findings support the use of MVA-ZIKV as a potential vaccine against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Q Marín
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Lázaro-Frías
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nereida Jiménez de Oya
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana-Belén Blázquez
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Escribano-Romero
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Óscar S Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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67
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Diamond MS, Ledgerwood JE, Pierson TC. Zika Virus Vaccine Development: Progress in the Face of New Challenges. Annu Rev Med 2018; 70:121-135. [PMID: 30388054 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-040717-051127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged at a global level when it spread to the Americas and began causing congenital malformations and microcephaly in 2015. A rapid response by academia, government, public health infrastructure, and industry has enabled the expedited development and testing of a suite of vaccine platforms aiming to control and eliminate ZIKV-induced disease. Analysis of key immunization and pathogenesis studies in multiple animal models, including during pregnancy, has begun to define immune correlates of protection. Nonetheless, the deployment of ZIKV vaccines, along with the confirmation of their safety and efficacy, still has major challenges, one of which is related to the waning of the epidemic. In this review, we discuss the measures that enabled rapid progress and highlight the path forward for successful deployment of ZIKV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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68
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Ojha CR, Rodriguez M, Lapierre J, Muthu Karuppan MK, Branscome H, Kashanchi F, El-Hage N. Complementary Mechanisms Potentially Involved in the Pathology of Zika Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2340. [PMID: 30374352 PMCID: PMC6196287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a global health threat due to its neuro-teratogenic effect and wide range of transmission routes. Most recently, ZIKV infection has been linked with both autoimmune disorders in adults and neurodevelopmental disorders in newborns. Researchers are exploring potential cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the neuro-teratogenicity and related consequences by using various in vitro cell culture methods and in vivo animal models. Though some of the putative viral entry receptors have been identified for ZIKV entry into the target cells, the exact mechanism of ZIKV entry or induced pathology are still not clear. Some of the important host cellular pathways including the toll-like receptor (TLR), autophagy, apoptosis and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways are considered potential mechanism(s) for ZIKV induced neuroinflammation and for neurodevelopmental disorders. Since there is still a dire need for efficient treatment and vaccine to prevent ZIKV mediated disorders, a better understanding of the interaction between virus and host cellular pathways could pave the way for development of targeted therapeutic intervention. In this review, we are focusing on the recent advances and current knowledge regarding the interaction of ZIKV with abovementioned pathways so as to provide basic understanding to execute further research that could aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chet Raj Ojha
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Myosotys Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jessica Lapierre
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mohan Kumar Muthu Karuppan
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Heather Branscome
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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Improved Immune Responses Against Zika Virus After Sequential Dengue and Zika Virus Infection in Humans. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090480. [PMID: 30205518 PMCID: PMC6164826 DOI: 10.3390/v10090480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The high levels of dengue-virus (DENV) seroprevalence in areas where the Zika virus (ZIKV) is circulating and the cross-reactivity between these two viruses have raised concerns on the risk of increased ZIKV disease severity for patients with a history of previous DENV infections. To determine the role of DENV preimmunity in ZIKV infection, we analyzed the T- and B-cell responses against ZIKV in donors with or without previous DENV infection. Using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from donors living in an endemic area in Colombia, we have identified, by interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, most of the immunodominant ZIKV T-cell epitopes in the nonstructural (NS) proteins NS1, NS3, and NS5. Analyses of the T- and B-cell responses in the same donors revealed a stronger T-cell response against peptides conserved between DENV and ZIKV, with a higher level of ZIKV-neutralizing antibodies in DENV-immune donors in comparison with DENV-naïve donors. Strikingly, the potential for antibody-mediated enhancement of ZIKV infection was reduced in donors with sequential DENV and ZIKV infection in comparison with donors with DENV infection only. Altogether, these data suggest that individuals with DENV immunity present improved immune responses against ZIKV.
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70
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Hassert M, Wolf KJ, Schwetye KE, DiPaolo RJ, Brien JD, Pinto AK. CD4+T cells mediate protection against Zika associated severe disease in a mouse model of infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007237. [PMID: 30212537 PMCID: PMC6136803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has gained worldwide attention since it emerged, and a global effort is underway to understand the correlates of protection and develop diagnostics to identify rates of infection. As new therapeutics and vaccine approaches are evaluated in clinical trials, additional effort is focused on identifying the adaptive immune correlates of protection against ZIKV disease. To aid in this endeavor we have begun to dissect the role of CD4+T cells in the protection against neuroinvasive ZIKV disease. We have identified an important role for CD4+T cells in protection, demonstrating that in the absence of CD4+T cells mice have more severe neurological sequela and significant increases in viral titers in the central nervous system (CNS). The transfer of CD4+T cells from ZIKV immune mice protect type I interferon receptor deficient animals from a lethal challenge; showing that the CD4+T cell response is necessary and sufficient for control of ZIKV disease. Using a peptide library spanning the complete ZIKV polyprotein, we identified both ZIKV-encoded CD4+T cell epitopes that initiate immune responses, and ZIKV specific CD4+T cell receptors that recognize these epitopes. Within the ZIKV antigen-specific TCRβ repertoire, we uncovered a high degree of diversity both in response to a single epitope and among different mice responding to a CD4+T cell epitope. Overall this study identifies a novel role for polyfunctional and polyclonal CD4+T cells in providing protection against ZIKV infection and highlights the need for vaccines to develop robust CD4+T cell responses to prevent ZIKV neuroinvasion and limit replication within the CNS.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/virology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Virus Replication/immunology
- Zika Virus/genetics
- Zika Virus/immunology
- Zika Virus/pathogenicity
- Zika Virus Infection/genetics
- Zika Virus Infection/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Hassert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kyle J. Wolf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Katherine E. Schwetye
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Richard J. DiPaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Karkhah A, Nouri HR, Javanian M, Koppolu V, Masrour-Roudsari J, Kazemi S, Ebrahimpour S. Zika virus: epidemiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis, and control of infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:2035-2043. [PMID: 30167886 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen of huge public health significance to human beings. Although majority of infections are benign with self-limiting symptoms, the recent outbreak has established an association with the increased incidence of some congenital anomalies such as microcephaly. In other words, due to the large extent of the virus and mosquito vectors, the infection has become a thoughtful health problem for human societies, though now, there are no antiviral therapies or vaccines against this virus. In spite of extensive research carried out by scientists, not so much information has been gathered about this viral infection. In the current review, we prepared an overview of the remarkable progress made in understanding about the epidemiology, immunology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis methods of ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Karkhah
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nouri
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mostafa Javanian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Veerendra Koppolu
- Scientist Biopharmaceutical Development Medimmune, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Jila Masrour-Roudsari
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Sohrab Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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72
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The emergence of Zika virus and its new clinical syndromes. Nature 2018; 560:573-581. [PMID: 30158602 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that has emerged as a global health threat because of its potential to generate explosive epidemics and ability to cause congenital disease in the context of infection during pregnancy. Whereas much is known about the biology of related flaviviruses, the unique features of ZIKV pathogenesis, including infection of the fetus, persistence in immune-privileged sites and sexual transmission, have presented new challenges. The rapid development of cell culture and animal models has facilitated a new appreciation of ZIKV biology. This knowledge has created opportunities for the development of countermeasures, including multiple ZIKV vaccine candidates, which are advancing through clinical trials. Here we describe the recent advances that have led to a new understanding of the causes and consequences of the ZIKV epidemic.
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73
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Preliminary Studies on Immune Response and Viral Pathogenesis of Zika Virus in Rhesus Macaques. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030070. [PMID: 30127237 PMCID: PMC6160936 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika Virus (ZIKV) is primarily transmitted through mosquito bites. It can also be transmitted during sexual intercourse and in utero from mother to fetus. To gain preliminary insight into ZIKV pathology and immune responses on route of transmission, rhesus macaques (RMs) were inoculated with ZIKV (PRVABC59) via intravaginal (IVAG) (n = 3) or subcutaneous (sub Q) (n = 2) routes. Systemic ZIKV infection was observed in all RMs, regardless of the route of inoculation. After 9 days postinfection (dpi), ZIKV was not detected in the plasma of IVAG- and sub-Q-inoculated RMs. Importantly, RMs harbored ZIKV up to 60 dpi in various anatomical locations. Of note, ZIKV was also present in several regions of the brain, including the caudate nucleus, parietal lobe, cortex, and amygdala. These observations appear to indicate that ZIKV infection may be systemic and persistent regardless of route of inoculation. In addition, we observed changes in key immune cell populations in response to ZIKV infection. Importantly, IVAG ZIKV infection of RMs is associated with increased depletion of CD11C hi myeloid cells, reduced PD-1 expression in NK cells, and elevated frequencies of Ki67+ CD8+ central memory cells as compared to sub Q ZIKV-infected RMs. These results need to interpreted with caution due to the small number of animals utilized in this study. Future studies involving large groups of animals that have been inoculated through both routes of transmission are needed to confirm our findings.
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74
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Li A, Yu J, Lu M, Ma Y, Attia Z, Shan C, Xue M, Liang X, Craig K, Makadiya N, He JJ, Jennings R, Shi PY, Peeples ME, Liu SL, Boyaka PN, Li J. A Zika virus vaccine expressing premembrane-envelope-NS1 polyprotein. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3067. [PMID: 30076287 PMCID: PMC6076265 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Current efforts to develop Zika virus (ZIKV) subunit vaccines have been focused on pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins, but the role of NS1 in ZIKV-specific immune response and protection is poorly understood. Here, we develop an attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based vaccine expressing ZIKV prM-E-NS1 as a polyprotein. This vectored vaccine candidate is attenuated in mice, where a single immunization induces ZIKV-specific antibody and T cell immune responses that provide protection against ZIKV challenge. Co-expression of prM, E, and NS1 induces significantly higher levels of Th2 and Th17 cytokine responses than prM-E. In addition, NS1 alone is capable of conferring partial protection against ZIKV infection in mice even though it does not induce neutralizing antibodies. These results demonstrate that attenuated rVSV co-expressing prM, E, and NS1 is a promising vaccine candidate for protection against ZIKV infection and highlights an important role for NS1 in ZIKV-specific cellular immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Polyproteins/genetics
- Polyproteins/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic
- Vesiculovirus/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Zika Virus/genetics
- Zika Virus/immunology
- Zika Virus/metabolism
- Zika Virus Infection/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mijia Lu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yuanmei Ma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zayed Attia
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Miaoge Xue
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xueya Liang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kelsey Craig
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nirajkumar Makadiya
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jennifer J He
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ryan Jennings
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 370W. 9th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Prosper N Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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75
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Beaver JT, Lelutiu N, Habib R, Skountzou I. Evolution of Two Major Zika Virus Lineages: Implications for Pathology, Immune Response, and Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1640. [PMID: 30072993 PMCID: PMC6058022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) became a public health emergency of global concern in 2015 due to its rapid expansion from French Polynesia to Brazil, spreading quickly throughout the Americas. Its unexpected correlation to neurological impairments and defects, now known as congenital Zika syndrome, brought on an urgency to characterize the pathology and develop safe, effective vaccines. ZIKV genetic analyses have identified two major lineages, Asian and African, which have undergone substantial changes during the past 50 years. Although ZIKV infections have been circulating throughout Africa and Asia for the later part of the 20th century, the symptoms were mild and not associated with serious pathology until now. ZIKV evolution also took the form of novel modes of transmission, including maternal-fetal transmission, sexual transmission, and transmission through the eye. The African and Asian lineages have demonstrated differential pathogenesis and molecular responses in vitro and in vivo. The limited number of human infections prior to the 21st century restricted ZIKV research to in vitro studies, but current animal studies utilize mice deficient in type I interferon (IFN) signaling in order to invoke enhanced viral pathogenesis. This review examines ZIKV strain differences from an evolutionary perspective, discussing how these differentially impact pathogenesis via host immune responses that modulate IFN signaling, and how these differential effects dictate the future of ZIKV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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76
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Rabelo K, Souza LJ, Salomão NG, Oliveira ERA, Sentinelli LDP, Lacerda MS, Saraquino PB, Rosman FC, Basílio-de-Oliveira R, Carvalho JJ, Paes MV. Placental Inflammation and Fetal Injury in a Rare Zika Case Associated With Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Abortion. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1018. [PMID: 29867903 PMCID: PMC5964188 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging virus involved in recent outbreaks in Brazil. The association between the virus and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) or congenital disorders has raised a worldwide concern. In this work, we investigated a rare Zika case, which was associated with GBS and spontaneous retained abortion. Using specific anti-ZIKV staining, the virus was identified in placenta (mainly in Hofbauer cells) and in several fetal tissues, such as brain, lungs, kidneys, skin and liver. Histological analyses of the placenta and fetal organs revealed different types of tissue abnormalities, which included inflammation, hemorrhage, edema and necrosis in placenta, as well as tissue disorganization in the fetus. Increased cellularity (Hofbauer cells and TCD8+ lymphocytes), expression of local pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, and other markers, such as RANTES/CCL5 and VEGFR2, supported placental inflammation and dysfunction. The commitment of the maternal-fetal link in association with fetal damage gave rise to a discussion regarding the influence of the maternal immunity toward the fetal development. Findings presented in this work may help understanding the ZIKV immunopathogenesis under the rare contexts of spontaneous abortions in association with GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kíssila Rabelo
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz J Souza
- Faculdade de Medicina de Campos, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália G Salomão
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edson R A Oliveira
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Instituto de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelle S Lacerda
- Faculdade de Medicina de Campos, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro B Saraquino
- Faculdade de Medicina de Campos, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando C Rosman
- Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Municipal Jesus, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge J Carvalho
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marciano V Paes
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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77
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Esposito DLA, de Moraes JB, Antônio Lopes da Fonseca B. Current priorities in the Zika response. Immunology 2018; 153:435-442. [PMID: 29243225 PMCID: PMC5838418 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a single-stranded RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family, is an arbovirus (viruses transmitted by arthropods) transmitted to humans and non-human primates through the bites of infected female Aedes sp. mosquitoes. Although first isolated in 1947, it only recently emerged as a global threat, present in several countries resulting in a pandemic scenario. ZIKV infections may have severe outcomes, such as neurological impairment, and with the intrinsic ability of inducing microcephaly in fetuses of infected pregnant women, the virus has become a major public health problem. This review discusses some advances in diagnosis; vaccine development and the problems associated with their administration; the importance of the cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses in protecting or worsening the disease; the implications of the recent outbreak caused by the virus in the world; and future prospects for the complete understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danillo L. A. Esposito
- Department of Internal MedicineRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
| | - Jonathan B. de Moraes
- Graduate Studies Programme on Basic and Applied ImmunologyRibeirão Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirão PretoSão PauloBrazil
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78
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Recombinant Zika virus envelope protein elicited protective immunity against Zika virus in immunocompetent mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194860. [PMID: 29590178 PMCID: PMC5874044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused great public concerns due to its recent large outbreaks and a close association with microcephaly in fetus and Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. Rapid development of vaccines against ZIKV is a public health priority. To this end, we have constructed and purified recombinant ZIKV envelope protein using both prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems, and then tested their immunogenicity and protective efficacy in immune competent mice. Both protein immunogens elicited humoral and cellular immune responses, and protected immune competent mice from ZIKV challenge in vivo. These products could be further evaluated either as stand-alone vaccine candidate, or used in a prime-and-boost regimen with other forms of ZIKV vaccine.
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79
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Nazerai L, Schøller AS, Rasmussen POS, Buus S, Stryhn A, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. A New In Vivo Model to Study Protective Immunity to Zika Virus Infection in Mice With Intact Type I Interferon Signaling. Front Immunol 2018; 9:593. [PMID: 29623081 PMCID: PMC5874300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between recent Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and neurological complications, microcephaly in the fetus, and Guillain–Barré syndrome in adults underscores the necessity for a protective vaccine. Rational vaccine development requires an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms which could protect against infection with this virus. However, so far, such an analysis has been hampered by the absence of a suitable small animal model. Unlike the situation in humans, ZIKV only replicates effectively in the peripheral organs of mice, if type I IFN signaling is interrupted. As type I IFN also impacts the adaptive immune response, mice with such a defect are not optimal for a comprehensive immunological analysis. In this report, we show that even in wild-type (WT) mice i.c. infection with low doses of virus causes marked local virus replication and lethal encephalitis in naïve mice. Furthermore, peripheral infection of WT mice with low doses of virus induces a significant immune response, which provides long-lasting protection of WT mice from a fatal outcome of subsequent i.c. challenge. Therefore, combining peripheral priming with later i.c. challenge represents a new approach for studying the adaptive immune response to ZIKV in mice with an intact type I IFN response. In this study, we focused on the mechanisms underlying resistance to reinfection. Using a combination of adoptive transfer, antibody-based cell depletion, and gene targeting, we show that the key protective factor in type I IFN replete mice is humoral immunity. CD8 T cells are not essential in mice with preformed specific antibodies, but under conditions where initial antibody levels are low, effector CD8 T cells may play a role as a back-up system. These results have important implications for our understanding of natural immunity to ZIKV infection and for Zika vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loulieta Nazerai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amalie Skak Schøller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Stryhn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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80
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Cellular and Humoral Immunity Protect against Vaginal Zika Virus Infection in Mice. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00038-18. [PMID: 29343577 PMCID: PMC5972878 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00038-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), which can cause devastating disease in fetuses of infected pregnant women, can be transmitted by mosquito inoculation and sexual routes. Little is known about immune protection against sexually transmitted ZIKV. In this study, we show that previous infection through intravaginal or subcutaneous routes with a contemporary Brazilian strain of ZIKV can protect against subsequent intravaginal challenge with a homologous strain. Both routes of inoculation induced high titers of ZIKV-specific and neutralizing antibody in serum and the vaginal lumen. Virus-specific T cells were recruited to and retained in the female reproductive tract after intravaginal and subcutaneous ZIKV infection. Studies in mice with genetic or acquired deficiencies in B and/or T cells demonstrated that both lymphocyte populations redundantly protect against intravaginal challenge in ZIKV-immune animals. Passive transfer of ZIKV-immune IgG or T cells significantly limited intravaginal infection of naive mice, although antibody more effectively prevented dissemination throughout the reproductive tract. Collectively, our experiments begin to establish the immune correlates of protection against intravaginal ZIKV infection, which should inform vaccination strategies in nonpregnant and pregnant women.IMPORTANCE The recent ZIKV epidemic resulted in devastating outcomes in fetuses and may affect reproductive health. Unlike other flaviviruses, ZIKV can be spread by sexual contact as well as a mosquito vector. While previous studies have identified correlates of protection for mosquito-mediated infection, few have focused on immunity against sexual transmission. As exposure to ZIKV via mosquito bite has likely occurred to many living in areas where ZIKV is endemic, our study addresses whether this route of infection can protect against subsequent sexual exposure. We demonstrate that subcutaneous ZIKV infection can protect against subsequent vaginal infection by generating both local antiviral T cell and antibody responses. Our research begins to define the immune correlates of protection for ZIKV infection in the vagina and provides a foundation for testing ZIKV vaccines against sexual transmission.
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81
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Abstract
Despite being discovered approximately 70 years ago, Zika virus (ZIKV) has received little attention, until the occurrence of alarming epidemics in the Pacific Islands and Latin America between 2013 and 2016. These series of outbreaks resulted in crippling neurological complications in adults, and congenital deformities in new-borns. The dire outcomes marked ZIKV as a re-emerging pathogen of public health concern. Over a period of two years, extensive studies have been conducted to understand different aspects of ZIKV from pathogen biology to infection, including the immune response during virus-host interplay in established animal models, as well as potential therapeutics against ZIKV infection. The vast diversity of novel findings has added value to ZIKV research, and a strategic consolidation is crucial to encompass the latest advances and developments, as well as missing pieces of the puzzle. This review thus aims to provide a concise yet extensive update on current ZIKV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Yi-Pin Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, UK.
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82
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Immune Responses to Dengue and Zika Viruses-Guidance for T Cell Vaccine Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15020385. [PMID: 29473899 PMCID: PMC5858454 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous efforts to identify the molecular and cellular effectors of the adaptive immunity that induce a long-lasting immunity against dengue or Zika virus infection, the specific mechanisms underlying such protective immunity remain largely unknown. One of the major challenges lies in the high level of dengue virus (DENV) seroprevalence in areas where Zika virus (ZIKV) is circulating. In the context of such a pre-existing DENV immunity that can exacerbate ZIKV infection and disease, and given the lack of appropriate treatment for ZIKV infection, there is an urgent need to develop an efficient vaccine against DENV and ZIKV. Notably, whereas several ZIKV vaccine candidates are currently in clinical trials, all these vaccine candidates have been designed to induce neutralizing antibodies as the primary mechanism of immune protection. Given the difficulty to elicit simultaneously high levels of neutralizing antibodies against the different DENV serotypes, and the potential impact of pre-existing subneutralizing antibodies induced upon DENV infection or vaccination on ZIKV infection and disease, additional or alternative strategies to enhance vaccine efficacy, through T cell immunity, are now being considered. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries about cross-reactive B and T cell responses against DENV and ZIKV and propose guidelines for the development of safe and efficient T cell vaccines targeting both viruses.
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83
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Vermillion MS, Klein SL. Pregnancy and infection: using disease pathogenesis to inform vaccine strategy. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:6. [PMID: 29423318 PMCID: PMC5794984 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-017-0042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the mainstay of preventative medicine for many infectious diseases. Pregnant women, unborn fetuses, and neonates represent three at-risk populations that can be simultaneously protected by strategic vaccination protocols. Because the pathogenesis of different infectious microbes varies based on tissue tropism, timing of infection, and host susceptibility, the goals of immunization are not uniform across all vaccines. Mechanistic understanding of infectious disease pathogenesis and immune responses is therefore essential to inform vaccine design and the implementation of appropriate immunization protocols that optimize protection of pregnant women, fetuses, and neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan S. Vermillion
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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84
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Higher Cytopathic Effects of a Zika Virus Brazilian Isolate from Bahia Compared to a Canadian-Imported Thai Strain. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020053. [PMID: 29382068 PMCID: PMC5850360 DOI: 10.3390/v10020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen from the Flaviviridae family. It represents a significant threat to global health due to its neurological and fetal pathogenesis (including microcephaly and congenital malformations), and its rapid dissemination across Latin America in recent years. The virus has spread from Africa to Asia, the Pacific islands and the Americas with limited knowledge about the pathogenesis associated with infection in recent years. Herein, we compared the ability of the Canadian-imported Thai strain PLCal_ZV and the Brazilian isolate HS-2015-BA-01 from Bahia to produce infectious ZIKV particles and cytopathic effects in a cell proliferation assay. We also compared the intracellular viral RNA accumulation of the two strains by quantitative RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) analyses. Our observations show that HS-2015-BA-01 is more cytopathic than PLCal_ZV in proliferation assays in Vero, Human Embryonic Kidney HEK 293T and neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Quantitative RT-PCR shows that the level of viral RNA is higher with HS-2015-BA-01 than with PLCal_ZV in two cell lines, but similar in a neuroblastoma cell line. The two strains have 13 amino acids polymorphisms and we analyzed their predicted protein secondary structure. The increased cytopathicity and RNA accumulation of the Brazilian ZIKV isolate compared to the Thai isolate could contribute to the increased pathogenicity observed during the Brazilian epidemic.
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85
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Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Khandia R, Munjal A, Iqbal HMN, Malik YS, Bueno-Marí R. Advances in Diagnosis, Surveillance, and Monitoring of Zika Virus: An Update. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2677. [PMID: 29403448 PMCID: PMC5780406 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is associated with numerous human health-related disorders, including fetal microcephaly, neurological signs, and autoimmune disorders such as Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Perceiving the ZIKA associated losses, in 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it as a global public health emergency. In consequence, an upsurge in the research on ZIKV was seen around the globe, with significant attainments over developing several effective diagnostics, drugs, therapies, and vaccines countering this life-threatening virus at an early step. State-of-art tools developed led the researchers to explore virus at the molecular level, and in-depth epidemiological investigations to understand the reason for increased pathogenicity and different clinical manifestations. These days, ZIKV infection is diagnosed based on clinical manifestations, along with serological and molecular detection tools. As, isolation of ZIKV is a tedious task; molecular assays such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time qRT-PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), lateral flow assays (LFAs), biosensors, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) tests, strand invasion-based amplification tests and immune assays like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are in-use to ascertain the ZIKV infection or Zika fever. Herein, this review highlights the recent advances in the diagnosis, surveillance, and monitoring of ZIKV. These new insights gained from the recent advances can aid in the rapid and definitive detection of this virus and/or Zika fever. The summarized information will aid the strategies to design and adopt effective prevention and control strategies to counter this viral pathogen of great public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj K. Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Yashpal S. Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Rubén Bueno-Marí
- Laboratorios Lokímica, Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D), Valencia, Spain
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86
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Winkler CW, Peterson KE. Using immunocompromised mice to identify mechanisms of Zika virus transmission and pathogenesis. Immunology 2018; 153:443-454. [PMID: 29266213 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is responsible for a recent global epidemic that has been associated with congenital brain malformations in fetuses and with Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Within the last 2 years, a major effort has been made to develop murine models to study the mechanism of viral transmission, pathogenesis and the host immune response. Here, we discuss the findings from these models regarding the role that the innate and adaptive immune responses have in controlling ZIKV infection and pathogenesis. Additionally, we examine how innate and adaptive immune responses influence sexual and vertical transmission of ZIKV infection as well as how these responses can influence the ability of ZIKV to cross the placenta and to induce damage in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
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87
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Abstract
Flaviviruses such as dengue (DENV), yellow fever (YFV), West Nile (WNV), and Zika (ZIKV) are human pathogens of global significance. In particular, DENV causes the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral diseases in humans, and ZIKV emerged from obscurity into the spotlight in 2016 as the etiologic agent of congenital Zika syndrome. Owing to the recent emergence of ZIKV as a global pandemic threat, the roles of the immune system during ZIKV infections are as yet unclear. In contrast, decades of DENV research implicate a dual role for the immune system in protection against and pathogenesis of DENV infection. As DENV and ZIKV are closely related, knowledge based on DENV studies has been used to prioritize investigation of ZIKV immunity and pathogenesis, and to accelerate ZIKV diagnostic, therapeutic, and vaccine design. This review discusses the following topics related to innate and adaptive immune responses to DENV and ZIKV: the interferon system as the key mechanism of host defense and viral target for immune evasion, antibody-mediated protection versus antibody-dependent enhancement, and T cell-mediated protection versus original T cell antigenic sin. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate the balance between immune-mediated protection and pathogenesis during DENV and ZIKV infections is critical toward development of safe and effective DENV and ZIKV therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Elong Ngono
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
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88
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T cell immunity to Zika virus targets immunodominant epitopes that show cross-reactivity with other Flaviviruses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:672. [PMID: 29330423 PMCID: PMC5766511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) Infection has several outcomes from asymptomatic exposure to rash, conjunctivitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome or congenital Zika syndrome. Analysis of ZIKV immunity is confounded by the fact that several related Flaviviruses infect humans, including Dengue virus 1-4, West Nile virus and Yellow Fever virus. HLA class II restricted T cell cross-reactivity between ZIKV and other Flaviviruses infection(s) or vaccination may contribute to protection or to enhanced immunopathology. We mapped immunodominant, HLA class II restricted, CD4 epitopes from ZIKV Envelope (Env), and Non-structural (NS) NS1, NS3 and NS5 antigens in HLA class II transgenic mice. In several cases, ZIKV primed CD4 cells responded to homologous sequences from other viruses, including DENV1-4, WNV or YFV. However, cross-reactive responses could confer immune deviation - the response to the Env DENV4 p1 epitope in HLA-DR1 resulted in IL-17A immunity, often associated with exacerbated immunopathogenesis. This conservation of recognition across Flaviviruses, may encompass protective and/or pathogenic components and poses challenges to characterization of ZIKV protective immunity.
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89
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Blackman MA, Kim IJ, Lin JS, Thomas SJ. Challenges of Vaccine Development for Zika Virus. Viral Immunol 2017; 31:117-123. [PMID: 29227202 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil in 2015 was associated with devastating effects on fetal development and prompted a world health emergency and multiple efforts to generate an effective vaccine against infection. There are now more than 40 vaccine candidates in preclinical development and six in clinical trials. Despite similarities with other flaviviruses to which successful vaccines have been developed, such as yellow fever virus and Japanese Encephalitis virus, there are unique challenges to the development and clinical trials of a vaccine for ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephen J Thomas
- 2 Infectious Disease Division, Upstate Medical University, State University of New York , Syracuse, New York
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90
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Zhao M, Zhang H, Liu K, Gao GF, Liu WJ. Human T-cell immunity against the emerging and re-emerging viruses. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1307-1316. [PMID: 29294219 PMCID: PMC7089170 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, we have seen an alarming number of high-profile outbreaks of newly emerging and re-emerging viruses. Recent outbreaks of avian influenza viruses, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, Zika virus and Ebola virus present great threats to global health. Considering the pivotal role of host T-cell immunity in the alleviation of symptoms and the clearance of viruses in patients, there are three issues to be primarily concerned about T-cell immunity when a new virus emerges: first, does the population possess pre-existing T-cells against the new virus through previous infections of genetically relevant viruses; second, does a proper immune response arise in the patients to provide protection through an immunopathogenic effect; lastly, how long can the virus-specific immune memory persist. Herein, we summarize the current updates on the characteristics of human T-cell immunological responses against recently emerged or re-emerged viruses, and emphasize the necessity for timely investigation on the T-cell features of these viral diseases, which may provide beneficial recommendations for clinical diagnosis and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hangjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Kefang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - George F Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - William J Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
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91
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Glasner A, Oiknine-Djian E, Weisblum Y, Diab M, Panet A, Wolf DG, Mandelboim O. Zika Virus Escapes NK Cell Detection by Upregulating Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecules. J Virol 2017; 91:e00785-17. [PMID: 28878071 PMCID: PMC5660495 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00785-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphocytes that participate in many immune processes encompassing cancer, bacterial and fungal infection, autoimmunity, and even pregnancy and that specialize in antiviral defense. NK cells express inhibitory and activating receptors and kill their targets when activating signals overpower inhibitory signals. The NK cell inhibitory receptors include a uniquely diverse array of proteins named killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), the CD94 family, and the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR) family. The NK cell inhibitory receptors recognize mostly major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (MHC-I) proteins. Zika virus has recently emerged as a major threat due to its association with birth defects and its pandemic potential. How Zika virus interacts with the immune system, and especially with NK cells, is unclear. Here we show that Zika virus infection is barely sensed by NK cells, since little or no increase in the expression of activating NK cell ligands was observed following Zika infection. In contrast, we demonstrate that Zika virus infection leads to the upregulation of MHC class I proteins and consequently to the inhibition of NK cell killing. Mechanistically, we show that MHC class I proteins are upregulated via the RIGI-IRF3 pathway and that this upregulation is mediated via beta interferon (IFN-β). Potentially, countering MHC class I upregulation during Zika virus infection could be used as a prophylactic treatment against Zika virus.IMPORTANCE NK cells are innate lymphocytes that recognize and eliminate various pathogens and are known mostly for their role in controlling viral infections. NK cells express inhibitory and activating receptors, and they kill or spare their targets based on the integration of inhibitory and activating signals. Zika virus has recently emerged as a major threat to humans due to its pandemic potential and its association with birth defects. The role of NK cells in Zika virus infection is largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that Zika virus infection is almost undetected by NK cells, as evidenced by the fact that the expression of activating ligands for NK cells is not induced following Zika infection. We identified a mechanism whereby Zika virus sensing via the RIGI-IRF3 pathway resulted in IFN-β-mediated upregulation of MHC-I molecules and inhibition of NK cell activity. Countering MHC class I upregulation and boosting NK cell activity may be employed as prophylactic measures to combat Zika virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariella Glasner
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Esther Oiknine-Djian
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yiska Weisblum
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mohammad Diab
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amos Panet
- Department of Biochemistry and Chanock Center for Virology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana G Wolf
- Clinical Virology Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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92
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Barnard TR, Rajah MM, Sagan SM. Zika virus infection: induction, restriction and evasion of host interferon responses. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trisha R Barnard
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Maaran Michael Rajah
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
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93
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Turner LH, Kinder JM, Wilburn A, D’Mello RJ, Braunlin MR, Jiang TT, Pham G, Way SS. Preconceptual Zika virus asymptomatic infection protects against secondary prenatal infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006684. [PMID: 29145516 PMCID: PMC5689831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women, and their fetal offspring, are uniquely susceptible to Zika virus and other microbial pathogens capable of congenital fetal infection. Unavoidable exposure to Zika virus in endemic areas underscores the need for identifying at-risk individuals, and protecting expecting mothers and their fetal offspring against prenatal infection. Here we show that primary Zika virus asymptomatic infection in mice confers protection against re-infection, and that these protective benefits are maintained during pregnancy. Zika virus recovery was sharply reduced in maternal tissues and amongst fetal concepti after prenatal challenge in mothers with resolved subclinical infection prior to pregnancy compared with mice undergoing primary prenatal infection. These benefits coincide with expanded accumulation of viral-specific antibodies in maternal serum and fetal tissues that protect against infection by the identical or heterologous Zika virus genotype strains. Thus, preconceptual infection primes Zika virus-specific antibodies that confer cross-genotype protection against re-infection during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien H. Turner
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeremy M. Kinder
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Adrienne Wilburn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rahul J. D’Mello
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Makayla R. Braunlin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tony T. Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Giang Pham
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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94
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CD8 + T Cell Immune Response in Immunocompetent Mice during Zika Virus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00900-17. [PMID: 28835502 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00900-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causees neurologic complications, including Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults and central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities in fetuses. We investigated the immune response, especially the CD8+ T cell response in C57BL/6 (B6) wild-type (WT) mice, during ZIKV infection. We found that a robust CD8+ T cell response was elicited, major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes were identified, a tetramer that recognizes ZIKV-specific CD8+ T cells was developed, and virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells were generated in these mice. The CD8+ T cells from these infected mice were functional, as evidenced by the fact that the adoptive transfer of ZIKV-specific CD8+ T cells could prevent ZIKV infection in the CNS and was cross protective against dengue virus infection. Our findings provide comprehensive insight into immune responses against ZIKV and further demonstrate that WT mice could be a natural and easy-access model for evaluating immune responses to ZIKV infection.IMPORTANCE ZIKV infection has severe clinical consequences, including Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults, microcephaly, and congenital malformations in fetuses and newborn infants. Therefore, study of the immune response, especially the adaptive immune response to ZIKV infection, is important for understanding diseases caused by ZIKV infection. Here, we characterized the CD8+ T cell immune response to ZIKV in a comprehensive manner and identified ZIKV epitopes. Using the identified immunodominant epitopes, we developed a tetramer that recognizes ZIKV-specific CD8+ T cells in vivo, which simplified the detection and evaluation of ZIKV-specific immune responses. In addition, the finding that tetramer-positive memory CD8+ T cell responses were generated and that CD8+ T cells can traffic to a ZIKV-infected brain greatly enhances our understanding of ZIKV infection and provides important insights for ZIKV vaccine design.
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95
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Valanparambil RM, Tam M, Gros PP, Auger JP, Segura M, Gros P, Jardim A, Geary TG, Ozato K, Stevenson MM. IRF-8 regulates expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and modulates Th2 immune responses to gastrointestinal nematode infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006647. [PMID: 28968468 PMCID: PMC5638610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF-8) is critical for Th1 cell differentiation and negatively regulates myeloid cell development including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). MDSC expand during infection with various pathogens including the gastrointestinal (GI) nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hpb). We investigated if IRF-8 contributes to Th2 immunity to Hpb infection. Irf8 expression was down-regulated in MDSC from Hpb-infected C57BL/6 (B6) mice. IRF-8 deficient Irf8-/- and BXH-2 mice had significantly higher adult worm burdens than B6 mice after primary or challenge Hpb infection. During primary infection, MDSC expanded to a significantly greater extent in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleens of Irf8-/- and BXH-2 than B6 mice. CD4+GATA3+ T cells numbers were comparable in MLN of infected B6 and IRF-8 deficient mice, but MLN cells from infected IRF-8 deficient mice secreted significantly less parasite-specific IL-4 ex vivo. The numbers of alternatively activated macrophages in MLN and serum levels of Hpb-specific IgG1 and IgE were also significantly less in infected Irf8-/- than B6 mice. The frequencies of antigen-experienced CD4+CD11ahiCD49dhi cells that were CD44hiCD62L- were similar in MLN of infected Irf8-/- and B6 mice, but the proportions of CD4+GATA3+ and CD4+IL-4+ T cells were lower in infected Irf8-/- mice. CD11b+Gr1+ cells from naïve or infected Irf8-/- mice suppressed CD4+ T cell proliferation and parasite-specific IL-4 secretion in vitro albeit less efficiently than B6 mice. Surprisingly, there were significantly more CD4+ T cells in infected Irf8-/- mice, with a higher frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T (Tregs) cells and significantly higher numbers of Tregs than B6 mice. In vivo depletion of MDSC and/or Tregs in Irf8-/- mice did not affect adult worm burdens, but Treg depletion resulted in higher egg production and enhanced parasite-specific IL-5, IL-13, and IL-6 secretion ex vivo. Our data thus provide a previously unrecognized role for IRF-8 in Th2 immunity to a GI nematode. We investigated if IRF-8, which is critical for Th1 immunity and negatively regulates myeloid cell development including MDSC, contributes to Th2 immunity to the gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hpb). Irf8 expression was down-regulated in MDSC from infected C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Hpb-infected IRF-8 deficient mice had significantly higher adult worm burdens than B6 mice. There were significantly more MDSC, fewer alternatively activated macrophages, lower serum levels of Hpb-specific antibodies in infected IRF-8 deficient than B6 mice, and MLN cells from infected IRF-8 deficient mice secreted less parasite-specific IL-4 ex vivo. There were similar frequencies of antigen-experienced CD4+CD11ahiCD49dhi T cells in MLN that were CD44hiCD62L- in infected Irf8-/- and B6 mice, but lower proportions of CD4+GATA3+ and CD4+IL-4+ T cells in Irf8-/- mice. Infected Irf8-/- mice had a higher frequency of CD4+Foxp3+ T (Tregs) cells and significantly higher numbers of Tregs compared to infected B6 mice. MDSC from infected Irf8-/- mice suppressed CD4+ T cell effector functions in vitro albeit less efficiently than B6 mice. Treg and/or MDSC depletion did not affect adult worm burdens in infected Irf8-/- mice, but Treg depletion partially restored Th2 cytokine responses. These data highlight the importance of IRF-8 in Th2 immunity to Hpb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh M. Valanparambil
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mifong Tam
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Paul Gros
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Auger
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Gros
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Armando Jardim
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Timothy G. Geary
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda MD, United States of America
| | - Mary M. Stevenson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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96
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Andersen ML, Winter LMF. Animal models in biological and biomedical research - experimental and ethical concerns. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2017; 91:e20170238. [PMID: 28876358 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720170238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been used in experimental research to increase human knowledge and contribute to finding solutions to biological and biomedical questions. However, increased concern for the welfare of the animals used, and a growing awareness of the concept of animal rights, has brought a greater focus on the related ethical issues. In this review, we intend to give examples on how animals are used in the health research related to some major health problems in Brazil, as well as to stimulate discussion about the application of ethics in the use of animals in research and education, highlighting the role of National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimentação Animal - CONCEA) in these areas. In 2008, Brazil emerged into a new era of animal research regulation, with the promulgation of Law 11794, previously known as the Arouca Law, resulting in an increased focus, and rapid learning experience, on questions related to all aspects of animal experimentation. The law reinforces the idea that animal experiments must be based on ethical considerations and integrity-based assumptions, and provides a regulatory framework to achieve this. This review describes the health research involving animals and the current Brazilian framework for regulating laboratory animal science, and hopes to help to improve the awareness of the scientific community of these ethical and legal rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Andersen
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, 04024-002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucile M F Winter
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo/USP, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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97
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T Cell Immunity and Zika Virus Vaccine Development. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:594-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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98
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Duan X, Li S, Wong G, Wang D, Wang H, Lu J, Bi Y, Lu X, Shi Y, Yan J, Fang M, Gao GF. Natural killer cells are activated and play a protective role against ZIKA virus infection in mice. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:982-984. [PMID: 36659501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shihua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gary Wong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jiao Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuancheng Lu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - George Fu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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99
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Collins MH, Metz SW. Progress and Works in Progress: Update on Flavivirus Vaccine Development. Clin Ther 2017; 39:1519-1536. [PMID: 28754189 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most areas of the globe are endemic for at least one flavivirus, putting billions at risk for infection. This diverse group of viral pathogens causes a range of manifestations in humans from asymptomatic infection to hemorrhagic fever to encephalitis to birth defects and even death. Many flaviviruses are transmitted by mosquitos and have expanded in geographic distribution in recent years, with dengue virus being the most prevalent, infecting approximately 400 million people each year. The explosive emergence of Zika virus in Latin America in 2014 refocused international attention on this medically important group of viruses. Meanwhile, yellow fever has caused major outbreaks in Africa and South America since 2015 despite a reliable vaccine. There is no vaccine for Zika yet, and the only licensed dengue vaccine performs suboptimally in certain contexts. Further lessons are found when considering the experience with Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and tickborne encephalitis virus, all of which now have protective vaccination in human or veterinary populations. Thus, vaccination is a mainstay of public health strategy for combating flavivirus infections; however, numerous challenges exist along the path from development to delivery of a tolerable and effective vaccine. Nevertheless, intensification of investment and effort in this area holds great promise for significantly reducing the global burden of disease attributable to flavivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Collins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Stefan W Metz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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100
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Human Zika infection induces a reduction of IFN-γ producing CD4 T-cells and a parallel expansion of effector Vδ2 T-cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6313. [PMID: 28740159 PMCID: PMC5524759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The definition of the immunological response to Zika (ZIKV) infection in humans represents a key issue to identify protective profile useful for vaccine development and for pathogenesis studies. No data are available on the cellular immune response in the acute phase of human ZIKV infection, and its role in the protection and/or pathogenesis needs to be clarified. We studied and compared the phenotype and functionality of T-cells in patients with acute ZIKV and Dengue viral (DENV) infections. A significant activation of T-cells was observed during both ZIKV and DENV infections. ZIKV infection was characterized by a CD4 T cell differentiation toward effector cells and by a lower frequency of IFN-γ producing CD4 T cells. Moreover, a substantial expansion of CD3+CD4−CD8− T-cell subset expressing Vδ2 TCR was specifically observed in ZIKV patients. Vδ2 T cells presented a terminally differentiated profile, expressed granzyme B and maintained their ability to produce IFN-γ. These findings provide new knowledge on the immune response profile during self-limited infection that may help in vaccine efficacy definition, and in identifying possible immuno-pathogenetic mechanisms of severe infection.
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