51
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Fukuda T, Yanagi S. Psychiatric behaviors associated with cytoskeletal defects in radial neuronal migration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3533-3552. [PMID: 28516224 PMCID: PMC11107632 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Normal development of the cerebral cortex is an important process for higher brain functions, such as language, and cognitive and social functions. Psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism, are thought to develop owing to various dysfunctions occurring during the development of the cerebral cortex. Radial neuronal migration in the embryonic cerebral cortex is a complex process, which is achieved by strict control of cytoskeletal dynamics, and impairments in this process are suggested to cause various psychiatric disorders. Our recent findings indicate that radial neuronal migration as well as psychiatric behaviors is rescued by controlling microtubule stability during the embryonic stage. In this review, we outline the relationship between psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism, and radial neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex by focusing on the cytoskeleton and centrosomes. New treatment strategies for psychiatric disorders will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Fukuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Yanagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan.
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52
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Siu MT, Weksberg R. Epigenetics of Autism Spectrum Disorder. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 978:63-90. [PMID: 28523541 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53889-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), one of the most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), is diagnosed in 1 of every 68 children. ASD is incredibly heterogeneous both clinically and aetiologically. The etiopathogenesis of ASD is known to be complex, including genetic, environmental and epigenetic factors. Normal epigenetic marks modifiable by both genetics and environmental exposures can result in epigenetic alterations that disrupt the regulation of gene expression, negatively impacting biological pathways important for brain development. In this chapter we aim to summarize some of the important literature that supports a role for epigenetics in the underlying molecular mechanism of ASD. We provide evidence from work in genetics, from environmental exposures and finally from more recent studies aimed at directly determining ASD-specific epigenetic patterns, focusing mainly on DNA methylation (DNAm). Finally, we briefly discuss some of the implications of current research on potential epigenetic targets for therapeutics and novel avenues for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T Siu
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Rosanna Weksberg
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada. .,Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada. .,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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53
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Iaconelli J, Lalonde J, Watmuff B, Liu B, Mazitschek R, Haggarty SJ, Karmacharya R. Lysine Deacetylation by HDAC6 Regulates the Kinase Activity of AKT in Human Neural Progenitor Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2017. [PMID: 28628306 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The AKT family of serine-threonine kinases functions downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) to transmit signals by direct phosphorylation of a number of targets, including the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), and β-catenin. AKT binds to phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate (PIP3) generated by PI3K activation, which results in its membrane localization and subsequent activation through phosphorylation by phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1). Together, the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway plays pivotal roles in many cellular systems, including in the central nervous system where it governs both neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity. Recently, lysine residues (Lys14 and Lys20) on AKT, located within its pleckstrin homology (PH) domain that binds to membrane-bound PIP3, have been found to be acetylated under certain cellular contexts in various cancer cell lines. These acetylation modifications are removed by the enzymatic action of the class III lysine deacetylases, SIRT1 and SIRT2, of the sirtuin family. The extent to which reversible acetylation regulates AKT function in other cell types remains poorly understood. We report here that AKT kinase activity is modulated by a class IIb lysine deacetylase, histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), in human neural progenitor cells (NPCs). We find that HDAC6 and AKT physically interact with each other in the neuronal cells, and in the presence of selective HDAC6 inhibition, AKT is acetylated at Lys163 and Lys377 located in the kinase domain, two novel sites distinct from the acetylation sites in the PH-domain modulated by the sirtuins. Measurement of the functional effect of HDAC6 inhibition on AKT revealed decreased binding to PIP3, a correlated decrease in AKT kinase activity, decreased phosphorylation of Ser552 on β-catenin, and modulation of neuronal differentiation trajectories. Taken together, our studies implicate the deacetylase activity of HDAC6 as a novel regulator of AKT signaling and point to novel mechanisms for regulating AKT activity with small-molecule inhibitors of HDAC6 currently under clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Iaconelli
- Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jasmin Lalonde
- Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Bradley Watmuff
- Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bangyan Liu
- Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ralph Mazitschek
- Center for Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Infectious Diseases Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Rakesh Karmacharya
- Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, United States
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54
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Harlé G, Lalonde R, Fonte C, Ropars A, Frippiat JP, Strazielle C. Repeated corticosterone injections in adult mice alter stress hormonal receptor expression in the cerebellum and motor coordination without affecting spatial learning. Behav Brain Res 2017; 326:121-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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55
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The therapeutic hope for HDAC6 inhibitors in malignancy and chronic disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:987-1003. [PMID: 27154743 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an emergence of a new class of therapeutic agents, termed histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitors. HDAC6 is one isoform of a family of HDAC enzymes that catalyse the removal of functional acetyl groups from proteins. It stands out from its cousins in almost exclusively deacetylating cytoplasmic proteins, in exerting deacetylation-independent effects and in the success that has been achieved in developing relatively isoform-specific inhibitors of its enzymatic action that have reached clinical trial. HDAC6 plays a pivotal role in the removal of misfolded proteins and it is this role that has been most successfully targeted to date. HDAC6 inhibitors are being investigated for use in combination with proteasome inhibitors for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies, whereby HDAC6-dependent protein disposal currently limits the cytotoxic effectiveness of the latter. Similarly, numerous recent studies have linked altered HDAC6 activity to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by misfolded protein accumulation. It seems likely though that the function of HDAC6 is not limited to malignancy and neurodegeneration, the deacetylase being implicated in a number of other cellular processes and diseases including in cardiovascular disease, inflammation, renal fibrosis and cystogenesis. Here, we review the unique features of HDAC6 that make it so appealing as a drug target and its currently understood role in health and disease. Whether HDAC6 inhibition will ultimately find a clinical niche in the treatment of malignancy or prevalent complex chronic diseases remains to be determined.
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56
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Martin V, Allaïli N, Euvrard M, Marday T, Riffaud A, Franc B, Mocaër E, Gabriel C, Fossati P, Lehericy S, Lanfumey L. Effect of agomelatine on memory deficits and hippocampal gene expression induced by chronic social defeat stress in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 8:45907. [PMID: 28374847 PMCID: PMC5379201 DOI: 10.1038/srep45907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is known to induce not only anxiety and depressive-like phenotypes in mice but also cognitive impairments, for which the action of classical antidepressant compounds remains unsatisfactory. In this context, we investigated the effects of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) on anxiety-, social- and cognitive-related behaviors, as well as hippocampal Bdnf, synaptic plasticity markers (PSD-95, Synaptophysin, Spinophilin, Synapsin I and MAP-2), and epigenetic modifying enzymes (MYST2, HDAC2, HDAC6, MLL3, KDM5B, DNMT3B, GADD45B) gene expression in C57BL/6J mice. CSDS for 10 days provoked long-lasting anxious-like phenotype in the open field and episodic memory deficits in the novel object recognition test. While total Bdnf mRNA level was unchanged, Bdnf exon IV, MAP-2, HDAC2, HDAC6 and MLL3 gene expression was significantly decreased in the CSDS mouse hippocampus. In CSDS mice treated 3 weeks with 50 mg/kg/d agomelatine, an antidepressant with melatonergic receptor agonist and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist properties, the anxious-like phenotype was not reversed, but the treatment successfully prevented the cognitive impairments and hippocampal gene expression modifications. Altogether, these data evidenced that, in mice, agomelatine was effective in alleviating stress-induced altered cognitive functions, possibly through a mechanism involving BDNF signaling, synaptic plasticity and epigenetic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Martin
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Najib Allaïli
- Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - CENIR- Inserm UMR1127- CNRS 7225, Institut Cerveau Moelle - ICM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UMR S 1127, Paris, France
| | - Marine Euvrard
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Tevrasamy Marday
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Armance Riffaud
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Franc
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Mocaër
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, IRIS, Suresnes, France
| | - Cecilia Gabriel
- Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, IRIS, Suresnes, France
| | - Philippe Fossati
- Social and Affective Neuroscience - SAN Laboratory - Inserm U 1127- CNRS UMR 7225- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle- ICM - Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UMR S 1127, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Lehericy
- Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - CENIR- Inserm UMR1127- CNRS 7225, Institut Cerveau Moelle - ICM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UMR S 1127, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Lanfumey
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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57
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The hippocampal transcriptomic signature of stress resilience in mice with microglial fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) deficiency. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 61:184-196. [PMID: 27890560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies suggest that key genetic factors involved in stress resilience are related to the innate immune system. In the brain, this system includes microglia cells, which play a major role in stress responsiveness. Consistently, mice with deletion of the CX3CR1 gene (CX3CR1-/- mice), which in the brain is expressed exclusively by microglia, exhibit resilience to chronic stress. Here, we compared the emotional, cognitive, neurogenic and microglial responses to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) between CX3CR1-/- and wild type (WT) mice. This was followed by hippocampal whole transcriptome (RNA-seq) analysis. We found that following CUS exposure, WT mice displayed reduced sucrose preference, impaired novel object recognition memory, and reduced neurogenesis, whereas CX3CR1-/- mice were completely resistant to these effects of CUS. CX3CR1-/- mice were also resilient to the memory-suppressive effect of a short period of unpredictable stress. Microglial somas were larger in CX3CR1-/- than in WT, but in both genotypes CUS induced a similar decline in hippocampal microglial density and processes length. RNA sequencing and pathway analysis revealed basal strain differences, particularly reduced expression of interferon (IFN)-regulated and MHC class I gene transcripts in CX3CR1-/- mice. Furthermore, while CUS exposure similarly altered neuronal gene transcripts (e.g. Arc, Npas4) in both strains, transcripts downstream of hippocampal estrogen receptor signaling (particularly Igf2 and Igfbp2) were altered only in CX3CR1-/- mice. These findings indicate that emotional and cognitive stress resilience involves CX3CR1-dependent basal and stress-induced alterations in hippocampal transcription, implicating inhibition of CX3CR1 signaling as a novel approach for promoting stress resilience.
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58
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McCann KE, Rosenhauer AM, Jones GM, Norvelle A, Choi DC, Huhman KL. Histone deacetylase and acetyltransferase inhibitors modulate behavioral responses to social stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 75:100-109. [PMID: 27810703 PMCID: PMC5135625 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Histone acetylation has emerged as a critical factor regulating learning and memory both during and after exposure to stressful stimuli. There are drugs that we now know affect histone acetylation that are already in use in clinical populations. The current study uses these drugs to examine the consequences of acutely increasing or decreasing histone acetylation during exposure to social stress. Using an acute model of social defeat in Syrian hamsters, we systemically and site-specifically administered drugs that alter histone acetylation and measured subsequent behavior and immediate-early gene activity. We found that systemic administration of a histone deacetylase inhibitor enhances social stress-induced behavioral responses in males and females. We also found that systemic administration completely blocks defeat-induced neuronal activation, as measured by Fos-immunoreactivity, in the infralimbic cortex, but not in the amygdala, after a mild social defeat stressor. Lastly, we demonstrated that site-specific administration of histone deacetylase inhibitors in the infralimbic region of the prefrontal cortex, but not in the basolateral amygdala, mimics the systemic effect. Conversely, decreasing acetylation by inhibiting histone acetyltransferases in the infralimbic cortex reduces behavioral responses to defeat. This is the first demonstration that acute pharmacological manipulation of histone acetylation during social defeat alters subsequent behavioral responses in both males and females. These results reveal that even systemic administration of drugs that alter histone acetylation can significantly alter behavioral responses to social stress and highlight the importance of the infralimbic cortex in mediating this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alisa Norvelle
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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59
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Rimando MG, Wu HH, Liu YA, Lee CW, Kuo SW, Lo YP, Tseng KF, Liu YS, Lee OKS. Glucocorticoid receptor and Histone deacetylase 6 mediate the differential effect of dexamethasone during osteogenesis of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Sci Rep 2016; 6:37371. [PMID: 27901049 PMCID: PMC5128810 DOI: 10.1038/srep37371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineage commitment and differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) into osteoblasts in vitro is enhanced by a potent synthetic form of glucocorticoid (GC), dexamethasone (Dex). Paradoxically, when used chronically in patients, GCs exert negative effects on bone, a phenomenon known as glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in clinical practice. The mechanism on how GC differentially affects bone precursor cells to become mature osteoblasts during osteogenesis remains elusive. In this study, the dose and temporal regulation of Dex on MSC differentiation into osteoblasts were investigated. We found that continuous Dex treatment led to a net reduction of the maturation potential of differentiating osteoblasts. This phenomenon correlated with a decrease in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression, hastened degradation, and impaired sub cellular localization. Similarly, Histone Deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) expression was found to be regulated by Dex, co-localized with GR and this GR-HDAC6 complex occupied the promoter region of the osteoblast late marker osteocalcin (OCN). Combinatorial inhibition of HDAC6 and GR enhanced OCN expression. Together, the cross-talk between the Dex effector molecule GR and the inhibitory molecule HDAC6 provided mechanistic explanation of the bimodal effect of Dex during osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. These findings may provide new directions of research to combat glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn G Rimando
- Molecular Medicine Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Hsiang Wu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Lee
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Ping Lo
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Fung Tseng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shiuan Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Oscar Kuang-Sheng Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 10341, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
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60
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Sargin D, Oliver DK, Lambe EK. Chronic social isolation reduces 5-HT neuronal activity via upregulated SK3 calcium-activated potassium channels. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27874831 PMCID: PMC5119885 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of serotonin (5-HT) neurons is critical for mood regulation. In a mouse model of chronic social isolation, a known risk factor for depressive illness, we show that 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus are less responsive to stimulation. Probing the responsible cellular mechanisms pinpoints a disturbance in the expression and function of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels and reveals an important role for both SK2 and SK3 channels in normal regulation of 5-HT neuronal excitability. Chronic social isolation renders 5-HT neurons insensitive to SK2 blockade, however inhibition of the upregulated SK3 channels restores normal excitability. In vivo, we demonstrate that inhibiting SK channels normalizes chronic social isolation-induced anxiety/depressive-like behaviors. Our experiments reveal a causal link for the first time between SK channel dysregulation and 5-HT neuron activity in a lifelong stress paradigm, suggesting these channels as targets for the development of novel therapies for mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Sargin
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David K Oliver
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Evelyn K Lambe
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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61
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Arango-Lievano M, Jeanneteau F. Timing and crosstalk of glucocorticoid signaling with cytokines, neurotransmitters and growth factors. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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62
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Montagud-Romero S, Montesinos J, Pascual M, Aguilar MA, Roger-Sanchez C, Guerri C, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. `Up-regulation of histone acetylation induced by social defeat mediates the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 70:39-48. [PMID: 27180319 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Social defeat (SD) induces a long-lasting increase in the rewarding effects of psychostimulants measured using the self-administration and conditioned place procedures (CPP). However, little is known about the epigenetic changes induced by social stress and about their role in the increased response to the rewarding effects of psychostimulants. Considering that histone acetylation regulates transcriptional activity and contributes to drug-induced behavioral changes, we addressed the hypothesis that SD induces transcriptional changes by histone modifications associated with the acquisition of place conditioning. After a fourth defeat, H3(K9) acetylation was decreased in the hippocampus, while there was an increase of HAT and a decrease of HDAC levels in the cortex. Three weeks after the last defeat, mice displayed an increase in histone H4(K12) acetylation and an upregulation of histone acetyl transferase (HAT) activity in the hippocampus. In addition, H3(K4)me3, which is closely associated with transcriptional initiation, was also augmented in the hippocampus three weeks after the last defeat. Inhibition of HAT by curcumin (100mg/kg) before each SD blocked the increase in the conditioned reinforcing effects of 1mg/kg of cocaine, while inhibition of HDAC by valproic acid (500mg/kg) before social stress potentiated cocaine-induced CPP. Preference was reinstated when animals received a priming dose of 0.5mg/kg of cocaine, an effect that was absent in untreated defeated mice. These results suggest that the experience of SD induces chromatin remodeling, alters histone acetylation and methylation, and modifies the effects of cocaine on place conditioning. They also point to epigenetic mechanisms as potential avenues leading to new treatments for the long-term effects of social stress on drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Montagud-Romero
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - J Montesinos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - M Pascual
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - M A Aguilar
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - C Roger-Sanchez
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - C Guerri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - J Miñarro
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - M Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de Valencia, Avda. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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63
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Fukada M, Nakayama A, Mamiya T, Yao TP, Kawaguchi Y. Dopaminergic abnormalities in Hdac6-deficient mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:470-479. [PMID: 27544826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (Hdac6), a multifunctional cytoplasmic deacetylase, is abundant in brain. We previously demonstrated that global Hdac6 depletion causes aberrant emotional behaviors in mice. Identification of affected brain systems and its molecular basis will lead to new insights into relations between protein acetylation events and psychiatric disorders. Here we report the dopaminergic abnormalities in Hdac6 KO mice. The dopamine transmission mediated by D1-like and D2-like G protein-coupled dopamine receptors is known to play roles in controlling movement, cognition, and motivational processes, and its dysfunction causes psychiatric disorders. We found that Hdac6 KO mice showed significantly increased locomotor response to novel, but not to habituated environment. In addition, Hdac6 KO mice showed a long-lasting sensitivity to psychostimulants, increased locomotor response to D2-like, but not D1 dopamine receptor agonists, and rapid locomotor response to apomorphine, a direct dopamine agonist, in dopamine-depleted condition. Hdac6 protein was expressed in dopaminergic neurons and their terminals in adult mice brain, and Hdac6-depletion augmented acetylation levels of dopamine-enriched synaptosomal proteins. In Hdac6 KO mice, the striatal content of dopamine and its metabolites was normal in basal condition, but mRNA level of D2 dopamine receptor in the striatum was decreased by 30%. Taken together, our results provide evidence that Hdac6 deficiency leads to aberrant dopamine-dependent behaviors by enhancing postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptor response. This study points out the possibility that Hdac6 and reversible-acetylation events play a regulatory role in D2 dopamine receptor signaling, and thus participate in the pathology of the dopamine-related psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Fukada
- Department of Embryology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsuo Nakayama
- Department of Embryology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Mamiya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tso-Pang Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yoshiharu Kawaguchi
- Department of Embryology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
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Pet-1 Switches Transcriptional Targets Postnatally to Regulate Maturation of Serotonin Neuron Excitability. J Neurosci 2016; 36:1758-74. [PMID: 26843655 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3798-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Newborn neurons enter an extended maturation stage, during which they acquire excitability characteristics crucial for development of presynaptic and postsynaptic connectivity. In contrast to earlier specification programs, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms that control neuronal maturation. The Pet-1 ETS (E26 transformation-specific) factor is continuously expressed in serotonin (5-HT) neurons and initially acts in postmitotic precursors to control acquisition of 5-HT transmitter identity. Using a combination of RNA sequencing, electrophysiology, and conditional targeting approaches, we determined gene expression patterns in maturing flow-sorted 5-HT neurons and the temporal requirements for Pet-1 in shaping these patterns for functional maturation of mouse 5-HT neurons. We report a profound disruption of postmitotic expression trajectories in Pet-1(-/-) neurons, which prevented postnatal maturation of 5-HT neuron passive and active intrinsic membrane properties, G-protein signaling, and synaptic responses to glutamatergic, lysophosphatidic, and adrenergic agonists. Unexpectedly, conditional targeting revealed a postnatal stage-specific switch in Pet-1 targets from 5-HT synthesis genes to transmitter receptor genes required for afferent modulation of 5-HT neuron excitability. Five-HT1a autoreceptor expression depended transiently on Pet-1, thus revealing an early postnatal sensitive period for control of 5-HT excitability genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing revealed that Pet-1 regulates 5-HT neuron maturation through direct gene activation and repression. Moreover, Pet-1 directly regulates the 5-HT neuron maturation factor Engrailed 1, which suggests Pet-1 orchestrates maturation through secondary postmitotic regulatory factors. The early postnatal switch in Pet-1 targets uncovers a distinct neonatal stage-specific function for Pet-1, during which it promotes maturation of 5-HT neuron excitability. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The regulatory mechanisms that control functional maturation of neurons are poorly understood. We show that in addition to inducing brain serotonin (5-HT) synthesis and reuptake, the Pet-1 ETS (E26 transformation-specific) factor subsequently globally coordinates postmitotic expression trajectories of genes necessary for maturation of 5-HT neuron excitability. Further, Pet-1 switches its transcriptional targets as 5-HT neurons mature from 5-HT synthesis genes to G-protein-coupled receptors, which are necessary for afferent synaptic modulation of 5-HT neuron excitability. Our findings uncover gene-specific switching of downstream targets as a previously unrecognized regulatory strategy through which continuously expressed transcription factors control acquisition of neuronal identity at different stages of development.
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Jiménez-Canino R, Lorenzo-Díaz F, Jaisser F, Farman N, Giraldez T, Alvarez de la Rosa D. Histone Deacetylase 6-Controlled Hsp90 Acetylation Significantly Alters Mineralocorticoid Receptor Subcellular Dynamics But Not its Transcriptional Activity. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2515-32. [PMID: 27100623 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that transduces the biological effects of corticosteroids. Its best-characterized role is to enhance transepithelial sodium reabsorption in response to increased aldosterone levels. In addition, MR participates in other aldosterone- or glucocorticoid-controlled processes such as cardiovascular homeostasis, adipocyte differentiation or neurogenesis, and regulation of neuronal activity in the hippocampus. Like other steroid receptors, MR forms cytosolic heterocomplexes with heat shock protein (Hsp) 90), Hsp70, and other proteins such as immunophilins. Interaction with Hsp90 is thought to maintain MR in a ligand-binding competent conformation and to regulate ligand-dependent and -independent nucleocytoplasmatic shuttling. It has previously been shown that acetylation of residue K295 in Hsp90 regulates its interaction with the androgen receptor and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In this work we hypothesized that Hsp90 acetylation provides a regulatory step to modulate MR cellular dynamics and activity. We used Hsp90 acetylation mimic mutant K295Q or nonacetylatable mutant K295R to examine whether MR nucleocytoplasmatic shuttling and gene transactivation are affected. Furthermore, we manipulated endogenous Hsp90 acetylation levels by controlling expression or activity of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), the enzyme responsible for deacetylation of Hsp90-K295. Our data demonstrates that HDAC6-mediated Hsp90 acetylation regulates MR cellular dynamics but it does not alter its function. This stands in contrast with the down-regulation of GR by HDAC6, suggesting that Hsp90 acetylation may play a role in balancing relative MR and GR activity when both factors are co-expressed in the same cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Jiménez-Canino
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
| | - Fabián Lorenzo-Díaz
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
| | - Frederic Jaisser
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
| | - Nicolette Farman
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
| | - Teresa Giraldez
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
| | - Diego Alvarez de la Rosa
- Department of Physiology (R.J.-C., F.L.-D., T.G., D.A.d.l.R.), Institute of Biomedical Technologies and Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38071, Spain; and INSERM UMRS 1138 (N.J., N.F.), Team 1, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75006, France
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Lee MS, Kim YH, Park WS, Park OK, Kwon SH, Hong KS, Rhim H, Shim I, Morita K, Wong DL, Patel PD, Lyons DM, Schatzberg AF, Her S. Temporal variability of glucocorticoid receptor activity is functionally important for the therapeutic action of fluoxetine in the hippocampus. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:252-60. [PMID: 25330740 PMCID: PMC5189925 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown inconsistent results regarding the actions of antidepressants on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signalling. To resolve these inconsistencies, we used a lentiviral-based reporter system to directly monitor rat hippocampal GR activity during stress adaptation. Temporal GR activation was induced significantly by acute stress, as demonstrated by an increase in the intra-individual variability of the acute stress group compared with the variability of the non-stress group. However, the increased intra-individual variability was dampened by exposure to chronic stress, which was partly restored by fluoxetine treatment without affecting glucocorticoid secretion. Immobility in the forced-swim test was negatively correlated with the intra-individual variability, but was not correlated with the quantitative GR activity during fluoxetine therapy; this highlights the temporal variability in the neurobiological links between GR signalling and the therapeutic action of fluoxetine. Furthermore, we demonstrated sequential phosphorylation between GR (S224) and (S232) following fluoxetine treatment, showing a molecular basis for hormone-independent nuclear translocation and transcriptional enhancement. Collectively, these results suggest a neurobiological mechanism by which fluoxetine treatment confers resilience to the chronic stress-mediated attenuation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-S Lee
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Y-H Kim
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - W-S Park
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - O-K Park
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - S-H Kwon
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - K S Hong
- Division of MR Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongwon, South Korea
| | - H Rhim
- Neuroscience Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - I Shim
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Centre, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K Morita
- Department of Nursing, Shikoku University, School of Health Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - D L Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Neurobiology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - P D Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical Centre, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D M Lyons
- Departments of Psychiatry, Stanford University Medical Centre, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A F Schatzberg
- Departments of Psychiatry, Stanford University Medical Centre, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S Her
- Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea,Bio-Imaging Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, 192-1 Hyoja 2-Dong, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 200-701, South Korea. E-mail:
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67
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Lim JA, Juhnn YS. Isoproterenol increases histone deacetylase 6 expression and cell migration by inhibiting ERK signaling via PKA and Epac pathways in human lung cancer cells. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e204. [PMID: 27534532 PMCID: PMC4892858 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress conditions are correlated with tumor growth, progression and metastasis. We
hypothesized that stress signals might affect tumor progression via epigenetic
control of gene expression and investigated the effects of stress signals on the
expression levels of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and the underlying mechanisms of
these effects in lung cancer cells. Treatment with isoproterenol (ISO), an analog of
the stress signal epinephrine, increased the expression of HDAC6 protein and mRNA in
H1299 lung cancer cells. ISO caused the deacetylation of α-tubulin and
stimulated cell migration in an HDAC6-dependent manner. HDAC6 expression was
increased by treatment with selective activators of cAMP-dependent protein kinase
(PKA) or exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac). ISO activated Rap1 via Epac, and
constitutively active Rap1A increased the HDAC6 level; however, the knockdown of
Rap1A decreased the 8-(4-cholorophenylthio)-2′-O-methyl-cAMP-induced
increase in HDAC6 expression. Both PKA and Rap1A decreased c-Raf activation to
inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. Inhibition of ERK
caused an increase in HDAC6 expression, and constitutively active MEK1 decreased the
ISO-induced HDAC6 expression. We concluded that ISO increases HDAC6 expression via a
PKA/Epac/ERK-dependent pathway that stimulates the migration of lung cancer
cells. This study suggests that stress signals can stimulate the migration of cancer
cells by inducing HDAC6 expression in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ah Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Sung Juhnn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Understanding of psychopathology of mental disorder is evolving, particularly with availability of newer insight from the field of genetics, epigenetics, social, and environmental pathology. It is now becoming clear how biological factors are contributing to development of an illness in the face of a number of psychosocial factors. Resilience is a psychobiological factor which determines individual's response to adverse life events. Resilience is a human capacity to adapt swiftly and successfully to stressful/traumatic events and manage to revert to a positive state. It is fundamental for growth of positive psychology which deals with satisfaction, adaptability, contentment, and optimism in people's life. Of late, there has been a paradigm shift in the understanding of resilience in context of stress risk vulnerability dimension. It is a neurobiological construct with significant neurobehavioral and emotional features which plays important role in deconstructing mechanism of biopsychosocial model of mental disorders. Resilience is a protective factor against development of mental disorder and a risk factor for a number of clinical conditions, e.g. suicide. Available information from scientific studies points out that resilience is modifiable factor which opens up avenues for a number of newer psychosocial as well as biological therapies. Early identification of vulnerable candidates and effectiveness of resilience-based intervention may offer more clarity in possibility of prevention. Future research may be crucial for preventive psychiatry. In this study, we aim to examine whether resilience is a psychopathological construct for mental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amresh Shrivastava
- Department of Psychiatry, The Western University, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6C 0A7, Canada
| | - Avinash Desousa
- Department of Psychiatry, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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69
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Prabhakar V, Gupta D, Kanade P, Radhakrishnan M. Diabetes-associated depression: the serotonergic system as a novel multifunctional target. Indian J Pharmacol 2015; 47:4-10. [PMID: 25821303 PMCID: PMC4375817 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.150305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes associated depression is a largely understudied field which nonetheless carries a significant disease burden. The very low therapeutic efficacy of the existing conventional drugs with poor outcome may be, in part, due to uncertainty of the mechanism involved that clearly explains the existing comorbidity. The main purpose of this review was to address the sophisticated mechanisms of this comorbidity with a view of developing potential novel targets with higher efficacy and specificity. Data were collected from database searches including PubMed, references from relevant English language research/review articles and other official publications. Articles from 1990 to 2013 were included, and a broad search term criteria were followed for data mining so that relevant information was not missed out. Some of the search terms used included; diabetes-induced depression, diabetes and serotonin, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and diabetes and glucocorticoids in diabetes. Neuropathologically, depletion of brain monoaminergic activity specifically the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) system, due to chronically persisting diabetic state may lead to the mood and behavioral complications that further add on worsening the quality life years. The 5-HT system through multifunctional tasks regulates neurogenesis and plasticity and by complex receptor mechanism controls the emotional and behavioral activity. Persisting hyperglycemia leads to impaired neurogenesis, decreased synaptic plasticity, undesired neuro-anatomical alterations, neurochemical deficits, and reduced neurotransmitter activity. The neurotrophic factors and secondary messenger functions affected at molecular and genetic levels indicate the impact of diabetes-mediated dysregulation on neuronal circuits. HPA activity, glycogen synthase kinase 3, and insulin signaling controls were also found to be hampered, interlinked to 5-HT system following diabetic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visakh Prabhakar
- Department of Pharmacy and, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepali Gupta
- Department of Pharmacy and, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prateek Kanade
- Department of Pharmacy and, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mahesh Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacy and, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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Gonzalez-Castañeda RE, Galvez-Contreras AY, Martínez-Quezada CJ, Jauregui-Huerta F, Grcia-Estrada J, Ramos-Zuñiga R, Luquin S, Gonzalez-Perez O. Sex-related effects of sleep deprivation on depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Exp Anim 2015; 65:97-107. [PMID: 26548630 PMCID: PMC4783655 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.15-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and depressive symptoms are generated after paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD).
However, it is not clear whether PSD produces differential effects between females and
males. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of PSD on anxiety- and
depressive-like behaviors between sexes. Male and female BALB/c mice were divided in three
groups: the control group, the 48-h PSD group and the 96-h PSD group. Immediately after
PSD protocols, the forced swimming and open field test were applied. Sucrose consumption
test was used to evaluate the middle-term effect of PSD. We found that corticosterone
serum levels showed significant differences in the 96-h PSD females as compared to 96-h
PSD males. In the open-field test, the 48-h and 96-h PSD females spent more time at the
periphery of the field, and showed high locomotion as compared to males. In the elevated
plus maze, the 48-h PSD females spent more time in closed arms than males, which is
compatible with anxiety-like behavior. The forced swim test indicated that the 96-h PSD
males spent more time swimming as compared to the 96-h PSD females. Remarkably, the 96-h
PSD males had lower sucrose intake than the 96-h PSD females, which suggest that male mice
have proclivity to develop a persistent depressive-like behavior late after PSD. In
conclusion, male mice showed a significant trend to depressive-like behaviors late after
sleep deprivation. Conversely, female have a strong tendency to display anxiety- and
depressive-like behaviors immediately after sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio E Gonzalez-Castañeda
- Laboratorio de Microscopia de Alta Resolución, Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara. Jalisco, 44340, Mexico
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Challis C, Berton O. Top-Down Control of Serotonin Systems by the Prefrontal Cortex: A Path toward Restored Socioemotional Function in Depression. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1040-54. [PMID: 25706226 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Social withdrawal, increased threat perception, and exaggerated reassurance seeking behaviors are prominent interpersonal symptoms in major depressive disorder (MDD). Altered serotonin (5-HT) systems and corticolimbic dysconnectivity have long been suspected to contribute to these symptomatic facets; however, the underlying circuits and intrinsic cellular mechanisms that control 5-HT output during socioemotional interactions remain poorly understood. We review literature that implicates a direct pathway between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in the adaptive and pathological control of social approach-avoidance behaviors. Imaging and neuromodulation during approach-avoidance tasks in humans point to the cortical control of brainstem circuits as an essential regulator of socioemotional decisions and actions. Parallel rodent studies using viral-based connectomics and optogenetics are beginning to provide a cellular blueprint of the underlying circuitry. In these studies, manipulations of vmPFC synaptic inputs to the DRN have revealed bidirectional influences on socioaffective behaviors via direct monosynaptic excitation and indirect disynaptic inhibition of 5-HT neurons. Additionally, adverse social experiences that result in permanent avoidance biases, such as social defeat, drive long-lasting plasticity in this microcircuit, potentiating the indirect inhibition of 5-HT output. Conversely, neuromodulation of the vmPFC via deep brain stimulation (DBS) attenuates avoidance biases by restoring the direct excitatory drive of 5-HT neurons and strengthening a key subset of forebrain 5-HT projections. Better understanding the cellular organization of the vmPFC-DRN pathway and identifying molecular determinants of its neuroplasticity can open fundamentally novel avenues for the treatment of affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Challis
- Department of Psychiatry, ‡Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Olivier Berton
- Department of Psychiatry, ‡Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Abstract
Histone modifications and DNA methylation represent central dynamic and reversible processes that regulate gene expression and contribute to cellular phenotypes. These epigenetic marks have been shown to play fundamental roles in a diverse set of signaling and behavioral outcomes. Serotonin is a monoamine that regulates numerous physiological responses including those in the central nervous system. The cardinal signal transduction mechanisms via serotonin and its receptors are well established, but fundamental questions regarding complex interactions between the serotonin system and heritable epigenetic modifications that exert control on gene function remain a topic of intense research and debate. This review focuses on recent advances and contributions to our understanding of epigenetic mechanisms of serotonin receptor-dependent signaling, with focus on psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrell Holloway
- Department of Psychiatry, ‡Department of Neurology, and §Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Psychiatry, ‡Department of Neurology, and §Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York 10029, United States
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73
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Dulka BN, Lynch JF, Latsko MS, Mulvany JL, Jasnow AM. Phenotypic responses to social defeat are associated with differences in cued and contextual fear discrimination. Behav Processes 2015; 118:115-22. [PMID: 26102254 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Conflict among individuals is one of the most common forms of stressors experienced across a variety of species, including humans. Social defeat models in mice produce two phenotypic behavioral responses characterized by prolonged social avoidance (susceptibility) or continued social interaction (resistance). The resistant phenotype has been proposed as a model of resilience to chronic stress-induced depression in humans. Previously, we have found that mice that are resistant to social defeat stress display significant impairments in extinction learning and retention, suggesting that continued social interaction following the experience of social defeat may be associated with maladaptive fear responses. Here, we examined how individual differences in response to social defeat may be related to differences in cued and context fear discrimination. Following defeat, resistant mice showed increased fear to a neutral cued stimulus (CS-) compared to control and susceptible mice, but were still able to significantly discriminate between the CS+ and CS-. Likewise, both phenotypes were generally able to discriminate between the training context and neutral context at all retention intervals tested (1, 5, 14 days). However, susceptible mice displayed significantly better discrimination compared to resistant and non-defeated control mice when assessing the discrimination ratio. Thus, at a time when most animals begin exhibiting generalization to contextual cues, susceptible mice retain the ability to discriminate between fearful and neutral contexts. These data suggest that the differences observed in context and cued discrimination between susceptible and resistant mice may be related to differences in their coping strategies in response to social defeat. In particular, resistance or resilience to social defeat as traditionally characterized may be associated with altered inhibitory learning. Understanding why individual differences arise in response to stress, including social confrontation is important in understanding the development and treatment of stress related pathologies such as PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke N Dulka
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States
| | - Joseph F Lynch
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States
| | - Maeson S Latsko
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States
| | - Jessica L Mulvany
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States
| | - Aaron M Jasnow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States.
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Abstract
Depression is one of the most disabling medical conditions in the world today, yet its etiologies remain unclear and current treatments are not wholly effective. Animal models are a powerful tool to investigate possible causes and treatments for human diseases. We describe an animal model of social defeat as a possible model for human depression. We discuss the paradigm, behavioral correlates to depression, and potential underlying neurobiological mechanisms with an eye toward possible future therapies.
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Asaoka N, Nagayasu K, Nishitani N, Yamashiro M, Shirakawa H, Nakagawa T, Kaneko S. Inhibition of histone deacetylases enhances the function of serotoninergic neurons in organotypic raphe slice cultures. Neurosci Lett 2015; 593:72-7. [PMID: 25796177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) is a promising approach for the treatment of mood disorders. However, the effects of HDAC inhibition on the serotonin (5-HT) system, a common target for psychiatric disorders, are poorly understood. Here, we show that a broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), enhances the function of 5-HT neurons in organotypic raphe slice cultures. Sustained treatment with TSA (1μM) for 2 or 4 days significantly increased the 5-HT tissue content and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) expression, which were accompanied by hyper-acetylation of histone H3 in the promoter region of the TPH2 gene. TSA treatment for 4 days increased the extracellular 5-HT level, which was significantly suppressed in the presence of the selective AMPA receptor (AMPAR) antagonist NBQX. Moreover, the expression of both the AMPAR subunit GluA2 and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II α (CaMKIIα) mRNAs were significantly increased by TSA treatment. Co-treatment with the CaMKII inhibitors KN-62 and KN-93 prevented the TSA-induced increase in 5-HT release, but had no effect on the increases in 5-HT tissue content. These results suggest that inhibition of HDACs increases 5-HT synthesis and release by epigenetic mechanisms, and that 5-HT release is mediated by the enhancement of AMPAR-mediated excitatory inputs and CaMKII signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Asaoka
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagayasu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Drug Innovation Center, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Nishitani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mayumi Yamashiro
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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76
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Abstract
The lateral habenula (LHb) regulates the activity of monoaminergic neurons in the brainstem. This area has recently attracted a surge of interest in psychiatry because studies have reported the pathological activation of the habenula in patients with major depression and in animal models. The LHb plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of depression; however, how habenular neurons are activated to cause various depression symptoms, such as reduced motivation and sleep disturbance, remain unclear. We hypothesized that dysfunctional astrocytes may cause LHb hyperactivity due to the defective uptake activity of extracellular glutamate, which induces depressive-like behaviors. We examined the activity of neurons in habenular pathways and performed behavioral and sleep analyses in mice with pharmacological and genetic inhibition of the activity of the glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 in the LHb. The habenula-specific inhibition of GLT-1 increased the neuronal firing rate and the level of c-Fos expression in the LHb. Mice with reduced GLT-1 activity in the habenula exhibited a depressive-like phenotype in the tail suspension and novelty-suppressed feeding tests. These animals also displayed increased susceptibility to chronic stress, displaying more frequent avoidant behavior without affecting locomotor activity in the open-field test. Intriguingly, the mice showed disinhibition of rapid eye movement sleep, which is a characteristic sleep pattern in patients with depression. These results provide evidence that disrupting glutamate clearance in habenular astrocytes increases neuronal excitability and depressive-like phenotypes in behaviors and sleep.
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77
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Glucocorticoid receptor function and resilience: a tale of mice and men. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:310-1. [PMID: 25592268 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Jochems J, Teegarden SL, Chen Y, Boulden J, Challis C, Ben-Dor GA, Kim SF, Berton O. Enhancement of stress resilience through histone deacetylase 6-mediated regulation of glucocorticoid receptor chaperone dynamics. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:345-55. [PMID: 25442004 PMCID: PMC4297530 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylation of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) regulates downstream hormone signaling via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), but the role of this molecular mechanism in stress homeostasis is poorly understood. We tested whether acetylation of Hsp90 in the brain predicts and modulates the behavioral sequelae of a mouse model of social stress. METHODS Mice subjected to chronic social defeat stress were stratified into resilient and vulnerable subpopulations. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function was probed using a dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing factor test. Measurements of Hsp90 acetylation, Hsp90-GR interactions, and GR translocation were performed in the dorsal raphe nucleus. To manipulate Hsp90 acetylation, we pharmacologically inhibited histone deacetylase 6, a known deacetylase of Hsp90, or overexpressed a point mutant that mimics the hyperacetylated state of Hsp90 at lysine K294. RESULTS Lower acetylated Hsp90, higher GR-Hsp90 association, and enhanced GR translocation were observed in dorsal raphe nucleus of vulnerable mice after chronic social defeat stress. Administration of ACY-738, a histone deacetylase 6-selective inhibitor, led to Hsp90 hyperacetylation in brain and in neuronal culture. In cell-based assays, ACY-738 increased the relative association of Hsp90 with FK506 binding protein 51 versus FK506 binding protein 52 and inhibited hormone-induced GR translocation. This effect was replicated by overexpressing the acetylation-mimic point mutant of Hsp90. In vivo, ACY-738 promoted resilience to chronic social defeat stress, and serotonin-selective viral overexpression of the acetylation-mimic mutant of Hsp90 in raphe neurons reproduced the behavioral effect of ACY-738. CONCLUSIONS Hyperacetylation of Hsp90 is a predictor and causal molecular determinant of stress resilience in mice. Brain-penetrant histone deacetylase 6 inhibitors increase Hsp90 acetylation and modulate GR chaperone dynamics offering a promising strategy to curtail deleterious socioaffective effects of stress and glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine Jochems
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA 19104-3403
| | - Sarah L Teegarden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA 19104-3403
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA 19104-3403
| | - Janette Boulden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA 19104-3403
| | - Collin Challis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA 19104-3403
| | - Gabriel A Ben-Dor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA 19104-3403
| | - Sangwon F Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA 19104-3403
| | - Olivier Berton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia Pennsylvania..
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79
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Tang BL. Class II HDACs and neuronal regeneration. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1225-33. [PMID: 24604703 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The vastly more superior regenerative capacity of the axons of peripheral nerves over central nervous system (CNS) neurons has been partly attributed to the former's intrinsic capacity to initiate and sustain the functionality of a new growth cone. Growth cone generation involves a myriad of processes that centers around the organization of microtubule bundles. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) modulate a wide range of key neuronal processes such as neural progenitor differentiation, learning and memory, neuronal death, and degeneration. HDAC inhibitors have been shown to be beneficial in attenuating neuronal death and promoting neurite outgrowth and axonal regeneration. Recent advances have provided insights on how manipulating HDAC activities, particularly the type II HDACs 5 and 6, which deacetylate tubulin, may benefit axonal regeneration. These advances are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
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80
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Didonna A, Opal P. The promise and perils of HDAC inhibitors in neurodegeneration. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 2:79-101. [PMID: 25642438 PMCID: PMC4301678 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) represent emerging therapeutic targets in the context of neurodegeneration. Indeed, pharmacologic inhibition of HDACs activity in the nervous system has shown beneficial effects in several preclinical models of neurological disorders. However, the translation of such therapeutic approach to clinics has been only marginally successful, mainly due to our still limited knowledge about HDACs physiological role particularly in neurons. Here, we review the potential benefits along with the risks of targeting HDACs in light of what we currently know about HDAC activity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Didonna
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, California, 94158
| | - Puneet Opal
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois, 60611 ; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois, 60611
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81
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Schroeder FA, Wang C, Van de Bittner GC, Neelamegam R, Takakura WR, Karunakaran A, Wey HY, Reis SA, Gale J, Zhang YL, Holson EB, Haggarty SJ, Hooker JM. PET imaging demonstrates histone deacetylase target engagement and clarifies brain penetrance of known and novel small molecule inhibitors in rat. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:1055-62. [PMID: 25188794 PMCID: PMC4198064 DOI: 10.1021/cn500162j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes
have been demonstrated as critical
components in maintaining chromatin homeostasis, CNS development,
and normal brain function. Evidence in mouse models links HDAC expression
to learning, memory, and mood-related behaviors; small molecule HDAC
inhibitor tool compounds have been used to demonstrate the importance
of specific HDAC subtypes in modulating CNS-disease-related behaviors
in rodents. So far, no direct evidence exists to understand the quantitative
changes in HDAC target engagement that are necessary to alter biochemistry
and behavior in a living animal. Understanding the relationship between
target engagement and in vivo effect is essential
in refining new ways to alleviate disease. We describe here, using
positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of rat brain, the in vivo target engagement of a subset of class I/IIb HDAC
enzymes implicated in CNS-disease (HDAC subtypes 1, 2, 3, and 6).
We found marked differences in the brain penetrance of tool compounds
from the hydroxamate and benzamide HDAC inhibitor classes and resolved
a novel, highly brain penetrant benzamide, CN147, chronic treatment
with which resulted in an antidepressant-like effect in a rat behavioral
test. Our work highlights a new translational path for understanding
the molecular and behavioral consequences of HDAC target engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Schroeder
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Chemical
Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry,
Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185
Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - C. Wang
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - G. C. Van de Bittner
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - R. Neelamegam
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - W. R. Takakura
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - A. Karunakaran
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - H. Y. Wey
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - S. A. Reis
- Chemical
Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry,
Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185
Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - J. Gale
- Stanley
Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7
Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Y. L. Zhang
- Stanley
Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7
Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - E. B. Holson
- Stanley
Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7
Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - S. J. Haggarty
- Chemical
Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry,
Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185
Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - J. M. Hooker
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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82
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Liberman AC, Antunica-Noguerol M, Arzt E. Modulation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity by Post-Translational Modifications. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.11131/2014/101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society
| | - María Antunica-Noguerol
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires
| | - Eduardo Arzt
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires
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83
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Antidepressant-like effects of cortical deep brain stimulation coincide with pro-neuroplastic adaptations of serotonin systems. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:203-12. [PMID: 24503468 PMCID: PMC4072754 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising therapeutic option for treatment-refractory depression, but its mode of action remains enigmatic. Serotonin (5-HT) systems are engaged indirectly by ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) DBS. Resulting neuroplastic changes in 5-HT systems could thus coincide with the long-term therapeutic activity of vmPFC DBS. METHODS We tested this hypothesis by evaluating the antidepressant-like activity of vmPFC DBS in the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model of depression (n = 8-13 mice/group). Circuit-wide activation induced by vmPFC DBS was mapped with c-Fos immunolabeling. The effects of chronic vmPFC DBS on the physiology and morphology of genetically identified 5-HT cells from the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) were examined with whole-cell recording, somatodendritic three-dimensional reconstructions and morphometric analyses of presynaptic boutons along 5-HT axons. RESULTS Acute DBS drove c-Fos expression locally in the vmPFC and in several distal monosynaptically connected regions, including the DRN. Chronic DBS reversed CSDS-induced social avoidance, restored the disrupted balance of excitatory/inhibitory inputs onto 5-HT neurons, and reversed 5-HT hypoexcitability observed after CSDS. Furthermore, vmPFC DBS reversed CSDS-induced arborization of 5-HT dendrites in the DRN and increased the size and density of 5-HT presynaptic terminals in the dentate gyrus and vmPFC. CONCLUSIONS We validate a new preclinical paradigm to examine cellular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant-like activity of vmPFC DBS and identify dramatic circuit-mediated cellular adaptations that coincide with this treatment. These neuroplastic changes of 5-HT neurons might contribute to the progressive mood improvements reported in patients treated with chronic courses of cortical DBS.
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84
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Krishnan V. Defeating the fear: new insights into the neurobiology of stress susceptibility. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:412-6. [PMID: 24852100 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The psychopathological impact of emotional stress on a specific individual varies markedly: while most escape the development of post-traumatic stress disorder and/or major depression, a select group of individuals demonstrate a vulnerability to succumb to these conditions. The past decade has witnessed an explosion in animal research into the underlying neurobiological mechanisms that govern both vulnerability and resilience to such stressors. In the May 2014 issue, Chou and colleagues employ the mouse social defeat model of chronic stress to demonstrate that defeated susceptible mice display an exaggerated conditioned fear response associated with more pronounced autonomic changes. These physiological alterations were found to be mediated via local increases in the levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) within the basolateral amygdala and could be inhibited by the systemic administration of a beta adrenergic antagonist. This mini-review critically examines this manuscript's new mechanistic insights in light of previous results employing similar approaches. The strengths and limitations of the social defeat model, as well as the relevance of these findings to neurologic illness are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnav Krishnan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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85
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Ageta-Ishihara N, Miyata T, Ohshima C, Watanabe M, Sato Y, Hamamura Y, Higashiyama T, Mazitschek R, Bito H, Kinoshita M. Septins promote dendrite and axon development by negatively regulating microtubule stability via HDAC6-mediated deacetylation. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2532. [PMID: 24113571 PMCID: PMC3826633 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite growth requires two guanine nucleotide-binding protein polymers of tubulins and septins. However, whether and how those cytoskeletal systems are coordinated was unknown. Here we show that the acute knockdown or knockout of the pivotal septin subunit SEPT7 from cerebrocortical neurons impairs their interhemispheric and cerebrospinal axon projections and dendritogenesis in perinatal mice, when the microtubules are severely hyperacetylated. The resulting hyperstabilization and growth retardation of microtubules are demonstrated in vitro. The phenotypic similarity between SEPT7 depletion and the pharmacological inhibition of α-tubulin deacetylase HDAC6 reveals that HDAC6 requires SEPT7 not for its enzymatic activity, but to associate with acetylated α-tubulin. These and other findings indicate that septins provide a physical scaffold for HDAC6 to achieve efficient microtubule deacetylation, thereby negatively regulating microtubule stability to an optimal level for neuritogenesis. Our findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying the HDAC6-mediated coupling of the two ubiquitous cytoskeletal systems during neural development. Septins are a family of heteropolymerizing GTP/GDP-binding proteins and are implicated in neuritogenesis in nematodes. Ageta-Ishihara et al. show that septins also facilitate this process in the developing mouse brain as scaffolds that coordinate HDAC6-mediated deacetylation of microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Ageta-Ishihara
- Division of Biological Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Science, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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86
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Fass DM, Schroeder FA, Perlis RH, Haggarty SJ. Epigenetic mechanisms in mood disorders: targeting neuroplasticity. Neuroscience 2014; 264:112-30. [PMID: 23376737 PMCID: PMC3830721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Developing novel therapeutics and diagnostic tools based upon an understanding of neuroplasticity is critical in order to improve the treatment and ultimately the prevention of a broad range of nervous system disorders. In the case of mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BPD), where diagnoses are based solely on nosology rather than pathophysiology, there exists a clear unmet medical need to advance our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and to develop fundamentally new mechanism experimental medicines with improved efficacy. In this context, recent preclinical molecular, cellular, and behavioral findings have begun to reveal the importance of epigenetic mechanisms that alter chromatin structure and dynamically regulate patterns of gene expression that may play a critical role in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Here, we will review recent advances involving the use of animal models in combination with genetic and pharmacological probes to dissect the underlying molecular mechanisms and neurobiological consequence of targeting this chromatin-mediated neuroplasticity. We discuss evidence for the direct and indirect effects of mood stabilizers, antidepressants, and antipsychotics, among their many other effects, on chromatin-modifying enzymes and on the epigenetic state of defined genomic loci, in defined cell types and in specific regions of the brain. These data, as well as findings from patient-derived tissue, have also begun to reveal alterations of epigenetic mechanisms in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders. We summarize growing evidence supporting the notion that selectively targeting chromatin-modifying complexes, including those containing histone deacetylases (HDACs), provides a means to reversibly alter the acetylation state of neuronal chromatin and beneficially impact neuronal activity-regulated gene transcription and mood-related behaviors. Looking beyond current knowledge, we discuss how high-resolution, whole-genome methodologies, such as RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) for transcriptome analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-Seq) for analyzing genome-wide occupancy of chromatin-associated factors, are beginning to provide an unprecedented view of both specific genomic loci as well as global properties of chromatin in the nervous system. These methodologies when applied to the characterization of model systems, including those of patient-derived induced pluripotent cell (iPSC) and induced neurons (iNs), will greatly shape our understanding of epigenetic mechanisms and the impact of genetic variation on the regulatory regions of the human genome that can affect neuroplasticity. Finally, we point out critical unanswered questions and areas where additional data are needed in order to better understand the potential to target mechanisms of chromatin-mediated neuroplasticity for novel treatments of mood and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Fass
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Center for Human Genetic Reseach, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - F A Schroeder
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Center for Human Genetic Reseach, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - R H Perlis
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Center for Human Genetic Research, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - S J Haggarty
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Center for Human Genetic Reseach, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Center for Human Genetic Research, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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87
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Vincent MY, Jacobson L. Glucocorticoid receptor deletion from the dorsal raphé nucleus of mice reduces dysphoria-like behavior and impairs hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis feedback inhibition. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1671-81. [PMID: 24684372 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids can cause depression and anxiety. Mechanisms for glucocorticoid effects on mood are largely undefined. The dorsal raphé nucleus (DRN) produces the majority of serotonin in the brain, and expresses glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Because we previously showed that antidepressants used to treat depression and anxiety decrease DRN GR expression, we hypothesized that deleting DRN GR would have anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects. We also hypothesized that DRN GR deletion would disinhibit activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Adeno-associated virus pseudotype AAV2/9 expressing either Cre recombinase (DRNGRKO mice) or GFP (DRN-GFP mice) was injected into the DRN of floxed GR mice to test these hypotheses. Three weeks after injection, mice underwent 21 days of social defeat or control handling and were tested for anxiety-like behavior (open-field test, elevated-plus maze), depression-like behavior [sucrose preference, forced-swim test (FST), tail-suspension test (TST)], social interaction, and circadian and stress-induced HPA activity. DRN GR deletion decreased anxiety-like behavior in control but not in defeated mice. DRN GR deletion decreased FST and tended to decrease TST despair-like behavior in both control and defeated mice, but did not affect sucrose preference. Exploration of social (a novel mouse) as well as neutral (an empty box) targets was increased in DRNGRKO mice, suggesting that DRN GR deletion also promotes active coping. DRN GR deletion increased stress-induced HPA activity without strongly altering circadian HPA activity. We have shown a novel role for DRN GR to mediate anxiety- and despair-like behavior and to regulate HPA negative feedback during acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Y Vincent
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
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88
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Fessler EB, Chibane FL, Wang Z, Chuang DM. Potential roles of HDAC inhibitors in mitigating ischemia-induced brain damage and facilitating endogenous regeneration and recovery. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 19:5105-20. [PMID: 23448466 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319280009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with few available treatment options. The pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia involves both early phase tissue damage, characterized by neuronal death, inflammation, and blood-brain barrier breakdown, followed by late phase neurovascular recovery. It is becoming clear that any promising treatment strategy must target multiple points in the evolution of ischemic injury to provide substantial therapeutic benefit. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are a class of drugs that increase the acetylation of histone and non-histone proteins to activate transcription, enhance gene expression, and modify the function of target proteins. Acetylation homeostasis is often disrupted in neurological conditions, and accumulating evidence suggests that HDAC inhibitors have robust protective properties in many preclinical models of these disorders, including ischemic stroke. Specifically, HDAC inhibitors such as trichostatin A, valproic acid, sodium butyrate, sodium 4-phenylbutyrate, and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid have been shown to provide robust protection against excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, ER stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and bloodbrain barrier breakdown. Concurrently, these agents can also promote angiogenesis, neurogenesis and stem cell migration to dramatically reduce infarct volume and improve functional recovery after experimental cerebral ischemia. In the following review, we discuss the mechanisms by which HDAC inhibitors exert these protective effects and provide evidence for their strong potential to ultimately improve stroke outcome in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Fessler
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr, MSC 1363, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
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89
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Challis C, Beck SG, Berton O. Optogenetic modulation of descending prefrontocortical inputs to the dorsal raphe bidirectionally bias socioaffective choices after social defeat. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:43. [PMID: 24596546 PMCID: PMC3925846 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well established that modulating serotonin (5-HT) levels in humans and animals affects perception and response to social threats, however the circuit mechanisms that control 5-HT output during social interaction are not well understood. A better understanding of these systems could provide groundwork for more precise and efficient therapeutic interventions. Here we examined the organization and plasticity of microcircuits implicated in top-down control of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) by excitatory inputs from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and their role in social approach-avoidance decisions. We did this in the context of a social defeat model that induces a long lasting form of social aversion that is reversible by antidepressants. We first used viral tracing and Cre-dependent genetic identification of vmPFC glutamatergic synapses in the DRN to determine their topographic distribution in relation to 5-HT and GABAergic subregions and found that excitatory vmPFC projections primarily localized to GABA-rich areas of the DRN. We then used optogenetics in combination with cFos mapping and slice electrophysiology to establish the functional effects of repeatedly driving vmPFC inputs in DRN. We provide the first direct evidence that vmPFC axons drive synaptic activity and immediate early gene expression in genetically identified DRN GABA neurons through an AMPA receptor-dependent mechanism. In contrast, we did not detect vmPFC-driven synaptic activity in 5-HT neurons and cFos induction in 5-HT neurons was limited. Finally we show that optogenetically increasing or decreasing excitatory vmPFC input to the DRN during sensory exposure to an aggressor's cues enhances or diminishes avoidance bias, respectively. These results clarify the functional organization of vmPFC-DRN pathways and identify GABAergic neurons as a key cellular element filtering top-down vmPFC influences on affect-regulating 5-HT output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Challis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sheryl G Beck
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Olivier Berton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
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90
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Antidepressant-like properties of novel HDAC6-selective inhibitors with improved brain bioavailability. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:389-400. [PMID: 23954848 PMCID: PMC3870780 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HDAC inhibitors have been reported to produce antidepressant and pro-cognitive effects in animal models, however, poor brain bioavailability or lack of isoform selectivity of current probes has limited our understanding of their mode of action. We report the characterization of novel pyrimidine hydroxyl amide small molecule inhibitors of HDAC6, brain bioavailable upon systemic administration. We show that two compounds in this family, ACY-738 and ACY-775, inhibit HDAC6 with low nanomolar potency and a selectivity of 60- to 1500-fold over class I HDACs. In contrast to tubastatin A, a reference HDAC6 inhibitor with similar potency and peripheral activity, but more limited brain bioavailability, ACY-738 and ACY-775 induce dramatic increases in α-tubulin acetylation in brain and stimulate mouse exploratory behaviors in novel, but not familiar environments. Interestingly, despite a lack of detectable effect on histone acetylation, we show that ACY-738 and ACY-775 share the antidepressant-like properties of other HDAC inhibitors, such as SAHA and MS-275, in the tail suspension test and social defeat paradigm. These effects of ACY-738 and ACY-775 are directly attributable to the inhibition of HDAC6 expressed centrally, as they are fully abrogated in mice with a neural-specific loss of function of HDAC6. Furthermore, administered in combination, a behaviorally inactive dose of ACY-738 markedly potentiates the anti-immobility activity of a subactive dose of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram. Our results validate new isoform-selective probes for in vivo pharmacological studies of HDAC6 in the CNS and reinforce the viability of this HDAC isoform as a potential target for antidepressant development.
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91
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Stilling RM, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Microbial genes, brain & behaviour - epigenetic regulation of the gut-brain axis. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 13:69-86. [PMID: 24286462 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To date, there is rapidly increasing evidence for host-microbe interaction at virtually all levels of complexity, ranging from direct cell-to-cell communication to extensive systemic signalling, and involving various organs and organ systems, including the central nervous system. As such, the discovery that differential microbial composition is associated with alterations in behaviour and cognition has significantly contributed to establishing the microbiota-gut-brain axis as an extension of the well-accepted gut-brain axis concept. Many efforts have been focused on delineating a role for this axis in health and disease, ranging from stress-related disorders such as depression, anxiety and irritable bowel syndrome to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. There is also a growing appreciation of the role of epigenetic mechanisms in shaping brain and behaviour. However, the role of epigenetics in informing host-microbe interactions has received little attention to date. This is despite the fact that there are many plausible routes of interaction between epigenetic mechanisms and the host-microbiota dialogue. From this new perspective we put forward novel, yet testable, hypotheses. Firstly, we suggest that gut-microbial products can affect chromatin plasticity within their host's brain that in turn leads to changes in neuronal transcription and eventually alters host behaviour. Secondly, we argue that the microbiota is an important mediator of gene-environment interactions. Finally, we reason that the microbiota itself may be viewed as an epigenetic entity. In conclusion, the fields of (neuro)epigenetics and microbiology are converging at many levels and more interdisciplinary studies are necessary to unravel the full range of this interaction.
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92
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Wang C, Eessalu TE, Barth VN, Mitch CH, Wagner FF, Hong Y, Neelamegam R, Schroeder FA, Holson EB, Haggarty SJ, Hooker JM. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of hydroxamic acid-based molecular probes for in vivo imaging of histone deacetylase (HDAC) in brain. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2013; 4:29-38. [PMID: 24380043 PMCID: PMC3867727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxamic acid-based histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) are a class of molecules with therapeutic potential currently reflected in the use of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA; Vorinostat) to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL). HDACis may have utility beyond cancer therapy, as preclinical studies have ascribed HDAC inhibition as beneficial in areas such as heart disease, diabetes, depression, neurodegeneration, and other disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). However, little is known about the pharmacokinetics (PK) of hydroxamates, particularly with respect to CNS-penetration, distribution, and retention. To explore the rodent and non-human primate (NHP) brain permeability of hydroxamic acid-based HDAC inhibitors using positron emission tomography (PET), we modified the structures of belinostat (PXD101) and panobinostat (LBH-589) to incorporate carbon-11. We also labeled PCI 34051 through carbon isotope substitution. After characterizing the in vitro affinity and efficacy of these compounds across nine recombinant HDAC isoforms spanning Class I and Class II family members, we determined the brain uptake of each inhibitor. Each labeled compound has low uptake in brain tissue when administered intravenously to rodents and NHPs. In rodent studies, we observed that brain accumulation of the radiotracers were unaffected by the pre-administration of unlabeled inhibitors. Knowing that CNS-penetration may be desirable for both imaging applications and therapy, we explored whether a liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method to predict brain penetrance would be an appropriate method to pre-screen compounds (hydroxamic acid-based HDACi) prior to PET radiolabeling. LC-MS-MS data were indeed useful in identifying additional lead molecules to explore as PET imaging agents to visualize HDAC enzymes in vivo. However, HDACi brain penetrance predicted by LC-MS-MS did not strongly correlate with PET imaging results. This underscores the importance of in vivo PET imaging tools in characterizing putative CNS drug lead compounds and the continued need to discover effect PET tracers for neuroepigenetic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changning Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | | | | | - Florence F Wagner
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yijia Hong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ramesh Neelamegam
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Frederick A Schroeder
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Edward B Holson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jacob M Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestown, MA 02129, USA
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93
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Strehl C, Buttgereit F. Optimized glucocorticoid therapy: teaching old drugs new tricks. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:32-40. [PMID: 23403055 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used in the treatment of a wide range of rheumatic and other inflammatory diseases. They exert their potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects primarily via so called genomic mechanisms, mediated by the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor (cGR). This mechanism of GC action can be divided into the transactivation and the transrepression processes. However, also rapid effects of GCs exist which are mediated by specific and unspecific non-genomic mechanisms. A clinical relevance of this mode of GC action is assumed for effects mediated by membrane-bound glucocorticoid receptors, but detailed knowledge on the underlying mechanisms is still missing. Great efforts have been made in the past to diminish GC-induced adverse effects, thus improving the benefit/risk ratio of the drugs. Besides approaches to improve the treatment with conventional glucocorticoids currently available to clinicians, new innovative GCs or GC receptor ligands are also being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Strehl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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94
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Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) modulates neural responses to socioaffective cues and can bias approach or avoidance behavioral decisions, yet the cellular mechanisms underlying its contribution to the regulation of social experiences remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that GABAergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) may participate in socioaffective regulation by controlling serotonergic tone during social interaction. We tested this hypothesis using whole-cell recording techniques in genetically identified DRN GABA and 5-HT neurons in mice exposed to social defeat, a model that induces long-lasting avoidance behaviors in a subset of mice responsive to serotonergic antidepressants. Our results revealed that social defeat engaged DRN GABA neurons and drove GABAergic sensitization that strengthened inhibition of 5-HT neurons in mice that were susceptible, but not resilient to social defeat. Furthermore, optogenetic silencing of DRN GABA neurons disinhibited neighboring 5-HT neurons and prevented the acquisition of social avoidance in mice exposed to a social threat, but did not affect a previously acquired avoidance phenotype. We provide the first characterization of GABA neurons in the DRN that monosynaptically inhibit 5-HT neurons and reveal their key role in neuroplastic processes underlying the development of social avoidance.
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95
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Meduri JD, Farnbauch LA, Jasnow AM. Paradoxical enhancement of fear expression and extinction deficits in mice resilient to social defeat. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:580-90. [PMID: 24029700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to stress has been associated with increased depressive and anxiety symptoms, yet not all individuals respond negatively to the experience of stress. Recent rodent social defeat models demonstrate similar individual differences in response to social stress. In particular, mice subjected to chronic social defeat have been characterized as being either "susceptible" or "resilient" by the level of social interaction following social defeat. Susceptibility is associated with lasting social avoidance as well as increased anxiety-like behavior, and depressive-like symptoms. Resilient animals, however, do not show social avoidance or increased depressive-like symptoms, but retain increased anxiety-like behavior. Thus, it is unclear what "resilience" as measured by social interaction represents in terms of an overall behavioral and physiological phenotype. Here, we use an acute social defeat procedure, which produces distinct behavioral phenotypes in social interaction with no apparent changes in anxiety-like behavior. Susceptible mice display lasting social avoidance, whereas resilient mice display normal social interaction. Susceptible mice also displayed deficits in fear extinction retention but had normal within-session extinction. Paradoxically, resilience was associated with enhanced fear expression, and severe deficits in fear extinction and extinction retention beyond that observed in susceptible mice. These effects in resilient mice were only apparent after the experience of social stress and were not due to impaired behavioral flexibility. These data suggest that mechanisms controlling resilience to acute social defeat as characterized by social interaction leave animals vulnerable to maladaptive fear behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Meduri
- Department of Psychology, Kent State University, 230 Kent Hall, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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96
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Schroeder FA, Lewis MC, Fass DM, Wagner FF, Zhang YL, Hennig KM, Gale J, Zhao WN, Reis S, Barker DD, Berry-Scott E, Kim SW, Clore EL, Hooker JM, Holson EB, Haggarty SJ, Petryshen TL. A selective HDAC 1/2 inhibitor modulates chromatin and gene expression in brain and alters mouse behavior in two mood-related tests. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71323. [PMID: 23967191 PMCID: PMC3743770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression, are projected to lead global disease burden within the next decade. Pharmacotherapy, the primary – albeit often ineffective – treatment method, has remained largely unchanged over the past 50 years, highlighting the need for novel target discovery and improved mechanism-based treatments. Here, we examined in wild type mice the impact of chronic, systemic treatment with Compound 60 (Cpd-60), a slow-binding, benzamide-based inhibitor of the class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) family members, HDAC1 and HDAC2, in mood-related behavioral assays responsive to clinically effective drugs. Cpd-60 treatment for one week was associated with attenuated locomotor activity following acute amphetamine challenge. Further, treated mice demonstrated decreased immobility in the forced swim test. These changes are consistent with established effects of clinical mood stabilizers and antidepressants, respectively. Whole-genome expression profiling of specific brain regions (prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus) from mice treated with Cpd-60 identified gene expression changes, including a small subset of transcripts that significantly overlapped those previously reported in lithium-treated mice. HDAC inhibition in brain was confirmed by increased histone acetylation both globally and, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, at the promoter regions of upregulated transcripts, a finding consistent with in vivo engagement of HDAC targets. In contrast, treatment with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a non-selective fast-binding, hydroxamic acid HDAC 1/2/3/6 inhibitor, was sufficient to increase histone acetylation in brain, but did not alter mood-related behaviors and had dissimilar transcriptional regulatory effects compared to Cpd-60. These results provide evidence that selective inhibition of HDAC1 and HDAC2 in brain may provide an epigenetic-based target for developing improved treatments for mood disorders and other brain disorders with altered chromatin-mediated neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A. Schroeder
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Lewis
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Fass
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Florence F. Wagner
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yan-Ling Zhang
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Krista M. Hennig
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Gale
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wen-Ning Zhao
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Surya Reis
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Douglas D. Barker
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erin Berry-Scott
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Clore
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Edward B. Holson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJH); (TLP)
| | - Tracey L. Petryshen
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJH); (TLP)
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97
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HDAC6 and ovarian cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9514-35. [PMID: 23644884 PMCID: PMC3676797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The special class IIb histone deacetylase, HDAC6, plays a prominent role in many cellular processes related to cancer, including oncogenesis, the cell stress response, motility, and myriad signaling pathways. Many of the lessons learned from other cancers can be applied to ovarian cancer as well. HDAC6 interacts with diverse proteins such as HSP90, cortactin, tubulin, dynein, p300, Bax, and GRK2 in both the nucleus and cytoplasm to carry out these cancerous functions. Not all pro-cancer interactions of HDAC6 involve deacetylation. The idea of using HDAC6 as a target for cancer treatment continues to expand in recent years, and more potent and specific HDAC6 inhibitors are required to effectively down-regulate the tumor-prone cell signaling pathways responsible for ovarian cancer.
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98
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Social stress models in depression research: what do they tell us? Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:179-90. [PMID: 23532563 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Interest has recently surged in the use of social stress models, especially social defeat. Such interest lies both in the recognition that stressors of social origin play a major role in human psychopathologies and in the acknowledgement that natural and hence ethologically-based stress models have important translational value. The use of the most recent technology has allowed the recognition of the mechanisms through which social defeat might have enduring psychoneuroendocrine effects, especially social avoidance and anhedonia, two behaviours relevant to human depression. In view of the sensitivity of these behavioural outcomes to repeated antidepressant treatments, the social defeat model has been proposed as a possible animal model of depression. The present survey is aimed at examining the limits of such an interpretation and focuses on methodological aspects and on the relevance of social defeat to the study of anxiety-related pathologies.
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100
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Li Y, Shin D, Kwon SH. Histone deacetylase 6 plays a role as a distinct regulator of diverse cellular processes. FEBS J 2012. [PMID: 23181831 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) 6 is the best-characterized class IIb deacetylase that regulates many important biological processes via the formation of complexes with its partner proteins. HDAC6 is important both for cytoplasmic and nuclear functions. Unlike other deacetylases, HDAC6 has unique substrate specificity for nonhistone proteins. Such diverse functions of HDAC6 suggest that it serves a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. This therapeutic interest in HDAC6 stems from the observation that HDAC6 may be overexpressed or deregulated in various cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory disorders. Despite extensive efforts, however, very few HDAC6-selective inhibitors have been identified and the precise structural determinants remain undefined. Future efforts aiming to better define the structure and function of HDAC6 should provide the basis for the discovery of novel effective inhibitors. In this review, we focus on recent studies that highlight the importance of HDAC6-mediated biological processes, disease mechanisms and HDAC6-selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
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