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Björkqvist J, Kuula J, Kuula L, Nurhonen M, Hovi P, Räikkönen K, Pesonen A, Kajantie E. Chronotype in very low birth weight adults - a sibling study. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:1023-1033. [PMID: 32354238 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1754847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronotype is the temporal preference for activity and sleep during the 24 h day and is linked to mental and physical health, quality of life, and mortality. Later chronotypes, so-called "night owls", consistently display poorer health outcomes than "larks". Previous studies have suggested that preterm birth (<37 weeks of gestation) is associated with an earlier chronotype in children, adolescents, and young adults, but studies beyond this age are absent. Our aim was to determine if adults born preterm at very low birth weight (VLBW, ≤1500 g) display different chronotypes than their siblings. We studied VLBW adults, aged 29.9 years (SD 2.8), matched with same-sex term-born siblings as controls. A total of 123 participants, consisting of 53 sibling pairs and 17 unmatched participants, provided actigraphy-derived data on the timing, duration, and quality of sleep from 1640 nights (mean 13.3 per participant, SD 2.7). Mixed effects models provided estimates and significance tests. Compared to their siblings, VLBW adults displayed 27 min earlier sleep midpoint during free days (95% CI: 3 to 51 min, p =.029). This was also reflected in the timing of falling asleep, waking up, and sleep-debt corrected sleep midpoint. The findings were emphasized in VLBW participants born small for gestational age. VLBW adults displayed an earlier chronotype than their siblings still at age 30, which suggests that the earlier chronotype is an enduring individual trait not explained by shared family factors. This preference could provide protection from risks associated with preterm birth. ABBREVIATIONS AGA: Appropriate for gestational age; ELBW: Extremely low birth weight, ≤ 1000 grams; FMBR: Finnish Medical Birth Registry; HeSVA: Helsinki Study of Very low birth weight Adults; MSFsc: Midsleep on free days, corrected for sleep debt; SGA: Small for gestational age, ≤ -2 SD; VLBW: Very low birth weight, ≤ 1500 grams; WASO: Wake after sleep onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Björkqvist
- Children's Hospital, and Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health Promotion, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho Kuula
- Department of Public Health Promotion, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Kuula
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Nurhonen
- Department of Public Health Promotion, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petteri Hovi
- Children's Hospital, and Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health Promotion, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Pesonen
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Children's Hospital, and Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health Promotion, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim, Norway
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Growth patterns and body composition in former extremely low birth weight (ELBW) neonates until adulthood: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179:757-771. [PMID: 31901983 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-019-03552-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Preterm infants are obviously born lighter and shorter, with smaller head circumferences than normal birth weight term born neonates. They also have a different body composition. Compromised growth is associated with adverse health outcomes. Both growth retardation and accelerated growth are suggested to cause metabolic, cardiovascular, and renal complications. Reviews regarding growth and body composition in preterm infants often do not differentiate between birth weight and gestational age. The purpose of this systematic review is to assemble growth data, specific in extremely low birth weight children. Different databases were searched for studies regarding growth and body composition in former extremely low birth weight infants until adulthood. We compared height, weight, head circumference, body mass index, fat mass, lean mass, fat distribution, and body water to matched normal birth weight controls and the World Health Organization growth charts. Studies consistently reported that former extremely low birth weight neonates experience a period of accelerated postnatal growth, but they achieve lower anthropometric parameters than normal birth weight children. There is no consensus about differences in body composition and how to measure this.Conclusion: Although extremely low birth weight infants exhibit a period of catch-up growth, their growth remains retarded later in life. Further research is needed to investigate body composition and the associated risk of cardiovascular diseases or metabolic syndrome.What is Known:• Extremely low birth weight infants have lower anthropometric parameters and a different body composition at birth and term-corrected age than normal birth weight infants.• Former extremely low birth weight infants also have a higher risk on adverse cardiovascular health outcomes in later life.What is New:• After hospital discharge, extremely low birth weight neonates remain smaller and probably also lighter, with smaller head circumferences at each corrected age throughout childhood and adolescence when compared to normal birth weight infants or the World Health Organization growth charts. It is not clear whether extremely low birth weight infants reach a lower or similar body mass index score as normal birth weight infants.• There is a lack of (long-term) information on body composition in extremely low birth weight infants.
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Flahault A, Paquette K, Fernandes RO, Delfrate J, Cloutier A, Henderson M, Lavoie JC, Mâsse B, Nuyt AM, Luu TM, Alos N, Bertagnolli M, Bigras JL, Curnier D, Dartora DR, Ducruet T, El-Jalbout R, Girard-Bock C, Gyger G, Hamel P, Lapeyraque AL, Mian MOR, Orlando V, Xie LF. Increased Incidence but Lack of Association Between Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults Born Preterm. Hypertension 2020; 75:796-805. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth incurs an increased risk of early cardiovascular events and death. In the general population, cardiovascular risk factors cluster in the context of inflammation and oxidative stress. Whether this also occurs in young adults born preterm is unknown. We analyzed 101 healthy young adults (ages 18–29) born preterm (≤29 weeks of gestation) and 105 full-term controls, predominantly (90%) white. They underwent a comprehensive clinical and biological evaluation, including measurement of blood pressure, lung function (spirometry), glucose metabolism (fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and oral glucose tolerance test), as well as biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Individuals born preterm were at higher risk than those born full-term of stage ≥1 hypertension (adjusted odds ratio, 2.91 [95% CI, 1.51–5.75]), glucose intolerance (adjusted odds ratio, 2.22 [95% CI, 1.13–4.48]), and airflow limitation (adjusted odds ratio, 3.47 [95% CI, 1.76–7.12]). Hypertension was strongly associated with adiposity and with glucose intolerance in participants born full-term but not in those born preterm. We did not find any group difference in levels of biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. In individuals born preterm, inflammation, and oxidative stress were not related to hypertension or glucose intolerance but were associated with adiposity. In those born preterm, cardiovascular risk factors were not related to each other suggesting different pathophysiological pathways leading to the development of cardiovascular risk following preterm birth. Clinicians should consider screening for these abnormalities irrespectively of other risk factors in this at-risk population.
Clinical Trial Registration
URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT03261609.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Flahault
- From the Department of Pediatrics (A.F., K.P., R.O.F., J.D., A.C., M.H., A.M.N., T.M.L.), Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katryn Paquette
- From the Department of Pediatrics (A.F., K.P., R.O.F., J.D., A.C., M.H., A.M.N., T.M.L.), Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rafael Oliveira Fernandes
- From the Department of Pediatrics (A.F., K.P., R.O.F., J.D., A.C., M.H., A.M.N., T.M.L.), Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacques Delfrate
- From the Department of Pediatrics (A.F., K.P., R.O.F., J.D., A.C., M.H., A.M.N., T.M.L.), Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anik Cloutier
- From the Department of Pediatrics (A.F., K.P., R.O.F., J.D., A.C., M.H., A.M.N., T.M.L.), Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Henderson
- From the Department of Pediatrics (A.F., K.P., R.O.F., J.D., A.C., M.H., A.M.N., T.M.L.), Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Lavoie
- Department of Nutrition (J.-C.L.), Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoît Mâsse
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health (B.M.), Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Monique Nuyt
- From the Department of Pediatrics (A.F., K.P., R.O.F., J.D., A.C., M.H., A.M.N., T.M.L.), Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thuy Mai Luu
- From the Department of Pediatrics (A.F., K.P., R.O.F., J.D., A.C., M.H., A.M.N., T.M.L.), Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Karvonen R, Sipola M, Kiviniemi AM, Tikanmäki M, Järvelin MR, Eriksson JG, Tulppo MP, Vääräsmäki M, Kajantie E. Postexercise Heart Rate Recovery in Adults Born Preterm. J Pediatr 2019; 214:89-95.e3. [PMID: 31399247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate postexercise heart rate recovery (HRR) in adults born preterm. STUDY DESIGN We studied the association between preterm birth and postexercise HRR in 545 adults (267 women) at 23.3 years of age (range 19.9-26.3 years). One hundred three participants were born early preterm (<34 completed weeks), 178 late preterm (34-36), and 264 were full term (control group). HRR was calculated as change in heart rate (HR) 30 seconds and 60 seconds after cessation of submaximal step test and maximum HR slope during the first minute after. RESULTS Mean peak HR was 159.5 bpm in the early preterm (P = .16 with controls), 157.8 bpm in the late preterm (P = .56), and 157.0 bpm in the control group. Mean HRR 30 seconds after exercise was 3.2 bpm (95% CI 1.1-5.2) lower in the early preterm group and 2.1 bpm (0.3-3.8) lower in the late preterm group than the full term controls. Mean 60s HRR was 2.5 (-0.1 to 5.1) lower in the early preterm group and 2.8 bpm (0.6-4.9) lower in the late preterm group. Mean maximum slope after exercise was 0.10 beats/s (0.02-0.17) lower in the early preterm group and 0.06 beats/s (0.00-0.12) lower in the late preterm group. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest reduced HRR after exercise in adults born preterm, including those born late preterm. This suggests altered reactivation of the parasympathetic nervous system, which may contribute to cardiovascular risk among adults born preterm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risto Karvonen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland; PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Marika Sipola
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland; PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti M Kiviniemi
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjaana Tikanmäki
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland; PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Children and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Unit of Primary Care Unit, Oulu, Finland; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland; Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mikko P Tulppo
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marja Vääräsmäki
- Department of Children and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland; PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland; PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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55
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The children of preterm survivors: shyness, parenting, and parental stress. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2019; 11:410-414. [PMID: 31619308 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174419000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) survivors have higher rates of shyness, a risk factor for poorer outcomes across the life span. Due to advances in fetal and neonatal medicine, the first generation of ELBW survivors have survived to adulthood and become parents. However, no studies have investigated the transmission of their stress vulnerability to their offspring. We explored this phenomenon using a population-based cohort of ELBW survivors and normal birth weight (NBW) controls. Using data from three generations, we examined whether the shyness and parenting stress of ELBW and NBW participants (Generation 2) mediated the relation between the parenting style of their parents (Generation 1) and shyness in their offspring (Generation 3), and the extent to which exposure to perinatal adversity (Generation 2) moderated this mediating effect. We found that among ELBW survivors, parenting stress (in Generation 2) mediated the relation between overprotective parenting style in Generation 1 (grandparents) and child shyness in Generation 3. These findings suggest that perinatal adversity and stress may be transmitted to the next generation in humans, as reflected in their perceptions of their children as shy and socially anxious, a personality phenotype that may subsequently place their children at risk of later mental and physical health problems.
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Low Birthweight Is Associated with Higher Risk of High Blood Pressure in Chinese Girls: Results from a National Cross-Sectional Study in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162898. [PMID: 31412652 PMCID: PMC6718998 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the relationship between low birthweight (LBW) and blood pressure and to assess whether LBW leads to a higher risk of high blood pressure (HBP) by gender in Chinese students aged 6–18 years. Also, to investigate whether the association was affected by childhood obesity. Methods: Data was obtained from a baseline dataset of a national school-based program. Anthropometric parameters, including height, weight, and blood pressure, were measured, while birthweight and other characteristics were obtained from questionnaires. Stratified chi-squared tests were used to compare the prevalence of HBP between LBW and normal birthweight (NBW) groups in each age and sex category. Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to estimate the HBP risks in each birthweight group. Results: Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed a U-shaped relationship with increased birthweight. Compared to NBW groups, LBW girls showed a higher HBP risk, with an odds ratio of 1.29 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.64, p = 0.033), regardless of their current body mass index status, while no significant association in boys was found. Conclusions: Low birthweight is associated with higher HBP risk in adolescent girls, regardless of their childhood BMI status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Flahault
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thuy Mai Luu
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne Monique Nuyt
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Villar J, Giuliani F, Figueras-Aloy J, Barros F, Bertino E, Bhutta ZA, Kennedy SH. Growth of preterm infants at the time of global obesity. Arch Dis Child 2019; 104:725-727. [PMID: 30032114 PMCID: PMC6662948 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-315006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Villar
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Francesca Giuliani
- Ospedale Infantile Regina Margherita-Sant’Anna, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Fernando Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche e dell’Adolescenza, Cattedra di Neonatologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Center for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen H Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health and Oxford Maternal & Perinatal Health Institute, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A growing body of epidemiological and experimental data indicate that nutritional or environmental stressors during early development can induce long-term adaptations that increase risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic conditions-a phenomenon termed "developmental programming." A common phenotype in humans and animal models is altered body composition, with reduced muscle and bone mass, and increased fat mass. In this review, we summarize the recent literature linking prenatal factors to future body composition and explore contributing mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Many prenatal exposures, including intrauterine growth restriction, extremes of birth weight, maternal obesity, and maternal diabetes, are associated with increased fat mass, reduced muscle mass, and decreased bone density, with effects reported throughout infancy and childhood, and persisting into middle age. Mechanisms and mediators include maternal diet, breastmilk composition, metabolites, appetite regulation, genetic and epigenetic influences, stem cell commitment and function, and mitochondrial metabolism. Differences in body composition are a common phenotype following disruptions to the prenatal environment, and may contribute to developmental programming of obesity and diabetes risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Isganaitis
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, 1 Joslin Place, Room 655A, Boston, 02215, MA, USA.
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Markopoulou P, Papanikolaou E, Analytis A, Zoumakis E, Siahanidou T. Preterm Birth as a Risk Factor for Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease in Adult Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pediatr 2019; 210:69-80.e5. [PMID: 30992219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if preterm birth is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome in adult life. STUDY DESIGN A structured literature search was performed using PubMed. All comparative studies reported metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes in adults (≥18 years of age) born preterm (<37 weeks of gestation) compared with adults born at term (37-42 weeks of gestation) and published through March 2018 were included. The major outcomes assessed were body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, fat mass, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), 24-hour SBP, 24-hour DBP, endothelium-dependent brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, carotid intima-media thickness, pulse wave velocity, fasting glucose and insulin, Homeostasis Model Assessment-Estimated Insulin Resistance Index, and lipid profiles. Quality appraisal was performed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. A meta-analysis was performed for comparable studies which reported sufficient data. RESULTS Forty-three studies were included, including a combined total of 18 295 preterm and 294 063 term-born adults. Prematurity was associated with significantly higher fat mass (P = .03), SBP (P < .0001), DBP (P < .0001), 24-hour SBP (P < .001), and 24-hour DBP (P < .001). Furthermore, preterm-born adults presented higher values of fasting glucose (P = .01), insulin (P = .002), Homeostasis Model Assessment-Estimated Insulin Resistance Index (P = .05), and total cholesterol levels (P = .05) in comparison with adults born at term, in random effect models. No statistically significant difference was found between preterm and term-born adults for the other outcomes studied. CONCLUSIONS Preterm birth is strongly associated with a number of components of the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Markopoulou
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Papanikolaou
- Laboratory of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonis Analytis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Zoumakis
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Tania Siahanidou
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Jones DW, Clark D, Hall ME. Preterm Birth Is Associated With Increased Blood Pressure in Young Adults: Important Opportunities for Blood Pressure Management. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e013109. [PMID: 31164028 PMCID: PMC6645629 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
See Article Skudder-Hill et al.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald Clark
- University of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMS
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Karvonen R, Sipola M, Kiviniemi A, Tikanmäki M, Järvelin MR, Eriksson JG, Tulppo M, Vääräsmäki M, Kajantie E. Cardiac Autonomic Function in Adults Born Preterm. J Pediatr 2019; 208:96-103.e4. [PMID: 30732997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate cardiac autonomic function in adults born preterm. STUDY DESIGN We studied the association between prematurity and cardiac autonomic function using heart rate variability measurements in 600 adults (mean age of 23.3 years) from a geographically based cohort in Northern Finland. There were 117 young adults born early preterm (<34 weeks), 207 born late preterm (34-36 weeks), and 276 born at term (≥37 weeks, controls). Autonomic function was analyzed by calculating time and frequency domain heart rate variability measurements using linear regression. RESULTS Compared with controls, the mean difference in root mean square of successive differences (indicating cardiac vagal activity) was -12.0% (95% CI -22.2%, -0.5%, adjusted for sex, age, source cohort, and season P = .04) for the early preterm group and -7.8% (-16.8%, 2.0%, P = .12) for the late preterm group. Mean differences with controls in low frequency power (indicating cardiac vagal activity, including some sympathetic- and baroreflex-mediated effects) were -13.6% (-26.7%, 1.8%, P = .08) for the early preterm group and -16.4% (-27.0%, -4.3%, P = .01) for the late preterm group. Mean differences in high frequency power (quantifying cardiac vagal modulation in respiratory frequency) were -19.2% (-36.6%, 2.9%, P = .09) for the early preterm group and -13.8% (-29.4%, 5.3%, P = .15) for the late preterm group. Differences were attenuated when controlled for body mass index and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest altered autonomic regulatory control in adults born preterm, including those born late preterm. Altered autonomic regulatory control may contribute to increased cardiovascular risk in adults born preterm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risto Karvonen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland; Research Unit for Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Surgery, Child Psychiatry, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology (PEDEGO), Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Marika Sipola
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland; Research Unit for Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Surgery, Child Psychiatry, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology (PEDEGO), Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Institute of Health Sciences, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti Kiviniemi
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjaana Tikanmäki
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland; Research Unit for Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Surgery, Child Psychiatry, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology (PEDEGO), Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Institute of Health Sciences, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Children and Families, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Unit of Primary Care Unit, Oulu, Finland; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Medical Research Council Health Protection Agency Center for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Tulppo
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marja Vääräsmäki
- Research Unit for Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Surgery, Child Psychiatry, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology (PEDEGO), Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Families, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu and Helsinki, Finland; Research Unit for Pediatrics, Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Surgery, Child Psychiatry, Dermatology, Clinical Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology (PEDEGO), Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Hospital of Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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63
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Darlow BA, Martin J, Horwood LJ. Metabolic Syndrome in Very Low Birth Weight Young Adults and Controls: The New Zealand 1986 VLBW Study. J Pediatr 2019; 206:128-133.e5. [PMID: 30545563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the physical well-being and components of the metabolic syndrome in a national cohort of very low birth weight (VLBW) young adults and same age controls. STUDY DESIGN The New Zealand VLBW Study cohort prospectively included all infants with birth weight <1500 g born in 1986, with 338 (82%) surviving to discharge home. Height and weight were measured at age 7-8 years. The VLBW cohort (n = 229; 71% alive) and term-born controls (n = 100) aged 27-29 years were clinically assessed in a single center over 2 days, including assessment for components of the metabolic syndrome. RESULTS Compared with controls, both male and female VLBW adults were significantly shorter (P < .001), but only females were lighter (P < .001) and had lower mean body mass index (P = .044), fat mass, and body fat percentage. Males, but not females, had significantly higher systolic blood pressure (P = .028), but there were no significant differences in other components of the metabolic syndrome. There was no difference in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in VLBW adults compared with controls (males, 22.2% vs 11.1%; P = .15: females, 12.8% vs 13.1%; P = .95). Examining the VLBW cohort with logistic regression, male sex, gestational age <28 weeks, Māori/Pacific Island ethnicity, and body mass index >90th percentile at age 7-8 years were significant predictors for the metabolic syndrome at age 27-29 years, with ORs of 2-4. CONCLUSIONS Systolic blood pressure in males was the only component of the metabolic syndrome that was significantly elevated in VLBW adults compared with controls. Extreme prematurity (<28 weeks) and body mass index >90th percentile at age 7-8 years were significant predictors of the metabolic syndrome at age 27-29 years. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered at the Australian Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12612000995875.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Darlow
- Department of Paediatrics, Christchurch Health and Development Study, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Julia Martin
- Department of Paediatrics, Christchurch Health and Development Study, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - L John Horwood
- Christchurch Health and Development Study, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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64
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Engan M, Vollsæter M, Øymar K, Markestad T, Eide GE, Halvorsen T, Juliusson P, Clemm H. Comparison of physical activity and body composition in a cohort of children born extremely preterm or with extremely low birth weight to matched term-born controls: a follow-up study. BMJ Paediatr Open 2019; 3:e000481. [PMID: 31338430 PMCID: PMC6613845 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2019-000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare physical activity and body composition in a cohort of children born extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight (EP/ELBW) with term-born (TB) controls. METHODS A regional cohort of children born during 1999-2000 at gestational age <28 weeks or with birth weight <1000 g and their individually matched TB controls were examined in 2010-2011. Information on physical activity was obtained from parental questionnaires, and body composition was determined by anthropometry and dual X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Fifty-seven EP/ELBW and 57 TB controls were included at a mean age of 11.6 years. Compared with the TB children, the EP/ELBW-born children exercised less often (22% vs 44% exercised more than 3 days per week), had lower physical endurance and poorer proficiency in sports and play and were less vigorous during exercise (p<0.05). They also had lower values (mean; 95 % CI) for muscle mass (0.9; 0.3-1.5 kg), total bone mineral density z-score (0.30; 0.13-0.52 units) and fat mass ratio (0.14; 0.06-0.21 units). The association between physical activity and bone mineral and skeletal muscle mass accrual was significantly weaker for the EP/ELBW-born than the TB children. CONCLUSIONS The EP/ELBW-born children were less physically active, had signs of an unfavourable body composition with less muscle mass and lower bone mineral density than the TB controls. The association between physical activity and the measures of body composition was weaker in the group of EP/ELBW-born children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Engan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
| | - Maria Vollsæter
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
| | - Knut Øymar
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Trond Markestad
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
| | - Geir Egil Eide
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway.,Centre for Clinical Research, Haukeland Universitetssjukehus, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Halvorsen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
| | - Petur Juliusson
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
| | - Hege Clemm
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
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65
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Pillinger T, D’Ambrosio E, McCutcheon R, Howes OD. Is psychosis a multisystem disorder? A meta-review of central nervous system, immune, cardiometabolic, and endocrine alterations in first-episode psychosis and perspective on potential models. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:776-794. [PMID: 29743584 PMCID: PMC6124651 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
People with psychotic disorders show abnormalities in several organ systems in addition to the central nervous system (CNS); and this contributes to excess mortality. However, it is unclear how strong the evidence is for alterations in non-CNS systems at the onset of psychosis, how the alterations in non-CNS systems compare to those in the CNS, or how they relate to symptoms. Here, we consider these questions, and suggest potential models to account for findings. We conducted a systematic meta-review to summarize effect sizes for both CNS (focusing on brain structural, neurophysiological, and neurochemical parameters) and non-CNS dysfunction (focusing on immune, cardiometabolic, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) systems) in first-episode psychosis (FEP). Relevant meta-analyses were identified in a systematic search of Pubmed and the methodological quality of these was assessed using the AMSTAR checklist (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews). Case-control data were extracted from studies included in these meta-analyses. Random effects meta-analyses were re-run and effect size magnitudes for individual parameters were calculated, as were summary effect sizes for each CNS and non-CNS system. We also grouped studies to obtain overall effect sizes for non-CNS and CNS alterations. Robustness of data for non-CNS and CNS parameters was assessed using Rosenthal's fail-safe N. We next statistically compared summary effect size for overall CNSand overall non-CNS alterations, as well as for each organ system separately. We also examined how non-CNS alterations correlate CNS alterations, and with psychopathological symptoms. Case-control data were extracted for 165 studies comprising a total sample size of 13,440. For people with first episode psychosis compared with healthy controls, we observed alterations in immune parameters (summary effect size: g = 1.19), cardiometabolic parameters (g = 0.23); HPA parameters (g = 0.68); brain structure (g = 0.40); neurophysiology (g = 0.80); and neurochemistry (g = 0.43). Grouping non-CNS organ systems together provided an effect size for overall non-CNS alterations in patients compared with controls (g = 0.58), which was not significantly different from the overall CNS alterations effect size (g = 0.50). However, the summary effect size for immune alterations was significantly greater than that for brain structural (P < 0.001) and neurochemical alterations (P < 0.001), while the summary effect size for cardiometabolic alterations was significantly lower than neurochemical (P = 0.04), neurophysiological (P < 0.001), and brain structural alterations (P = 0.001). The summary effect size for HPA alterations was not significantly different from brain structural (P = 0.14), neurophysiological (P = 0.54), or neurochemical alterations (P = 0.22). These outcomes remained similar in antipsychotic naive sensitivity analyses. We found some, but limited and inconsistent, evidence that non-CNS alterations were associated with CNS changes and symptoms in first episode psychosis. Our findings indicate that there are robust alterations in non-CNS systems in psychosis, and that these are broadly similar in magnitude to a range of CNS alterations. We consider models that could account for these findings and discuss implications for future research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Pillinger
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cIoPPN, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Enrico D’Ambrosio
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cIoPPN, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Robert McCutcheon
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cIoPPN, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Oliver D. Howes
- 0000 0001 2322 6764grid.13097.3cIoPPN, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK ,0000000122478951grid.14105.31MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN UK ,0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN UK
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66
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Offspring from maternal nutrient restriction in mice show variations in adult glucose metabolism similar to human fetal growth restriction. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2018; 10:469-478. [PMID: 30501657 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174418000983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a pregnancy condition in which fetal growth is suboptimal for gestation, and this population is at increased risk for type 2 diabetes as adults. In humans, maternal malnutrition and placental insufficiency are the most common causes of FGR, and both result in fetal undernutrition. We hypothesized that maternal nutrient restriction (MNR) in mice will cause FGR and alter glucose metabolism in adult offspring. Pregnant CD-1 mice were subjected to MNR (70% of average ad libitum) or control (ad libitum) from E6.5 to birth. Following birth, mice were fostered by mothers on ad libitum feeds. Weight, blood glucose, glucose tolerance and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity were assessed in male offspring. MNR resulted in reduced fetal sizes but caught up to controls by 3 days postnatal age. As adults, glucose intolerance was detected in 19% of male MNR offspring. At 6 months, liver size was reduced (P = 0.01), but pAkt-to-Akt ratios in response to insulin were increased 2.5-fold relative to controls (P = 0.004). These data suggest that MNR causes FGR and long-term glucose intolerance in a population of male offspring similar to human populations. This mouse model can be used to investigate the impacts of FGR on tissues of importance in glucose metabolism.
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67
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Kotecha SJ, Lowe J, Kotecha S. Effect of foetal and infant growth and body composition on respiratory outcomes in preterm-born children. Paediatr Respir Rev 2018; 28:55-62. [PMID: 29343422 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Body composition and growth outcomes of preterm-born subjects have been studied by many researchers. In general, preterm-born children have lower height and weight especially in infancy. Despite showing potential for catch-up growth, they continue to lag behind their term counterparts in adolescence and adulthood. The various methods of studying body composition and the differing gestations and ages at which it is assessed may go some way to explaining the inconsistent results observed in different studies. In addition, there is a paucity of data on the effects of foetal and infant growth and of body composition on later respiratory outcomes. In largely term-born subjects, foetal growth and growth trajectories appear to have differential effects on later respiratory outcomes. Early weight gain in infancy appears to be associated with increased respiratory symptoms in childhood but catch-up growth in infancy appears to be associated with possible improved lung function status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Kotecha
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - John Lowe
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sailesh Kotecha
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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68
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Zanetti D, Tikkanen E, Gustafsson S, Priest JR, Burgess S, Ingelsson E. Birthweight, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Cardiovascular Disease: Addressing the Barker Hypothesis With Mendelian Randomization. CIRCULATION. GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2018; 11:e002054. [PMID: 29875125 PMCID: PMC6447084 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.117.002054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low birthweight has been associated with a higher risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), and cardiovascular disease. The Barker hypothesis posits that intrauterine growth restriction resulting in lower birthweight is causal for these diseases, but causality is difficult to infer from observational studies. METHODS We performed regression analyses to assess associations of birthweight with cardiovascular disease and T2D in 237 631 individuals from the UK Biobank. Further, we assessed the causal relationship of such associations using Mendelian randomization. RESULTS In the observational analyses, birthweight showed inverse associations with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (β, -0.83 and -0.26; per raw unit in outcomes and SD change in birthweight; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.90 to -0.75 and -0.31 to -0.22, respectively), T2D (odds ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.79-0.87), lipid-lowering treatment (odds ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.81-0.86), and coronary artery disease (hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.78-0.94), whereas the associations with adult body mass index and body fat (β, 0.04 and 0.02; per SD change in outcomes and birthweight; 95% CI, 0.03-0.04 and 0.01-0.02, respectively) were positive. The Mendelian randomization analyses indicated inverse causal associations of birthweight with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 2-hour glucose, coronary artery disease, and T2D and positive causal association with body mass index but no associations with blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that lower birthweight, used as a proxy for intrauterine growth retardation, is causally related with increased susceptibility to coronary artery disease and T2D. This causal relationship is not mediated by adult obesity or hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zanetti
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.Z., E.T., E.I.)
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (J.R.P.)
| | - Emmi Tikkanen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.Z., E.T., E.I.)
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Stanford University School of Medicine, CA. Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden (S.G., E.I.)
| | - James R Priest
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (J.R.P.)
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit and Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (S.B.)
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (D.Z., E.T., E.I.),
- and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (D.Z., E.I.)
- Stanford University School of Medicine, CA. Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden (S.G., E.I.)
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69
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Tetri LH, Diffee GM, Barton GP, Braun RK, Yoder HE, Haraldsdottir K, Eldridge MW, Goss KN. Sex-Specific Skeletal Muscle Fatigability and Decreased Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity in Adult Rats Exposed to Postnatal Hyperoxia. Front Physiol 2018; 9:326. [PMID: 29651255 PMCID: PMC5884929 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Premature birth affects more than 10% of live births, and is characterized by relative hyperoxia exposure in an immature host. Long-term consequences of preterm birth include decreased aerobic capacity, decreased muscular strength and endurance, and increased prevalence of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Postnatal hyperoxia exposure in rodents is a well-established model of chronic lung disease of prematurity, and also recapitulates the pulmonary vascular, cardiovascular, and renal phenotype of premature birth. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether postnatal hyperoxia exposure in rats could recapitulate the skeletal and metabolic phenotype of premature birth, and to characterize the subcellular metabolic changes associated with postnatal hyperoxia exposure, with a secondary aim to evaluate sex differences in this model. Compared to control rats, male rats exposed to 14 days of postnatal hyperoxia then aged to 1 year demonstrated higher skeletal muscle fatigability, lower muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity, more mitochondrial damage, and higher glycolytic enzyme expression. These differences were not present in female rats with the same postnatal hyperoxia exposure. This study demonstrates detrimental mitochondrial and muscular outcomes in the adult male rat exposed to postnatal hyperoxia. Given that young adults born premature also demonstrate skeletal muscle dysfunction, future studies are merited to determine whether this dysfunction as well as reduced aerobic capacity is due to reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Tetri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Gary M Diffee
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Gregory P Barton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Rudolf K Braun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Hannah E Yoder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kristin Haraldsdottir
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Marlowe W Eldridge
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kara N Goss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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70
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Björkqvist J, Pesonen AK, Kuula L, Matinolli HM, Lano A, Sipola-Leppänen M, Tikanmäki M, Wolke D, Järvelin MR, Eriksson JG, Andersson S, Vääräsmäki M, Heinonen K, Räikkönen K, Hovi P, Kajantie E. Premature birth and circadian preference in young adulthood: evidence from two birth cohorts. Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:555-564. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1420078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Björkqvist
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Anu-Katriina Pesonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Kuula
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna-Maria Matinolli
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aulikki Lano
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Marika Sipola-Leppänen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjaana Tikanmäki
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sture Andersson
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Marja Vääräsmäki
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kati Heinonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petteri Hovi
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
- PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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71
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Drukker L, Haklai Z, Ben-Yair Schlesinger M, Bas-Lando M, Gordon ES, Samueloff A, Schimmel MS, Grisaru-Granovsky S. "The next-generation": Long-term reproductive outcome of adults born at a very low birth weight. Early Hum Dev 2018; 116:76-80. [PMID: 29197251 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth at very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500g) has a multitude of consequences that extend to various aspects of adult life. Little is known about the long-term reproductive outcome of VLBW that survive to adulthood. AIMS To evaluate the reproductive outcome of VLBW infants who survive to adulthood (next-generation). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort. SUBJECTS Infants born at a single tertiary center between the years 1982-1997 who survived to 18years of age (first-generation). OUTCOME MEASURES The number and the birth weight of offspring from adults born with VLBW were compared to those of other birth weight groups born in the same epoch: 1500-2499g, 2500-3799g (reference group) and ≥3800g. We calculated the ratio of actual compared to expected number of children in the next-generation for extreme birth weight parents, using the reference group as a control group and adjusting for birth year. Thereafter, we measured whether first-generation VLBW had an increased risk for a VLBW in the next-generation. RESULTS After exclusions, we identified first-generation 67,183 births, including 618 (9.2%) VLBW. There were 193 males and 184 female VLBW infants who survived to adulthood. Both female and male first-generation patients from the VLBW group had half the reproductive rate relative for the normal birth weight group. After adjusting for parental age, male and female VLBW survivors had no significant risk for a VLBW neonate in the next-generation, however, the overall number of are small and may limit any conclusion. CONCLUSION VLBW children who reach adulthood may be at a significantly lower reproductive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Drukker
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, School of Medicine - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Ziona Haklai
- Department of Health Information and Computer Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mor Ben-Yair Schlesinger
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, School of Medicine - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maayan Bas-Lando
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, School of Medicine - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ethel Sherry Gordon
- Department of Health Information and Computer Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arnon Samueloff
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, School of Medicine - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael S Schimmel
- Department of Neonatology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, School of Medicine - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sorina Grisaru-Granovsky
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, School of Medicine - Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Sun D, Wang T, Heianza Y, Huang T, Shang X, Lv J, Li S, Harville E, Chen W, Fonseca V, Qi L. Birthweight and cardiometabolic risk patterns in multiracial children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:20-27. [PMID: 28925411 PMCID: PMC5762398 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Prenatal growth, which is widely marked by birthweight, may have a pivotal role in affecting the lifelong risk of cardiometabolic disorders; however, comprehensive evaluation of its relations with childhood cardiometabolic risk patterns and the ethnic and gender disparities in national representative populations is still lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between birthweight and comprehensive patterns of cardiometabolic risk in a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS Prospective analyses were performed using data from 28 153 children 0 to 15 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 through 2014. We defined childhood cardiometabolic disorders using standard definitions for obesity, high blood pressure, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. RESULTS Five birthweight categories <2.5, 2.5-3.0, 3.0-3.5, 3.5-4.2 and ⩾4.2 kg accounted for 8.2%, 17.9%, 35.7%, 27.9% and 10.4% of the population, respectively. In all children, with increasing birthweight, we observed significantly increasing trends of the risk of general and central obesity (P for trend <0.01) and significantly decreasing trends of the risk of high systolic blood pressure (SBP), high HbA1c and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P for trend <0.05). The associations were independent of current body mass index (BMI). In addition, we found that the relations of birthweight with high waist circumference in Black children showed U-shape, as well as high SBP in Mexican and Hispanic children. Moreover, we found that the associations of low birthweight with high SBP and low HDL-C appeared to more prominent significant in boys, whereas the inverse association with high HbA1c was more evident in girls. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that birthweight is significantly related to childhood cardiometabolic risk, independent of current BMI, and the associations exhibit race and gender-specific patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - T Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Heianza
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - T Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - X Shang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - J Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - S Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - E Harville
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - W Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - V Fonseca
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - L Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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73
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Darlow BA, Elder MJ, Kimber B, Martin J, Horwood LJ. Vision in former very low birthweight young adults with and without retinopathy of prematurity compared with term born controls: the NZ 1986 VLBW follow-up study. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 102:1041-1046. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveThere are few data on visual outcomes in adulthood of former very low birthweight (VLBW; <1500 g) infants. We aimed to assess vision at 27–29 years in a national cohort of VLBW infants born in 1986 and assessed for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) when no treatment was available, compared with term born controls.MethodsThe cohort and controls attended a 2-day assessment in Christchurch as part of a larger study. Visual assessment included glasses prescription measured by focimeter, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) distance visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity, autorefraction, retinal photographs and a questionnaire on vision-related everyday activities. Rates of reduced VA and myopia in the VLBW cohort at 27–29 were compared with the results of vision testing at 7–8 years.Results250 VLBW adults (77% those alive) gave study consent and 229 (45 with a history of ROP) were assessed in Christchurch, plus 100 term born controls. VLBW adults with ROP had reduced VA compared with no ROP and controls (mean logMAR score (SD); 0.003 (0.19), –0.021 (0.16), –0.078 (0.09), P=0.001). There were no differences in myopia (>2 D) between the groups but high myopia (>5 D) was confined to those with ROP. VLBW adults with ROP drove a car less often and had higher difficulties with everyday activities scores due to eyesight. Between 7–8 and 27–29 years rates of reduced VA were stable but myopia increased.ConclusionFormer VLBW young adults with ROP have ongoing problems with vision affecting daily living and should continue in regular ophthalmological review.Trial registration numberACTRN12612000995875, Pre-results .
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Matinolli HM, Hovi P, Levälahti E, Kaseva N, Silveira PP, Hemiö K, Järvenpää AL, Eriksson JG, Andersson S, Lindström J, Männistö S, Kajantie E. Neonatal Nutrition Predicts Energy Balance in Young Adults Born Preterm at Very Low Birth Weight. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121282. [PMID: 29186804 PMCID: PMC5748733 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies and animal models suggest that early postnatal nutrition and growth can influence adult health. However, few human studies have objective recordings of early nutrient intake. We studied whether nutrient intake and growth during the first 9 weeks after preterm birth with very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g) predict total energy intake, resting energy expenditure (REE), physical activity and food preferences in young adulthood. We collected daily nutritional intakes and weights during the initial hospital stay from hospital records for 127 unimpaired VLBW participants. At an average age 22.5 years, they completed a three-day food record and a physical activity questionnaire and underwent measurements of body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry; n = 115 with adequate data) and REE (n = 92 with adequate data). We used linear regression and path analysis to investigate associations between neonatal nutrient intake and adult outcomes. Higher energy, protein and fat intakes during the first three weeks of life predicted lower relative (=per unit lean body mass) energy intake and relative REE in adulthood, independent of other pre- and neonatal factors. In path analysis, total effects of early nutrition and growth on relative energy intake were mostly explained by direct effects of early life nutrition. A path mediated by early growth reached statistical significance only for protein intake. There were no associations of neonatal intakes with physical activity or food preferences in adulthood. As a conclusion, higher intake of energy and nutrients during first three weeks of life of VLBW infants predicts energy balance after 20 years. This association is partly mediated through postnatal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna-Maria Matinolli
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; (P.H.); (E.L.); (N.K.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (S.M.); (E.K.)
- Institute for Health Sciences, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-29-524-6000
| | - Petteri Hovi
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; (P.H.); (E.L.); (N.K.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (S.M.); (E.K.)
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (A.-L.J.); (S.A.)
| | - Esko Levälahti
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; (P.H.); (E.L.); (N.K.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (S.M.); (E.K.)
| | - Nina Kaseva
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; (P.H.); (E.L.); (N.K.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (S.M.); (E.K.)
| | - Patricia P. Silveira
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada;
| | - Katri Hemiö
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; (P.H.); (E.L.); (N.K.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (S.M.); (E.K.)
| | - Anna-Liisa Järvenpää
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (A.-L.J.); (S.A.)
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Folkhälsan Research Center, FI-00280 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sture Andersson
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (A.-L.J.); (S.A.)
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; (P.H.); (E.L.); (N.K.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (S.M.); (E.K.)
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; (P.H.); (E.L.); (N.K.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (S.M.); (E.K.)
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; (P.H.); (E.L.); (N.K.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (S.M.); (E.K.)
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (A.-L.J.); (S.A.)
- PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
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Raju TNK, Buist AS, Blaisdell CJ, Moxey-Mims M, Saigal S. Adults born preterm: a review of general health and system-specific outcomes. Acta Paediatr 2017; 106:1409-1437. [PMID: 28419544 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review of 126 publications, we report that an overwhelming majority of adults born at preterm gestations remain healthy and well. However, a small, but a significant fraction of them remain at higher risk for neurological, personality and behavioural abnormalities, cardio-pulmonary functional limitations, systemic hypertension and metabolic syndrome compared to their term-born counterparts. The magnitude of increased risk differed across organ systems and varied across reports. The risks were proportional to the degree of prematurity at birth and seemed to occur more frequently among preterm infants born in the final two decades of the 20th century and later. These findings have considerable public health and clinical practice relevance. CONCLUSION Preterm birth needs to be considered a chronic condition, with a slight increase in the risk for long-term morbidities among adults born preterm. Therefore, obtaining a history of gestational age and weight at birth should be a routine part of care for patients of all age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonse N. K. Raju
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Portland OR USA
| | | | | | - Marva Moxey-Mims
- National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney Diseases; Bethesda MD USA
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76
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Body Composition Trajectories From Infancy to Preschool in Children Born Premature Versus Full-term. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:e147-e153. [PMID: 28045768 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to longitudinally characterize infancy to preschool body composition trajectories and the association of early fat and fat-free mass gains with preschool age body composition in children born premature versus full-term. METHODS A cohort of appropriate-for-gestational age preterm (n = 20) and term (n = 51) infants were followed at 3 visits: "neonatal" visit 1 at 2 weeks of age for term and near term corrected age for preterm; "infancy" visit 2 at 3 to 4 months (preterm corrected age); "preschool" visit 3 at 4 years. Body composition via air displacement plethysmography and anthropometrics were measured at all visits. Tracking of infancy weight and body composition with preschool measurements was tested using Pearson partial correlation coefficients. Associations between serial body composition measurements were assessed using multiple linear regression. RESULTS Early differences in body composition between premature (mean gestational age 31.9 weeks, mean birth weight 1843 g) and full-term (mean gestational age 39.8 weeks) infants were not present at preschool age. Visit 1 body composition was not correlated with preschool measurements in the preterm infants. Visit 2 measurements were correlated with preschool measures. Fat-free mass accretion from visit 1 to visit 2 was positively associated with preschool lean mass (β = 0.038, P = 0.049) in preterm children, whereas fat accretion was not associated with preschool body composition. CONCLUSIONS Children born prematurely and full-term have similar body composition at preschool age. For preterms infancy fat-free mass gains, and not adiposity gains, are positively associated with preschool fat-free mass; this may be associated with lower risk of later obesity and adverse metabolic outcomes.
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77
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Murphy MO, Loria AS. Sex-specific effects of stress on metabolic and cardiovascular disease: are women at higher risk? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R1-R9. [PMID: 28468942 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00185.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has traditionally been viewed as a male disease; however, the relative risk for obesity and hypertension morbidity and mortality, major risk factors for CVD, is higher for women in the United States. Emerging epidemiological data strongly support stressful experiences as a modifiable risk factor for obesity, insulin resistance, and heart disease in women at all ages. Therefore, primary prevention of these diseases may be associated with both identifying and increasing the knowledge regarding the sex differences in emotional functioning associated with physiological responses to stress. The purpose of this review is to highlight the growing body of clinical and experimental studies showing that stress, obesity-associated metabolic disturbances, and CVD comorbidities are more prevalent in females. Overall, this review reveals the need for investigations to decipher the early origins of these comorbidities. Targeting the sources of behavioral/emotional stress through the trajectory of life has the potential to reduce the alarming projected rates for chronic disease in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret O Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Analia S Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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McGill-Vargas L, Gastaldelli A, Liang H, Anzueto Guerra D, Johnson-Pais T, Seidner S, McCurnin D, Muscogiuri G, DeFronzo R, Musi N, Blanco C. Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Altered Gluconeogenic Pathway in Premature Baboons. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1140-1151. [PMID: 28324053 PMCID: PMC5460827 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Premature infants have altered glucose regulation early in life and increased risk for diabetes in adulthood. Although prematurity leads to an increased risk of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in adult life, the role of hepatic glucose regulation and adaptation to an early extrauterine environment in preterm infants remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate developmental differences in glucose metabolism, hepatic protein content, and gene expression of key insulin-signaling/gluconeogenic molecules. Fetal baboons were delivered at 67%, 75%, and term gestational age and euthanized at birth. Neonatal baboons were delivered prematurely (67% gestation), survived for two weeks, and compared with similar postnatal term animals and underwent serial hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies. Premature baboons had decreased endogenous glucose production (EGP) compared with term animals. Consistent with these results, the gluconeogenic molecule, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase messenger RNA, was decreased in preterm baboons compared with terms. Hepatic insulin signaling was altered by preterm birth as evidenced by decreased insulin receptor-β, p85 subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1, and Akt-1 under insulin-stimulated conditions. Furthermore, preterm baboons failed to have the normal increase in glycogen synthase kinase-α from fetal to postnatal life. The blunted responses in hepatic insulin signaling may contribute to the hyperglycemia of prematurity, while impaired EGP leads to hypoglycemia of prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa McGill-Vargas
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Hanyu Liang
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Diana Anzueto Guerra
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Teresa Johnson-Pais
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Steven Seidner
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Donald McCurnin
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Ralph DeFronzo
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78207
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Texas Diabetes Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78207
- San Antonio Geriatric, Research, Education and Clinical Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, Texas 78245
| | - Cynthia Blanco
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology Division, Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- University Health System, San Antonio, Texas 78229
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Vaiserman AM. Early-Life Nutritional Programming of Type 2 Diabetes: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Evidence. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030236. [PMID: 28273874 PMCID: PMC5372899 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Consistent evidence from both experimental and human studies suggest that inadequate nutrition in early life can contribute to risk of developing metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adult life. In human populations, most findings supporting a causative relationship between early-life malnutrition and subsequent risk of T2D were obtained from quasi-experimental studies (‘natural experiments’). Prenatal and/or early postnatal exposures to famine were demonstrated to be associated with higher risk of T2D in many cohorts around the world. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of epigenetic regulation of gene expression as a possible major contributor to the link between the early-life famine exposure and T2D in adulthood. Findings from these studies suggest that prenatal exposure to the famine may result in induction of persistent epigenetic changes that have adaptive significance in postnatal development but can predispose to metabolic disorders including T2D at the late stages of life. In this review, quasi-experimental data on the developmental programming of T2D are summarized and recent research findings on changes in DNA methylation that mediate these effects are discussed.
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80
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Kopec G, Shekhawat PS, Mhanna MJ. Prevalence of diabetes and obesity in association with prematurity and growth restriction. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2017; 10:285-295. [PMID: 28740412 PMCID: PMC5505541 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s115890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is when fetuses and newborn infants have not reached their true growth potential as genetically defined. Fetuses with IUGR develop in a less than ideal environment that leads to epigenetic changes and marks infants' metabolism for the rest of their lives. Epigenetic changes affect insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and lead to insulin resistance and ultimately to a metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of illnesses that raise one's risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and ischemic heart disease, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, central obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. The association between IUGR or prematurity and long-term insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome remains unclear. While studies have shown an association, others have not supported such association. If alteration of intrauterine growth can ultimately lead to the development of metabolic derangements in childhood and adulthood, and if such association is true, then early interventions targeting the health of pregnant women will ensure the health of the population to follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Kopec
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Prem S Shekhawat
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Maroun J Mhanna
- Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Correspondence: Maroun J Mhanna, Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Center, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA, Tel +1 216 778 1346, Fax +1 216 778 4223, Email
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Crane JD, Yellin SA, Ong FJ, Singh NP, Konyer N, Noseworthy MD, Schmidt LA, Saigal S, Morrison KM. ELBW survivors in early adulthood have higher hepatic, pancreatic and subcutaneous fat. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31560. [PMID: 27530702 PMCID: PMC4987614 DOI: 10.1038/srep31560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Premature birth in conjunction with extremely low birth weight (<1 kg, ELBW) is associated with insulin resistance and increased cardiometabolic health risk compared to birth at full term with normal birth weight (NBW). However, little is known regarding the biologic mediators of these effects. Abdominal and ectopic lipid accumulation is linked to insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction, yet whether ELBW survivors are predisposed to aberrant lipid deposition in adulthood is unknown. We used magnetic resonance imaging in a cohort of 16 NBW and 29 ELBW participants to determine if ELBW survivors have differences in pancreatic, hepatic, subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution compared to NBW participants. ELBW individuals had a higher proportion of liver and pancreatic fat compared to NBW subjects (P < 0.05). Abdominal subcutaneous fat, but not visceral fat, area was higher in ELBW survivors compared to NBW individuals. In multivariate analyses, tissue fat measures were most highly related to BMI and sex, but not preterm birth. This work highlights that fat deposition is enhanced in adults born preterm and suggests that ectopic fat accretion driven by their relatively greater adiposity may contribute to the higher rates of metabolic dysfunction seen in ELBW survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Crane
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel A Yellin
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Frank J Ong
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nina P Singh
- Department of Radiology, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Norman Konyer
- Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D Noseworthy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Louis A Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Saroj Saigal
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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