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Raja RK, Nguyen-Tri P, Balasubramani G, Alagarsamy A, Hazir S, Ladhari S, Saidi A, Pugazhendhi A, Samy AA. SARS-CoV-2 and its new variants: a comprehensive review on nanotechnological application insights into potential approaches. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021; 13:65-93. [PMID: 34131555 PMCID: PMC8190993 DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01900-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) spreads and develops quickly worldwide as a new global crisis which has left deep socio-economic damage and massive human mortality. This virus accounts for the ongoing outbreak and forces an urgent need to improve antiviral therapeutics and targeted diagnosing tools. Researchers have been working to find a new drug to combat the virus since the outbreak started in late 2019, but there are currently no successful drugs to control the SARS-CoV-2, which makes the situation riskier. Very recently, new variant of SARS-CoV-2 is identified in many countries which make the situation very critical. No successful treatment has yet been shown although enormous international commitment to combat this pandemic and the start of different clinical trials. Nanomedicine has outstanding potential to solve several specific health issues, like viruses, which are regarded a significant medical issue. In this review, we presented an up-to-date drug design strategy against SARS-CoV-2, including the development of novel drugs and repurposed product potentials were useful, and successful drugs discovery is a constant requirement. The use of nanomaterials in treatment against SARS-CoV-2 and their use as carriers for the transport of the most frequently used antiviral therapeutics are discussed systematically here. We also addressed the possibilities of practical applications of nanoparticles to give the status of COVID-19 antiviral systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phuong Nguyen-Tri
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University du Québec àTrois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivieres, Canada
| | - Govindasamy Balasubramani
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environmental Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, 600028 India
| | - Arun Alagarsamy
- Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003 India
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Safa Ladhari
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, University du Québec àTrois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivieres, Canada
| | - Alireza Saidi
- Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauvé en Santé et en Sécurité du Travail (IRSST), 505 Boulevard de Maisonneuve O, Montréal, QC H3A 3C2 Canada
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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52
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Kobak S. The Perfect Storm: A Rheumatologist's Point of View on COVID-19 Infection. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2021; 17:141-152. [PMID: 33121412 DOI: 10.2174/1573397116666201029155105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The new coronavirus infection (Covid-19) is a pandemic that has affected the whole world and progresses with high morbidity and mortality. It has a high contagion rate and a course capable of rapid lung involvement with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary insufficiency. A severe clinical picture develops as a result of a "perfect cytokine storm" which results from possible immunological mechanisms triggered by the viral infection. Immune system dysregulation and possible autoinflammatory and autoimmune mechanisms are responsible for a higher amount of cytokines release from immune cells. Although no clear treatment of Covid-19 infection has emerged yet, it is argued that some disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) may be effective in addition to anti-viral treatments. These drugs (anti-malarial drugs, colchicum dispert, biologics) have been well known to rheumatologists for years because they are used in the treatment of many inflammatory rheumatologic diseases. Another important issue is whether DMARDs, which can cause severe immunosuppression, pose a risk for Covid-19 infection and whether they have been discontinued beforehand. Although there are insufficient data on this subject, considering the risk of disease reactivation, patients may continue their DMARDs treatment under the supervision of a rheumatologist. In this article, the possible immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Covid-19 infection and the efficacy and safety of various DMARDs used in the treatment are discussed from a rheumatologist's perspective in the light of recent literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senol Kobak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Liv Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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53
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Xu B, Song K, Yao Y, Dong X, Li L, Wang Q, Yang J, Hu W, Xie Z, Luo Z, Luo X, Liu J, Rao Z, Zhang H, Wu J, Li L, Gong H, Chu Q, Song Q, Wang J. Individualized model for predicting COVID-19 deterioration in patients with cancer: A multicenter retrospective study. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2522-2532. [PMID: 33728806 PMCID: PMC8177766 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus has spread rapidly around the world. Cancer patients seem to be more susceptible to infection and disease deterioration, but the factors affecting the deterioration remain unclear. We aimed to develop an individualized model for prediction of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) deterioration in cancer patients. The clinical data of 276 cancer patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in 33 designated hospitals of Hubei, China from December 21, 2019 to March 18, 2020, were collected and randomly divided into a training and a validation cohort by a ratio of 2:1. Cox stepwise regression analysis was carried out to select prognostic factors. The prediction model was developed in the training cohort. The predictive accuracy of the model was quantified by C-index and time-dependent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (t-AUC). Internal validation was assessed by the validation cohort. Risk stratification based on the model was carried out. Decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the model. We found age, cancer type, computed tomography baseline image features (ground glass opacity and consolidation), laboratory findings (lymphocyte count, serum levels of C-reactive protein, aspartate aminotransferase, direct bilirubin, urea, and d-dimer) were significantly associated with symptomatic deterioration. The C-index of the model was 0.755 in the training cohort and 0.779 in the validation cohort. The t-AUC values were above 0.7 within 8 weeks both in the training and validation cohorts. Patients were divided into two risk groups based on the nomogram: low-risk (total points ≤ 9.98) and high-risk (total points > 9.98) group. The Kaplan-Meier deterioration-free survival of COVID-19 curves presented significant discrimination between the two risk groups in both training and validation cohorts. The model indicated good clinical applicability by DCA curves. This study presents an individualized nomogram model to individually predict the possibility of symptomatic deterioration of COVID-19 in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Cancer CenterRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ke‐Han Song
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yi Yao
- Cancer CenterRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiao‐Rong Dong
- Department of OncologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Lin‐Jun Li
- Department of OncologyHubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineWuhanChina
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of OncologyThe Fifth Hospital of WuhanWuhanChina
| | - Ji‐Yuan Yang
- Department of OncologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Wei‐Dong Hu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zhi‐Bin Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care MedicineXiaogan Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and TechnologyXiaoganChina
| | - Zhi‐Guo Luo
- Department of oncologyTaihe HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Xiu‐Li Luo
- Department of OncologyHubei Provincial Hospital of TCMWuhanChina
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of OncologyHuanggang Central HospitalHuanggangChina
| | - Zhi‐Guo Rao
- Department of OncologyGeneral Hospital of Central Theater Command, People’s Liberation ArmyWuhanChina
| | - Hui‐Bo Zhang
- Cancer CenterRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jie Wu
- Cancer CenterRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Lan Li
- Cancer CenterRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Hong‐Yun Gong
- Cancer CenterRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of OncologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Qi‐Bin Song
- Cancer CenterRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Medical OncologyState Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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54
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Sabeerabi B, Vemula S, Vadde R, Nagaraju GP. COVID-19: Where is the treatment? World J Clin Oncol 2021; 12:309-322. [PMID: 34131563 PMCID: PMC8173329 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v12.i5.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is related to SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), identifying effective and safe therapeutic strategies remains challenging. In search of finding effective treatments to eradicate the virus and improve disease symptoms, scientists are exploring possible therapies such as anti-viral, anti-malaria, immune therapy, and hormone treatments. However, the efficacy of these treatments was not validated on either SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV. In this study, we have reviewed synthetic evidence achieved through systematic and meta-analysis of therapeutics specific for SARS-CoV-2 and observed that the use of the above-mentioned therapies had no clinical benefits in coronavirus disease 2019 patients and, conversely, displayed side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonala Sabeerabi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biostandups, Hyderabad 500039, Telangana, India
| | - Sarojamma Vemula
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Anantapur 515001, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramakrishna Vadde
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa 516003, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Koifman OI, Lebedeva NS, Gubarev YA, Koifman MO. Modeling the binding of protoporphyrin IX, verteporfin, and chlorin e6 to SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021; 57:423-431. [PMID: 34007082 PMCID: PMC8118678 DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02920-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we analyze the latest data on the molecular docking of a range of SARS-CoV-2 proteins to protoporphyrin IX, verteporfin, and chlorin e6, as well as consider the prospects for using chlorins and porphyrins as agents for photoinactivation of the SARS2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar I. Koifman
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya St, Ivanovo, 153045 Russia
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 7 Sheremetevskii Ave, Ivanovo, 153000 Russia
| | - Natalia Sh. Lebedeva
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya St, Ivanovo, 153045 Russia
| | - Yury A. Gubarev
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya St, Ivanovo, 153045 Russia
| | - Mikhail O. Koifman
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 7 Sheremetevskii Ave, Ivanovo, 153000 Russia
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56
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Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Garout MA, Al-Qaaneh AM, Sule AA, Tirupathi R, Mutair AA, Alhumaid S, Hasan A, Dhawan M, Tiwari R, Sharun K, Mohapatra RK, Mitra S, Emran TB, Bilal M, Singh R, Alyami SA, Moni MA, Dhama K. Diverse Immunological Factors Influencing Pathogenesis in Patients with COVID-19: A Review on Viral Dissemination, Immunotherapeutic Options to Counter Cytokine Storm and Inflammatory Responses. Pathogens 2021; 10:565. [PMID: 34066983 PMCID: PMC8150955 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is still not fully unraveled. Though preventive vaccines and treatment methods are out on the market, a specific cure for the disease has not been discovered. Recent investigations and research studies primarily focus on the immunopathology of the disease. A healthy immune system responds immediately after viral entry, causing immediate viral annihilation and recovery. However, an impaired immune system causes extensive systemic damage due to an unregulated immune response characterized by the hypersecretion of chemokines and cytokines. The elevated levels of cytokine or hypercytokinemia leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) along with multiple organ damage. Moreover, the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 has been linked with race, gender, and age; hence, this viral infection's outcome differs among the patients. Many therapeutic strategies focusing on immunomodulation have been tested out to assuage the cytokine storm in patients with severe COVID-19. A thorough understanding of the diverse signaling pathways triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is essential before contemplating relief measures. This present review explains the interrelationships of hyperinflammatory response or cytokine storm with organ damage and the disease severity. Furthermore, we have thrown light on the diverse mechanisms and risk factors that influence pathogenesis and the molecular pathways that lead to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and multiple organ damage. Recognition of altered pathways of a dysregulated immune system can be a loophole to identify potential target markers. Identifying biomarkers in the dysregulated pathway can aid in better clinical management for patients with severe COVID-19 disease. A special focus has also been given to potent inhibitors of proinflammatory cytokines, immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic options to ameliorate cytokine storm and inflammatory responses in patients affected with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed
- Specialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed A. Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ayman M. Al-Qaaneh
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
- Clinical Pharmacy Services Division, Pharmacy Services Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anupam A Sule
- Department of Informatics and Outcomes, St Joseph Mercy Oakland, Pontiac, MI 48341, USA;
| | - Raghavendra Tirupathi
- Department of Medicine Keystone Health, Penn State University School of Medicine, Hershey, PA 16801, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Wellspan Chambersburg and Waynesboro (Pa.) Hospitals, Chambersburg, PA 16801, USA
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Alahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia;
- College of Nursing, Prince Nora University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulkarim Hasan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
- Prince Mishari Bin Saud Hospital in Baljurashi, Ministry of Health, Baljurash 22888, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India;
- The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandha Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India;
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India;
| | - Ranjan K. Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar 758002, India;
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China;
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India;
| | - Salem A. Alyami
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- WHO Collaborating Centre on eHealth, UNSW Digital Health, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India;
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Kirmani SAK, Ali P, Azam F. Topological indices and QSPR/QSAR analysis of some antiviral drugs being investigated for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2021; 121:e26594. [PMID: 33612855 PMCID: PMC7883265 DOI: 10.1002/qua.26594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The spread of novel virus SARS-CoV-2, well known as COVID-19 has become a major health issue currently which has turned up to a pandemic worldwide. The treatment recommendations are variable. Lack of appropriate medication has worsened the disease. On the basis of prior research, scientists are testing drugs based on medical therapies for SARS and MERS. Many drugs which include lopinavir, ritonavir and thalidomide are listed in the new recommendations. A topological index is a type of molecular descriptor that simply defines numerical values associated with the molecular structure of a compound that is effectively used in modeling many physicochemical properties in numerous quantitative structure-property/activity relationship (QSPR/QSAR) studies. In this study, several degree-based and neighborhood degree sum-based topological indices for several antiviral drugs were investigated by using a M-polynomial and neighborhood M-polynomial methods. In addition, a QSPR was established between the various topological indices and various physicochemical properties of these antiviral drugs along with remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and theaflavin was performed in order to assess the efficacy of the calculated topological indices. The obtained results reveal that topological indices under study have strong correlation with the physicochemical characteristics of the potential antiviral drugs. A biological activity (pIC50) of these compounds were also investigated by using multiple linear regressions (MLR) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ajaz K. Kirmani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of EngineeringQassim UniversityUnaizahSaudi Arabia
| | - Parvez Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of EngineeringQassim UniversityUnaizahSaudi Arabia
| | - Faizul Azam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of PharmacyQassim UniversityUnaizahSaudi Arabia
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58
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SoleimanvandiAzar N, Irandoost SF, Ahmadi S, Xosravi T, Ranjbar H, Mansourian M, Yoosefi Lebni J. Explaining the reasons for not maintaining the health guidelines to prevent COVID-19 in high-risk jobs: a qualitative study in Iran. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:848. [PMID: 33941149 PMCID: PMC8090924 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the workers in many occupations are at the greatest risk of catching and spreading COVID-19 due to assembling and contacting people, the owners of these occupations do not follow COVID-19 health instructions. The purpose of this study is to explain the reasons for not maintaining health guidelines to prevent COVID-19 in high-risk jobs in Iran. METHODS The present study was conducted with a qualitative approach among people with high-risk jobs in Tehran during March and April of 2020. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 31 people with high-risk occupations selected by purposeful sampling and snowballing. The data were analyzed using the conventional qualitative content analysis method and MAXQDA-18 software. Guba and Lincoln's criteria were also used to evaluate the quality of the research results. RESULTS 4 main categories and 13 sub-categories were obtained, including individual factors (personality traits, lack of self-efficacy, little knowledge of the disease and how to observe health norms related to it, misconceptions about health), structural factors (difficulty of access to health supplies, lack of supportive environment, weak laws and supervision, the poor performance of officials and national media), economic factors (economic costs of living, lack of government economic support), Socio-cultural factors (learning, cultural beliefs, social customs, and rituals). CONCLUSION COVID-19 prevention requires intervention at different levels. At the individual level: increasing people's awareness and understanding about how to prevent COVID-19 and strengthening self-efficacy in observing health norms, at the social level: highlighting positive patterns of observing health issues and training people about the consequences of social interactions during the outbreak of the virus, and at the macro level: strengthening regulatory rules and increasing people's access to hygienic products and support for the vulnerable must be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda SoleimanvandiAzar
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Fahim Irandoost
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sina Ahmadi
- Department of Social Welfare Management, Social Welfare Management Research Centre, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tareq Xosravi
- Islamic Azad University Sanandaj Branch, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Hadi Ranjbar
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Mansourian
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Yoosefi Lebni
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yazdanpanah F, Garg A, Shadman S, Asmarz HY. Literature Review of COVID-19, Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Disease. Am J Med Sci 2021; 361:567-574. [PMID: 33785204 PMCID: PMC7859706 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019 novel coronavirus-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus2 (SARS-CoV2)-originated from Wuhan, China, and spread rapidly around the world. This literature review highlights the dynamic nature of COVID-19 transmission and presentation. Analyzing 59 relevant articles up to May 1st, 2020 reflects that the main reported clinical manifestation of COVID-19 pandemic is fever and respiratory involvement. Also, current literature demonstrates a wide spectrum of different and atypical presentation(s) of COVID-19. The definite route of SARS-CoV2 transmission is respiratory droplets, however, virus nucleic acid has been detected in the stool and urine specimens as well. The severity of symptoms and outcomes of COVID-19 vary based on the patient's medical background, age, sex, and concurrent medical conditions (e.g. pregnancy). This is the first review that classifies all essential points regarding COVID-19 manifestations at a glance to improve the outcome of the patients by a better insight into diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Yazdanpanah
- University of Maryland Medical System, Capital Region Health, Internal Medicine Department, Cheverly, MD
| | - Akash Garg
- University of Maryland Medical System, Capital Region Health, Internal Medicine Department, Cheverly, MD
| | - Shahrad Shadman
- University of Maryland Medical System, Capital Region Health, Internal Medicine Department, Cheverly, MD.
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Feng M, Ling Q, Xiong J, Manyande A, Xu W, Xiang B. Occupational Characteristics and Management Measures of Sporadic COVID-19 Outbreaks From June 2020 to January 2021 in China: The Importance of Tracking Down "Patient Zero". Front Public Health 2021; 9:670669. [PMID: 33996733 PMCID: PMC8119752 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.670669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are occupational disparities in the risk of contracting COVID-19. Occupational characteristics and work addresses play key roles in tracking down “patient zero.” The present descriptive analysis for occupational characteristics and management measures of sporadic COVID-19 outbreaks from June to December 2020 in China offers important new information to the international community at this stage of the pandemic. These data suggest that Chinese measures including tracking down “patient zero,” launching mass COVID-19 testing in the SARS-CoV-2-positive areas, designating a new high- or medium-risk area, locking down the corresponding community or neighborhood in response to new COVID-19 cases, and basing individual methods of protection on science are effective in reducing the transmission of the highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 across China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohui Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuhan Peritoneal Cancer Clinical Medical Research Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Ling
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Center, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anne Manyande
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Boqi Xiang
- School of Public Health, University of Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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61
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Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Muhammad J, Khan A, Sule AA, Tirupathi R, Mutair AA, Alhumaid S, Al-Omari A, Dhawan M, Tiwari R, Sharun K, Mohapatra RK, Mitra S, Bilal M, Alyami SA, Emran TB, Moni MA, Dhama K. Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in COVID-19 Patients: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms, Immune Functions, Immunopathology and Immunomodulatory Drugs to Counter Cytokine Storm. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:436. [PMID: 33946736 PMCID: PMC8145892 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a severe pandemic of the current century. The vicious tentacles of the disease have been disseminated worldwide with unknown complications and repercussions. Advanced COVID-19 syndrome is characterized by the uncontrolled and elevated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppressed immunity, leading to the cytokine storm. The uncontrolled and dysregulated secretion of inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines is positively associated with the severity of the viral infection and mortality rate. The secretion of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 leads to a hyperinflammatory response by recruiting macrophages, T and B cells in the lung alveolar cells. Moreover, it has been hypothesized that immune cells such as macrophages recruit inflammatory monocytes in the alveolar cells and allow the production of large amounts of cytokines in the alveoli, leading to a hyperinflammatory response in severely ill patients with COVID-19. This cascade of events may lead to multiple organ failure, acute respiratory distress, or pneumonia. Although the disease has a higher survival rate than other chronic diseases, the incidence of complications in the geriatric population are considerably high, with more systemic complications. This review sheds light on the pivotal roles played by various inflammatory markers in COVID-19-related complications. Different molecular pathways, such as the activation of JAK and JAK/STAT signaling are crucial in the progression of cytokine storm; hence, various mechanisms, immunological pathways, and functions of cytokines and other inflammatory markers have been discussed. A thorough understanding of cytokines' molecular pathways and their activation procedures will add more insight into understanding immunopathology and designing appropriate drugs, therapies, and control measures to counter COVID-19. Recently, anti-inflammatory drugs and several antiviral drugs have been reported as effective therapeutic drug candidates to control hypercytokinemia or cytokine storm. Hence, the present review also discussed prospective anti-inflammatory and relevant immunomodulatory drugs currently in various trial phases and their possible implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed
- Specialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Javed Muhammad
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 22620, Pakistan;
| | - Amjad Khan
- Department of Public Health/Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 22620, Pakistan;
| | - Anupam A Sule
- Medical Director of Informatics and Outcomes, St Joseph Mercy Oakland, Pontiac, MI 48341, USA;
| | - Raghavendra Tirupathi
- Department of Medicine Keystone Health, Penn State University School of Medicine, Hershey, PA 16801, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Wellspan Chambersburg and Waynesboro (Pa.) Hospitals, Chambersburg, PA 16801, USA
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Alahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia;
- College of Nursing, Prince Nora University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Awad Al-Omari
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia;
- Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Critical Care and Infection Control Department, Research Centre, Riyadh 11372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141027, Punjab, India;
- The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh; Pandit DeenDayal Upadhyaya PashuChikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go AnusandhaSansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mathura 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Ranjan K. Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar 758002, Odisha, India;
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; or
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China;
| | - Salem A. Alyami
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- WHO Collaborating Centre on eHealth, UNSW Digital Health, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Rapid High-Throughput Whole-Genome Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 by Using One-Step Reverse Transcription-PCR Amplification with an Integrated Microfluidic System and Next-Generation Sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:JCM.02784-20. [PMID: 33653700 PMCID: PMC8091833 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02784-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-lasting global COVID-19 pandemic demands timely genomic investigation of SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Here, we report a simple and efficient workflow for whole-genome sequencing utilizing one-step reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) amplification on a microfluidic platform, followed by MiSeq amplicon sequencing. The long-lasting global COVID-19 pandemic demands timely genomic investigation of SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Here, we report a simple and efficient workflow for whole-genome sequencing utilizing one-step reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) amplification on a microfluidic platform, followed by MiSeq amplicon sequencing. The method uses Fluidigm integrated fluidic circuit (IFC) and instruments to amplify 48 samples with 39 pairs of primers, including 35 custom-designed primer pairs and four additional primer pairs from the ARTIC network protocol v3. Application of this method on RNA samples from both viral isolates and clinical specimens demonstrates robustness and efficiency in obtaining the full genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2.
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63
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Khan AA, Khan Z. Comparative host-pathogen protein-protein interaction analysis of recent coronavirus outbreaks and important host targets identification. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:1206-1214. [PMID: 32914167 PMCID: PMC7546044 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Last two decades have witnessed several global infectious outbreaks. Among these, coronavirus is identified as a prime culprit ranging from its involvement in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) to COVID-19. These infections involved in huge healthcare and economic cost incurred globally. Every time, coronavirus improved its infection ability and surprised the medical practitioners and researchers. Currently, COVID-19 is also causing numerous infections and stalled global activities. Global efforts are underway to identify potential viral targets for management of these outbreaks, but significant progress in prevention of these outbreaks is not yet achieved. We explored host–pathogen protein–protein interactions of MERS, SARS and COVID-19, and identified host targets common among all recent coronavirus outbreaks. Further, we tried to understand their potential for management of coronavirus. The common proteins involved in coronavirus host–pathogen interactions indicate their indispensable role in the pathogenesis and therefore targeting these proteins can give strategies to prevent current and future coronavirus outbreaks. Viral variability necessitates development of new therapeutic modalities for every outbreak, in contrast targeting necessary human proteins required by all coronaviruses can provide us a clue to prevent current and future coronavirus outbreaks. We found that targeting FURIN and TMPRSS2 can provide good results due to their common involvement in current and previous outbreaks. We also listed some known molecules against these two targets for their potential drug repurposing evaluation. Although, several recent studies undergoing with targeting these proteins for management of coronavirus, but safety evaluation and risk assessment must be given prime importance while targeting human proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
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64
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Jia X, Zhang P, Tian Y, Wang J, Zeng H, Wang J, Liu J, Chen Z, Zhang L, He H, He K, Liu Y. Clinical Significance of an IgM and IgG Test for Diagnosis of Highly Suspected COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:569266. [PMID: 33912572 PMCID: PMC8071939 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.569266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nucleic acid detection and CT scanning have been reported in COVID-19 diagnosis. Here, we aimed to investigate the clinical significance of IgM and IgG testing for the diagnosis of highly suspected COVID-19. Methods: A total of 63 patients with suspected COVID-19 were observed, 57 of whom were enrolled (24 males and 33 females). The selection was based on the diagnosis and treatment protocol for COVID-19 (trial Sixth Edition) released by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. Patients were divided into positive and negative groups according to the first nucleic acid results from pharyngeal swab tests. Routine blood tests were detected on the second day after each patient was hospitalized. The remaining serum samples were used for detection of novel coronavirus-specific IgM/IgG antibodies. Results: The rate of COVID-19 nucleic acid positivity was 42.10%. The positive detection rates with a combination of IgM and IgG testing for patients with COVID-19 negative and positive nucleic acid test results were 72.73 and 87.50%, respectively. Conclusions: We report a rapid, simple, and accurate detection method for patients with suspected COVID-19 and for on-site screening for close contacts within the population. IgM and IgG antibody detection can identify COVID-19 after a negative nucleic acid test. Diagnostic accuracy of COVID-19 might be improved by nucleic acid testing in patients with a history of epidemic disease or with clinical symptoms, as well as CT scans when necessary, and serum-specific IgM and IgG antibody testing after the window period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Interventional Therapy Department, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Tian
- Department of Translational Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huadong Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zeyan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haihong He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kunlun He
- Department of Translational Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of Biomedical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
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Kumar SU, Priya NM, Nithya SR, Kannan P, Jain N, Kumar DT, Magesh R, Younes S, Zayed H, Doss CGP. A review of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): based on genomic structure, phylogeny, current shreds of evidence, candidate vaccines, and drug repurposing. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:198. [PMID: 33816047 PMCID: PMC8003899 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is instigated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of March 13, 2021, more than 118.9 million cases were infected with COVID-19 worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA beta-CoV. Most COVID-19 infected individuals recover within 1-3 weeks. Nevertheless, approximately 5% of patients develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and other systemic complications, leading to death. Structural genetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 have shown genomic resemblances but a low evolutionary correlation to SARS-CoV-1 responsible for the 2002-2004 outbreak. The S glycoprotein is critical for cell adhesion and the entrance of the virus into the host. The process of cell entry uses the cellular receptor named angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Recent evidence proposed that the CD147 as a SARS-CoV-2's potential receptor. The viral genome is mainly held by two non-structural proteins (NSPs), ORF1a and ORF1ab, along with structural proteins. Although NSPs are conserved among the βCoVs, mutations in NSP2 and NSP3 may play critical roles in transmitting the virus and cell tropism. To date, no specific/targeted anti-viral treatments exist. Notably, more than 50 COVID-19 candidate vaccines in clinical trials, and a few being administered. Preventive precautions are the primary strategy to limit the viral load transmission and spread, emphasizing the urgent need for developing significant drug targets and vaccines against COVID-19. This review provides a cumulative overview of the genomic structure, transmission, phylogeny of SARS-CoV-2 from Indian clusters, treatment options, updated discoveries, and future standpoints for COVID-19. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02749-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Udhaya Kumar
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014 India
| | - N. Madhana Priya
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Tamil Nadu, Porur, Chennai, 600116 India
| | - S. R. Nithya
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Tamil Nadu, Porur, Chennai, 600116 India
| | - Priyanka Kannan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Tamil Nadu, Porur, Chennai, 600116 India
| | - Nikita Jain
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014 India
| | - D. Thirumal Kumar
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014 India
- Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105 India
| | - R. Magesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (DU), Tamil Nadu, Porur, Chennai, 600116 India
| | - Salma Younes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - C. George Priya Doss
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014 India
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66
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Saeed BQ, Al-Shahrabi R, Bolarinwa OA. Socio-demographic correlate of knowledge and practice toward COVID-19 among people living in Mosul-Iraq: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249310. [PMID: 33788835 PMCID: PMC8011757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a worldwide pandemic, many countries' authorities, including the Iraqi authorities, started responding and taking action to control the spread of the pandemic. The public's knowledge and practices play an important role in curbing the spreading of the virus by following the health guidelines. This study aimed to assess the socio-demographic correlate of knowledge and practices of Iraqi living in Mosul-Iraq towards COVID-19 during its rapid rise. A cross-sectional online survey of 909 participants was conducted among a sample of the Mosul-Iraq population between 20th June to 1st July 2020. The survey included three parts: 1) socio-demographic characteristics, 2) participants' knowledge, 3) participants' practices. T-test, ANOVA, chi-square, and binary logistic regression were used. A p-value less than 0.05 (p < 0.05) was considered statistically significant. The results showed a knowledge and practice mean score of (12.91±1.67) and (21.56± 2.92) with cumulative knowledge and practice of 86% and 76% respectively towards COVID-19. Socio-demographic characteristics such as age, marital status, gender, level of education and employment were statistically related with a higher mean score of knowledge and practice towards the virus as P<0.05. We concluded that the majority of the respondents demonstrate a high level of knowledge and practices towards COVID-19 except for respondents with socio-demographic characteristics such as those who were younger, male respondents, those with lower education and those unemployed as such campaigns that will increase the knowledge and encourage adequate preventive practice towards COVID-19 should be targeted towards this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balsam Qubais Saeed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rula Al-Shahrabi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Jha N, Jeyaraman M, Rachamalla M, Ojha S, Dua K, Chellappan D, Muthu S, Sharma A, Jha S, Jain R, Jeyaraman N, GS P, Satyam R, Khan F, Pandey P, Verma N, Singh S, Roychoudhury S, Dholpuria S, Ruokolainen J, Kesari K. Current Understanding of Novel Coronavirus: Molecular Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment Approaches. IMMUNO 2021; 1:30-66. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of “Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology” occurred in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019. Later, the agent factor was identified and coined as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the disease was named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In a shorter period, this newly emergent infection brought the world to a standstill. On 11 March 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic. Researchers across the globe have joined their hands to investigate SARS-CoV-2 in terms of pathogenicity, transmissibility, and deduce therapeutics to subjugate this infection. The researchers and scholars practicing different arts of medicine are on an extensive quest to come up with safer ways to curb the pathological implications of this viral infection. A huge number of clinical trials are underway from the branch of allopathy and naturopathy. Besides, a paradigm shift on cellular therapy and nano-medicine protocols has to be optimized for better clinical and functional outcomes of COVID-19-affected individuals. This article unveils a comprehensive review of the pathogenesis mode of spread, and various treatment modalities to combat COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Mahesh Rachamalla
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Sathish Muthu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science & Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Saurabh Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Rashmi Jain
- School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopedics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal 575001, Karnataka, India
| | - Prajwal GS
- Department of Orthopedics, JJM Medical College, Davangere 577004, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohit Satyam
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida 201306, India
| | - Fahad Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida 201306, India
| | - Pratibha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida 201306, India
| | - Nitin Verma
- School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Indian Scientific Education and Technology Foundation, Lucknow 226002, India
| | | | - Sunny Dholpuria
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science & Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kavindra Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland
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Chen H, Xiao X, Wang W, Tong Z, Zhang L, Zhong J, Li X, Zhang X, Tong Y, Shen B, Zeng Q, Cheng X. The Influence of COVID-19 on the Psychological Well-being of Different Populations in China. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2021; 000:000-000. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2020.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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69
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Gannedi V, Villuri BK, Reddy SN, Ku CC, Wong CH, Hung SC. Practical Remdesivir Synthesis through One-Pot Organocatalyzed Asymmetric ( S)-P-Phosphoramidation. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4977-4985. [PMID: 33634692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Remdesivir, an inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase developed by Gilead Sciences, has been used for the treatment of COVID-19. The synthesis of remdesivir is, however, challenging, and the overall cost is relatively high. Particularly, the stereoselective assembly of the P-chirogenic center requires recrystallization of a 1:1 isomeric p-nitrophenylphosphoramidate mixture several times to obtain the desired diastereoisomer (39%) for further coupling with the d-ribose-derived 5-alcohol. To address this problem, a variety of chiral bicyclic imidazoles were synthesized as organocatalysts for stereoselective (S)-P-phosphoramidation employing a 1:1 diastereomeric mixture of phosphoramidoyl chloridates as the coupling reagent to avoid a waste of the other diastereomer. Through a systematic study of different catalysts at different temperatures and concentrations, a mixture of the (S)- and (R)-P-phosphoramidates was obtained in 97% yield with a 96.1/3.9 ratio when 20 mol % of the chiral imidazole-cinnamaldehyde-derived carbamate was utilized in the reaction at -20 °C. A 10-g scale one-pot synthesis via a combination of (S)-P-phosphoramidation and protecting group removal followed by one-step recrystallization gave remdesivir in 70% yield and 99.3/0.7 d.r. The organocatalyst was recovered in 83% yield for reuse, and similar results were obtained. This one-pot process offers an excellent opportunity for industrial production of remdesivir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeranjaneyulu Gannedi
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bharath Kumar Villuri
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sivakumar N Reddy
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Chu Ku
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road BCC 338, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, 369, Section 2, University Road, Taitung 95092, Taiwan
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Abstract
AIMS: The COVID-19 pandemic suddenly and significantly increased hospitalizations for pneumonia with systemic inflammatory disease. Since its appearance, COVID-19 has affected more than 200 countries, with more than 90 million cases and almost 2 million deaths. So far, there is no quality evidence regarding the specific pharmacological therapy for COVID-19; most treatments usually involve off-label use of existing drugs and have unproven efficacy. The global effort converges on the development of a vaccine; however, the greatest challenge is to achieve collective immunization in the face of increasing vaccination hesitancy.METHODS: This study investigated the impact of vaccine hesitancy movements on the goal of COVID-19 immunization in Brazil. An integrative bibliographic review was performed with an electronic search on PubMed and SciELO that yielded 13.535 articles. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied which included 29 interventional and descriptive studies.RESULTS: The results of the 29 studies revealed that the most frequent reasons for hesitation is skepticism about the true interests of the industry and politicians, the lack of trust in research, and inaccurate information on social media.CONCLUSION: The main factors that lead the population not to believe in vaccines were the real interests of industry and politicians, lack of confidence in research, and the amount of false information that circulates massively on social media and because of that it is possible that Brazil will face some challenges in achieving collective immunity due to the anti-vaccine movement.
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71
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Mirzaei A, Moghim S. SARS-CoV-2, SARS and MERS: Three formidable
coronaviruses which have originated from bats. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.7476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent continuously emerging rampancy of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that started in
Wuhan in late December 2019 has become an international public health emergency and is still
spreading rapidly in the world. Up to October 11, 2020, 37.109.6851 confirmed cases of COVID-19
have been announced with 2.8 percent death, which means 1.070.355 confirmed death cases.
At the moment, a specific vaccine or drug for the new coronavirus is not available; thus, the
development of a drug with far-reaching HCoV inhibitory activity is an urgent medical need.
It is, however, vital to first comprehend the nature of this family and other coronaviruses that
have caused the outbreak. Here, we relate the epidemiological and virological characteristics
of the COVID-19, SARS, and MERS rampancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Mirzaei
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sharareh Moghim
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
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72
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Alipoor SD, Mortaz E, Jamaati H, Tabarsi P, Bayram H, Varahram M, Adcock IM. COVID-19: Molecular and Cellular Response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:563085. [PMID: 33643932 PMCID: PMC7904902 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.563085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In late December 2019, a vtiral pneumonia with an unknown agent was reported in Wuhan, China. A novel coronavirus was identified as the causative agent. Because of the human-to-human transmission and rapid spread; coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly increased to an epidemic scale and poses a severe threat to human health; it has been declared a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO). This review aims to summarize the recent research progress of COVID-19 molecular features and immunopathogenesis to provide a reference for further research in prevention and treatment of SARS coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection based on the knowledge from researches on SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila D. Alipoor
- Molecular Medicine Department, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Jamaati
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Bayram
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Varahram
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London and the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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73
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Andrade EF, Pereira LJ, Orlando DR, Peixoto MFD, Lee SA, Castelo PM. Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (BP-OCS) using a large University Sample in Brazil. DEATH STUDIES 2021; 46:1073-1079. [PMID: 33530895 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2021.1879319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to validate a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (BP-OCS) using a large sample of university students in Brazil (N = 1454). The scale showed solid psychometric characteristics in terms of internal consistency (α = .78), test-retest reliability (ICC = .86), factorial validity (PAF and CFA support), and construct validity. Additionally, BP-OCS scores were found to be higher among females, participants with diagnosed depression, anxiety, and self-reported anxiety. These findings suggest that the BP-OCS is a reliable and valid measure of persistent and disturbed thinking about COVID-19 for Brazilian university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Francelino Andrade
- Agrarian Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Unaí, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciano José Pereira
- Health Sciences Department, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora Ribeiro Orlando
- Agrarian Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Unaí, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco Fabrício Dias Peixoto
- School of Biological Sciences and Health, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sherman A Lee
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, Virginia, USA
| | - Paula Midori Castelo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
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Darazam IA, Besharati S, Shabani M, Shokouhi S, Fallahzadeh M, Shabanpour Dehbsneh H, Khalili N, Soleymaninia A, Hoseyni Kusha A, Taleb Shoushtari M, Amirdosara M, Hajiesmaeili M, Rezaei O, Khoshkar A, Naghibi Irvani SS, Kheyrian M, Goudarzi F. Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Iran: a Hospital-Based Observational Study. TANAFFOS 2021; 20:156-163. [PMID: 34976087 PMCID: PMC8710226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been pandemic and has caused a great burden on almost all countries across the world. Different perspectives of this novel disease are poorly understood. This study sought to investigate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 to efficiently assist the health system of Iran to conquer the outbreak. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective observational study was performed on 394 patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19. The patients should have a history of hospitalization at Loghman-Hakim hospital, Tehran, Iran, for 10 weeks, beginning from the first official report of the disease in Iran. In the subsequent step, the baseline demographic and clinical and paraclinical information of the patients was documented. Finally, the patients were assessed if they had exhibited any morbidity or mortality. RESULTS The epidemiological examination of the COVID-19 population suggested a bell diagram pattern for the hospitalization rate, in which the 4th week of the study was the peak. The highest rate of secondary adverse events due to the virus was observed at the 6th and 7th weeks of the study course. On another note, clinical evaluations resulted in identifying specific abnormalities, such as bilateral opacity in chest computed tomography scans or low oxygen saturation in laboratory data. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence concerning the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in the first phase of the virus outbreak in Iran. Further studies comparing the disease features in the subsequent phases with findings of this study can pave the way for additional information in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilad Alavi Darazam
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,,Correspondence to: Alavi Darazam I, Address: Clinical Research Development Unit of Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Email address:
| | - Sajad Besharati
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoosh Shabani
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shervin Shokouhi
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fallahzadeh
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadiseh Shabanpour Dehbsneh
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Khalili
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Soleymaninia
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Hoseyni Kusha
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Taleb Shoushtari
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Amirdosara
- Anesthesiology Research Center Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Hajiesmaeili
- Anesthesiology Research Center Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omidvar Rezaei
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khoshkar
- General Surgeon, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Kheyrian
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Goudarzi
- School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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75
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Rahmani A, Baee M, Saleki K, Moradi S, Nouri HR. Applying high throughput and comprehensive immunoinformatics approaches to design a trivalent subunit vaccine for induction of immune response against emerging human coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:6097-6113. [PMID: 33509045 PMCID: PMC7852294 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1876774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) cause diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, this study was conducted to combat major CoVs via a trivalent subunit vaccine, which was engineered by implementing sequences of spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E), membrane (M) protein, non-structural protein (nsp) 3, and nsp8 antigens. The CTL, HTL, MHC I, and IFN-γ epitopes were predicted via CTLPRED, IEDB, and IFN epitope servers, respectively. Also, to stimulate strong helper T lymphocytes (HTLs) responses, Pan HLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) was used. Also, for boosting the immune response, β-defensin 2 was added to the construct as an adjuvant. Furthermore, TAT was applied to the vaccine to facilitate the intracellular delivery. Finally, TAT, adjuvant, PADRE, and selected epitopes were appropriately assembled. Based on the predicted epitopes, a trivalent multi-epitope vaccine with a molecular weight of 74.8 kDa was constructed. Further analyses predicted the molecule to be a strong antigen, and a non-allergenic and soluble protein. Secondary and tertiary structures were predicted. Additionally, analyses validated the stability of the proposed vaccine. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) showed binding affinity and stability of the vaccine-TLR3 complex was favorable. The predicted epitopes demonstrated a strong potential to stimulate T and B-cell mediated immune responses. Furthermore, codon optimization and in silico cloning guaranteed increased expression. In summary, investigations demonstrated that this next-generation approach might provide a new horizon for the development of a highly immunogenic vaccine against SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Rahmani
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Masoud Baee
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Kiarash Saleki
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Saead Moradi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nouri
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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76
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Feng M, Li Z, Xiong J, Xu W, Xiang B. Geographical and Epidemiological Characteristics of 3,487 Confirmed Cases With COVID-19 Among Healthcare Workers in China. Front Public Health 2021; 8:586736. [PMID: 33575237 PMCID: PMC7870986 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.586736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the first area to report the outbreak, China used to be the front line of the battle against the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The present descriptive analysis of 3,487 COVID-19-confirmed cases with health workers reported through April 30, 2020 offers important new information to the international community on the epidemic in China. These data showed that Chinese measures including the high-grade protective gear used, mask wearing, and social distancing, are effective in reducing transmission in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohui Feng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuhan Peritoneal Cancer Clinical Medical Research Center, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixiao Li
- Department Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Boqi Xiang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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77
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Sadeghi S, Momenzadeh M, Nasri P, Nickpour M. Review of COVID-19 Treatment. J Res Pharm Pract 2021; 9:169-174. [PMID: 33912498 PMCID: PMC8067900 DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_20_72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many contagious diseases, such as plague or cholera, played a role in changing the pathway of history. In this respect, although coronavirus was not as dangerous as novel diseases such as swine flu and Ebola, the spread and the power of coronavirus infiltration caused public fear across the world. Three viruses among coronaviruses have been epidemic during the recent years, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19 or new coronavirus. Respiratory droplets transmit the coronavirus through direct and indirect contact, and it can be transmitted through the contact in the case of remaining, the infected person's secretion on the surface. Based on the conducted studies on the treatment of COVID-19 disease, there is virtually no cure or vaccine for coronavirus infections yet. Those infected with Covid 19 are quarantined to prevent the outbreak of this disease. However, the researchers carried out different studies to investigate the impact of the various drugs on this virus, which in this study, we will examine the outline of this disease and the other conducted studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Sadeghi
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Internal Medicine, Al Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Momenzadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Peiman Nasri
- Metabolic Liver Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Pediatrics, Imam Hossein Children's Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mina Nickpour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Al Zahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Respiratory Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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78
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The relation between serum D-dimer, ferritin and vitamin D levels, and dysgeusia symptoms, in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2021; 135:45-49. [PMID: 33407964 PMCID: PMC7809217 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215120002765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to evaluate the association between serum D-dimer, ferritin and vitamin D levels, and dysgeusia symptoms, in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Methods The present study was conducted with the medical records of 300 patients positive for coronavirus disease 2019, hospitalised between 28 March and 15 August 2020. The patients were divided into two groups regarding the presence or absence of dysgeusia symptoms. Results Fever and sore throat rates, and the mean D-dimer level, were considerably higher in the dysgeusia group than in the non-dysgeusia group (32.1 vs 21.6 per cent, p = 0.04; 43.6 vs 20.7 per cent, p < 0.001; and 0.54 ± 0.32 vs 0.49 ± 0.51 mg/l FEU, p = 0.008, respectively). The mean age was significantly lower in the dysgeusia group than in the non-dysgeusia group (42.83 ± 12.31 vs 50.51 ± 13.67 years, p < 0.001). Conclusion Younger age, fever and shortness of breath could be observed in patients with dysgeusia symptoms. In addition, the D-dimer level was significantly higher in the dysgeusia group.
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79
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Ali Malekhosseini S, Nikoupour H, Gholami S, Shamsaeefar A, Arasteh P, Kazemi K, Dehghani M, Eghlimi H, Raeisi Shahraki H, Roozbeh J, Rezaianzadeh A, Nikeghbalian S. A Report of 85 Cases of COVID-19 and Abdominal Transplantation From a Single Center: What Are the Associated Factors With Death Among Organ Transplantation Patients. Transplantation 2021; 105:90-99. [PMID: 32976364 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we report the epidemiology of COVID-19 among recipients of organ transplantation and evaluate associated factors with death. METHODS We screened 6969 patients who had organ transplantations in our center for COVID-19. Specific data on presentation, clinical course, treatment, and prognosis were acquired. RESULTS We found 85 patients (66 liver, 16 kidney, 2 kidney-pancreas, and 1 liver-kidney recipient) who acquired COVID-19. Most common symptoms included fever (48.2%), cough (41.2%), myalgia (41.2%), and fatigue (40%). Dyspnea developed in 33% of patients. Overall, one-third of patients had an oxygen saturation of below 90% on admission. Patients were hospitalized for a median (interquartile range) of 9 (5, 13.7) days and had a 33.9% intensive care unit admission rate. Overall, 17 patients (20%) died, which included 31.3% of patients with kidney transplantations and 18.2% of patients with liver transplantations. All 4 pediatric patients in our series died. In our univariate analysis among adults, rates of leukopenia (38.4% versus 13.2%; P = 0.04), low albumin levels (53.8% versus 10.2%; P = 0.001), and shorter duration between transplantation and COVID-19 (P = 0.02), were higher among patients who died. In our least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model, low albumin levels (OR, 4.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-17.27) were associated with higher risk of death. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest single-center report on abdominal transplantations and COVID-19. Liver and kidney transplant recipients have an increased risk of mortality compared with the general population due to COVID-19. More specifically, pediatric patients and those with low albumin levels are at higher risks of death due COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Malekhosseini
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Nikoupour
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Siavash Gholami
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Shamsaeefar
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Peyman Arasteh
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kourosh Kazemi
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masood Dehghani
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hesameddin Eghlimi
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hadi Raeisi Shahraki
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Jamshid Roozbeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Rezaianzadeh
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saman Nikeghbalian
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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80
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Singh N, Singh P, Singh V, Krishna A, Singh S. Comprehensive study on clinical responses and socioeconomic characteristics of COVID-19 patients during outbreak. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:4002-4008. [PMID: 35136759 PMCID: PMC8797082 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_579_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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81
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Zyoud SH, Zyoud AH. Coronavirus disease-19 in environmental fields: a bibliometric and visualization mapping analysis. ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY 2021; 23:8895-8923. [PMID: 33041643 PMCID: PMC7538042 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-020-01004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus has appeared in China by the end of 2019 and later recognized as a global pandemic. This pandemic has evolved as a global public health menace. It has affected every aspect of human life. In line with these concerns, governments and the scientific community react promptly to the outbreak of this pandemic. These efforts are devoted to develop vaccine and curative medicines. Further efforts are dedicated to assessing the impacts of the pandemic in relation to socioeconomic, psychological, and environmental dimensions. In this regard, it is important to follow up developments and research activities on this global issue. The present work intended to tracking the current hotspots and research trends on COVID-19 in environmental fields. Bibliometric analysis and visualization mapping were utilized with the objective of revealing and evaluating the developments in knowledge on COVID-2019 and its impacts based on a collection of environmental sources. A sum of 729 documents were collected from Scopus database limiting to environmental sources only. Of all these publications, 563 (77.2%) were articles, 56 (7.7%) were reviews, and 110 (15.0%) were others. China has the highest share of publications (163; 22.4%). It is followed by the USA (139; 19.15), and Italy (110; 15.1%). Most publications on COVID-19 were in prestigious journals. The most productive institution at global level was Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (24 documents; 3.3%). The most prevalent topics are in relation to impacts of the pandemic on air quality, mental health, psychological, and economic aspects. The development of these topics is based on cross-sectional studies, evidence-based tools, remote sensing, satellite mapping, geographic information systems, market analysis and sampling. The progress of environmental research on COVID-19 will guide the development of global environmental strategies to control future global environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaher H. Zyoud
- Department of Building Engineering and Environment, Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine
| | - Ahed H. Zyoud
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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82
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In silico analysis of Phyllanthus amarus phytochemicals as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 main protease. CURRENT RESEARCH IN GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY 2021; 4. [PMCID: PMC8364217 DOI: 10.1016/j.crgsc.2021.100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Phyllanthus amarus, also known as Bhui Korma in India, is well known for its medicinal properties and is used to treat several diseases worldwide. This study aims to identify phytochemicals from P. amarus and assess their anti-viral activity through in silico methods against the main protease (3CLPro/MPro) enzyme of the novel coronavirus. 190 compounds were obtained from literature and docked against 3CLPro and 16 compounds showed higher binding affinity with 3CLPro with their values lying between -8.9 kcal/mol to -9.6 kcal/mol. The top two compounds, Myricitrin (CID: 5352000) and Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (CID: 12004528) gave high binding affinity values of -9.6 kcal/mol and -9.4 kcal/mol respectively and also display favourable binding interactions with the 3CLPro. Both the compounds were further subjected to molecular dynamics simulation and MM-PBSA based binding free energy calculations. ADMET and drug-likeness properties were studied to assess the pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds. Favourable pharmacokinetic results reinforced the applicability of the compounds assessed. Along with continuous studies being carried out with chemical compounds, research needs to expand into all areas, including the use of natural compounds as drug compounds. The identified hits from this study can be taken further for in vitro and in vivo studies to examine their efficacy against COVID-19.
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83
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Van Vo G, Bagyinszky E, Park YS, Hulme J, An SSA. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Beginning to Understand a New Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1321:3-19. [PMID: 33656709 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59261-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Within the last two decades, several members of the Coronaviridae family demonstrated epidemic potential. In late 2019, an unnamed genetic relative, later named SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), erupted in the highly populous neighborhoods of Wuhan, China. Unchecked, COVID-19 spread rapidly among interconnected communities and related households before containment measures could be enacted. At present, the mortality rate of COVID-19 infection worldwide is 6.6%. In order to mitigate the number of infections, restrictions or recommendations on the number of people that can gather in a given area have been employed by governments worldwide. For governments to confidently lift these restrictions as well as counter a potential secondary wave of infections, alternative medications and diagnostic strategies against COVID-19 are urgently required. This review has focused on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giau Van Vo
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Environment, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- School of Medicine, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Environment, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - John Hulme
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
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84
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Nejabat M, Inaloo S, Sheshdeh AT, Bahramjahan S, Sarvestani FM, Katibeh P, Nemati H, Tabei SMB, Faghihi MA. Genetic Testing in Various Neurodevelopmental Disorders Which Manifest as Cerebral Palsy: A Case Study From Iran. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:734946. [PMID: 34540776 PMCID: PMC8446451 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.734946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a heterogeneous permanent disorder impacting movement and posture. Investigations aimed at diagnosing this disorder are expensive and time-consuming and can eventually inconclusive. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic yield of next generation sequencing in patients with atypical CP (ACP). Methods: Patient eligibility criteria included impaired motor function with onset at birth or within the first year of life, and one or more of the following conditions: severe intellectual disability, positive family history, brain imaging findings not typical for cerebral palsy, abnormal neurometabolic profile, intractable seizure, normal neuroimaging despite severe psychomotor disability, after pediatric neurologist assessment including neuroimaging and biochemical-metabolic study offered for genetic study. Results: Exome sequencing was done for 66 patients which revealed pathogenic, likely pathogenic, and variants of unknown significance in 36.2, 9, and 43.9%, respectively. We also found 10 new mutations and were able to suggest specific and personalized treatments for nine patients. We also found three different mutations with different phenotypical spectrum in one gene that have not been reported for cerebral palsy. Conclusion: An accurate history and physical examination and determination of patients with atypical cerebral palsy for doing exome sequencing result in improved genetic counseling and personalized management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Nejabat
- Pediatric Neurology Ward, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soroor Inaloo
- Neonatal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Shima Bahramjahan
- Persian BayanGene Research and Training Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Pegah Katibeh
- Pediatric Neurology Ward, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Nemati
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Ali Faghihi
- Persian BayanGene Research and Training Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Express Gene Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Palmetto Bay, FL, United States
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85
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Ruan Z, Liu C, Guo Y, He Z, Huang X, Jia X, Yang T. SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV: Virtual screening of potential inhibitors targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity (NSP12). J Med Virol 2021; 93:389-400. [PMID: 32579254 PMCID: PMC7361265 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, the harm caused by coronaviruses to the world cannot be underestimated. Recently, a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 [SARS-CoV-2]) initially found to trigger human severe respiratory illness in Wuhan City of China in 2019, has infected more than six million people worldwide by 21 June 2020, and which has been recognized as a public health emergency of international concern as well. And the virus has spread to more than 200 countries around the world. However, the effective drug has not yet been officially licensed or approved to treat SARS-Cov-2 and SARS-Cov infection. NSP12-NSP7-NSP8 complex of SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV, essential for viral replication and transcription, is generally regarded as a potential target to fight against the virus. According to the NSP12-NSP7-NSP8 complex (PDB ID: 7BW4) structure of SARS-CoV-2 and the NSP12-NSP7-NSP8 complex (PDB ID: 6NUR) structure of SARS-CoV, NSP12-NSP7 interface model, and NSP12-NSP8 interface model were established for virtual screening in the present study. Eight compounds (Nilotinib, Saquinavir, Tipranavir, Lonafarnib, Tegobuvir, Olysio, Filibuvir, and Cepharanthine) were selected for binding free energy calculations based on virtual screening and docking scores. All eight compounds can combine well with NSP12-NSP7-NSP8 in the crystal structure, providing drug candidates for the treatment and prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 and SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Ruan
- Non‐coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Science and Technology DepartmentChengdu Medical CollegeChengduSichuanChina
- School of Life Science and EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Chao Liu
- Non‐coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Science and Technology DepartmentChengdu Medical CollegeChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yuting Guo
- Non‐coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Science and Technology DepartmentChengdu Medical CollegeChengduSichuanChina
| | - Zhenqing He
- Non‐coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Science and Technology DepartmentChengdu Medical CollegeChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xinhe Huang
- School of Life Science and EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xu Jia
- Non‐coding RNA and Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Science and Technology DepartmentChengdu Medical CollegeChengduSichuanChina
| | - Tai Yang
- School of PharmacyChengdu Medical CollegeChengduSichuanChina
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86
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Agapito G, Pastrello C, Jurisica I. Comprehensive pathway enrichment analysis workflows: COVID-19 case study. Brief Bioinform 2020. [PMCID: PMC7799312 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak due to the novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been classified as a pandemic disease by the World Health Organization on the 12th March 2020. This world-wide crisis created an urgent need to identify effective countermeasures against SARS-CoV-2. In silico methods, artificial intelligence and bioinformatics analysis pipelines provide effective and useful infrastructure for comprehensive interrogation and interpretation of available data, helping to find biomarkers, explainable models and eventually cures. One class of such tools, pathway enrichment analysis (PEA) methods, helps researchers to find possible key targets present in biological pathways of host cells that are targeted by SARS-CoV-2. Since many software tools are available, it is not easy for non-computational users to choose the best one for their needs. In this paper, we highlight how to choose the most suitable PEA method based on the type of COVID-19 data to analyze. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of PEA techniques and the tools that implement them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Pastrello
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada
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87
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[Characteristics and evolution of COVID-19 in an urban Health Center at the pandemic beginning']. Aten Primaria 2020; 53:101957. [PMID: 33423880 PMCID: PMC7733679 DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVE To evaluate SAR-COV-2 pacients' features. To analyse de diferences between those who required hospital care and those who didn't. DESIGN Observational, descriptive and retrospective study. SETTING Twomedical practices of an urban health center in Salamanca (Spain). PARTICIPANTS ≥18 years diagnosed with SAR-CoV-2 between March 11th and April 20th. MAIN MEASUREMENTS clinical-epidemiological chatacteristics, diagnosis, treatment and outcome at the end of study RESULTS: 122 patients (63.9% female), 19.7% social and health care workers y 4.9% from nursing homes. Predominant age group: 46-60 years. 67.2% without comorbility. Predomint symptoms: low-grade fever (73.5%), cough (65.2%) y fever (43%). Average age of the patients requiring hospital care was higher: 59.85 (DE16.22) versus 50.78 (DE17.88) P=.013. 63.6% of all the patients monitored by Primary Health Care and 14.1% of patients that required assistance did not present dyspnea P=.001. Only 2.5% of the hospital-assisted patients, compared to 61.5% of Primary Health Care, were not tested P=.0001. 26 patients were attendedn at an emergency room: 11(9%) stayed and 2 (1.6%) passed away. No antibiotic or inhaler treatment for 52.5% and 70.5% respectively. The most used antipyretic treatment was paracetamol (78.7%). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence in females, comorbility-free patients and in age range: 46-60 years. Complementary and confirmatory test were performed mainly in hospital care. Predominance of mild symptoms and favourable evolution. Highliting the role played by Primary Health Care in detection, early intervention and monitoring of severe cases.
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88
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SARS-CoV-2 Infections and COVID-19 Fatality: Estimation of Infection Fatality Ratio and Current Prevalence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249290. [PMID: 33322572 PMCID: PMC7764429 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is one of the most important problems for public health, according to the number of deaths associated to this pathology reported so far. However, from the epidemiological point of view, the dimension of the problem is still unknown, since the number of actual cases of SARS-CoV-2 infected people is underestimated, due to limited testing. This paper aims at estimating the actual Infection Fatality Ratio (number of deaths with respect to the number of infected people) and the actual current prevalence (number of infected people with respect to the entire population), both in a specific population and all over the world. With this aim, this paper proposes a method to estimate Infection Fatality Ratio of a still ongoing infection, based on a daily estimation, and on the relationship between this estimation and the number of tests performed per death. The method has been applied using data about COVID-19 from Italy. Results show a fatality ratio of about 0.9%, which is lower than previous findings. The number of actual infected people in Italy is also estimated, and results show that (i) infection started at the end of January 2020; (ii) a maximum number of about 100,000 new cases in one day was reached at the beginning of March 2020; (iii) the estimated cumulative number of infections at the beginning of October 2020 is about 4.2 million cases in Italy (more than 120 million worldwide, if a generalization is conjectured as reasonable). Therefore, the prevalence at the beginning of October 2020 is estimated at about 6.9% in Italy (1.6% worldwide, if a generalization is conjectured).
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Habibzadeh P, Mofatteh M, Ghavami S, Roozbeh J. The potential effectiveness of acetazolamide in the prevention of acute kidney injury in COVID-19: A hypothesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 888:173487. [PMID: 32805256 PMCID: PMC7428435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an important complication of COVID-19 encompassing a wide range of presentations. SARS-CoV-2 is proposed to cause AKI in the patients through various mechanisms. We are, nevertheless, far from a comprehensive understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of the kidney injury in this infection. AKI has been shown to be a marker of disease severity and also a negative prognostic factor for survival. Unfortunately, no effective preventive strategy to decrease the risk of kidney damage in these patients has yet been identified. In this hypothesis, we highlight the potential protective effects of acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, in preventing the proximal tubular damage caused by the virus through disrupting the virus-endosome fusion and also interfering with the lysosomal proteases. Our proposed mechanisms could pave the way for further in vitro studies and subsequent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Habibzadeh
- Persian BayanGene Research and Training Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mofatteh
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Merton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Lincoln College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jamshid Roozbeh
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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90
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Avcı H, Karabulut B. The Relation Between Otolaryngology-Specific Symptoms and Computed Tomography Findings in Ambulatory Care COVID-19 Patients. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2020; 100:79-85. [PMID: 33275032 PMCID: PMC7720029 DOI: 10.1177/0145561320975508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to conduct a study to evaluate the relation between otolaryngology-specific symptoms and computed tomography findings in ambulatory care COVID-19 patients. PATIENT AND METHODS The study was conducted with medical records of 987 (82%) patients with confirmed COVID-19 virus via real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction between March 11, 2020, and April 21, 2020. Patients were divided into 2 groups as computed tomography (CT)-negative and CT-positive groups considering the presence of the CT findings depicting COVID-19 disease. RESULTS The mean age was significantly higher in CT-positive group than CT-negative group (41.53 ± 12.82 vs 36.61 ± 11.81, P < .001). Cough and shortness of the breath were observed with a significantly higher rate in CT-positive group than that of CT-negative group (44% vs 29.9%, P = .001 and 18.4% vs 9.7%, P = .002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, advanced age, cough, and shortness of breath could be related to CT scan positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Avcı
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Kartal 147015Dr Lutfi Kirdar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Karabulut
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Kartal 147015Dr Lutfi Kirdar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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91
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Tiwari R, Dhama K, Sharun K, Iqbal Yatoo M, Malik YS, Singh R, Michalak I, Sah R, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. COVID-19: animals, veterinary and zoonotic links. Vet Q 2020; 40:169-182. [PMID: 32393111 PMCID: PMC7755411 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1766725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spread over 210 countries and territories beyond China shortly. On February 29, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) denoted it in a high-risk category, and on March 11, 2020, this virus was designated pandemic, after its declaration being a Public Health International Emergency on January 30, 2020. World over high efforts are being made to counter and contain this virus. The COVID-19 outbreak once again proves the potential of the animal-human interface to act as the primary source of emerging zoonotic diseases. Even though the circumstantial evidence suggests the possibility of an initial zoonotic emergence, it is too early to confirm the role of intermediate hosts such as snakes, pangolins, turtles, and other wild animals in the origin of SARS-CoV-2, in addition to bats, the natural hosts of multiple coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The lessons learned from past episodes of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV are being exploited to retort this virus. Best efforts are being taken up by worldwide nations to implement effective diagnosis, strict vigilance, heightened surveillance, and monitoring, along with adopting appropriate preventive and control strategies. Identifying the possible zoonotic emergence and the exact mechanism responsible for its initial transmission will help us to design and implement appropriate preventive barriers against the further transmission of SARS-CoV-2. This review discusses in brief about the COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 with a particular focus on the role of animals, the veterinary and associated zoonotic links along with prevention and control strategies based on One-health approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E, Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Zoonosis, Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigacion Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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92
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Fallahi HR, Keyhan SO, Zandian D, Kim SG, Cheshmi B. Being a front-line dentist during the Covid-19 pandemic: a literature review. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2020; 42:12. [PMID: 32341913 PMCID: PMC7180678 DOI: 10.1186/s40902-020-00256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus is an enveloped virus with positive-sense single-stranded RNA. Coronavirus infection in humans mainly affects the upper respiratory tract and to a lesser extent the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical symptoms of coronavirus infections can range from relatively mild (similar to the common cold) to severe (bronchitis, pneumonia, and renal involvement). The disease caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) was called Covid-19 by the World Health Organization in February 2020. Face-to-face communication and consistent exposure to body fluids such as blood and saliva predispose dental care workers at serious risk for 2019-nCoV infection. As demonstrated by the recent coronavirus outbreak, information is not enough. During dental practice, blood and saliva can be scattered. Accordingly, dental practice can be a potential risk for dental staff, and there is a high risk of cross-infection. This article addresses all information collected to date on the virus, in accordance with the guidelines of international health care institutions, and provides a comprehensive protocol for managing possible exposure to patients or those suspected of having coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Fallahi
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seied Omid Keyhan
- CMFRC, National Advance Center for Craniomaxillofacial Reconstruction, Tehran, Iran
- Craniomaxillofacial Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Bahar building, Shahid Nuranian Alley, Saadat Abad, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Dana Zandian
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seong-Gon Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, 28644 Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukhyun-gil, Gangneung, 25457 Republic of Korea
| | - Behzad Cheshmi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Boroujerd Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd, Iran
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Iqbal Yatoo M, Hamid Z, Parray OR, Wani AH, Ul Haq A, Saxena A, Patel SK, Pathak M, Tiwari R, Malik YS, Sah R, Rabaan AA, Rodriguez Morales AJ, Dhama K. COVID-19 - Recent advancements in identifying novel vaccine candidates and current status of upcoming SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2891-2904. [PMID: 32703064 PMCID: PMC8641591 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1788310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly. To date, countries have relied on the prevention of the disease through isolation, quarantine, and clinical care of affected individuals. However, studies on the roles of asymptomatic and mildly infected subjects in disease transmission, use of antiviral drugs, and vaccination of the general population will be very important for mitigating the effects of the eventual return of this pandemic. Initial investigations are ongoing to evaluate antigenic structures of SARS-CoV-2 and the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. There also is a need to comprehensively compile the details of previous studies on SARS-related vaccines that can be extrapolated to identify potent vaccine targets for developing COVID-19 vaccines. This review aims to analyze previous studies, current status, and future possibilities for producing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Zeenat Hamid
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Oveas Rafiq Parray
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Aasim Habib Wani
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Abrar Ul Haq
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Archana Saxena
- Division of Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar Patel
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Mamta Pathak
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan, Mathura, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigacion Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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94
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Al-Otaibi ST. The battle against Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Public health perspective. Saudi Med J 2020; 41:1285-1291. [PMID: 33294885 PMCID: PMC7841590 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2020.12.25459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which was initially reported in the Chinese city of Wuhan has now spread unprecedented all over the world, including the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The World Health Organization declared this outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern during late January 2020 while the announcement of this viral infectious condition was made as COVID-19 disease during February 2020. As of late May 2020, the global death rate due to COVID-19 was 357,714 and 441 in KSA alone. This review provides an overview of COVID-19 and the public health measures adopted by KSA in the context of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan T Al-Otaibi
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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95
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Bates BR, Moncayo AL, Costales JA, Herrera-Cespedes CA, Grijalva MJ. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Towards COVID-19 Among Ecuadorians During the Outbreak: An Online Cross-Sectional Survey. J Community Health 2020. [PMID: 32915380 DOI: 10.1080/17538068.2020.1842843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Preventing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (causative agent for COVID-19) requires implementing contact and respiratory precautions. Modifying human behavior is challenging and requires understanding knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) regarding health threats. This study explored KAPs among people in Ecuador. A cross-sectional, internet-based questionnaire was used to assess knowledge about COVID-19, attitudes toward ability to control COVID-19, self-reported practices related to COVID-19, and demographics. A total of 2399 individuals participated. Participants had moderate to high levels of knowledge. Participants expressed mixed attitudes about the eventual control of COVID-19 in Ecuador. Participants reported high levels of adoption of preventive practices. Binomial regression analysis suggests unemployed individuals, househusbands/housewives, or manual laborers, as well as those with an elementary school education, have lower levels of knowledge. Women, people over 50 years of age, and those with higher levels of schooling were the most optimistic. Men, individuals 18-29, single, and unemployed people took the riskiest behaviors. Generally, knowledge was not associated with optimism or with practices. Our findings indicate knowledge about COVID-19 is insufficient to prompt behavioral change among Ecuadorians. Since current COVID-19 control campaigns seek to educate the public, these efforts' impacts are likely to be limited. Given attitudes determine people's actions, further investigation into the factors underlying the lack of confidence in the ability of the world, and of Ecuador, to overcome COVID-19, is warranted. Edu-communicational campaigns should be accompanied by efforts to provide economically disadvantaged populations resources to facilitate adherence to recommendations to prevent the spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Bates
- School of Communication Studies, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Ana L Moncayo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jaime A Costales
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carolina A Herrera-Cespedes
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mario J Grijalva
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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96
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Hefeda MM. CT chest findings in patients infected with COVID-19: review of literature. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7691695 DOI: 10.1186/s43055-020-00355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious disease causing severe respiratory distress syndrome that was first discovered by the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China. Main text A wide variety of CT findings in COVID-19 have been reported in different studies, and the CT findings differ according to the stage of the disease and disease severity and associated co-morbidities. We will discuss each sign separately and its importance in diagnosis and prognosis. Conclusion CT plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 pneumonia. The typical appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia is bilateral patchy areas of ground glass infiltration, more in the lower lobes. The appearance of other signs like consolidation, air bronchogram, crazy pavement appearance, and air bubble signs appear during the course of the disease. In the context of pandemic, the CT chest can be used as a screening tool in symptomatic patients as it is cheaper, available, and time saving.
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97
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Adejoro IA, Babatunde DD, Tolufashe GF. Molecular docking and dynamic simulations of some medicinal plants compounds against SARS-CoV-2: an in silico study. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2020.1848049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gideon F. Tolufashe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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98
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Bates BR, Moncayo AL, Costales JA, Herrera-Cespedes CA, Grijalva MJ. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Towards COVID-19 Among Ecuadorians During the Outbreak: An Online Cross-Sectional Survey. J Community Health 2020; 45:1158-1167. [PMID: 32915380 PMCID: PMC7483492 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-020-00916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Preventing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (causative agent for COVID-19) requires implementing contact and respiratory precautions. Modifying human behavior is challenging and requires understanding knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) regarding health threats. This study explored KAPs among people in Ecuador. A cross-sectional, internet-based questionnaire was used to assess knowledge about COVID-19, attitudes toward ability to control COVID-19, self-reported practices related to COVID-19, and demographics. A total of 2399 individuals participated. Participants had moderate to high levels of knowledge. Participants expressed mixed attitudes about the eventual control of COVID-19 in Ecuador. Participants reported high levels of adoption of preventive practices. Binomial regression analysis suggests unemployed individuals, househusbands/housewives, or manual laborers, as well as those with an elementary school education, have lower levels of knowledge. Women, people over 50 years of age, and those with higher levels of schooling were the most optimistic. Men, individuals 18–29, single, and unemployed people took the riskiest behaviors. Generally, knowledge was not associated with optimism or with practices. Our findings indicate knowledge about COVID-19 is insufficient to prompt behavioral change among Ecuadorians. Since current COVID-19 control campaigns seek to educate the public, these efforts’ impacts are likely to be limited. Given attitudes determine people’s actions, further investigation into the factors underlying the lack of confidence in the ability of the world, and of Ecuador, to overcome COVID-19, is warranted. Edu-communicational campaigns should be accompanied by efforts to provide economically disadvantaged populations resources to facilitate adherence to recommendations to prevent the spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Bates
- School of Communication Studies, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Ana L Moncayo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jaime A Costales
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Carolina A Herrera-Cespedes
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mario J Grijalva
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador. .,Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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99
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Su Z, Wu Y. A Multiscale and Comparative Model for Receptor Binding of 2019 Novel Coronavirus and the Implication of its Life Cycle in Host Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32511419 DOI: 10.1101/2020.02.20.958272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory syndrome caused by a new type of coronavirus has been emerging from China and caused more than one million death globally since December 2019. This new virus, called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses the same receptor called Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to attack humans as the coronavirus that caused the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) seventeen years ago. Both viruses recognize ACE2 through the spike proteins (S-protein) on their surfaces. It was found that the S-protein from the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) bind stronger to ACE2 than SARS-CoV-2. However, function of a bio-system is often under kinetic, rather than thermodynamic, control. To address this issue, we constructed a structural model for complex formed between ACE2 and the S-protein from SARS-CoV-2, so that the rate of their association can be estimated and compared with the binding of S-protein from SARS-CoV by a multiscale simulation method. Our simulation results suggest that the association of new virus to the receptor is slower than SARS, which is consistent with the experimental data obtained very recently. We further integrated this difference of association rate between virus and receptor into a mathematical model which describes the life cycle of virus in host cells and its interplay with the innate immune system. Interestingly, we found that the slower association between virus and receptor can result in longer incubation period, while still maintaining a relatively higher level of viral concentration in human body. Our computational study therefore provides, from the molecular level, one possible explanation that this new pandemic by far spread much faster than SARS.
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100
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Naseer M, Poola S, Dailey FE, Akin H, Tahan V. Implications of COVID-19 for inflammatory bowel disease: Opportunities and challenges amidst the pandemic. World J Meta-Anal 2020; 8:383-399. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v8.i5.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic various measures have been taken to mitigate the effects of the global health crisis in this unprecedented time. According to the World Health Organization, more than 5 million people have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and with more than 300000 deaths attributed to COVID-19 worldwide. There is emerging evidence that SARS-CoV-2 utilizes angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors to enter human cells which are found in abundance in the alveoli and intestines. In addition, the infection is noted to be more severe in patients with co-morbid conditions, those who are malnourished, immunosuppressed and immunocompromised. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease is chronic remitting and relapsing disorders with intestinal and extraintestinal manifestation. IBD patients are often malnourished and on immunosuppressive medications and there is a hypothetical concern that IBD patients are at substantial risk of COVID-19 infection. The management of IBD patients is often complex and poses unique challenges for gastroenterologists during the pandemic. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the growing level of evidence and understanding of the management of IBD during the COVID-19 pandemic, in the light of international and national gastroenterology society guidelines. We performed a thorough literature search on IBD, SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 on PubMed, EMBASE, OVID Medline and Google Scholar and pertaining literature was critically examined and summarized. Per national and international society guidelines and recommendations, IBD is not a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. IBD patients should continue with their medications and they should follow universal precautions i.e. masks, hand and respiratory hygiene and avoidance of health care facilities and public toilets as general population. Among IBD patients older age, having active disease, and co-morbid conditions are risk factors for a severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, elective endoscopic and surgical procedures can be delayed or deferred until discussing the risks and benefits with patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliha Naseer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Shiva Poola
- Department of Internal Medicine/Pediatrics, Brody School of Medicine/Vidant Medical Center, Greenville, NC 27834, United States
| | - Francis E Dailey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Hakan Akin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Veysel Tahan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
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