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VanFrank BK, Park S, Foltz JL, McGuire LC, Harris DM. Physician Characteristics Associated With Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Counseling Practices. Am J Health Promot 2018; 32:1365-1374. [PMID: 27956472 PMCID: PMC5612916 DOI: 10.1177/0890117116680472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Frequent sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is associated with chronic disease. Although physician counseling can positively affect patient behavior, physicians' personal characteristics may influence counseling practices. We explored SSB-related topics physicians discuss when counseling overweight/obese patients and examined associations between physicians' SSB-related counseling practices and their personal and medical practice characteristics. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING DocStyles survey, 2014. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1510 practicing US physicians. MEASURES Physician's SSB counseling on calories, added sugars, obesity/weight gain, health effects, consumption frequency, water substitution, and referral. ANALYSIS Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were calculated with multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for physician's personal and medical practice characteristics. RESULTS Most physicians (98.5%) reported SSB-related counseling. The most reported topic was obesity/weight gain (81.4%); the least reported were added sugars (53.1%) and referral (35.0%). Physicians in adult-focused specialties had lower odds than pediatricians of counseling on several topics (aOR range: 0.26-0.64). Outpatient physicians had higher odds than inpatient physicians of counseling on consumption frequency and water substitution (aOR range: 1.60-2.01). Physicians consuming SSBs ≥1 time/day (15.7%) had lower odds than nonconsumers of counseling on most topics (aOR range: 0.58-0.68). CONCLUSION Most physicians reported SSB-related counseling; obesity/weight gain was discussed most frequently. Counseling opportunities remain in other topic areas. Opportunities also exist to strengthen SSB counseling practices in adult-focused specialties, inpatient settings, and among physicians who consume SSBs daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna K. VanFrank
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sohyun Park
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Foltz
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, USA
| | - Lisa C. McGuire
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Diane M. Harris
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Govil M, Mukhopadhyay N, Weeks DE, Feingold E, Shaffer JR, Levy SM, Vieira AR, Slayton RL, McNeil DW, Weyant RJ, Crout RJ, Marazita ML. Novel caries loci in children and adults implicated by genome-wide analysis of families. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:98. [PMID: 29859070 PMCID: PMC5984765 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries is a common chronic disease among children and adults alike, posing a substantial health burden. Caries is affected by multiple genetic and environmental factors, and prior studies have found that a substantial proportion of caries susceptibility is genetically inherited. METHODS To identify such genetic factors, we conducted a genome-wide linkage scan in 464 extended families with 2616 individuals from Iowa, Pennsylvania and West Virginia for three dental caries phenotypes: (1) PRIM: dichotomized as zero versus one or more affected primary teeth, (2) QTOT1: age-adjusted quantitative caries measure for both primary and permanent dentitions including pre-cavitated lesions, and (3) QTOT2: age-adjusted quantitative caries excluding pre-cavitated lesions. Genotyping was conducted for approximately 600,000 SNPs on an Illumina platform, pruned to 127,511 uncorrelated SNPs for the analyses reported here. RESULTS Multipoint non-parametric linkage analyses generated peak LOD scores exceeding 2.0 for eight genomic regions, but no LOD scores above 3.0 were observed. The maximum LOD score for each of the three traits was 2.90 at 1q25.3 for PRIM, 2.38 at 6q25.3 for QTOT1, and 2.76 at 5q23.3 for QTOT2. Some overlap in linkage regions was observed among the phenotypes. Genes with a potential role in dental caries in the eight chromosomal regions include CACNA1E, LAMC2, ALMS1, STAMBP, GXYLT2, SLC12A2, MEGF10, TMEM181, ARID1B, and, as well as genes in several immune gene families. Our results are also concordant with previous findings from association analyses on chromosomes 11 and 19. CONCLUSIONS These multipoint linkage results provide evidence in favor of novel chromosomal regions, while also supporting earlier association findings for these data. Understanding the genetic etiology of dental caries will allow designing personalized treatment plans based on an individual's genetic risk of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manika Govil
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Suite 500 Bridgeside Point, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Nandita Mukhopadhyay
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Suite 500 Bridgeside Point, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Daniel E. Weeks
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Suite 500 Bridgeside Point, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - John R. Shaffer
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Suite 500 Bridgeside Point, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Steven M. Levy
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Alexandre R. Vieira
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Suite 500 Bridgeside Point, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Rebecca L. Slayton
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Daniel W. McNeil
- Dental Practice and Rural Health, West Virginia University School of Dentistry, Morgantown, WV USA
- Department of Psychology, Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Robert J. Weyant
- Department of Dental Public Health and Information Management, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Richard J. Crout
- Department of Periodontics, West Virginia University School of Dentistry, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Mary L. Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Suite 500 Bridgeside Point, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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53
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Choy C, Isong IA. Assessing Preschoolers' Beverage Consumption Using the Theory of Planned Behavior. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2018; 57:711-721. [PMID: 29090596 DOI: 10.1177/0009922817737076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Childhood obesity and caries are linked to sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and excessive juice consumption. We assessed psychosocial factors influencing children's beverage consumption and strategies to promote healthier choices. Using a quantitative and qualitative approach guided by the theory of planned behavior, we surveyed and interviewed 37 parents of preschool-aged children on barriers and facilitators of children's beverage consumption. Most children (83.8%) consumed SSBs, 67.6% drank >4 to 6 oz of juice per day. Parent's self-efficacy was the strongest correlate of parent's behavioral intention to limit SSB (0.72, standard error 0.08, P = .03). Parents' motivations to limit their child's SSB intake extended beyond simply preventing caries and obesity; they also considered the implications of these conditions on children's self-image, future health, and quality of life. Yet, the influence of multidimensional barriers made it difficult to reduce children's SSB consumption. Interventions that address parental attitudes, values, and self-efficacy to address external factors could help reduce children's SSB consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherry Choy
- 1 Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Inyang A Isong
- 2 Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,3 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Curtis AM, VanBuren J, Cavanaugh JE, Warren JJ, Marshall TA, Levy SM. Longitudinal associations between dental caries increment and risk factors in late childhood and adolescence. J Public Health Dent 2018; 78:321-328. [PMID: 29752831 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess longitudinal associations between permanent tooth caries increment and both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, using best subsets model selection. METHODS The Iowa Fluoride Study has followed a birth cohort with standardized caries exams without radiographs of the permanent dentition conducted at about ages 9, 13, and 17 years. Questionnaires were sent semi-annually to assess fluoride exposures and intakes, select food and beverage intakes, and tooth brushing frequency. Exposure variables were averaged over ages 7-9, 11-13, and 15-17, reflecting exposure 2 years prior to the caries exam. Longitudinal models were used to relate period-specific averaged exposures and demographic variables to adjusted decayed and filled surface increments (ADJCI) (n = 392). The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to assess optimal explanatory variable combinations. RESULTS From birth to age 9, 9-13, and 13-17 years, 24, 30, and 55 percent of subjects had positive permanent ADJCI, respectively. Ten models had AIC values within two units of the lowest AIC model and were deemed optimal based on AIC. Younger age, being male, higher mother's education, and higher brushing frequency were associated with lower caries increment in all 10 models, while milk intake was included in 3 of 10 models. Higher milk intakes were slightly associated with lower ADJCI. CONCLUSIONS With the exception of brushing frequency, modifiable risk factors under study were not significantly associated with ADJCI. When possible, researchers should consider presenting multiple models if fit criteria cannot discern among a group of optimal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Curtis
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John VanBuren
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Joseph E Cavanaugh
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, College of Liberal Arts, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John J Warren
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Teresa A Marshall
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Steven M Levy
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Drouin O, Winickoff JP. Screening for Behavioral Risk Factors Is Not Enough to Improve Preventive Services Delivery. Acad Pediatr 2018; 18:460-467. [PMID: 29367020 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Unhealthy behaviors are a major cause of chronic disease. Preappointment screening has been suggested as one way to improve preventive care delivery related to these behaviors by specifying risks to be addressed. We aimed to determine whether screening for health-related behaviors before the clinical encounter will lead to higher counseling rate and service delivery by clinicians. METHODS We used a pre/post design in one practice with a control practice to evaluate the effects of preappointment screening for 3 behavioral risk factors (tobacco smoke exposure, no recent dental care visit, and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages). After their clinic visit, we asked English-speaking parents whose child had one or more risk factor whether they had received counseling or services from their pediatrician to address them. RESULTS We recruited 264 parents in the pre phase and 242 in the post phase. Among 215 parents whose child had one or more risk factors, parents in the post phase were as likely to report receiving counseling than parents in the pre phase for each of the risk factors: smoking odds ratio 6.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.51, 88.88), dental health odds ratio 1.44 (95% confidence interval, 0.47, 4.41), and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption odds ratio 0.34 (95% confidence interval, 0.23, 5.18). Service delivery and reported behavior change were also similar in both phases. CONCLUSIONS Counseling rates for tobacco, dental health, or sugar-sweetened beverage consumption were low in pediatric primary care, and preappointment screening did not significantly affect clinician counseling. Future efforts will require a more robust approach to effect change in counseling, provision of service, and family behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Drouin
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard-wide Pediatric Health Services Research Fellowship, Boston, Mass.
| | - Jonathan P Winickoff
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Julius B. Richmond Center of Excellence, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, Ill
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Perinatal exposure to energy drink induces oxidative damage in the liver, kidney and brain, and behavioral alterations in mice offspring. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:798-811. [PMID: 29605768 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide consumption of energy drinks (EDs) has increased in recent years. EDs have several side effects and can be linked to liver injury, kidney damage and risk-seeking behavior. The impact of perinatal consumption of EDs on the newborns has not been previously investigated. In this study, we evaluated the effects of perinatal exposure to a caffeinated ED on the liver, kidney, brain, locomotor activity and anxiety in mice newborns. Pregnant mice received 2.5 or 5 ml ED by oral gavage from the first day of pregnancy until day 15 after birth. Perinatal exposure to the ED induced a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and declined antioxidant defenses in the liver, kidney, cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata of the newborns at days 21 and 35 after birth. ED induced several histological alterations, including vacuolations and lipid infiltration of hepatocytes, developing and degenerated glomeruli and dilated urinary spaces in the renal cortex, pyknosis and chromatolysis of the cerebral and medullary neurons, and degenerated and abnormal Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. In addition, ED increased the locomotion and induced anxiety-like behavior in mice newborns. In conclusion, perinatal exposure to EDs induces oxidative stress, tissue injury and behavioral alterations in the mice newborns. Therefore, the consumption of EDs during pregnancy and lactation has a negative impact on the newborns and should be treated as a significant health problem that warrants attention.
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57
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Baghlaf K, Muirhead V, Moynihan P, Weston-Price S, Pine C. Free Sugars Consumption around Bedtime and Dental Caries in Children: A Systematic Review. JDR Clin Trans Res 2018; 3:118-129. [PMID: 30931774 DOI: 10.1177/2380084417749215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to assess the association between food and drink consumption around bedtime-specifically, food and drinks containing free sugars-and the risk of dental caries in children. Five electronic databases were searched (PubMed, Ovid Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus) to identify studies that investigated any relationship between food and drink around bedtime and dental caries in 3- to 16-y-old children. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality domain guidelines were used to assess the quality of the individual studies, while GRADE guidelines assessed the quality of studies based on the body of evidence. From 1,270 retrieved titles, 777 remained after removal of duplicates. Of these, 72 were reviewed in full. Eighteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis: 13 cross-sectional, 4 cohort, and 1 case-control. Studies were categorized into 3 age groups: 3- to 5-y-old, 6- to 11-y-old, and 12- to 16-y-old children. Based on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality criteria, 6 of the 18 studies were rated as providing good-quality evidence; 8 were rated as fair; and 4 were categorized as being of poor quality. It was not possible to conduct a meta-analysis, because of the considerable variations in the type of bedtime exposure and outcome measures. The studies showed a consistent positive association across the 3 age groups, with all 7 studies on preschool children reporting significant positive associations. However, the quality of the body of evidence pertaining to the consumption of food and drinks at bedtime (specifically, food and drinks containing free sugars) and risk of caries was rated as "very low." The results suggest that restricting free sugars before and at bedtime may reduce the risk of caries, but studies with improved design are needed to confirm this. Knowledge Transfer Statement: This is the first systematic review of the evidence assessing the association between caries risk in children and the consumption of food or drinks at bedtime-specifically, foods and drinks containing free sugars. Although the data showed a consistent positive association, the quality of evidence was very low. This means that the current recommendation to restrict food and drinks containing free sugars before bedtime in children, while based on a sound physiologic premise, is supported only by very low-quality published evidence as measured by GRADE guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Baghlaf
- 1 Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,2 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - V Muirhead
- 1 Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - P Moynihan
- 3 Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - S Weston-Price
- 1 Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - C Pine
- 1 Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Hierarchizing caries risk factors among first-year university students in Nice (France): a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2017; 17:159. [PMID: 29268726 PMCID: PMC5740936 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-017-0452-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to rank the risk factors for dental caries among first-year university students in Nice (France). METHODS All first-year students are required to undergo a compulsory preventive medical examination. Among these students, volunteers were offered a dental visit. Information was collected through an interview followed by an oral examination. We assessed the volunteers' oral hygiene habits (daily toothbrushing frequency, type of toothbrush used, frequency of toothbrush replacement, place of toothpaste purchase, and flossing), daily health-related behaviors (number of main daily meals, daily sugary intakes, smoking, alcohol consumption, consumption of cannabis or other drugs), oral-health-related behaviors (self-reported oral health, dental visits during the past year, reason for the last dental consultation, and failure to seek dental care due to financial reasons), and oral health issues (dental crowding, oral hygiene, presence of caries, presence of pit and fissure sealant remnants). The dependent variable was the presence of at least one untreated carious lesion. The data were subjected to univariate analyses to select explanatory variables, and subsequently, a logistic regression was performed. RESULTS Six hundred twenty-nine students aged 18.8±1.6 years were enrolled in this study. The sex ratio was 0.72, with a strong predominance of the female gender. Only 59.3% of the students had never experienced dental caries, while 22.4% had already undergone restorative procedures and did not have any carious lesion at the time of the examination, and 11.6% presented with carious lesions and had never been treated by a dentist. Lastly, 6.7% had carious lesions despite evidence of prior restorative procedures. The multivariate analysis revealed the following pejorative risk factors: failure to seek dental care due to financial reasons (OR:3.06, 95% CI: 1.40-6.70), poor oral hygiene revealed during the oral examination (OR:2.59, 95% CI: 1.60-4.20), and poor self-reported oral health (OR:2.43, 95% CI: 1.24-4.77). Conversely, the analysis revealed the following protective factors: preventive visits to the dentist (OR:0.63, 95% CI: 0.41-0.99), the use of an electric toothbrush (OR:0.36, 95% CI: 0.17-0.77), and sealant remnants (OR:0.22, 95% CI: 0.05-0.97). CONCLUSIONS The highest-ranking caries risk factor for the study population was the financial barrier.
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Davidovich E, Ccahuana-Vasquez RA, Timm H, Grender J, Cunningham P, Zini A. Randomised clinical study of plaque removal efficacy of a power toothbrush in a paediatric population. Int J Paediatr Dent 2017; 27:558-567. [PMID: 28494116 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical investigations of plaque removal efficacy of power toothbrushes in children are limited. AIM To compare plaque removal of a power versus manual toothbrush in a paediatric population. DESIGN This was a randomised, replicate-use, single-brushing, examiner-blinded, two-treatment, four-period crossover clinical trial in children 8-11 years of age. Subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence involving an oscillating-rotating power toothbrush and a manual toothbrush control. Subjects brushed under supervision with a NaF dentifrice. Plaque was assessed pre- (baseline) and post-brushing using the Turesky Modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index by two examiners. Plaque scores were averaged for mixed and permanent dentition on a per-subject basis and analysed using a mixed-model ancova for a crossover design. RESULTS Forty-one subjects (mean 9.0 years) were randomised and completed the trial. Both the power brush and manual brush provided statistically significant mean plaque reductions versus baseline in all analyses (P < 0.001). For both examiners, plaque removal was significantly (P < 0.001) larger for the power brush in permanent and mixed dentitions. The interexaminer correlations for the permanent dentition were strong (ICC = 0.68-0.88) for pre-brushing plaque across all periods. CONCLUSIONS An oscillating-rotating power toothbrush provided superior plaque reduction versus a manual toothbrush in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hans Timm
- Procter & Gamble Company, Kronberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Avi Zini
- Hebrew University, Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
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Effects of Cola-Flavored Beverages and Caffeine on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation and Metabolic Activity. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017. [PMID: 28650789 DOI: 10.17796/1053-4628-41.4.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of cola-flavored beverages and caffeine on growth and metabolism of Streptococcus mutans biofilm. This study was designed to determine if carbonated beverages or caffeine can increase S. mutans growth and biofilm formation and metabolic activity in vitro, potentially leading to increased S. mutans-associated cariogenicity in children that consume them. STUDY DESIGN Six different cola-flavored products, plus pure caffeine, and pure high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), at different concentrations similar to those in the beverages were tested. A 16-hour culture of S. mutans was treated with different dilutions in bacteriological media. To test for the effect on biofilm formation, the biofilm was stained with crystal violet. The absorbance was determined to evaluate biofilm growth. Biofilm metabolic activity was measured based on biofilm having the ability to reduce XTT to a water-soluble orange compound. RESULTS The inclusion of HFCS in the beverages, as well as pure HFCS, significantly enhanced bacterial biofilm formation and metabolic activity. Pure caffeine and the presence of caffeine in beverages did not significantly increase biofilm formation, but pure caffeine significantly increased metabolism, and Diet Coke had significantly greater metabolic activity than Caffeine-Free Diet Coke. CONCLUSIONS HFCS increases both the biofilm formation and metabolism of S. mutans, and caffeine in some cases increases metabolism of S. mutans.
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VanBuren J, Cavanaugh J, Marshall T, Warren J, Levy SM. AIC identifies optimal representation of longitudinal dietary variables. J Public Health Dent 2017; 77:360-371. [PMID: 28517028 PMCID: PMC5694386 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) is a well-known tool for variable selection in multivariable modeling as well as a tool to help identify the optimal representation of explanatory variables. However, it has been discussed infrequently in the dental literature. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the use of AIC in determining the optimal representation of dietary variables in a longitudinal dental study. METHODS The Iowa Fluoride Study enrolled children at birth and dental examinations were conducted at ages 5, 9, 13, and 17. Decayed or filled surfaces (DFS) trend clusters were created based on age 13 DFS counts and age 13-17 DFS increments. Dietary intake data (water, milk, 100 percent-juice, and sugar sweetened beverages) were collected semiannually using a food frequency questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression models were fit to predict DFS cluster membership (n=344). Multiple approaches could be used to represent the dietary data including averaging across all collected surveys or over different shorter time periods to capture age-specific trends or using the individual time points of dietary data. RESULTS AIC helped identify the optimal representation. Averaging data for all four dietary variables for the whole period from age 9.0 to 17.0 provided a better representation in the multivariable full model (AIC=745.0) compared to other methods assessed in full models (AICs=750.6 for age 9 and 9-13 increment dietary measurements and AIC=762.3 for age 9, 13, and 17 individual measurements). The results illustrate that AIC can help researchers identify the optimal way to summarize information for inclusion in a statistical model. CONCLUSIONS The method presented here can be used by researchers performing statistical modeling in dental research. This method provides an alternative approach for assessing the propriety of variable representation to significance-based procedures, which could potentially lead to improved research in the dental community.
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Affiliation(s)
- John VanBuren
- Pediatrics - Division of Critical Care, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Joseph Cavanaugh
- Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Teresa Marshall
- Preventative & Community Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John Warren
- Preventative & Community Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Steven M. Levy
- Preventative & Community Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Al-Shaar L, Vercammen K, Lu C, Richardson S, Tamez M, Mattei J. Health Effects and Public Health Concerns of Energy Drink Consumption in the United States: A Mini-Review. Front Public Health 2017; 5:225. [PMID: 28913331 PMCID: PMC5583516 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As energy drink consumption continues to grow worldwide and within the United States, it is important to critically examine the nutritional content and effects on population health of these beverages. This mini-review summarizes the current scientific evidence on health consequences from energy drink consumption, presents relevant public health challenges, and proposes recommendations to mitigate these issues. Emerging evidence has linked energy drink consumption with a number of negative health consequences such as risk-seeking behaviors, poor mental health, adverse cardiovascular effects, and metabolic, renal, or dental conditions. Despite the consistency in evidence, most studies are of cross-sectional design or focus almost exclusively on the effect of caffeine and sugar, failing to address potentially harmful effects of other ingredients. The negative health effects associated with energy drinks (ED) are compounded by a lack of regulatory oversight and aggressive marketing by the industry toward adolescents. Moreover, the rising trend of mixing ED with alcohol presents a new challenge that researchers and public health practitioners must address further. To curb this growing public health issue, policy makers should consider creating a separate regulatory category for ED, setting an evidence-based upper limit on caffeine, restricting sales of ED, and regulating existing ED marketing strategies, especially among children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Al-Shaar
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Population Health Sciences Program, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Kelsey Vercammen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chang Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Scott Richardson
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
- Population Health Sciences Program, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Martha Tamez
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Josiemer Mattei
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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Beck AL, Fernandez A, Rojina J, Cabana M. Randomized Controlled Trial of a Clinic-Based Intervention to Promote Healthy Beverage Consumption Among Latino Children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2017; 56:838-844. [PMID: 28553726 PMCID: PMC5553320 DOI: 10.1177/0009922817709796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate an educational module for Latino parents about the health effects of sweet beverages. Latino parents were randomized to receive the beverage module or a control module. Child beverage consumption was assessed at baseline, 2 weeks, 2 months, and 3 months via a beverage recall survey. At 2-week follow-up, children of intervention participants had a mean reduction in 7-day total sugar-sweetened beverage and 100% fruit juice consumption of 16 ounces while controls had a mean increase of 4 ounces ( P = .01). At 2-month and 3-month follow-up, there was a reduction in mean total sugar-sweetened beverage and 100% fruit juice consumption among both intervention and control children. An educational module on beverages for Latino parents reduced child consumption of sweet beverages at 2-week follow-up. However, study participation appears to have also reduced controls' beverage consumption suggesting that frequent intensive surveys of beverage intake may be an intervention unto itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Beck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, 3333 California St. Suite 245, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | | | - Jenssy Rojina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco
| | - Michael Cabana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco
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Divaris K, Bhaskar V, McGraw KA. Pediatric obesity-related curricular content and training in dental schools and dental hygiene programs: systematic review and recommendations. J Public Health Dent 2017; 77 Suppl 1:S96-S103. [PMID: 28708273 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The authors conducted a systematic review to determine: a) What dental schools and dental hygiene programs are doing to promote knowledge and skills related to addressing childhood obesity and to reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and b) What else these schools and programs could do to better equip future oral health professionals to address childhood obesity and reduce consumption of SSBs. METHODS The authors searched PubMed, Scopus, Education Full Text (EBSCOHost), and ERIC (EBSCOHost) to identify peer-reviewed publications reporting on obesity or dietetic-related curricula in dental and dental hygiene education within the last 20 years. Three studies met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Outcomes of the identified studies were abstracted and summarized independently by two investigators. RESULTS The first study describes a 2009 survey of pediatric dentistry residents. Approximately, half had received formal training yet they lacked essential knowledge or skills for managing children who were obese. The second study describes nutrition-related coursework offered in the second year of a predoctoral dental school curriculum in Saudi Arabia, and the third study reports on the development of an "oral health rotation" dietetic internship in a pediatric dentistry clinic, in the context of interprofessional education (IPE). CONCLUSIONS Evidence of dental schools' and dental hygiene programs' efforts to address obesity and SSB consumption in children in their curricula is scant, while Commission on Dental Accreditation standards make sporadic mentions of diet and nutrition. Opportunities exist to leverage existing resources and innovative, experiential approaches, including IPE, to formally, and effectively address this important issue in predoctoral oral health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimon Divaris
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Vaishnavi Bhaskar
- ITDP program, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathleen A McGraw
- User Services & School of Dentistry Liaison, Health Sciences Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Cappelli DP, Mobley CC. Association between Sugar Intake, Oral Health, and the Impact on Overall Health: Raising Public Awareness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40496-017-0142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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M Hugar S, S Dhariwal N, Majeed A, Badakar C, Gokhale N, Mistry L. Assessment of Vitamin B 12 and Its Correlation with Dental Caries and Gingival Diseases in 10- to 14-year-old Children: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017; 10:142-146. [PMID: 28890613 PMCID: PMC5571382 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To assess the level of vitamin B12 and correlate it with dental caries [decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) score] and gingival diseases [plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI)]. Design Healthy children according to the inclusion criteria were selected by the computerized randomization method from a school to assess the vitamin B12 levels using Centaur/ Versace machine. Materials and methods Blood samples were collected to assess vitamin B12 levels using automated analyzer. Oral examination was done by a single calibrated dentist. A thorough oral examination was carried out and the DMFT, PI, and GI scores of all the children were recorded and assessed. Data were analyzed using Karl Pearson’s correlation test. Results Vitamin B12 levels were deficient in 64% of the children. In boys, vitamin B12 deficiency was found in about 76.2%, whereas, in girls it was 57.1%, which was not statistically significant. The vitamin B12 deficient children showed a significantly high DMFT scores than the children with normal vitamin B12 levels. The Pearson’s correlation was -0.614 for DMFT, PI value -0.663, and GI value of -0.477. The negative correlation stated that there was a reverse relation between these indices and vitamin B12. Conclusion In children with systemic vitamin B12 deficiency, there is increased dental caries prevalence and associated gingival problems. How to cite this article Hugar SM, Dhariwal NS, Majeed A, Badakar C, Gokhale N, Mistry L. Assessment of Vitamin B12 and Its Correlation with Dental Caries and Gingival Diseases in 10- to 14-year-old Children: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):142-146.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivayogi M Hugar
- Professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry VK Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE University, Belagavi Karnataka, India
| | - Neha S Dhariwal
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry VK Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE University, Belagavi Karnataka, India
| | - Andleeb Majeed
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College KLE University, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandrashekhar Badakar
- Reader, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry VK Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE University, Belagavi Karnataka, India
| | - Niraj Gokhale
- Lecturer, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry VK Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE University, Belagavi Karnataka, India
| | - Laresh Mistry
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry VK Institute of Dental Sciences, KLE University, Belagavi Karnataka, India
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the caffeine and sugar content of all energy drinks available on the island of Ireland. DESIGN Two retail outlets were selected from each of: multinational, convenience and discount stores in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, and all available single-serve energy drinks were purchased. The cross-sectional survey was conducted in February 2015 and brand name, price, volume, caffeine and sugar content were recorded for each product. Descriptive analysis was performed. RESULTS Seventy-eight products were identified on the island of Ireland (regular, n 59; diet/sugar-free/light, n 19). Caffeine and sugar content was in the range of 14-35 mg and 2·9-15·6 g per 100 ml, respectively. Mean caffeine content of 102·2 mg per serving represents 25·6 % of the maximum intake advised for adults by the European Food Safety Authority. Per serving, mean sugar content of regular energy drinks was 37 g. This exceeds WHO recommendations for maximum daily sugar intake of <5 % of total energy intake (25 g for adults consuming 8368 kJ (2000 kcal) diet). If displaying front-of-pack labelling, fifty-seven of the fifty-nine regular energy drinks would receive a Food Standards Agency 'red' colour-coded label for sugar. CONCLUSIONS Energy drinks are freely available on the island of Ireland and all products surveyed can be defined as highly caffeinated products. This has potential health issues particularly for children and adolescents where safe limits of caffeine have not been determined. Energy drinks surveyed also contained high levels of sugar and could potentially contribute to weight gain and adverse dental health effects.
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Anil S, Anand PS. Early Childhood Caries: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Prevention. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:157. [PMID: 28770188 PMCID: PMC5514393 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries (ECC) is major oral health problem, mainly in socially disadvantaged populations. ECC affects infants and preschool children worldwide. The prevalence of ECC differs according to the group examined, and a prevalence of up to 85% has been reported for disadvantaged groups. ECC is the presence of one or more decayed, missing, or filled primary teeth in children aged 71 months (5 years) or younger. It begins with white-spot lesions in the upper primary incisors along the margin of the gingiva. If the disease continues, caries can progress, leading to complete destruction of the crown. The main risk factors in the development of ECC can be categorized as microbiological, dietary, and environmental risk factors. Even though it is largely a preventable condition, ECC remains one of the most common childhood diseases. The major contributing factors for the for the high prevalence of ECC are improper feeding practices, familial socioeconomic background, lack of parental education, and lack of access to dental care. Oral health plays an important role in children to maintain the oral functions and is required for eating, speech development, and a positive self-image. The review will focus on the prevalence, risk factors, and preventive strategies and the management of ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumaran Anil
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AI-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pradeep S Anand
- Department of Dentistry, ESIC Medical College, Parippally, India
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Patel AI, Grummon AH, Hampton KE, Oliva A, McCulloch CE, Brindis CD. A Trial of the Efficacy and Cost of Water Delivery Systems in San Francisco Bay Area Middle Schools, 2013. Prev Chronic Dis 2016; 13:E88. [PMID: 27390074 PMCID: PMC4951080 DOI: 10.5888/pcd13.160108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION US legislation requires that schools offer free drinking water where meals are served. However, little information is available about what types of water delivery systems schools should install to meet such requirements. The study objective was to examine the efficacy and cost of 2 water delivery systems (water dispensers and bottleless water coolers) in increasing students' lunchtime intake of water in low-income middle schools. METHODS In 2013, twelve middle schools in the San Francisco Bay Area participated in a cluster randomized controlled trial in which they received 6 weeks of promotional activities, received provision of cups, and were assigned to 1 of 2 cafeteria water delivery systems: water dispensers or bottleless water coolers (or schools served as a control). Student surveys (n = 595) and observations examined the interventions' effect on students' beverage intake and staff surveys and public data assessed intervention cost. RESULTS Analysis occurred from 2013 through 2015. Mixed-effects logistic regression, accounting for clustering and adjustment for student sociodemographic characteristics, demonstrated a significant increase in the odds of students drinking water in schools with promotion plus water dispensers and cups (adjusted odds ratio = 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-6.7; P = .004) compared with schools with traditional drinking fountains and no cups or promotion. The cost of dispenser and bottleless water cooler programs was similar ($0.04 per student per day). CONCLUSION Instead of relying on traditional drinking fountains, schools should consider installing water sources, such as plastic dispensers with cups, as a low-cost, effective means for increasing students' water intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha I Patel
- Division of General Pediatrics and Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California St, Suite 245, Mailbox 0503, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | - Anna H Grummon
- Division of General Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Ariana Oliva
- California Food Policy Advocates, Oakland, California
| | - Charles E McCulloch
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Claire D Brindis
- Division of General Pediatrics, Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, and Adolescent and Young Adult Health National Resource Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Shefferly A, Scharf RJ, DeBoer MD. Longitudinal evaluation of 100% fruit juice consumption on BMI status in 2-5-year-old children. Pediatr Obes 2016; 11:221-7. [PMID: 26110996 PMCID: PMC4734899 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity in childhood is related to multiple lifestyle factors. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between consumption of 100% fruit juice and weight status over time among pre-school children. METHODS We used linear and logistic multivariable regression to evaluate body mass index (BMI) z-score and overweight/obese status as a function of 100% fruit juice intake for 8950 children examined at ages 2, 4 and 5 years as part of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, a representative sample of the United States. RESULTS Cross-sectional analysis at ages 4 and 5 years showed no difference in the prevalence of overweight and obesity between consistent juice drinkers and inconsistent/non-drinkers. Longitudinal analysis found that children who drank 100% juice consistently at age 2 years had greater increases in BMI z-score by age 4 years than infrequent/non-drinkers (P < 0.0001), a difference driven by lesser increases in height z-score (P = 0.0003) and slightly greater increases in weight z-score (P = 0.0550) among consistent juice drinkers over the 2 to 4 year time period. Additionally, consistent juice drinkers at age 2 had higher odds of becoming overweight by age 4 (adjusted odds ratio 1.30; CI 1.06-1.60). These differences in growth parameters were not noted between ages 4 and 5 years. CONCLUSIONS Drinking 100% fruit juice regularly at age 2 is associated with higher odds of becoming overweight between 2 and 4 years. Paediatricians and parents can discourage excessive fruit juice consumption as part of a larger effort to avoid unhealthy gain in BMI in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Shefferly
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Rebecca J. Scharf
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Mark D. DeBoer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA,Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 800386, Charlottesville, VA 22908, Phone: 434-924-9833, Fax: 434-924-9181,
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71
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Infant Feeding Practices in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Cohort: The GUSTO Study. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8050293. [PMID: 27187461 PMCID: PMC4882706 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal introduction of complementary foods provides infants with nutritionally balanced diets and establishes healthy eating habits. The documentation of infant feeding practices in multi-ethnic Asian populations is limited. In a Singapore cohort study (GUSTO), 842 mother-infant dyads were interviewed regarding their feeding practices when the infants were aged 9 and 12 months. In the first year, 20.5% of infants were given dietary supplements, while 5.7% took probiotics and 15.7% homeopathic preparations. At age 9 months, 45.8% of infants had seasonings added to their foods, increasing to 56.3% at 12 months. At age 12 months, 32.7% of infants were given blended food, although 92.3% had begun some form of self-feeding. Additionally, 87.4% of infants were fed milk via a bottle, while a third of them had food items added into their bottles. At both time points, more than a third of infants were provided sweetened drinks via the bottle. Infants of Indian ethnicity were more likely to be given dietary supplements, have oil and seasonings added to their foods and consumed sweetened drinks from the bottle (p < 0.001). These findings provide a better understanding of variations in infant feeding practices, so that healthcare professionals can offer more targeted and culturally-appropriate advice.
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72
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Gussy M, Ashbolt R, Carpenter L, Virgo‐Milton M, Calache H, Dashper S, Leong P, de Silva A, de Livera A, Simpson J, Waters E. Natural history of dental caries in very young Australian children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2016; 26:173-83. [PMID: 25967851 PMCID: PMC5347873 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whilst the global burden of caries is increasing, the trajectory of decay in young children and the point at which prevention should occur has not been well established. AIM To identify the 'natural history' of dental caries in early childhood. DESIGN A birth cohort study was established with 467 mother/child dyads followed at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 36 months of age. Parent-completed surveys captured demographic, social, and behavioural data, and oral examinations provided clinical and data. RESULTS Eight per cent of children (95% confidence interval (CI): 5-12%) at 18 months and 23% (95% CI: 18-28%) at 36 months experienced decay. Interesting lesion behaviour was found between 18 and 36 months, with rapid development of new lesions on sound teeth (70% of teeth, 95% CI: 63-76%) and regression of many lesions from non-cavitated lesions to sound (23% of teeth, 95% CI: 17-30%). Significant associations were found between soft drink consumption and lesion progression. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest optimal time periods for screening and prevention of a disease which significantly impacts multiple health and well-being outcomes across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gussy
- Department of Dentistry and Oral HealthLa Trobe Rural Health SchoolLa Trobe UniversityBendigoVic.Australia,Melbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Rosie Ashbolt
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing ProgramMelbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia
| | - Lauren Carpenter
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing ProgramMelbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia
| | - Monica Virgo‐Milton
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing ProgramMelbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia
| | - Hanny Calache
- Dental Health Services VictoriaCarltonVic.Australia,Melbourne Dental SchoolUniversity of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia,Department of Dentistry and Oral HealthLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research CentreMelbourne Dental SchoolThe University of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia
| | - Pamela Leong
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing ProgramMelbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia,Early Life Epigenetics GroupMurdoch Childrens Research InstituteRoyal Childrens HospitalParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Andrea de Silva
- Melbourne Dental SchoolUniversity of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia,Centre for Applied Oral Health ResearchDental Health Services VictoriaCarltonVic.Australia
| | - Alysha de Livera
- Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsMelbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia
| | - Julie Simpson
- Centre for Epidemiology and BiostatisticsMelbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia
| | - Elizabeth Waters
- Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing ProgramMelbourne School of Population & Global HealthThe University of MelbourneCarltonVic.Australia
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Kolisa Y. Assessment of oral health promotion services offered as part of maternal and child health services in the Tshwane Health District, Pretoria, South Africa. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 2016; 8:e1-8. [PMID: 27247154 PMCID: PMC4845516 DOI: 10.4102/phcfm.v8i1.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The study aimed to assess the oral health promotion services provided as part of the maternal and child health (MCH) services in the Tshwane Health District, Pretoria, South Africa. Methods The research design was a descriptive cross-sectional study using a modified standard questionnaire. The population was drawn from the parents/caregivers (PCGs) and the MCH nurses at seven clinics during June 2012 and June 2013 in Pretoria. Results The nurses’ response rate was 83%; average age of 37 years. The majority of the nurses (65%) were females; 60% were professional nurses. Most (63%) of the nurses reported that they provided oral health education (OHE) services. A shortage of dental education materials (43%), staff time (48%), and staff training (52%) were large constraints to nurses providing OHE. The majority of PCGs (n = 382; mean age 31.5 years) had a low education level (76%). About 55% of PCGs received information on children’s oral health from the television and 35% at the MCH clinics. PCGs beliefs were worrying as about 38% believed primary dentition is not important and need not be saved. Conclusion There is evidence of minimal integration of OHE at MCH sites. Parents’ beliefs are still worrying as a significant number do not regard the primary dentition as important. The MCH site remains an important easily accessible area for integration of oral health services with general health in complementing efforts in prevention of early childhood caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Kolisa
- Department of Community Dentistry, University of Witwatersrand.
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74
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Haque SE, Rahman M, Itsuko K, Mutahara M, Kayako S, Tsutsumi A, Islam MJ, Mostofa MG. Effect of a school-based oral health education in preventing untreated dental caries and increasing knowledge, attitude, and practices among adolescents in Bangladesh. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:44. [PMID: 27016080 PMCID: PMC4807560 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a dearth of published literature that demonstrates the impact and effectiveness of school-based oral health education (OHE) program in Bangladesh and it is one of the most neglected activities in the field of public health. Keeping this in mind, the objectives of this study were to assess the effectiveness of OHE program in: 1) increasing oral health knowledge, attitude, and practices and 2) decreasing the prevalence of untreated dental caries among 6–8 grade school students in Bangladesh. Methods This intervention study was conducted in Araihazar Thana, Narayanganj district, Bangladesh during April 2012 to March 2013. The total participants were 944 students from three local schools. At baseline, students were assessed for oral health knowledge, attitude and practices using a self-administered structured questionnaire and untreated dental caries was assessed using clinical examination. Follow up study was done after 6 months from baseline. McNemar’s chi-square analysis was used to evaluate the impact of OHE program on four recurrent themes of oral health between the baseline and follow-up. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine the impact of the intervention group on our outcome variables. Results Significant improvement was observed regarding school aged adolescents’ self-reported higher knowledge, attitude and practices scores (p < 0.001) at follow-up compared with baseline. The prevalence of untreated dental caries of the study population after the OHE program was significantly (p < 0.01) reduced to 42.5 %. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that the OHE intervention remained a significant predictor in reducing the risk of untreated dental caries (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =0.51; 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 0.37, 0.81). In the follow-up period participants were 2.21 times (95 % CI = 1.87, 3.45) more likely to have higher level of knowledge regarding oral health compared to baseline. Compared with baseline participants in the follow-up were 1.89 times (95 % CI = 1.44–2.87) more likely to have higher attitude towards oral health. In addition, OHE intervention was found to be significantly associated with higher level of practices toward oral health (AOR = 1.64; 95 % CI = 1.12, 3.38). Conclusions This study indicated that OHE intervention was effective in increasing i) knowledge, ii) attitude, and iii) practices towards oral health; it also significantly reduced the prevalence of untreated dental caries among school aged adolescents from grade 6–8 in a deprived rural area of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Emdadul Haque
- UChicago Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health (UNU-IIGH), UKM Medical Centre, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mosiur Rahman
- Global Health Promotion, Division of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Medical and Dental University Yushima, 1-5-45 Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan. .,Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
| | - Kawashima Itsuko
- Honjo International Scholarship Foundation, 1-14-9 Tomigaya, Tokyo, 151-0063, Japan
| | - Mahmuda Mutahara
- Social Science Group, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sakisaka Kayako
- Faculty of Policy Studies, Chuo University, 742-1 Higashi-Nakano, Hachioji-shi Tokyo, 192-0393, Japan
| | - Atsuro Tsutsumi
- United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health (UNU-IIGH), UKM Medical Centre, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Md Jahirul Islam
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Mt Gravatt Campus, Griffith University, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mount Gravatt, QLD, 4122 Queensland, Australia
| | - Md Golam Mostofa
- Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
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75
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark D. DeBoer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908; ,
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76
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Wijtzes AI, Jansen W, Bouthoorn SH, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Jansen PW, Franco OH, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Raat H. PROP taster status, food preferences and consumption of high-calorie snacks and sweet beverages among 6-year-old ethnically diverse children. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2016; 13. [PMID: 26878993 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A healthy diet is important for optimal growth and development in children. Food preferences are a main determinant of children's intake. The aim of this study was to examine the associations of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) taster status (taste sensitivity to PROP) with children's food preferences and consumption of high-calorie snacks and sweet beverages among ethnically diverse children. We analysed data from 5585 6-year-old children enrolled in the Generation R Study, a birth cohort study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. PROP taster status was evaluated using a suprathreshold screening solution. Food preferences of the children were assessed by a two-stage protocol using photographs of eight food items (candy, chocolate, mayonnaise, whipped cream, soup, potato chips, carrot and bread), yielding both hedonic ratings (1-3) and rank order scores (1-8). Univariate and multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were performed, using tasters as the reference group. Non-tasters had a slightly higher preference for carrots (β: -0.07; 95% CI: -0.13, -0.02 and β: -0.15; 95% CI: -0.27, -0.02 for hedonic ratings and rank order scores, respectively) and bread (hedonic ratings; β: -0.06; 95% CI: -0.11, -0.01) compared with tasters. No differences were found in children's preference for sweet, fat or salty food items. Furthermore, there were no associations of PROP taster status with the consumption of high-calorie snacks ≥ 2 times/day (aOR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.91,1.24) or sweet beverages ≥ 3 glasses/day (aOR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.92,1.23). Other factors relating to the family food environment may be more important for young children's food preferences and consumption of high-calorie snacks and sweet beverages than their innate taste sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne I Wijtzes
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wilma Jansen
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Social Development, City of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Selma H Bouthoorn
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Pauline W Jansen
- Department of Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hein Raat
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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77
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Kalimbira A, Gondwe E. Consumption of sweetened beverages among school-going children in a densely populated township in Lilongwe, Malawi. Malawi Med J 2016; 27:55-9. [PMID: 26405513 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v27i2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing global childhood obesity pandemic has not spared low-income countries like Malawi, where 8% of children below the age of five years are overweight. Globally, regular consumption of sweetened beverages is implicated among the factors that fuel childhood obesity. Despite the growing problem, there are no local studies on any aspect of sweetened beverage consumption among children in Malawi that could help in guiding interventions and public health nutrition policies. AIM We aimed to assess sweetened beverage consumption among school-going children in Chilinde, a densely populated township in Lilongwe, the capital city of Malawi. METHODS A total of 60 school-going children whose caregivers gave verbal consent were included, and a structured questionnaire was administered to the caregiver (or other knowledgeable and responsible member of the household) of each eligible child. RESULTS Our results showed that 50 of the 60 children sampled were consuming a wide-range of sweetened beverages on a regular basis on any day of the week, mostly during meal times (n = 23), before going to school (n = 22), and after school (n = 19). One-third of the children were reportedly consuming up to 300 mL of several sweetened beverages per day. CONCLUSION Like in many countries around the world, consumption of sweetened beverages appears to be common among young school-going children in this urban setting in Malawi. As the country builds public health responses to the growing problem of non-communicable diseases, early preventive interventions among children should be given priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kalimbira
- Department of Human Nutrition & Health, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - E Gondwe
- Department of Human Nutrition & Health, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), Lilongwe, Malawi
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78
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Factors influencing young people's use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks. Appetite 2016; 96:408-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Dental caries affects ≤80% of the world's population with almost a quarter of US adults having untreated caries. Dental caries is costly to health care and negatively affects well-being. Dietary free sugars are the most important risk factor for dental caries. The WHO has issued guidelines that recommend intake of free sugars should provide ≤10% of energy intake and suggest further reductions to <5% of energy to protect dental health throughout life. These recommendations were informed by a systematic review of the evidence pertaining to amount of sugars and dental caries risk, which showed evidence of moderate quality from cohort studies that limiting free sugars to ≤10% of energy reduced, but did not eliminate, dental caries. Even low levels of dental caries in children are of concern because caries is a lifelong progressive and cumulative disease. The systematic review therefore explored if there were further benefits to dental health if the intake of free sugars was limited to <5% of energy. Available data were from ecologic studies and, although classified as being of low quality, showed lower dental caries when free sugar intake was <5% of energy compared with when it was >5% but ≤10% of energy. The WHO recommendations are intended for use by policy makers as a benchmark when assessing intake of sugars by populations and as a driving force for policy change. Multiple strategies encompassing both upstream and downstream preventive approaches are now required to translate the recommendations into policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Moynihan
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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80
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Water intake and beverage consumption of pre-schoolers from six European countries and associations with socio-economic status: the ToyBox-study. Public Health Nutr 2015; 19:2315-25. [PMID: 26680732 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980015003559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the quantity and quality of water intake from beverages among pre-schoolers and investigate associations with gender and socio-economic status (SES). DESIGN Kindergarten-based cross-sectional survey within the large-scale European ToyBox-study. A standardized protocol was used and parents/caregivers filled in sociodemographic data and a semi-quantitative FFQ. SETTING Kindergartens in six European countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland and Spain). SUBJECTS European pre-schoolers (aged 3·5-5·5 years) and their parents/caregivers (n 7051). RESULTS Mean water intake was 1051 ml/d; plain water, 547 ml/d; plain milk, 241 ml/d; other fruit juice, 104 ml/d; pure fruit juice, 59 ml/d; soft drinks, 55 ml/d; tea, 45 ml/d; sugared and chocolate milk, 37 ml/d; smoothies, 15 ml/d; and light soft drinks, 6 ml/d. Boys had a higher water intake than girls due to a higher consumption of plain water, but more importantly to the consumption of beverages of less quality. Lower-SES pre-schoolers scored better on quantity than high-SES pre-schoolers, but as a consequence of consumption of sugared beverages. Nevertheless, the associations differed by country. CONCLUSIONS The water intake from beverages did not meet the European Food Safety Authority standard of 1280 ml/d; especially in Western European countries water intake from beverages was low. The most important water sources were plain water, milk and fruit juices. Interventions aiming at a proper and sufficient water intake should focus on both quantity and quality. Messages about water and water sources should be clear for everyone and interventions should be sufficiently tailored.
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81
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Saido M, Asakura K, Masayasu S, Sasaki S. Relationship Between Dietary Sugar Intake and Dental Caries Among Japanese Preschool Children with Relatively Low Sugar Intake (Japan Nursery School SHOKUIKU Study): A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. Matern Child Health J 2015; 20:556-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s10995-015-1854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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82
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between vitamin D status and dental caries in Canadian school-aged children participating in the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). The CHMS was a national cross-sectional study involving physical assessments, laboratory analysis, and interviews. Analysis was restricted to data for 1,017 children 6 to 11 y of age. Outcome variables included the presence of caries and overall total caries score (dmft/DMFT index). Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) were measured from serum samples obtained from participants. Bivariate analysis, logistic regression for the presence of caries, and multiple linear regression for total caries scores were used. Significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Overall, 56.4% of children experienced caries, and the mean dmft/DMFT score was 2.47 (95% CI 2.09 to 2.84). The unadjusted odds of children with 25(OH)D levels ≥75 nmol/L having experienced caries was 0.57 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.82), while the odds for caries at the ≥50 nmol/L level was 0.56 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.89). After controlling for other covariates, backward logistic regression revealed that the presence of caries was significantly associated with 25(OH) levels <75 nmol/L and <50 nmol/L, lower household education, not brushing twice daily, and yearly visits to the dentist. Similarly, multiple linear regression revealed that total dmft/DMFT caries scores were also associated with 25(OH)D concentrations <75 nmol/L, not brushing twice daily, lower household education, and yearly visits to the dentist. Data from a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of Canadian children suggest that there is an association between caries and lower serum vitamin D. Improving children’s vitamin D status may be an additional preventive consideration to lower the risk for caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.J. Schroth
- The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- The Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - R. Rabbani
- The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- George Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - G. Loewen
- The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - M.E. Moffatt
- The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- The Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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83
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O'Hara JK, Haynes-Maslow L. Examining the Association Between School Vending Machines and Children's Body Mass Index by Socioeconomic Status. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 47:526-531.e1. [PMID: 26371992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between vending machine availability in schools and body mass index (BMI) among subgroups of children based on gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status classifications. METHODS First-difference multivariate regressions were estimated using longitudinal fifth- and eighth-grade data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study. The specifications were disaggregated by gender, race/ethnicity, and family socioeconomic status classifications. RESULTS Vending machine availability had a positive association (P < .10) with BMI among Hispanic male children and low-income Hispanic children. Living in an urban location (P < .05) and hours watching television (P < .05) were also positively associated with BMI for these subgroups. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program enrollment was negatively associated with BMI for low-income Hispanic students (P < .05). These findings were not statistically significant when using Bonferroni adjusted critical values. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The results suggest that the school food environment could reinforce health disparities that exist for Hispanic male children and low-income Hispanic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K O'Hara
- Food and Environment Program, Union of Concerned Scientists, Washington, DC
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84
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Chi DL, Hopkins S, O'Brien D, Mancl L, Orr E, Lenaker D. Association between added sugar intake and dental caries in Yup'ik children using a novel hair biomarker. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:121. [PMID: 26452647 PMCID: PMC4600323 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries (tooth decay) is a significant public health problem in Alaska Native children. Dietary added sugars are considered one of the main risk factors. In this cross-sectional pilot study, we used a validated hair-based biomarker to measure added sugar intake in Alaska Native Yup'ik children ages 6-17 years (N = 51). We hypothesized that added sugar intake would be positively associated with tooth decay. METHODS A 66-item parent survey was administered, a hair sample was collected from each child, and a dental exam was conducted. Added sugar intake (grams/day) was measured from hair samples using a linear combination of carbon and nitrogen ratios. We used linear and log-linear regression models with robust standard errors to test our hypothesis that children with higher added sugar intake would have a higher proportion of carious tooth surfaces. RESULTS The mean proportion of carious tooth surfaces was 30.8 % (standard deviation: 23.2 %). Hair biomarker-based added sugar intake was associated with absolute (6.4 %; 95 % CI: 1.2 %, 11.6 %; P = .02) and relative increases in the proportion of carious tooth surfaces (24.2 %; 95 % CI: 10.6 %, 39.4 %; P < .01). There were no associations between self-reported measures of sugar-sweetened food and beverage intake and tooth decay. CONCLUSIONS Added sugar intake as assessed by hair biomarker was significantly and positively associated with tooth decay in our sample of Yup'ik children. Self-reported dietary measures were not associated tooth decay. Most added sugars were from sugar-sweetened fruit drinks consumed at home. Future dietary interventions aimed at improving the oral health of Alaska Native children should consider use of objective biomarkers to assess and measure changes in home-based added sugar intake, particularly sugar-sweetened fruit drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Chi
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Box 357475, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Scarlett Hopkins
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Center for Alaska Native Health Research, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
| | - Diane O'Brien
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Center for Alaska Native Health Research, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
| | - Lloyd Mancl
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Box 357475, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Eliza Orr
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Center for Alaska Native Health Research, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
| | - Dane Lenaker
- Yukon Kuskokwim Health Corporation, Dentistry Department, Bethel, AK, USA.
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85
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has increased during the past 30 years, and SSB intake is associated with caries. CONCLUSIONS SSBs vary in the quantity and nature of sugars they contain; however, all of the sugars are fermentable by oral bacteria and potentially cariogenic. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Oral health care practitioners should assess patients' SSB intakes by asking questions regarding the quantity, frequency and duration of SSB intake. In response to individual behaviors, practitioners should tailor recommendations when providing anticipatory guidance to help patients decrease their exposure to SSBs for caries prevention. In light of the association between SSB intake and caries risk, as well as the increased consumption of SSBs, all dental practices should assess patients' SSBs intake.
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86
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Wilder JR, Kaste LM, Handler A, Chapple-McGruder T, Rankin KM. The association between sugar-sweetened beverages and dental caries among third-grade students in Georgia. J Public Health Dent 2015; 76:76-84. [PMID: 26339945 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to examine the association between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and caries experience among Georgia third graders. METHODS The 2010-2011 Georgia Third Grade Oral Health Study provided a school-based sample for analysis. Data were weighted to be representative of the state of Georgia's third graders. Log-binomial regression was used to assess the association between SSB consumption and caries experience after adjusting for socio-demographic and maternal and child oral health characteristics. RESULTS Georgia third graders consumed approximately two servings of SSB per day on average (1.7, 95% CI 1.6-1.8). Fifty-two percent of Georgia third graders had caries experience. Daily consumption of SSB and prevalence of caries experience differed significantly by demographic characteristics. After adjustment for socio-demographic and maternal oral health characteristics, caries experience increased 22 percent (adjusted PR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.1, 1.3) for every additional reported serving of SSB consumed per day. CONCLUSION Higher consumption of SSBs is associated with higher caries prevalence among Georgia third graders after adjustment for important covariates. Consequently, health messages about SSBs from dentists, physicians, and other healthcare providers as well as policy approaches at the school, state, and national levels to limit consumption of SSBs may collectively impact both the development of dental caries and obesity, leading to overall better health for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn R Wilder
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Linda M Kaste
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arden Handler
- Division of Community Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Kristin M Rankin
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, Chicago, IL, USA
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87
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Ghazal T, Levy SM, Childers NK, Broffitt B, Cutter GR, Wiener HW, Kempf MC, Warren J, Cavanaugh JE. Factors associated with early childhood caries incidence among high caries-risk children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2015; 43:366-74. [PMID: 25777317 PMCID: PMC4911172 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the relationships between different behavioral factors and Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in African-American pre-school children. METHODS Ninety-six African-American children aged 3-22 months old at baseline were recruited from a high caries risk, non-fluoridated African-American community in Uniontown, Alabama. The children had dental examinations annually following World Health Organization (WHO) criteria at mean ages 1.1, 2.0, 3.1 and 4.0 years. All children received fluoride varnish application at each study visit. Parents provided oral hygiene and dietary information semiannually by completing questionnaires. Area-under-the-curve (AUC) with the trapezoidal rule was used to summarize longitudinal exposure data. Bivariate and multivariable relationships between ECC incidence and behavioral risk factors were assessed using logistic regression and negative binomial modeling for dichotomous and count dependent variables, respectively, with the independent variables defined at age 1, age 3 and as the AUC. RESULTS Greater frequency of toothbrushing and greater AUC composite of daily frequency of consumption of 100% juices were associated with lower incidence of dental caries (P-values = 0.01 and 0.049, ORs = 0.34 and 0.37, respectively). Greater AUC of daily frequency of consumption of sweetened foods and history of a previous visit to a dentist by age 3 were associated with greater incidence of ECC (ORs = 9.22 and 4.57, P-values = 0.002 and 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSION For these children living in a non-fluoridated community, more frequent consumption of sweetened food, less frequent consumption of 100% juice, less frequent toothbrushing, and reporting a previous visit to a dentist were significantly associated with greater ECC incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Ghazal
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Steven M Levy
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Noel K Childers
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Barbara Broffitt
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Gary R Cutter
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Howard W Wiener
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mirjam C Kempf
- School of Nursing and Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John Warren
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joseph E Cavanaugh
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Hughes MJ, Gazmararian JA. The relationship between income and oral health among people with intellectual disabilities: a global perspective. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2015; 35:229-235. [PMID: 25939799 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scientific literature cites wide health disparities for people with intellectual disabilities compared to the general population. This study seeks to gain an understanding of the effects of income status on oral health in a global population of people with intellectual disabilities. METHODS Eighty-two thousand five hundred and seventy Special Olympics athletes were screened and eligible for inclusion in this study. The main exposure (income status) and selected oral health signs and symptoms (missing teeth, untreated decay, injury, gingivitis, and mouth pain) were used to conduct a cross-sectional analysis. Prevalence odds ratios were obtained through logistic regression. RESULTS Study participants from low-income countries experienced adverse health outcomes at a lower rate than expected. Study participants from upper middle, lower middle, and low-income countries had higher odds of mouth pain and untreated decay, yet lower odds of missing teeth, injury, and gingivitis, than participants from high-income countries. Overall, a great number of individuals from every income group required maintenance or urgent care. CONCLUSION Oral health problems are not exclusive to low-income study participants. Unexpectedly high odds of missing teeth, injury, and gingivitis in high-income countries may be attributed to the high proportion of participants from the United States, which is considered a high-income country but has large income disparities. Health-determining circumstances in low-income countries provide some protection from the hypothesized gradient of oral health for all measured outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hughes
- Graduate Student, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Julie A Gazmararian
- Associate Professor, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
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89
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Understanding how Latino parents choose beverages to serve to infants and toddlers. Matern Child Health J 2015; 18:1308-15. [PMID: 24077961 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-013-1364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To determine Latino parents' beliefs on the health effects of beverages on infants and toddlers, their sources of information on beverages and perceived barriers to following guidelines for healthy beverage consumption by children. We conducted 29 interviews with parents of Latino children ages 6-36 months. Parents were recruited in three community health centers in Northern California. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed using standard qualitative methods. The following dominant themes emerged. Parents believed that water and milk were healthy beverages for children and that sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) were unhealthy. Views on 100% fruit juice were mixed. Parents distinguished between homemade beverages such as "agua fresca" which they considered healthy, despite containing added sugar, and beverages from stores which were viewed as unhealthy. Participants' main source of information on beverages was the federal nutrition program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Parents were confused, however, as to why WIC provides juice yet counseled parents to avoid giving their children juice. Parents preferred to receive information on beverages from experts. Differing practices among family members regarding which beverages they provide to children was the most important barrier to following beverage guidelines. Our study suggests that Latino parents are receptive to counseling on beverages from expert sources. Such counseling should address both store-bought and homemade beverages. The WIC program is a key source of information on beverages for Latino parents; thus counseling offered by WIC should be evidence-based and avoid mixed messages.
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90
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Tanaka K, Hitsumoto S, Miyake Y, Okubo H, Sasaki S, Miyatake N, Arakawa M. Higher vitamin D intake during pregnancy is associated with reduced risk of dental caries in young Japanese children. Ann Epidemiol 2015; 25:620-5. [PMID: 25956333 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The intrauterine environment, including maternal nutrition status, may affect the development, formation, and mineralization of children's teeth. We assessed the relationship between self-reported maternal dietary vitamin D intake during pregnancy and the risk of dental caries among young Japanese children. METHODS This study is based on a prospective analysis of 1210 Japanese mother-child pairs. Information on maternal intake during pregnancy was collected using a validated diet history questionnaire. Data on oral examination at 36-46 months of age were obtained from the mothers, who transcribed the information from their maternal and child health handbooks to our self-administered questionnaire. Children were classified as having dental caries if one or more primary teeth had decayed or had been filled. RESULTS Compared with the lowest quartile of maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy, adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for quartiles 2, 3, and 4 were 1.06 (0.72-1.56), 0.53 (0.34-0.81), and 0.67 (0.44-1.02), respectively (P for trend = .01). When maternal vitamin D intake was treated as a continuous variable, the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 0.94 (0.89-0.995). CONCLUSIONS Higher maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy may be associated with a lower risk of dental caries in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Tanaka
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan.
| | | | - Yoshihiro Miyake
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Hitomi Okubo
- Department of Health Promotion, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sasaki
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Miyatake
- Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Japan
| | - Masashi Arakawa
- Health Tourism Research Center, Graduate School of Tourism Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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Punitha VC, Amudhan A, Sivaprakasam P, Rathanaprabu V. Role of dietary habits and diet in caries occurrence and severity among urban adolescent school children. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2015; 7:S296-300. [PMID: 26015737 PMCID: PMC4439697 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.155963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the role of dietary habits (type of diet, skipping meals, snacking in-between meals and frequency of visits to fast food restaurants) in caries occurrence and severity. To explore the correlation between frequency of intake of selected foods and dental caries. A cross-sectional study was carried out on adolescent children (n = 916) of age 13-19, following a two-stage random sampling technique. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire. Questionnaire included demographic details, dietary habits of children and food frequency table that listed selected food items. The dependent variable-dental caries was measured using the decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index. The prevalence of dental caries in this study population was 36.7% (95% confidence interval: 33.58-39.82). The mean DMFT was 1.01 (±1.74). No statistically significant difference found between caries occurrence and type of diet (P = 0.07), skipping meals (P = 0.86), frequency of eating in fast food stalls (0.86) and snacking in between meals (0.08). Mean DMFT values were higher among nonvegetarians and among children who had the habit of snacking in between meals. Frequency of intake of selected food items showed that mean frequency intake of carbonated drinks and confectionery was higher among children who presented with caries when compared to caries-free children (P = 0.000). Significant correlation found between mean DMFT and mean frequency intake of carbonated drinks and confectionery. Odds ratios were calculated for the same for frequency ≥4 times/day for confectionery and ≥4/week for carbonated drinks and results discussed. Frequent intake of carbonated drinks and confectionery is harmful to oral health that eventually reflects on general health. Educating the adolescent children on healthy dietary habits should be put in the forefront.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. C. Punitha
- Department of Community Medicine, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, University of MAHER, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A. Amudhan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Balaji Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P. Sivaprakasam
- Department of Community Medicine, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, University of MAHER, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V. Rathanaprabu
- Department of Dentistry, Kanchi Kamakoti Child Trust Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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92
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Do L, Spencer AJ. Contemporary multilevel analysis of the effectiveness of water fluoridation in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 2015; 39:44-50. [DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Loc Do
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health; The University of Adelaide; South Australia
| | - A. John Spencer
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health; The University of Adelaide; South Australia
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93
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Park S, Lin M, Onufrak S, Li R. Association of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake during Infancy with Dental Caries in 6-year-olds. Clin Nutr Res 2015; 4:9-17. [PMID: 25713788 PMCID: PMC4337927 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2015.4.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine whether sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake during infancy is associated with dental caries by age 6, a longitudinal analysis of 1,274 U.S. children was conducted using data from the 2005-2007 Infant Feeding Practices Study II and the 2012 Follow-up Study at 6 years of age. The exposure variables were maternal-reported SSB intakes during infancy (i.e., any SSB intake during infancy, age at SSB introduction during infancy, and average frequency of SSB intake during 10-12 months of age). The outcome variable was maternal-reported dental caries of their 6-year-old in his/her lifetime. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for associations of SSB intake during infancy with having dental caries among 6-year-olds after controlling for baseline characteristics of children and mothers and child's tooth brushing habits and sweet food intake at follow-up. Based on maternal recall, almost 40% of 6-year-olds had dental caries in their lifetime. Adjusted odds of having dental caries was significantly associated with higher frequency of SSB intake during 10-12 months (aOR=1.83 for ≥3 times/week, vs. none). Any SSB intake during infancy and age at SSB introduction during infancy were not associated with dental caries. In conclusion, frequent SSB intake during 10-12 months of age significantly increased the likelihood of having dental caries among 6-year-olds. Late infancy may be an important time for mothers to establish healthy beverage practices for their children. These findings can be used to inform efforts to reduce dental caries among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Park
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Mei Lin
- Division of Oral Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Stephen Onufrak
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Ruowei Li
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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94
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Doichinova L, Bakardjiev P, Peneva M. Assessment of food habits in children aged 6-12 years and the risk of caries. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014; 29:200-204. [PMID: 26019634 PMCID: PMC4433830 DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2014.989180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Food is necessary for the proper growth and development of children. The excessive intake of low-molecular carbohydrates constitutes a serious health issue, which has an unfavourable impact on the dental health status. The aim of this study was to assess the food habits in healthy children aged 6–12 years and the effect on their oral risk profile. The study included 100 children. The assessment of their nutrition was done with the help of a seven-day reproduction of the food intake and a survey used to determine their underlying food habits and preferences. The results revealed unbalanced nutrition of the children and increased intake of simple sugar, which will increase the risk of development of dental caries. The observed high levels of DMFT (number of decayed, missing and filled teeth) in 54% of the children is a logical result of the frequent intake of sugary foods and beverages for a long period of time, as this will increase the acid production by microorganisms in dental plaque, which is one of the leading etiologic factors for the development of caries. It is necessary for dentists to administer control over the carbohydrate intake and the food habits of children, as well as to encourage non-cariogenic diet in order to keep their good oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya Doichinova
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Sofia , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Peter Bakardjiev
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Sofia , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Milena Peneva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Sofia , Sofia , Bulgaria
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95
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Vargas CM, Dye BA, Kolasny CR, Buckman DW, McNeel TS, Tinanoff N, Marshall TA, Levy SM. Early childhood caries and intake of 100 percent fruit juice: Data from NHANES, 1999-2004. J Am Dent Assoc 2014; 145:1254-61. [PMID: 25429039 PMCID: PMC7359733 DOI: 10.14219/jada.2014.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results of several studies conducted in the United States show no association between intake of 100 percent fruit juice and early childhood caries (ECC). The authors examined this association according to poverty and race/ethnicity among U.S. preschool children. METHODS The authors analyzed data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for 2,290 children aged 2 through 5 years. They used logistic models for caries (yes or no) to assess the association between caries and intake of 100 percent fruit juice, defined as consumption (yes or no), ounces (categories) consumed in the previous 24 hours or usual intake (by means of a statistical method from the National Cancer Institute). RESULTS The association between caries and consumption of 100 percent fruit juice (yes or no) was not statistically significant in an unadjusted logistic model (odds ratio [OR], 0.76; 95 percent confidence interval [CI], 0.57-1.01), and it remained nonsignificant after covariate adjustment (OR, 0.89; 95 percent CI, 0.63-1.24). Similarly, models in which we evaluated categorical consumption of 100 percent juice (that is, 0 oz; > 0 and ≤ 6 oz; and > 6 oz), unadjusted and adjusted by covariates, did not indicate an association with ECC. CONCLUSIONS Our study findings are consistent with those of other studies that show consumption of 100 percent fruit juice is not associated with ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemencia M Vargas
- Dr. Vargas is an associate professor, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, 650 W. Baltimore St., Room 2217, Baltimore, Md. 21201, email . Address correspondence to Dr. Vargas
| | - Bruce A Dye
- Dr. Dye is a dental epidemiology officer, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Md
| | - Catherine R Kolasny
- Ms. Kolasny is a dental student, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Dennis W Buckman
- Dr. Buckman is a statistician, Information Management Services, Calverton, Md
| | - Timothy S McNeel
- Mr. McNeel is a senior systems analyst, Information Management Services, Calverton, Md
| | - Norman Tinanoff
- Dr. Tinanoff is a professor and chief, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Teresa A Marshall
- Dr. Marshall is an associate professor, Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Steven M Levy
- Dr. Levy is Wright-Bush Shreves Professor of Research and graduate program associate director, Dental Public Health, College of Dentistry, and a professor, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City
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96
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Hasselkvist A, Johansson A, Johansson AK. Association between soft drink consumption, oral health and some lifestyle factors in Swedish adolescents. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72:1039-46. [PMID: 25183250 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2014.946964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate the relationship between soft drink consumption, oral health and some lifestyle factors in Swedish adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS A clinical dental examination and a questionnaire concerning lifestyle factors, including drinking habits, oral hygiene, dietary consumption, physical activity and screen-viewing habits were completed. Three hundred and ninety-two individuals completed the study (13-14 years, n = 195; 18-19 years, n = 197). The material was divided into high and low carbonated soft drink consumption groups, corresponding to approximately the highest and the lowest one-third of subjects in each age group. Differences between the groups were tested by the Mann-Whitney U-test and logistic regression. RESULTS Intake of certain dietary items, tooth brushing, sports activities, meal patterns, screen-viewing behaviors, BMI and parents born outside Sweden differed significantly between high and low consumers in one or both of the two age groups. Dental erosion (both age groups) and DMFT/DMFS (18-19 years group) were significantly higher in the high consumption groups. Logistic regression showed predictive variables for high consumption of carbonated soft drinks to be mainly gender (male), unhealthy dietary habits, lesser physical activity, higher BMI and longer time spent in front of TV/computer. CONCLUSION High soft drink consumption was related to poorer oral health and an unhealthier lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Hasselkvist
- Department of Clinical Dentistry-Cariology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
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97
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Breda JJ, Whiting SH, Encarnação R, Norberg S, Jones R, Reinap M, Jewell J. Energy drink consumption in europe: a review of the risks, adverse health effects, and policy options to respond. Front Public Health 2014; 2:134. [PMID: 25360435 PMCID: PMC4197301 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the worldwide consumption of energy drinks increasing in recent years, concerns have been raised both in the scientific community and among the general public about the health effects of these products. Recent studies provide data on consumption patterns in Europe; however, more research is needed to determine the potential for adverse health effects related to the increasing consumption of energy drinks, particularly among young people. A review of the literature was conducted to identify published articles that examined the health risks, consequences, and policies related to energy drink consumption. The health risks associated with energy drink consumption are primarily related to their caffeine content, but more research is needed that evaluates the long-term effects of consuming common energy drink ingredients. The evidence indicating adverse health effects due to the consumption of energy drinks with alcohol is growing. The risks of heavy consumption of energy drinks among young people have largely gone unaddressed and are poised to become a significant public health problem in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Joaquim Breda
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephen Hugh Whiting
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ricardo Encarnação
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stina Norberg
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Jones
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marge Reinap
- WHO Country Office for Estonia, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jo Jewell
- Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme, Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-Course, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
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98
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Rader RK, Mullen KB, Sterkel R, Strunk RC, Garbutt JM. Opportunities to reduce children's excessive consumption of calories from beverages. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2014; 53:1047-54. [PMID: 24990366 PMCID: PMC4157093 DOI: 10.1177/0009922814540989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe children's consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and 100% fruit juice (FJ), and identify factors that may reduce excessive consumption. DESIGN A total of 830 parents of young children completed a 36-item questionnaire at the pediatricians' office. RESULTS Children consumed soda (62.2%), other SSBs (61.6%), and FJ (88.2%): 26.9% exceeded the American Academy of Pediatrics' recommended daily FJ intake. 157 (18.9%) children consumed excessive calories (>200 kcal/d) from beverages (median = 292.2 kcal/d, range 203.8-2177.0 kcal/d). Risk factors for excessive calorie consumption from beverages were exceeding recommendations for FJ (odds ratio [OR] = 119.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 52.2-274.7), being 7 to 12 years old (OR = 4.3, 95%CI = 1.9-9.9), and having Medicaid insurance (OR = 2.6, 95%CI = 1.1-6.0). Parents would likely reduce beverage consumption if recommended by the physician (65.6%). CONCLUSIONS About 1 in 5 children consumes excessive calories from soda, other SSBs and FJ, with FJ the major contributor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K. Rader
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Kathy B. Mullen
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Randall Sterkel
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO,St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO
| | - Robert C. Strunk
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jane M. Garbutt
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO,Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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99
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Zeinhom MM, Abdel-Latef GK. Public health risk of some milk borne pathogens. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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100
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of beverage consumption patterns using the first nationally representative survey of dietary intake in Brazil. DESIGN Beverage consumption data were obtained by 1 d food records in an individual dietary survey. SETTING Nationwide cross-sectional survey, 2008-2009. SUBJECTS Nationally representative sample of individuals aged ≥10 years (n 34 003). RESULTS Beverages contributed 17.1 % of total energy consumption. Caloric coffee beverages provided the greatest level of energy overall (464 kJ (111 kcal)/d). Individuals aged 10-18 years (243 kJ (58 kcal)/d) and 19-39 years (230 kJ (55 kcal)/d) consumed a higher proportion of energy from sugar-sweetened soft drinks than individuals over this age (142 kJ (34 kcal)/d for those aged 40-59 years and 79 kJ (19 kcal)/d for those aged ≥60 years). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the contribution of beverages, particularly sugary beverages, to total energy consumption in Brazil represents an important public health challenge and is comparable with those from other countries.
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