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RÊGO FELIPED, SOARES RODRIGOPEDRO. Lutzomyia longipalpis: an update on this sand fly vector. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Silva RB, Franco-Silva LF, Lima DA, Fonseca SS, Ferreira MA, Silva RC, Lira MA, Melo MA. Differentials in the epidemiological profile of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the semi-arid region of Paraíba, Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and to identify the differences in associated factors to its occurrence in urban area and countrysides in the municipality of Santa Luzia located in the semi-arid region of Paraíba. In the years 2015 and 2016, 779 blood samples from dogs were collected. The prevalence was determined by three serological techniques, ELISA-S7® Kit, DPP® Rapid Test and EIE-LVC® Kit, considering positive the samples that reacted in at least two assays. Associated factors were determined by univariate and multivariate analyzes of the guardians’ responses to the epidemiological questionnaire. The prevalence of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies in the studied municipality was 15.00% (117/779), being higher in the urban area (15.20%) than in the countryside (13.60%). The neighborhood with the highest prevalence was Frei Damião with 26.40% (33/125), being considered a hotspot (OR 1.245, p=0.007). Other associated factors were the semi-domiciliary breeding (OR 1.798, p=0.025), in the urban area, and hunting dog (OR 18.505, p=0.016), contact with cattle (OR 17.298, p=0.022) and environment where the dog is raised (OR 4.802, p=0.024) in the countryside. In the municipality of Santa Luzia, the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis is high and the disease is widely distributed. Epidemiological differences between urban area and the countryside could be observed demonstrating the need for more adequate control measures for each locality and proving the urbanization process.
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Ramos PKS, Gonçalves LP, Alves ACO, Casseb SM, Lima LVDR, Campos MB, Vasconcelos Dos Santos T, Silveira FT. Urine qPCR diagnoses over the entire clinical-immunological spectrum of human Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi-infections in the Brazilian Amazon. Parasitol Int 2020; 81:102273. [PMID: 33333246 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The clinical-immunological spectrum of human Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi-infections in the Brazilian Amazon has been defined using DTH/IFAT-IgG immune assays and the clinical statuses of infected individuals, revealing five profiles: three asymptomatic [Asymptomatic Infection (AI), Subclinical Resistant Infection (SRI), and Indeterminate Initial Infection (III)], and two symptomatic profiles [Subclinical Oligosymptomatic Infection (SOI) and Symptomatic Infection (SI = American visceral leishmaniasis/AVL)]. We evaluated the diagnostic potential of urine qPCR over the entire spectrum of infection. Resine Instagene Matrix® was used for DNA extraction from urinary sediment, with amplification carried out using SYBR® Green Taq with the RV1 and RV2 primers. We examined urine samples from 151 individuals from an endemic area of AVL in Pará State in the Brazilian Amazon, including: 91 (60.3%) with diagnoses of previous infections [13 (14.3%) sharing the AI profile, 13 (14.3%) with the SRI profile, 43 (47.2%) with III, 12 (13.2%) with SI (treated AVL), and 10 (11%) with SI (untreated AVL)]; sixty (39.7%) were DTH(-)/IFAT-IgG(-) (the uninfected group). The urine qPCR was positive in 61.5% of both the AI and SRI profiles, 65% of the III profile, 50% of treated AVL, 100% of untreated AVL, and 6.7% of the uninfected group. Those results confirmed the urine qPCR diagnosis in 100% of untreated AVL cases as well as in more than 60% of the cases with asymptomatic AI, SRI, and III profiles - indicating it as a promising tool for monitoring the evolution of human L. (L.) infantum chagasi-infections in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Karla Santos Ramos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Pantoja Gonçalves
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Ana Camila Oliveira Alves
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Samir Mansour Casseb
- Arbovirology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Luciana Vieira do Rêgo Lima
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Marliane Batista Campos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Thiago Vasconcelos Dos Santos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil; Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Pará, Pará State, Brazil
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Lipophosphoglycan-3 protein from Leishmania infantum chagasi plus saponin adjuvant: A new promising vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2020; 39:282-291. [PMID: 33309484 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious neglected tropical disease that affects humans and dogs in urban areas. There are no vaccines against human VL, and few licensed canine VL vaccines are currently available, which instigates the search for new antigens and vaccine formulations with prophylactic potential against VL in these hosts. In this study, we evaluated the immunization using the native and recombinant Leishmania infantum chagasi (L. chagasi) lipophosphoglycan-3 (LPG3) and the adjuvants saponin (SAP) and incomplete Freund adjuvant (IFA) against L. chagasi infection in BALB/c mice. The native LPG3 vaccine was immunogenic, inducing splenic IFN-γ and IL-10 production, and mixed Th1/Th2 response when associated with IFA. However, only mice vaccinated with LPG3-IFA presented a reduction in the splenic parasite load (96% in comparison to the PBS control group), but without a significant reduction in the hepatic parasitism. On the other hand, mice immunized with the LPG3-SAP vaccine presented a reduction of approximately 98% in both splenic and hepatic parasite load, accompanied by a Th1/Th17 response and IL-10 production by L. chagasi antigen (AgLc)-stimulated splenic cells. Importantly, vaccination with recombinant LPG3 (rLPG3)-SAP presented similar results to the native LPG3-SAP vaccine. Therefore, the rLPG3-SAP vaccine is qualified to be used in future tests in canine and human models, considering the technical and economic advantages of the recombinant protein production compared to the native protein and the results obtained in the murine model.
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Sosa-Ochoa W, Varela Amador J, Lozano-Sardaneta Y, Rodriguez Segura G, Zúniga Valeriano C, Araujo GV, Sandoval Pacheco CM, Laurenti MD, Galvis-Ovallos F. Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in Pintomyia evansi and Lutzomyia longipalpis in Honduras. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:593. [PMID: 33228800 PMCID: PMC7684752 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The two most abundant sand fly species on the Honduran Pacific coast are Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis and Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) evansi. Both species are known vectors of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Americas. Although VL and non-ulcerative cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) are endemic on the Pacific versant of the Central American Pacific, the latter is the most frequent manifestation of leishmaniasis there. We evaluated the circulation of Leishmania spp. in the sand fly species on El Tigre Island, an endemic area of NUCL. Results We collected 222 specimens of six sand fly species. Lu. longipalpis (180 specimens; 81%) and Pif. (Pi.) evansi (35 specimens; 16%) were the most abundant species. L. (L.) infantum DNA was detected in nine of the 96 specimens analyzed; seven of these specimens were identified as Lu. longipalpis, and the remaining two were Pi.evansi, with an infection rate of 9.4% and 2.7%, respectively. Conclusion We present the first record of L. (L.) infantum DNA in Pi.evansi from a NUCL endemic region of Central America. Our results suggest that Pi. evansi could be a secondary vector of L. (L.) infantum in the transmission cycle of leishmaniasis. The detection of natural infections of L. (L.) infantum in sand flies in this region contributes to an understanding of the epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Honduras.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo Sosa-Ochoa
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. .,Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Yokomi Lozano-Sardaneta
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | | | - Gabriela Venicia Araujo
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fredy Galvis-Ovallos
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Barrios SPG, Pereira LE, Casaril AE, Infran JDOM, Fernandes WDS, Oshiro ET, Galati EAB, Graciolli G, Paranhos Filho AC, de Oliveira AG. Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) and Biomes in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 57:1882-1904. [PMID: 32804237 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil is an important region of South America regarding leishmaniasis, with the great diversity of sandflies reported since 1938 and wide biodiversity represented by its biomes (Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Pantanal). A checklist of sandflies is presented here for the state and respective biomes. The data base was compiled from primary and secondary data. The primary data collection involved automatic light traps at Miranda-Abobral Pantanal subregion and in subregion Baixa Nhecolância of Pantanal. The secondary data were obtained from entomology scientific collections and a literature review of articles from 1938 to 2019, including entomological museum collections. A total of 71 species were reported, belonging to 14 genera and 13 subgenera, in 61 municipalities of the state, including the type locality of 9 species, and the first report of Lutzomyia cruzi (Mangabeira 1938), vector of Leishmania infantum (Nicolle 1937), in the Pantanal region of Miranda-Abobral. Other vector species, Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (Mangabeira 1942), Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva 1912), Nyssomyia antunesi (Coutinho 1939), Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva 1912), Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto 1926), and Nyssomyia whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho 1939), are reported in the entire area of the state. Maps containing the distribution of sandflies on Mato Grosso do Sul biomes were produced. The eclecticism of the species in relation to their ecotypes was observed, with several species using the three biome types as habitats and breeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellem Petilim Gomes Barrios
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana Escalante Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Aline Etelvina Casaril
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jucelei de Oliveira Moura Infran
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Wagner de Souza Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Elisa Teruyia Oshiro
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Graciolli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Antônio Conceição Paranhos Filho
- Laboratório de Geotecnologias Ambientais, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Gutierrez de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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Moo-Llanes DA, Pech-May A, de Oca-Aguilar ACM, Salomón OD, Ramsey JM. Niche divergence and paleo-distributions of Lutzomyia longipalpis mitochondrial haplogroups (Diptera: Psychodidae). Acta Trop 2020; 211:105607. [PMID: 32598924 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis is a complex of species which has a wide but discontinuous distribution from southeastern Mexico to northern Argentina and Uruguay. To date, eight mitochondrial haplogroups have been identified along its distribution although key environmental tolerances and ecological niche models have been analyzed only at the complex level. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether genetic diversification using three mitochondrial genes of the Lu. longipalpis complex is associated with niche divergence and to explore evolution of distributional projections of all haplogroups between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21,000 yrs ago) and the present. Current occurrence of all haplogroups was used to develop ecological niche models (ENM) and these were projected in both periods to quantify and identify geographic area shifts. Environmental space was used to estimate niche similarity between major clades and pairwise between individual haplogroups. The two major Lu. longipalpis clades (Mex, CA, Col and Ven vs Arg and Bra) had significantly different environmental space, indicating niche divergence. Environmental space overlap of southern haplogroups was variable, with divergent niche, except between Arg and ArgBra. The most suitable regions for the ArgBra haplogroup were northeastern and southeastern Brazil, and the Gran Chaco region. In contrast, ENM of haplogroups within the northern major clade have significantly similar niche, with highest geographic ENM suitability along both the Caribbean and Pacific coasts. The intensity and coverage of high suitability areas in the LGM decreased for most haplogroups in the present. Integrating ENM and phylogenetic analyses has allowed us to test hypotheses of niche similarity between Lu. longipalpis haplogroups and major clades, and to identify conserved distributional areas of haplogroups since the LGM, with the exception of Arg. Evidence for distributional shifts and overlap of haplogroups is important to analyze Leishmaniasis´ eco-epidemiology and to successfully monitor and control transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Moo-Llanes
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Angélica Pech-May
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, México.; Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, ANLIS Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, CONICET, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | | | - Oscar D Salomón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, ANLIS Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, CONICET, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Janine M Ramsey
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, México
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González MA, Bell M, Souza CF, Maciel-de-Freitas R, Brazil RP, Courtenay O, Hamilton JGC. Synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone of Lutzomyia longipalpis, the South American sand fly vector of Leishmania infantum, attracts males and females over long-distance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008798. [PMID: 33079936 PMCID: PMC7598924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In South America the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis is the predominant vector of Leishmania infantum, the parasite that causes canine and human visceral leishmaniasis. Co-location of synthetic male sex-aggregation pheromone with an insecticide provided protection against canine seroconversion, parasite infection, reduced tissue parasite loads, and female sand fly densities at households. Optimising the sex-aggregation pheromone + insecticide intervention requires information on the distance over which female and male Lu. longipalpis would be attracted to the synthetic pheromone in the field. Methodology/Principal findings Wild Lu. longipalpis were collected at two peridomestic study sites in Governador Valadares (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Sand flies were marked with coloured fluorescent powder using an improved protocol and then released into an existing domestic chicken shed at two independent sites, followed by recapture at synthetic-pheromone host-odour baited traps placed up to 30 metres distant from the release point. In total 1704 wild-caught Lu. longipalpis were released into the two chicken sheds. Overall 4.3% of the marked flies were recaptured in the pheromone baited experimental chicken sheds compared to no marked flies recaptured in the control sheds. At the first site, 14 specimens (10.4% of the marked and released specimens) were recaptured at 10m, 36 (14.8%) at 20m, and 15 (3.4%) at 30m. At the second site, lower recapture rates were recorded; 8 marked specimens (1.3%) were recaptured at 5 and 10m and no marked specimens were recaptured at 15m. Approximately 7x more marked males than females were recaptured although males were only 2x as common as females in the released population. 52% of the marked Lu. longipalpis were collected during the first night of sampling, 32% on the second night, and 16% on the third night. Conclusions/Significance The study established that both male and female sand flies can be attracted to the synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone in the presence of host odour over distances up to at least 30m in the field depending on local environmental and meterological conditions. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease caused by an insect transmitted protist parasite. In South America and Brazil in particular, it causes significant morbidity and mortality, with thousands of human cases and deaths reported every year. Domestic dogs are the most important source of human infection. Controlling the sand flies that transmit the parasite is one way to reduce the number of VL cases and recent research has shown the potential for a new pheromone-based approach to vector control. In a recent cluster-randomised control trial, co-location of a synthetic copy of the male sand fly sex-aggregation pheromone with pyrethroid insecticide reduced numbers of sand flies in households and provided protection for dogs against leishmaniasis infection incidence. The current study was carried out to determine the distance over which the synthetic sex-aggregation pheromone could attract Lu. longipalpis in a peridomestic environment in a Brazilian city. Male and female Lu. longipalpis were attracted up to 30m in one night towards a source of the pheromone. This information will help to inform the optimisation of placement of sex pheromone/insecticide intervention in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel A. González
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Bell
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Cristian F. Souza
- Laboratório Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Pavilhão Arthur Neiva, Av. Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, Av. Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo P. Brazil
- Laboratório Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Pavilhão Arthur Neiva, Av. Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Orin Courtenay
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - James G. C. Hamilton
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancashire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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59
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Batista LFS, Torrecilha RBP, Silva RB, Utsunomiya YT, Silva TBF, Tomokane TY, Pacheco AD, Bosco AM, Paulan SC, Rossi CN, Costa GNO, Marcondes M, Ciarlini PC, Nunes CM, Matta VLR, Laurenti MD. Chromosomal segments may explain the antibody response cooperation for canine leishmaniasis pathogenesis. Vet Parasitol 2020; 288:109276. [PMID: 33152678 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is marked by hyperactivation of a humoral response secreting high quantity of immunoglobulins (Igs) that are inaccessible to intracellular parasites. Here we investigated the contributions of the antibody response to the canine leishmaniasis pathogenesis. Using correlation and genome-wide association analysis, we investigated the relationship of anti-Leishmania infantum immunoglobulin classes levels with parasite burden, clinical response, renal/hepatic biochemical, and oxidative stress markers in dogs from endemic areas of VL. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA were positively correlated with parasite burden on lymph node and blood. Increased IgG, IgA and IgE levels were associated with severe canine leishmaniasis (CanL) whereas IgM was elevated in uninfected exposed dogs. Correlations of IgM, IgG and IgA with creatinine, urea, AST and ALT levels in the serum were suggested an involvement of those Igs with renal and hepatic changes. The correlogram of oxidative radicals and antioxidants revealed a likely relationship of IgM, IgG and IgA with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the blood, suggested as mechanisms mediating tissue damage and CanL worsening. The gene mapping on chromosomal segments associated with the quantitative variation of immunoglobulin classes identified genetic signatures involved with reactive oxygen species generation, phagolysosome maturation and rupture, free iron availability, Th1/Th2 differenciation and, immunoglobulin clearance. The findings demonstrated the roles of the antibody response as resistance or susceptibility markers and mediators of CanL pathogenesis. In addition we pinpointed candidate genes as potential targets for the therapy against the damage caused by exacerbated antibody response and parasitism in VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F S Batista
- Laboratório De Patologia De Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP: 01246903, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela B P Torrecilha
- Departamento De Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade De Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, CEP: 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela B Silva
- Escola de Saúde, Universidade Salvador, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 41720-200, Brazil.
| | - Yuri T Utsunomiya
- Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Thaís B F Silva
- Laboratório De Patologia De Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP: 01246903, Brazil.
| | - Thaíse Y Tomokane
- Laboratório De Patologia De Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP: 01246903, Brazil.
| | - Acácio D Pacheco
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Anelise M Bosco
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Silvana C Paulan
- Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Claudio N Rossi
- Departamento de Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo N O Costa
- Departamento De Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade De Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, CEP: 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Mary Marcondes
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Paulo C Ciarlini
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Cáris M Nunes
- Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Vânia L R Matta
- Laboratório De Patologia De Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP: 01246903, Brazil.
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- Laboratório De Patologia De Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP: 01246903, Brazil.
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Falcão de Oliveira E, de Oliveira AG, de Arruda CCP, Fernandes WDS, de Medeiros MJ. Spatio-temporal modeling of visceral leishmaniasis in Midwest Brazil: An ecological study of 18-years data (2001-2018). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240218. [PMID: 33007033 PMCID: PMC7531797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected vector-borne disease associated with socioeconomic and environmental issues. In Brazil, epidemics of VL have occurred in major cities since 1980. Applied models for medical and epidemiological research have been used to assess the distribution and characteristics of disease endpoints and identify and characterize potential risk factors. This study described the demographic features of VL and modeled the spatio-temporal distribution of human VL cases and their relationship with underlying predicitve factors using generalized additive models. We conducted an ecological study covering an 18-year period from the first report of an autochthonous case of VL in Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, in 2001 to 2018. The urban area of the city has 74 neighborhoods, and they were the units of analysis of our work. Socioeconomic and demographic data available from Brazilian public databases were considered as covariables. A total of 1,855 VL cases were reported during the study period, with an annual mean incidence rate of 13.23 cases per 100,000 population and a cumulative crude incidence of 235.77 per 100,000 population. The results showed the rapid transition from epidemic to endemic and the centrifugal dispersal pattern of the disease. Moreover, the model highlighted that the urban quality of life index, which is calculated based on income, education, housing conditions, and environmental sanitation data, plays a role in VL occurrence. Our findings highlighted the potential for improving spatio-temporal segmentation of control measures and the cost-effectiveness of integrated disease management programs as soon as VL is difficult to control and prevent and has rapid geographical dispersion and increased incidence rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Falcão de Oliveira
- Instituto Integrado de Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- * E-mail: (EFO); (MJM)
| | - Alessandra Gutierrez de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | | | - Wagner de Souza Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Márcio José de Medeiros
- Campus Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- * E-mail: (EFO); (MJM)
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Hong A, Zampieri RA, Shaw JJ, Floeter-Winter LM, Laranjeira-Silva MF. One Health Approach to Leishmaniases: Understanding the Disease Dynamics through Diagnostic Tools. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100809. [PMID: 33019713 PMCID: PMC7599840 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are zoonotic vector-borne diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania that affect millions of people around the globe. There are various clinical manifestations, ranging from self-healing cutaneous lesions to potentially fatal visceral leishmaniasis, all of which are associated with different Leishmania species. Transmission of these parasites is complex due to the varying ecological relationships between human and/or animal reservoir hosts, parasites, and sand fly vectors. Moreover, vector-borne diseases like leishmaniases are intricately linked to environmental changes and socioeconomic risk factors, advocating the importance of the One Health approach to control these diseases. The development of an accurate, fast, and cost-effective diagnostic tool for leishmaniases is a priority, and the implementation of various control measures such as animal sentinel surveillance systems is needed to better detect, prevent, and respond to the (re-)emergence of leishmaniases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahyun Hong
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (A.H.); (R.A.Z.); (L.M.F.-W.)
| | - Ricardo Andrade Zampieri
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (A.H.); (R.A.Z.); (L.M.F.-W.)
| | - Jeffrey Jon Shaw
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Lucile Maria Floeter-Winter
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (A.H.); (R.A.Z.); (L.M.F.-W.)
| | - Maria Fernanda Laranjeira-Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (A.H.); (R.A.Z.); (L.M.F.-W.)
- Correspondence:
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62
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Kholoud K, Bounoua L, Sereno D, El Hidan M, Messouli M. Emerging and Re-Emerging Leishmaniases in the Mediterranean Area: What Can Be Learned from a Retrospective Review Analysis of the Situation in Morocco during 1990 to 2010? Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101511. [PMID: 33008038 PMCID: PMC7650785 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In Morocco, cutaneous and visceral leishmaniases represent a public health concern. In this opinion paper, we propose to highlight chosen elements that have governed the drastic increase in the incidence of leishmaniases recorded in Morocco during the period between 1990 to 2010 in order to guide the prediction of the expansion of diseases and epidemic events. We highlight that the dispersion of the zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) form, caused by the Leishmania major parasite, appears to be closely related to that of its arthropod vector density, which is sensitive to changes in climate. The dissemination of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) was related to an increase in human travel and local tourism during the studied decades. These are linked to economic expansion and infrastructure development. Interestingly, the main ACL foci are spatially aligned with the highways, and their occurrence was synchronized with the building of transportation infrastructure. During the above-mentioned decades, the zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) caused by Leishmania infantum has expanded from its historical northern territories, dispersing outwards in all directions. This spread follows the emergence of hamlets and villages connecting with major cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahime Kholoud
- Laboratory of Applied Sciences for the Environment and Sustainable Development, School of Technology Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco
- Research Group on Impact, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change in Morocco (GRIVAC), LHEA, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Lahouari Bounoua
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, MD 21041, USA;
| | - Denis Sereno
- IRD, University of Montpellier, InterTryp, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (D.S.)
| | | | - Mohamed Messouli
- Research Group on Impact, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change in Morocco (GRIVAC), LHEA, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco;
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63
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Rodrigues TF, Benitez ADN, Sevá ADP, Okamura LH, Galvão AB, Gomes JF, Bresciani KDS, Cardoso TC. Spatial and seroepidemiology of canine visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic Southeast Brazilian area. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20190525. [PMID: 32428174 PMCID: PMC7269529 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0525-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a public health problem, and its
prevalence is associated with the coexistence of vectors and reservoirs. CVL
is a protozoonosis caused by Leishmania infantum that is
endemic in the southeast region of Brazil. Thus, vector and canine reservoir
control strategies are needed to reduce its burden. This study aimed to
verify the CVL seroprevalence and epidemiology in a municipality in
Southeast Brazil to initiate disease control strategies. METHODS: A total of 833 dogs were subjected to Dual Path Platform (DPP) testing and
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. For seropositive dogs, epidemiological
aspects were investigated using a questionnaire and a global position
system. The data were submitted to simple logistic regression, kernel
estimation, and Bernoulli spatial scan statistical analysis. RESULTS: The overall CVL-confirmed seroprevalence was 16.08%. The 28.93% in the DPP
screening test was associated with dogs maintained in backyards with trees,
shade, animal and/or bird feces, and contact with other dogs and cats, with
sick dogs showing the highest chances of infection (odds ratio, 2.6; 95%
confidence interval, 2.38-1.98), especially in residences with elderly
people. A spatial analysis identified two hotspot regions and detected two
clusters in the study area. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that residences with elderly people and the
presence of trees, shade, feces, and pet dogs and cats increased an
individual’s risk of developing CVL. The major regions where preventive
strategies for leishmaniasis were to be initiated in the endemic area were
identified in two clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiris Fagundes Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Aline do Nascimento Benitez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Anaiá da Paixão Sevá
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Ciência Animal, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Lucas Hidenori Okamura
- Departamento de Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - André Batista Galvão
- Departamento de Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Jancarlo Ferreira Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani
- Departamento de Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Tereza Cristina Cardoso
- Departamento de Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
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64
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Lima L, Vasconcelos-Dos-Santos T, Campos M, Ramos PK, Gomes C, Laurenti M, da Matta V, Corbett C, Silveira F. New record of preclinical diagnosis of American visceral leishmaniasis in Amazonian Brazil encourages optimizing disease control. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 10:e00154. [PMID: 32435706 PMCID: PMC7232079 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical-immunological spectrum of human Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi-infection in Amazonian Brazil has recently been reviewed based on the combined use of the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT-IgG/IgM), both with homologous L. (L.) infantum chagasi-antigens, and associated with the clinical evaluation of infected individuals. This diagnostic approach has allowed to identify the broadest clinical-immunological spectrum of human L. (L.) infantum chagasi-infection composed by five clinical-immunological profiles of infection: three asymptomatic, 1) Asymptomatic Infection (AI) [DTH+/++++, IFAT−], 2) Subclinical Resistant Infection (SRI) [DTH+/++++, IFAT+/++], and 3) Indeterminate Initial Infection (III) [DTH−, IFAT+/++], and two symptomatic ones, 4) Symptomatic Infection (SI) [=American visceral leishmaniasis - AVL] and, 5) Subclinical Oligosymptomatic Infection (SOI), both with the same immune profile [DTH−, IFAT+++/++++]. Herein, we confirm for the third time the preclinical diagnosis of AVL through IgM-antibody response in an early asymptomatic case of infection (profile III), a 17-year-old boy who evolved to AVL (=profile SI) six weeks after the initial infection diagnosis, confirming that the combined use of DTH and IFAT-(IgG/IgM) assays associated with the clinical evaluation of infected individuals is potentially useful for monitoring human L. (L.) infantum chagasi-infection in endemic areas as well as optimizing AVL control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Lima
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Para State, Brazil
| | | | - Marliane Campos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Para State, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Karla Ramos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Para State, Brazil
| | - Claudia Gomes
- Pathology Department, Medical School of São Paulo University, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Marcia Laurenti
- Pathology Department, Medical School of São Paulo University, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Vania da Matta
- Pathology Department, Medical School of São Paulo University, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Carlos Corbett
- Pathology Department, Medical School of São Paulo University, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Fernando Silveira
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Para State, Brazil.,Nucleus of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Para State, Brazil
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65
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Diaz LA, Prisayanh P, Qaqish B, Temple BR, Aoki V, Hans-Filho G, Rivitti EA, Friedman H, Karetnick M, Herbert SM, Valenzuela JG. A Lutzomyia longipalpis Salivary Protein Induces Cross-Reactive Antibodies to Pemphigus Autoantigen Desmoglein 1. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2332-2342.e10. [PMID: 32360599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fogo selvagem (FS) is a blistering skin disease caused by pathogenic IgG4 autoantibodies to desmoglein 1 (DSG1). Preclinical FS and leishmaniasis are endemic to certain regions of Brazil and exhibit nonpathogenic anti-DSG1 antibodies. Recurring bites from Lutzomyia longipalpis, the sand fly vector of leishmaniasis, immunize individuals with L. longipalpis salivary antigens LJM17 and LJM11. We measured the antibody responses to LJM17, LJM11, and DSG1 in normal settlers and patients with FS from an endemic focus of FS and nonendemic control populations. We also immunized mice with these antigens and assessed the IgG response. Healthy individuals and patients with FS from endemic areas had significantly higher values of IgG4 anti-LJM17 antibodies than nonendemic controls (P < 0.001 for both). The levels of IgG anti-DSG1 and IgG4 anti-LJM17 and anti-LJM11 antibodies correlated positively in normal settlers and patients with FS. Mice immunized with recombinant LJM17 produced IgG1 antibodies (human IgG4 homolog) that strongly cross-reacted with recombinant DSG1; these IgG1 antibodies were inhibited by LJM17, LJM11, and DSG1 in a dose-dependent manner. However, they did not bind human or mouse epidermis by indirect immunofluorescence. Lastly, we identified short-sequence homologies of surface-exposed residues within the human DSG1 ectodomain and LJM17. Inoculation by LJM17 from L. longipalpis-elicited DSG1-cross-reactive IgG4 antibodies may lead to FS in genetically predisposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Diaz
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Phillip Prisayanh
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bahjat Qaqish
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brenda R Temple
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; R.L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Valeria Aoki
- Departmento de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gunter Hans-Filho
- Departmento de Dermatologia, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade Federal of Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Evandro A Rivitti
- Departmento de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Horacio Friedman
- Departmento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Morgan Karetnick
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Samantha M Herbert
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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66
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Silva Nunes Bezerra G, Barbosa Júnior WL, Virgínia Batista Vieira A, Xavier AT, Sebastião Da Costa Lima Júnior M, Maria Xavier E, Silva EDD, Cintra Leal N, Medeiros ZMD. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification methods for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis ( kala-azar) - a systematic review. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:455-465. [PMID: 32116067 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1736564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a life-threatening infection remaining as one of the most neglected tropical diseases around the world. Despite scientific advances, an accurate diagnosis of VL remains a challenge. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has emerged as a promising diagnostic tool with the possibility of becoming a point-of-care test to guide VL diagnosis and treatment.Areas covered: We conducted a systematic review assessing LAMP systems for diagnosing VL from 2000 to 2019. We performed structured searches in PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, and Web of Science without language restriction. Two reviewers screened articles, completed the data extraction and assessment of the risk of bias. A qualitative summary of the included studies was performed.Expert opinion: LAMP could be used as a screening test for VL diagnosis, so tissue aspiration could be performed only for those who are LAMP negative. We recommend more studies about the performance of the Loopamp™ Leishmania Detection kit and the Brazilian LAMP assay. Thus, we expect in the future the constitution of an international consortium to share experiences, projects, and other LAMP approaches mainly among researchers and institutions located within VL endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Silva Nunes Bezerra
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Da Saúde, Universidade De Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.,Departamento De Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Walter Lins Barbosa Júnior
- Departamento De Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | | | - Amanda Tavares Xavier
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Da Saúde, Universidade De Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | | | - Edeneide Maria Xavier
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Da Saúde, Universidade De Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Elis Dionísio Da Silva
- Departamento De Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Nilma Cintra Leal
- Departamento De Microbiologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - Zulma Maria De Medeiros
- Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Da Saúde, Universidade De Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.,Departamento De Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
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67
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Alexandre J, Sadlova J, Lestinova T, Vojtkova B, Jancarova M, Podesvova L, Yurchenko V, Dantas-Torres F, Brandão-Filho SP, Volf P. Experimental infections and co-infections with Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania infantum in two sand fly species, Lutzomyia migonei and Lutzomyia longipalpis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3566. [PMID: 32108151 PMCID: PMC7046706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis are the most important causative agents of leishmaniases in the New World. These two parasite species may co-circulate in a given endemic area but their interactions in the vector have not been studied yet. We conducted experimental infections using both single infections and co-infections to compare the development of L. (L.) infantum (OGVL/mCherry) and L. (V.) braziliensis (XB29/GFP) in Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia migonei. Parasite labelling by different fluorescein proteins enabled studying interspecific competition and localization of different parasite species during co-infections. Both Leishmania species completed their life cycle, producing infective forms in both sand fly species studied. The same happens in the co infections, demonstrating that the two parasites conclude their development and do not compete with each other. However, infections produced by L. (L.) infantum reached higher rates and grew more vigorously, as compared to L. (V.) braziliensis. In late-stage infections, L. (L.) infantum was present in all midgut regions, showing typical suprapylarian type of development, whereas L. (V.) braziliensis was concentrated in the hindgut and the abdominal midgut (peripylarian development). We concluded that both Lu. migonei and Lu. longipalpis are equally susceptible vectors for L. (L.) infantum, in laboratory colonies. In relation to L. (V.) braziliensis, Lu. migonei appears to be more susceptible to this parasite than Lu. longipalpis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Alexandre
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jovana Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Lestinova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vojtkova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Magda Jancarova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Podesvova
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Fiocruz, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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68
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Cavalcante FRA, Cavalcante KKDS, Florencio CMGD, Moreno JDO, Correia FGS, Alencar CH. Human visceral leishmaniasis: epidemiological, temporal and spacial aspects in Northeast Brazil, 2003-2017. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2020; 62:e12. [PMID: 32074215 PMCID: PMC7032011 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a highly lethal zoonosis transmitted by a sandfly. It
is caused by a Leishmania protozoan parasite and dogs are the
main reservoir. Ceara State is endemic to visceral leishmaniasis and it is
considered a high risk transmission area. Temporal and spatial epidemiological
studies have been used as tools to analyze the distribution and frequency of
human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL). This study aimed to characterize HVL in its
epidemiological andtemporal aspects in Ceara State, from 2003 to 2017, as this
is a neglected disease and a public health problem. This is an ecological study
carried out with HVL confirmed cases in Ceara, using three blocks of years (2003
to 2007, 2008 to 2012 and 2013 to 2017). The disease presented an endemic
behavior, affecting mainly male residents in the urban area, especially children
under five and young adults between 30 and 49 years old. HVL is recorded in all
the municipalities, for more than 10 years, with a growing trend and territorial
expansion to the Central and Eastern regions of the State. The results of this
study indicated the increase in the incidence and lethality, as well as the
expansion of leishmaniasis in Ceara State.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos Henrique Alencar
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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69
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Brito VND, Dias ÁFDLR, Sousa VRF. Epidemiological aspects of Leishmaniasis in the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:744-749. [PMID: 31800884 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania parasite that is disseminated by some species of sandflies and hosted by a variety of reservoirs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the epidemiological situation of leishmaniasis in the municipalities of the Mato Grosso Pantanal. Human data were obtained from the Information System of Notifiable Diseases, and the canine and vector results from the State Department of Health of Mato Grosso. Between 2007 and 2016, 10 cases of visceral leishmaniasis and 499 cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis were identified in the Pantanal region. The surveillance studies regarding the canine reservoir demonstrated that the parasite was present in six of the seven municipalities. Vectors of visceral leishmaniasis were present in five municipalities and vectors of tegumentary leishmaniasis in six. Enhancement of services aimed at controlling this disease is fundamental to prevent an increase in the number of cases in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veruska Nogueira de Brito
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil.,Laboratório de Entomologia, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Mato Grosso - SES/MT, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
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70
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Environmental and socioeconomic risk factors associated with visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis: a systematic review. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:365-384. [PMID: 31897789 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We performed a systematic review of the literature published since 1900 about leishmaniasis a neglected vector-borne disease, focused on environmental and social risk factors for visceral (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) to better understand their impact on the incidence of disease. The search terms were "leishmaniasis" AND "risk factors" using Google Scholar, PudMed, and Scielo. We reviewed 177 articles, 95 studies for VL, 75 for CL, and 7 on both forms. We identified 14 categories of risk factors which were divided into three groups: socioeconomic (7), environmental (5), and climate (2) variables. Socioeconomic factors were also associated with disease incidence in vulnerable human populations of arid and tropical developing regions. Environmental and climate factors showed significant associations with the incidence of VL and CL in all the studies that considered them. Proximity to natural vegetation remnants increased disease risk in both the New and Old World while the climate conditions favorable for disease transmission differed among regions. We propose a common conceptual framework for both clinical forms that highlights networks of interaction among risk factors. In both clinical forms, the interplay of these factors played a major role in disease incidence. Although there are similarities in environmental and socioeconomic conditions that mediate the transmission cycle of tropical, arid, and Mediterranean regions, the behavior of vector and reservoirs in each region is different. Special attention should be given to the possibility of vector adaptation to urban environments in developing countries where populations with low socioeconomic status are particularly vulnerable to the disease.
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71
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Wilson AL, Courtenay O, Kelly-Hope LA, Scott TW, Takken W, Torr SJ, Lindsay SW. The importance of vector control for the control and elimination of vector-borne diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007831. [PMID: 31945061 PMCID: PMC6964823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) such as malaria, dengue, and leishmaniasis exert a huge burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly affecting the poorest of the poor. The principal method by which these diseases are controlled is through vector control, which has a long and distinguished history. Vector control, to a greater extent than drugs or vaccines, has been responsible for shrinking the map of many VBDs. Here, we describe the history of vector control programmes worldwide from the late 1800s to date. Pre 1940, vector control relied on a thorough understanding of vector ecology and epidemiology, and implementation of environmental management tailored to the ecology and behaviour of local vector species. This complex understanding was replaced by a simplified dependency on a handful of insecticide-based tools, particularly for malaria control, without an adequate understanding of entomology and epidemiology and without proper monitoring and evaluation. With the rising threat from insecticide-resistant vectors, global environmental change, and the need to incorporate more vector control interventions to eliminate these diseases, we advocate for continued investment in evidence-based vector control. There is a need to return to vector control approaches based on a thorough knowledge of the determinants of pathogen transmission, which utilise a range of insecticide and non-insecticide-based approaches in a locally tailored manner for more effective and sustainable vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L. Wilson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Orin Courtenay
- Zeeman Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A. Kelly-Hope
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas W. Scott
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Willem Takken
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Steve J. Torr
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steve W. Lindsay
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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72
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Gomes L, Dias E, Silva S, Carvalho P, Santos A, .Michalsky E, Lara-Silva F, Souza A, Fortes-Dias C, Morais M, Nicolino R, Soares D. Eco-epidemiological study on sandflies and environmental aspects related to the transmission of leishmaniasis in a municipality of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2015-2016. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate Leishmania vectors and investigate the environmental and climatic characteristics related to their transmission. This was a prospective eco-epidemiological study involving the systematic collection of sandflies and a canine serological survey in areas of municipality in Brazil. Blood samples from 1,752 dogs were examined to test for canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL). An entomological evaluation was carried out using 24 light traps in the peridomicile and intradomicile areas of 12 households for 12 months. Climate variables were analyzed using a simple Spearman correlation and a spatial analysis via the fuzzy logic method and K function. The prevalence rate of canine VL was 4.1% and 7.1% in the two areas that were studied, respectively. The entomological study resulted in the capture of 431 sandflies. Most (74%) of the specimens were captured in the peridomiciliary area, and 5.6% of the samples that were analyzed using molecular biology were positive for Leishmania spp. In particular, Leishmania infantum was found in 100% of the positive samples. The spatial analysis showed that one particular area presented a higher concentration of high-density overlapping points of Lutzomyia longipalpis and seropositive dog populations, indicating a higher risk of the concomitant occurrence of both events. The results show that a parasite-reservoir-vector interface is active in the studied areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.B. Gomes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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73
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Santos RL, de Oliveira AR. Leishmaniasis in non-human primates: Clinical and pathological manifestations and potential as reservoirs. J Med Primatol 2019; 49:34-39. [PMID: 31595524 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the domestic dog is the most important reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis in urban areas, there have been an increasing number of reports of naturally occurring leishmaniasis in non-human primates. Reported cases affecting neotropical and Old World non-human primates as well as their potential role as reservoirs were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Lima Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ayisa Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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74
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Macrogeographic genetic structure of Lutzomyia longipalpis complex populations using Next Generation Sequencing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223277. [PMID: 31581227 PMCID: PMC6776309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Neotropical realm. Its taxonomic status has been widely discussed once it encompasses a complex of species. The knowledge about the genetic structure of insect vector populations helps the elucidation of components and interactions of the disease ecoepidemiology. Thus, the objective of this study was to genotypically analyze populations of the Lu. longipalpis complex from a macrogeographic perspective using Next Generation Sequencing. Polymorphism analysis of three molecular markers was used to access the levels of population genetic structure among nine different populations of sand flies. Illumina Amplicon Sequencing Protocol® was used to identify possible polymorphic sites. The library was sequenced on paired-end Illumina MiSeq platform. Significant macrogeographical population differentiation was observed among Lu. longipalpis populations via PCA and DAPC analyses. Our results revealed that populations of Lu. longipalpis from the nine municipalities were grouped into three clusters. In addition, it was observed that the levels of Lu. longipalpis population structure could be associated with distance isolation. This new sequencing method allowed us to study different molecular markers after a single sequencing run, and to evaluate population and inter-species differences on a macrogeographic scale.
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75
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Castro JC, Bueno LL, Milagres TF, Rêgo FD, Gontijo CMF, Peconick AP, Andrade AJ, Barçante TA, Barçante JMP. Molecular detection of Leishmania spp in Lutzomyia longipalpis in the city of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res 2019; 52:e8224. [PMID: 31482975 PMCID: PMC6719341 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease that affects a large part of the world population. Knowing the sand fly fauna of a region is of fundamental importance for guiding health surveillance actions related to the prevention and control of leishmaniasis. A total of 86 specimens of sand flies (60 females and 26 males) were collected. Using the classification proposed by Galati (2003), the following species were identified: Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912), Migonemyia migonei (França, 1920), Evandromyia cortelezzi (Brethes, 1923), Ev. sallesi (Galvão & Coutinho, 1939), Nyssomyia whitmani (Atunes & Coutinho, 1939), Psathyromyia lutziana (Costa Lima, 1932), Ev. lenti (Mangabeira, 1938), Brumptomyia sp. (França and Parrot, 1921), and Pressatia sp. (Mangabeira, 1942). Using PCR with internal transcribed spacer target to identify infected sand flies, five Lu. longipalpis females were infected with Leishmania spp. Despite the small number of specimens collected, considerable species diversity was found in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Castro
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - L L Bueno
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - T F Milagres
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - F D Rêgo
- Grupo de Estudo em Leishmanioses, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - C M F Gontijo
- Grupo de Estudo em Leishmanioses, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - A P Peconick
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - A J Andrade
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - T A Barçante
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
| | - J M P Barçante
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brasil
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76
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Martínez MF, Santini MS, Kowalewski MM, Salomón OD. Phlebotominae in peri-domestic and forest environments inhabited by Alouatta caraya in northeastern Argentina. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 33:367-374. [PMID: 30895653 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple species of Phlebotominae are vectors of Leishmania (Protozoa: Trypanosomatidae), which causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). To describe the Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) related to the environments of black and gold howler monkeys Alouatta caraya (Humbodlt, 1812) (Primates: Atelidae), potential vectors were sampled in different landscapes and vertical strata of sleeping trees. Phlebotomine captured between December 2011 and March 2012 (2365 individuals) belonged to eight species, of which Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto, 1926) (61.4%) and Migonemyia migonei (França, 1920) (18.73%) were the most abundant, and Ny. withmani was recorded for the first time in the Chaco province. In the 'peri-domestic' landscape, the phlebotomine were mainly captured in henhouses (78.7%), whereas the tree canopy in 'rural' and 'wild' landscapes yielded 31.2% and 29.1% of the phlebotomine, respectively. A significant association between the type of landscape and the species of phlebotomine was observed by multivariate analysis. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) and Mg. migonei were associated with 'peri-domestic' landscape, and Ny. neivai was associated with the 'wild' landscape. The results of this prospective study suggest that the interaction between phlebotomine and A. caraya could be a key factor with respect to understanding the epidemiology of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Martínez
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT) - Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina
- Estación Biológica Corrientes (EBCo), Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales B. Rivadavia, Corrientes, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - M S Santini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemoepidemias (CeNDIE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS) - Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M M Kowalewski
- Estación Biológica Corrientes (EBCo), Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales B. Rivadavia, Corrientes, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - O D Salomón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT) - Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
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77
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Rocha AVVO, Moreno BFS, Cabral AD, Louzeiro NM, Miranda LM, Santos VMBD, Costa FB, Nogueira RDMS, Marcili A, Sperança MA, Costa APD. Diagnosis and epidemiology of Leishmania infantum in domestic cats in an endemic area of the Amazon region, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2019; 273:80-85. [PMID: 31446257 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by Leishmania infantum for which dogs are the main reservoir. In South America, presence of this disease is expanding along with increasing dispersion of its principal vector, the sand-fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Feline leishmaniasis is an emerging disease in domestic cats, but epidemiological studies in endemic areas of the Amazon region of Brazil are scarce and the role of cats as reservoirs of L. infantum has been debated. The aim of this study was to investigate L. infantum infection in cats living in the Amazon biome region, using serological and molecular methods. A total of 105 cats were subjected to clinical examination and blood samples were taken for immunofluorescent-antibody (IFAT) serological evaluation, to determine anti-Leishmania antibody titers. Conventional PCR and Sanger's sequencing targeting L. infantum chitinase and Leishmania species ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) encoding genes were performed on conjunctival swabs from these cats. Seropositivity was detected in 32 animals (30.48%), thus confirming that contact between these cats and the parasite was occurring. PCR followed by amplicon sequencing showed that three samples (2.86%) were positive for a chitinase gene and six (5.71%) were positive for the ITS-1 gene. Parasite-positive diagnoses presented a statistically significant association with free access to the streets (p = 0.0111), cohabitation with dogs affected previously by VL (p = 0.0006) and absence of backyard cleaning and garbage collection (p = 0.00003). These results emphasize that cats should be included in epidemiological surveys of leishmaniasis, especially in endemic areas, if not as the reservoir host (unproven), at least as a "sentinel host" that is useful for revealing situations of endemic circulation of L. infantum. Moreover, in these areas, feline leishmaniasis needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis among domestic cats presenting alopecia, rarefied hair, lacerations and ulcerative dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aline Diniz Cabral
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Arlei Marcili
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcia Aparecida Sperança
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
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78
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Yared S, Gebresilassie A, Abbasi I, Aklilu E, Kirstein OD, Balkew M, Brown AS, Clouse RM, Warburg A, Hailu A, Gebre-Michael T. A molecular analysis of sand fly blood meals in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic region of northwestern Ethiopia reveals a complex host-vector system. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02132. [PMID: 31384683 PMCID: PMC6661399 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL, or “kala-azar”) is a major cause of disability and death, especially in East Africa. Its vectors, sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), are poorly controlled and guarded against in these regions, owing in part to a lack of understanding about their feeding behavior. Methods A total of 746 freshly fed female sand flies were collected in five population centers in Kafta Humera (northwestern Ethiopia), where VL is endemic. Flies were collected from habitats that ranged from inside houses to open fields, using light traps and sticky traps. Sources of sand fly blood meals were identified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and DNA amplification with reverse-line blot analysis (PCR-RLB); 632 specimens were screened using ELISA, 408 of which had identifiable blood meals, and 114 were screened using PCR-RLB, 53 of which yielded identifications. Fly species determinations were based on morphology, and those specimens subjected to PCR-RLB were also screened for Leishmania parasites using conventional PCR to amplify the nuclear marker ITS1 (internal transcribed spacer 1) with Leishmania-specific primers. Results More than three-fourths of all sand flies collected were Phlebotomus orientalis, and the remaining portion was comprised of nine other species. Nearly two-thirds of P. orientalis specimens were collected at village peripheries. The most common blood source for all flies was donkey (33.9% of all identifications), followed by cow (24.2%), human (17.6%), dog (11.8%), and goat or sheep (8.6%); mixtures of blood meals from different sources were found in 28.2% of all flies screened. Unidentified blood meals, presumably from wildlife, not domestic animals, were significantly higher in farm fields. Leishmania parasites were not detected in any of the 114 flies screened, not surprising given an expected infection rate of 1–5 out of 1,000. Meals that included a mixture of human and cow blood were significantly more frequent relative to all cow meals than human blood meals were to non-cow meals, suggesting a zoopotentiative interaction between cows and humans in this system. Conclusions Habitat and host preferences of sand fly vectors in Kafta Humera confirmed the finding of previous reports that the main vector in the region, Phlebotomus orientalis, is a highly opportunistic feeder that prefers large animals and is most commonly found at village peripheries. These results were similar to those of a previous study conducted in a nearby region (Tahtay Adiabo), except for the role of cattle on the prevalence of human blood meals. Preliminary examinations of blood meal data from different settings point to the need for additional surveys and field experiments to understand the role of livestock on biting risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Yared
- Department of Biology, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Araya Gebresilassie
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ibrahim Abbasi
- The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Institute for Medical Research, The Hebrew University, Israel
| | - Essayas Aklilu
- Department of Biology, Mada Walabu University, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia
| | - Oscar D Kirstein
- The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Institute for Medical Research, The Hebrew University, Israel
| | - Meshesha Balkew
- President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) Vector Link Project, Ethiopia
| | - Adam S Brown
- Harvard University, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ronald M Clouse
- American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alon Warburg
- The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Institute for Medical Research, The Hebrew University, Israel
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, School of Medicine; Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Gebre-Michael
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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79
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Medkour H, Davoust B, Levasseur A, Mediannikov O. Molecular Evidence of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania guyanensis in Red Howler Monkey ( Alouatta seniculus) from French Guiana. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:896-900. [PMID: 31314697 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Presence of Leishmania spp. was evaluated in the blood of nine red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) from a specific area of French Guiana, located in the northeast of the Amazon. The molecular detection was performed based on PCR targeting the markers 18S rRNA, kDNA and ITS2 genes, as well as rapid immunomigration tests. Two monkeys were positive for Leishmania infantum and one for Leishmania guyanensis. While L. guyanensis cutaneous leishmaniasis is common, visceral leishmaniasis (human and canine) caused by L. infantum has never been described in this area. The howler monkey proved to be a sentinel and a potential reservoir of a serious zoonosis. These results must be carefully considered by public health officials and veterinarians in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacène Medkour
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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80
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Lamattina D, Berrozpe PE, Casas N, Moya SL, Giuliani MG, Costa SA, Arrabal JP, Martínez MF, Rivero MR, Salas M, Humeres CA, Liotta DJ, Meichtry MB, Salomón OD. Twice upon a time: The progression of canine visceral leishmaniasis in an Argentinean city. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219395. [PMID: 31276573 PMCID: PMC6611631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) prevalence, spatial distribution and associated factors were assessed in four locations in Iguazú department in 2014 and in Puerto Iguazú city again in 2018. The city areas were divided into a grid of 400x400m cells. All cells were sampled in 2014 and a random subsampling was developed in 2018. In each cell, five dogs clustered in a 'critical scenario' (prone to have vectors) were sampled. A rapid immunochromatographic dipstick was used to detect antibodies against Leishmania infantum, confirming by lymph node smears observation and PCR. For Puerto Iguazú, Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) were constructed considering environmental, dog and clinical variables. Pearson's Chi square and Fisher's exact tests were employed to evaluate the association between CVL, dog clinical signs and infestation with other parasites. Cartographic outputs were made and Moran's I indices were calculated as spatial autocorrelation indicators. CVL prevalence rates were 26.18% in 2014 and 17.50% in 2018. No associations were established in environmental models, but dog age and repellent use were significant when running 2014 dog models. Clinical models showed significant associations between seropositive dogs and ophthalmological, dermal signs and onychogryphosis in 2014. In 2018, only adenomegaly was associated. The results of global Moran´s I were not significant but regarding local analysis, six sites in 2014 and one in 2018 presented autocorrelation with neighboring sites. The decrease in CVL prevalence may be associated to transmission stabilization, which could explain the lack of associations with dog-related variables. Further, spatial distribution of CVL is a poor evidence for design of transmission control measures but could be important in case of intensive parasite circulation or when the first autochthonous cases appear. For control success, sensitivity of diagnostic methods, political will and adequate material resources remain critical. Modeling of multiple variables will be required to identify factors that drive disease stabilization/destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lamattina
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Pablo Eduardo Berrozpe
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Casas
- Dirección Nacional de Epidemiología y Análisis de la Situación de Salud, Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofía Lorian Moya
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magalí Gabriela Giuliani
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Andrés Costa
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Arrabal
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Mariela Florencia Martínez
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - María Romina Rivero
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Salas
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Cristian Alejandro Humeres
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Domingo Javier Liotta
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - María Belén Meichtry
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Oscar Daniel Salomón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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81
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Rebêlo JMM, Moraes JLP, Cruz GBV, Andrade-Silva J, Bandeira MDCA, Oliveira Pereira YN, Santos CLCD. Influence of Deforestation on the Community Structure of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Eastern Amazonia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1004-1012. [PMID: 30887047 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Variation in the structure of phlebotomine (sand fly) communities in forest fragments with different degrees of preservation and human occupation (peridomicile) in eastern Amazonia was studied. We identified 43 species of sand flies in our study, of which 38 occurred in both preserved forest areas and in the peridomiciles of short-term settlements, while another 28 species occurred in altered forest fragments and long-term settlements. The composition of the community at each site changed with the type of environment (forest or peridomicile), with the species Lutzomyia evandroi, L. whitmani, L. choti, L. serrana, L. triacantha, L. migonei, L. hirsuta, L. shannoni, and L. brachyphylla accounting for more than 54% of the differences among environments. The quality of the environment exerted a significant influence on the structure of phlebotomine communities, and affected their species composition, richness, and abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Macário Rebêlo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - Rede BIONORTE da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil
- Laboratório de Entomologia e Vetores, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil
| | - Jorge Luiz Pinto Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - Rede BIONORTE da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil
| | - Gustavo Barbosa Vieira Cruz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - Rede BIONORTE da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil
| | - Joudellys Andrade-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil
| | | | - Yrla Nívea Oliveira Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Ambiente da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil
| | - Ciro Líbio Caldas Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
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82
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Medkour H, Davoust B, Dulieu F, Maurizi L, Lamour T, Marié JL, Mediannikov O. Potential animal reservoirs (dogs and bats) of human visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in French Guiana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007456. [PMID: 31216270 PMCID: PMC6602241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In French Guiana, cutaneous leishmaniasis is highly endemic, whereas no autochthonous case of visceral leishmaniasis have been reported so far. However, due to its proximity to Brazil which is highly endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, and the high transboundary population flow, an epidemiological challenge could arise at any time. As an overseas department and region and the largest outermost region of the European Union, epidemiological surveillance of visceral leishmaniasis is of great importance. Our study aimed to investigate the presence of Leishmania spp. in domestic (dogs) and sylvatic (bats) animals from French Guiana. Over the 2008-2018 period, samples from 349 animals were collected. They included blood from 179 autochthonous dogs and 59 bats, spleen samples from 33 bats and, blood from 78 military working dogs (MWD) collected before their departure from continental France and at the end of their four-month stay in French Guiana. Samples were screened using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays targeting Leishmania DNA followed by sequencing of 18S rRNA, kDNA and ITS2 genes. L. infantum was detected in 2.3% (8/349) of animals with 1.7% (3/179) of autochthonous dogs, 5.1% (4/78) of MWD returning from French Guiana, whereas they were negative before their departure. One of them dates back to 2012. All these dogs were positive for serological tests. In addition, L. infantum DNA was detectable in one bat spleen sample, belonging to Carollia perspicillata species. We report here for the first time an infection with L. infantum in dogs and bat from French Guiana. Our results suggest the existence of potential reservoir and transmission cycle for visceral leishmaniasis, at least since 2012, which was unknown in this territory until now. Further studies are needed to determine how these animals were infected and which vectors are involved in the transmission in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacène Medkour
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Animal Epidemiology Working Group of the Military Health Service, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Lou Marié
- Animal Epidemiology Working Group of the Military Health Service, Marseille, France
- French Army Health Service, Paris, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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83
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Gómez-Bravo A, Alvarez-Costa A, Fronza G, Abril M, Zerba EN, Juan LW. High effectiveness of an adulticide-larvicide formulation for field control of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the city of Clorinda, Argentina. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2019; 7:e00110. [PMID: 31236488 PMCID: PMC6581875 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In Argentina, Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi) is the etiologic agent of human visceral leishmaniosis (HVL), and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) is the main vector. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and residual effect of two commercial insecticide formulations, one with permethrin and pyriproxyfen as active ingredients (Dragon Max®) and the other with only permethrin (Flop®) for the control of sandflies. Both formulations were applied in chicken coops and other surroundings structures of the peridomicile of urban houses in Clorinda, Formosa (Argentina). Entomological monitoring was carried out weekly for 44 weeks after the intervention. The results showed great effectiveness and residual effect up to 21 weeks post-intervention for Dragon Max®. This result could be explained by the excellent larvicidal activity of the Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen against the immature forms of phlebotomines and by the delay on the restoration of the natural threshold of the vector population in treated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gómez-Bravo
- Fundación Mundo Sano, Paraguay 1535, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Alvarez-Costa
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas, UNIDEF, CITEDEF, CONICET, Juan 10 Bautista de la Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Georgina Fronza
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas, UNIDEF, CITEDEF, CONICET, Juan 10 Bautista de la Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Abril
- Fundación Mundo Sano, Paraguay 1535, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo N Zerba
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas, UNIDEF, CITEDEF, CONICET, Juan 10 Bautista de la Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura W Juan
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas, UNIDEF, CITEDEF, CONICET, Juan 10 Bautista de la Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigación sobre Producción Agropecuaria, Ambiente y Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora, Camino de Cintura y Juan XXIII, Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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84
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Bezerra GSN, Barbosa WL, Silva EDD, Leal NC, Medeiros ZMD. Urine as a promising sample for Leishmania DNA extraction in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis - a review. Braz J Infect Dis 2019; 23:111-120. [PMID: 31054271 PMCID: PMC9425670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a serious and debilitating infection with high fatality rate in tropical and subtropical countries. As clinical symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis are not so specific, confirmatory diagnostic methods with high sensitivity and specificity are needed. Noninvasive methods have been developed using urine as a clinical sample for visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis. In fact, there is a clear correlation between kidney impairment and Leishmania DNA in urine. However, it has been proved that Leishmania nucleic acid may also be isolated from patients without any sign of renal involvement. Even though urine has become a promissing biological sample, it is still not widely used due to several issues, such as (i) incomprehension of the whole renal pathophysiology process in visceral leishmaniasis, (ii) presence of many amplification inhibitors in urine, and (iii) lack of an efficient urinary DNA extraction method. In this article, we performed a literature review to bring a new perspective for Leishmania DNA isolation in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Silva Nunes Bezerra
- Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Recife, PE, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Departamento de Parasitologia, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Walter Lins Barbosa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Departamento de Parasitologia, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Elis Dionísio da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Departamento de Parasitologia, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Nilma Cintra Leal
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Departamento de Microbiologia, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Zulma Maria de Medeiros
- Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Recife, PE, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Instituto Aggeu Magalhães (IAM), Departamento de Parasitologia, Recife, PE, Brazil
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85
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Rodrigues de Oliveira A, Pinheiro GRG, Tinoco HP, Loyola ME, Coelho CM, Dias ES, Monteiro ÉM, de Oliveira Lara e Silva F, Pessanha AT, Souza AGM, Pereira NCL, Gontijo NF, Fujiwara RT, Alves da Paixão T, Santos RL. Competence of non-human primates to transmit Leishmania infantum to the invertebrate vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007313. [PMID: 30995227 PMCID: PMC6488095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide relevance. Visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in Brazil, where it is caused by Leishmania infantum with Lutzomyia longipalpis being the most important invertebrate vector. Non-human primates are susceptible to L. infantum infection. However, little is known about the role of these species as reservoirs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the transmissibility potential of visceral leishmaniasis by non-human primates through xenodiagnosis using the phlebotomine Lu. longipalpis as well as to identify phlebotomine species prevalent in the area where the primates were kept in captivity, and assess infection by Leishmania in captured phlebotomine specimens. Fifty two non-human primates kept in captivity in an endemic area for leishmaniasis were subjected to xenodiagnosis. All primates were serologically tested for detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Additionally, an anti-Lu. longipalpis saliva ELISA was performed. Sand flies fed on all animals were tested by qPCR to identify and quantify L. infantum promastigotes. Eight of the 52 non-human primates were positive by xenodiagnosis, including three Pan troglodytes, three Leontopithecus rosalia, one Sapajus apella, and one Miopithecus talapoin, with estimated numbers of promastigotes ranging from 5.67 to 1,181.93 per μg of DNA. Positive animals had higher levels of IgG anti-Lu. longipalpis saliva when compared to negative animals, prior to xenodiagnosis. Captive non-human primates are capable of infecting Lu. longipalpis with L. infantum. Our findings also demonstrate the relevance of non-human primates as sentinels to zoonotic diseases. Several phlebotomine species, including Lu. longipalpis, have been identified in the area where the primates were maintained, but only one pool of Lutzomyia lenti was infected with L. infantum. This study has implications for public health strategies and conservation medicine. Visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution. The disease is endemic in several Brazilian regions, including the city of Belo Horizonte, where visceral leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania infantum and transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis. This study evaluated the competence of non-human primates to infect Lutzomyia longipalpis with Leishmania infantum. Eight of 52 non-human primates were positive to leishmaniasis by xenodiagnosis, i.e. capable of infecting sand flies, with averages of 5.67 to 1,181.93 promastigotes/μg of DNA. Positive animals had higher levels of IgG anti-Lu. longipalpis saliva when compared to negative animals, prior to xenodiagnosis. This study highlights the importance of non-human primates in the leishmaniasis cycle, providing information that is relevant for development of better public health strategies, and to conservation medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayisa Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Rafael Gomide Pinheiro
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Herlandes P. Tinoco
- Fundação de Parques Municipais e Zoobotânica de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Elvira Loyola
- Fundação de Parques Municipais e Zoobotânica de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlyle Mendes Coelho
- Fundação de Parques Municipais e Zoobotânica de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Angela Tinoco Pessanha
- Fundação de Parques Municipais e Zoobotânica de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nelder F. Gontijo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T. Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Alves da Paixão
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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86
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Di-Blasi T, Telleria EL, Marques C, Couto RDM, da Silva-Neves M, Jancarova M, Volf P, Tempone AJ, Traub-Csekö YM. Lutzomyia longipalpis TGF-β Has a Role in Leishmania infantum chagasi Survival in the Vector. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:71. [PMID: 30972305 PMCID: PMC6445956 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing number of studies concerning insect immunity, Lutzomyia longipalpis immune responses in the presence of Leishmania infantum chagasi infection has not been widely investigated. The few available studies analyzed the role of the Toll and IMD pathways involved in response against Leishmania and microbial infections. Nevertheless, effector molecules responsible for controlling sand fly infections have not been identified. In the present study we investigated the role a signal transduction pathway, the Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway, on the interrelation between L. longipalpis and L. i. chagasi. We identified an L. longipalpis homolog belonging to the multifunctional cytokine TGF-β gene family (LlTGF-β), which is closely related to the activin/inhibin subfamily and potentially involved in responses to infections. We investigated this gene expression through the insect development and in adult flies infected with L. i. chagasi. Our results showed that LlTGF-β was expressed in all L. longipalpis developmental stages and was upregulated at the third day post L. i. chagasi infection, when protein levels were also higher as compared to uninfected insects. At this point blood digestion is finished and parasites are in close contact with the insect gut. In addition, we investigated the role of LlTGF-β on L. longipalpis infection by L. i. chagasi using either gene silencing by RNAi or pathway inactivation by addition of the TGF-β receptor inhibitor SB431542. The blockage of the LlTGF-β pathway increased significantly antimicrobial peptides expression and nitric oxide levels in the insect gut, as expected. Both methods led to a decreased L. i. chagasi infection. Our results show that inactivation of the L. longipalpis TGF-β signal transduction pathway reduce L. i. chagasi survival, therefore suggesting that under natural conditions the parasite benefits from the insect LlTGF-β pathway, as already seen in Plamodium infection of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Di-Blasi
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erich Loza Telleria
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Parasitology Department, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Christiane Marques
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo de Macedo Couto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monique da Silva-Neves
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Magdalena Jancarova
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Volf
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Antonio Jorge Tempone
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yara Maria Traub-Csekö
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitas e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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87
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Costa AT, Dias ES, Souza AGM, Silva FDOLE, Machado-Coelho GLL. Ecology of phlebotomine sand flies in an area of leishmaniasis occurrence in the Xakriabá Indigenous Reserve, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20180474. [PMID: 30843969 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0474-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leishmaniasis is a complex vector-borne infectious diseases caused by protozoan parasites in the genus Leishmania and spread by hematophagous phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). The aim of this study was to investigate the phlebotomine fauna, endophily and exophily of the species found, and possible influence of climatic factors on their populations. METHODS The study was conducted in the Xakriabá Indigenous Reserve (XIR) in the municipality of São João das Missões in northern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Insects were collected over three consecutive nights in the last week of each month for 12 months from July 2015 to May 2016 from four houses in four different villages. Two traps were set up in each house: one in the intra-domicile and another in the peri-domicile. RESULTS A total of 2,012 phlebotomine sand fly specimens representing 23 species and belonging to 10 different genera were captured and identified. Among the studied villages, Riacho do Brejo showed the highest density and diversity of phlebotomine sand flies. The species Lutzomyia longipalpis (80.3%) and Nyssomyia intermedia (7.3%), which are major vectors of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively, had the highest population densities, both in the intra- and peri-domicile. No correlation was observed between climatic factors and the density of phlebotomine sand flies. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study may contribute to a better understanding and targeting of the measures for preventing and controlling leishmaniasis by the authorities responsible for indigenous health.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tetzl Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Edelberto Santos Dias
- Grupo de Taxonomia de Flebotomíneos /Epidemiologia, Diagnóstico e Controle das leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Andreza Geisiane Maia Souza
- Grupo de Taxonomia de Flebotomíneos /Epidemiologia, Diagnóstico e Controle das leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Fabiana de Oliveira Lara E Silva
- Grupo de Taxonomia de Flebotomíneos /Epidemiologia, Diagnóstico e Controle das leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou - Fiocruz Minas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - George Luiz Lins Machado-Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil.,Laboratório de Epidemiologia, Escola de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
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88
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Berrozpe PE, Lamattina D, Santini MS, Araujo AV, Torrusio SE, Salomón OD. Spatiotemporal dynamics of Lutzomyia longipalpis and macro-habitat characterization using satellite images in a leishmaniasis-endemic city in Argentina. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 33:89-98. [PMID: 30198066 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal population dynamics of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae) were evaluated in a city in Argentina in which visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. Over 14 sampling sessions, 5244 specimens of five species of Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) were captured, of which 2458 (46.87%) specimens were L. longipalpis. Generalized linear models were constructed to evaluate the associations between L. longipalpis abundance and explanatory variables derived from satellite images. The spatial variable 'stratum' and the temporal variable 'season' were also included in the models. Three variables were found to have significant associations: the normalized difference vegetation index; land surface temperature, and low urban coverage. The last two of these were associated with L. longipalpis abundance only during summer and winter, respectively. This variation between seasons supports the development of models that include temporal variables because models of distributions of the abundance of a species may show different critical variables according to the climatic period of the year. Abundance decreased gradually towards the downtown area, which suggests that L. longipalpis responds to a meta-population structure, in which rural-periurban source populations that persist over time may colonize adjacent areas. This information allows for a spatiotemporal stratification of risk, which provides public health authorities with a valuable tool to help optimize prevention measures against visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Berrozpe
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva, Ciudad Autõnoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Lamattina
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - M S Santini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva, Ciudad Autõnoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones en Endemo-Epidemias (CeNDIE), Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Ciudad Autõma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A V Araujo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes Capital, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - S E Torrusio
- Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva, Ciudad Autõnoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O D Salomón
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva, Ciudad Autõnoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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89
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Cardoso MS, Bento GA, de Almeida LV, de Castro JC, Reis-Cunha JL, Barbosa VDA, de Souza CF, Brazil RP, Valdivia HO, Bartholomeu DC. Detection of multiple circulating Leishmania species in Lutzomyia longipalpis in the city of Governador Valadares, southeastern Brazil. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211831. [PMID: 30721272 PMCID: PMC6363391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis encompasses a group of diverse clinical diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus. This disease is a major public health problem in the New World affecting people exposed in endemic regions. The city of Governador Valadares (Minas Gerais/Brazil) is a re-emerging area for visceral leishmaniasis, with 191 human cases reported from 2008 to 2017 and a lethality rate of 14.7%. The transmission of the parasite occurs intensely in this region with up to 22% of domestic dogs with positive serology for the visceral form. Lu. longipalpis is one of the most abundant sand fly species in this area. Despite this scenario, so far there is no information regarding the circulating Leishmania species in the insect vector Lutzomyia longipalpis in this focus. We collected 616 female Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies between January and September 2015 in the Vila Parque Ibituruna neighborhood (Governador Valadares/MG), which is located on a transitional area between the sylvatic and urban environments with residences built near a preserved area. After DNA extraction of individual sand flies, the natural Leishmania infections in Lu. longipalpis were detected by conventional PCR, using primers derived from kDNA sequences, specific for L. (Leishmania) or L. (Viannia) subgenus. The sensitivity of these PCR reactions was 0.1 pg of DNA for each Leishmania subgenus and the total infection rate of 16.2% (100 positive specimens). Species-specific PCR detected the presence of multiple Leishmania species in infected Lu. longipalpis specimens in Governador Valadares, including L. amazonensis (n = 3), L. infantum (n = 28), L. (Viannia) spp. (n = 20), coinfections with L. infantum and L. (Viannia) spp. (n = 5), and L. (Leishmania) spp (n = 44). Our results demonstrate that multiple Leishmania species circulate in Lu. longipalpis in Governador Valadares and reveal a potential increasing risk of transmission of the different circulating parasite species. This information reinforces the need for epidemiological and entomological surveillance in this endemic focus, and the development of effective control strategies against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Santos Cardoso
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Ariadine Bento
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laila Viana de Almeida
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Joseane Camilla de Castro
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Luís Reis-Cunha
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniella Castanheira Bartholomeu
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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90
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Marcondes M, Day MJ. Current status and management of canine leishmaniasis in Latin America. Res Vet Sci 2019; 123:261-272. [PMID: 30708238 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Latin America encompasses diverse geographical, cultural and socio-economic conditions, which are reflected in the challenges for infectious disease control in the region. One of the most significant regional infectious diseases for humans and domestic dogs is leishmaniasis, occurring as visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi) transmitted by sand flies (Lutzomyia longipalpis) and with a canine reservoir, and the more common cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) involving multiple Leishmania spp. (particularly L. braziliensis), sand fly vectors and reservoir hosts. VL is spreading within Latin America for reasons related to mass migration of human and canine populations, with incursion into novel environments (e.g. related to deforestation) coupled with a background of poverty and poor public health infrastructure. The challenges for control of VL also include: (1) the accurate identification of infected dogs (particularly subclinically infected dogs) with the current reliance on serological rather than molecular diagnostic methods, (2) controversy surrounding the ethics and efficacy of culling of seropositive dogs, (3) the limited efficacy of currently available canine vaccines and their potential to interfere with interpretation of serological testing, (4) the expense associated with distribution of insecticidal dog collars, which may prove to be the most valuable control method, and (5) the cost and therefore accessibility of licensed medical treatment for canine leishmaniasis by the general population. Resolution of these isssues will necessitate a 'One Health' approach to co-ordination of resources between human and veterinary healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Marcondes
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Veterinary Medicine, Araçatuba, 16050-680 Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Michael J Day
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
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91
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Machado G, Alvarez J, Bakka HC, Perez A, Donato LE, de Ferreira Lima Júnior FE, Alves RV, Del Rio Vilas VJ. Revisiting area risk classification of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:2. [PMID: 30606104 PMCID: PMC6318941 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3564-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease of public health relevance in Brazil. To prioritize disease control measures, the Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde of Brazil's Ministry of Health (SVS/MH) uses retrospective human case counts from VL surveillance data to inform a municipality-based risk classification. In this study, we compared the underlying VL risk, using a spatiotemporal explicit Bayesian hierarchical model (BHM), with the risk classification currently in use by the Brazil's Ministry of Health. We aim to assess how well the current risk classes capture the underlying VL risk as modelled by the BHM. METHODS Annual counts of human VL cases and the population at risk for all Brazil's 5564 municipalities between 2004 and 2014 were used to fit a relative risk BHM. We then computed the predicted counts and exceedence risk for each municipality and classified them into four categories to allow comparison with the four risk categories by the SVS/MH. RESULTS Municipalities identified as high-risk by the model partially agreed with the current risk classification by the SVS/MH. Our results suggest that counts of VL cases may suffice as general indicators of the underlying risk, but can underestimate risks, especially in areas with intense transmission. CONCLUSION According to our BHM the SVS/MH risk classification underestimated the risk in several municipalities with moderate to intense VL transmission. Newly identified high-risk areas should be further evaluated to identify potential risk factors and assess the needs for additional surveillance and mitigation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA
| | - Julio Alvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense, Avda Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Avda Puerta de Hierro S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Andres Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Lucas Edel Donato
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde (SVS-MH), Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Vieira Alves
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde (SVS-MH), Brasília, Brazil
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92
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Santini MS, Acosta MM, Utgés ME, Aldaz ME, Salomón OD. Presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Nyssomyia whitmani in Entre Rios, Argentina. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018; 60:e55. [PMID: 30365638 PMCID: PMC6199125 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of Lutzomyia
longipalpis in the Argentine city of Concordia, in the province of
Entre Rios, without record of this species despite previous samplings, but with
canine cases of visceral leishmaniasis and Lu. longipalpis
reports both, from Northern Argentine localities and from the city of Salto,
Uruguay, located just across the river and the international border. This study
confirms the presence of Lu. longipalpis and Nyssomyia
whitmani, related to the risk of visceral and tegumentary
leishmaniasis, respectively, in Concordia-Entre Rios. The presence of
Lu. longipalpis confirms the ongoing dispersal along the
Uruguay river basin. The presence of these species in the study area alerts
about the risk of transmission of Leishmania spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Santini
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-epidemias, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos C Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Maria Eugenia Utgés
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-epidemias, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud "Dr. Carlos C Malbrán", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Esther Aldaz
- Hospital D. C. Masvernat, Dirección de Epidemiologia, Programa Provincial de Zoonosis y Vectores, Entre Rios, Argentina
| | - Oscar Daniel Salomón
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
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93
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Silva CJD, Mattos CB, Felipin KP, Silva HPDJ, Cantanhêde LM, Porrozzi R, Medeiros JF, Ferreira RDGM. First autochthonous case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Rondônia, Brazil, a region with no history of visceral leishmaniasis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 51:712-715. [PMID: 30304285 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0143-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the first autochthonous case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Rondônia, northern Brazil. A canine resident of the municipality of Cacoal, with clinical signs and symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis, was treated by a veterinarian. Samples were analyzed by a reference laboratory. Dual-path platform (DPP) assay, indirect immunofluorescence technique (IIT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), isolation in a culture medium, and direct parasitological analysis were performed. DPP assay, IIT, and ELISA revealed positive results for Leishmania; PCR identified the species as Leishmania infantum. Based on the clinical presentation and test results, canine visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Renato Porrozzi
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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94
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Brodskyn CI, Kamhawi S. Biomarkers for Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis in Latin America. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:245. [PMID: 30175073 PMCID: PMC6108378 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Latin America, zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) arising from infection by L. infantum is primarily transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies. Dogs, which are chronic reservoirs of L. infantum, are considered a significant risk factor for acquisition of ZVL due to their close proximity to humans. In addition, as a vector-borne disease the intensity of exposure to vector sand flies can also enhance the risk of developing ZVL. Traditionally, IFN-γ and IL-10 are considered as the two main cytokines which determine the outcome of visceral leishmaniasis. However, more recently, the literature has demonstrated that different mediators, such as lipid mediators (PGE-2, PGF-2 alfa, LTB-4, resolvins) and other important inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are also involved in the pathogenicity of ZVL. Analysis of a greater number of mediators allows for a more complete view of disease immunopathogenesis. Additionally, our knowledge has expanded to encompass different biomarkers associated to disease severity and healing after specific treatments. These parameters can also be used to better define new potential targets for vaccines and chemotherapy for ZVL. Here, we will provide an overview of ZVL biomarkers identified for both humans and dogs and discuss their merits and shortcomings. We will also discuss biomarkers of vector exposure as an additional tool in our arsenal to combat ZVL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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95
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Dias RCF, Thomaz-Soccol V, Pasquali AKS, Alban SM, Fendrich RC, Pozzolo EM, Chiyo L, Bisetto Júnior A, Ferreira FP, Desto SS, Freire RL, Mitsuka-Breganó R, Navarro IT. Variables associated with the prevalence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in dogs on the tri-border of Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2018; 27:338-347. [PMID: 30184001 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in dogs from localities in the city of Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná state, Brazil, on the border with Argentina and Paraguay. Blood samples dogs were collected to perform the following serologic tests: immunochromatographic DPP® rapid test, indirect immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). In 2012, 285 dogs were analyzed on Argentina border, and in 2013, serum samples from 396 dogs on the border of Paraguay were collected. Using ELISA for screening and IFA for the confirmatory test, the results showed that the antibody prevalence was 1.8% (5/285) on the border of Argentina and 3.0% (12/396) on Paraguay border. When using the DPP® for screening and ELISA as a confirmatory analysis, we observed a seroreagent prevalence in dogs of 2.5% (7/285) on Argentina border and 5.1% (20/396) on Paraguay border. The non-public collection of domestic waste (p= 0.0004) was shown to be associated with leishmaniasis. This study shows the presence of leishmaniasis and suggest the emergence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in state of Paraná due to the confirmed occurrence of seroreactive dogs on Argentina and Paraguay border, which has environmental and geographical characteristics that favor the spread of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanete Thomaz-Soccol
- Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Silvana Maria Alban
- Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Cancio Fendrich
- Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Luciana Chiyo
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Prefeitura de Foz do Iguaçu, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Fernanda Pinto Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Stela Silva Desto
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Roberta Lemos Freire
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Regina Mitsuka-Breganó
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Italmar Teodorico Navarro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
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96
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Santini MS, Fernández MS, Cavia R, Salomón OD. Co-occurrence and seasonal and environmental distributions of the sandflies Lutzomyia longipalpis and Nyssomyia whitmani in the city of Puerto Iguazú, northeastern Argentina. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 32:197-205. [PMID: 29178206 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the distribution of Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psycodidade) abundance in time and space in an area in northeastern Argentina with vector transmission of visceral and tegumentary leishmaniasis. For this, 51 households were selected using a 'worst scenario' criterion where one light trap was set during two consecutive nights in peridomiciles in the transitions between the four seasons, and the environment was surveyed simultaneously. The relationships of phlebotomine assemblage structure and the most abundant species with seasonality and environmental variables were evaluated using a canonical correspondence analysis and generalized linear mixed models, respectively. A total of 5110 individuals were captured. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) and Nyssomyia whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho, 1939) were the most abundant species captured in all samplings (98.3% of the total capture). The period of highest abundance of Lu. longipalpis was early autumn, and it was distributed in the most urbanized areas. Nyssomyia whitmani occupied mainly the less urbanized areas, showing peaks of abundance in early spring and summer. Other species were captured in low numbers and showed seasonal-spatial variations similar to those of Ny. whitmani. We confirmed Leishmania spp. vector persistence throughout the year in spatial patches of high abundance even during the less favorable season.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Santini
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-epidemias (CeNDIE), ANLIS, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (ReDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M S Fernández
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (ReDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEN, UBA e Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Cavia
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEN, UBA e Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O D Salomón
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Leishmaniasis Investigation Network of Argentina (ReDILA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT), Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina
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97
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Carvalho BM, Dos Santos TV, da R Barata I, Lima JAN, Silveira FT, Vale MM, Ready PD, Rangel EF. Entomological surveys of Lutzomyia flaviscutellata and other vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in municipalities with records of Leishmania amazonensis within the Bragança region of Pará State, Brazil. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2018; 43:168-178. [PMID: 29757525 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In southeast Amazon, Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) flaviscutellata is the incriminated vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, a causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The optimal methods for surveying Lu. flaviscutellata were investigated in the Bragança region, northeast Pará State, Brazil, selected for the presence of Le. amazonensis. The performances of modified Disney traps and CDC light traps were compared in four ecotopes within and around four village transects during the wet and dry seasons. The physiological age of female sand flies was estimated and natural infection by flagellates was evaluated by dissection. Disney traps were better for detecting the presence of Lu. flaviscutellata, while CDC traps performed well for detecting Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) antunesi, suspected vector of Leishmania lindenbergi. The former was more abundant during the wet season, when female flies were naturally infected with Le. amazonensis. These findings identified the environments of local transmission. In order to improve surveys of Lu. flaviscutellata as part of integrated epidemiological surveillance of CL, our recommendations include focusing vector surveys with Disney traps on forest fragments where people work, during the seasonal peak of the vector. Further field studies are required to make model-based predictions of seasonal variations in the vectorial capacity of vector populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Carvalho
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, 21040-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Vasconcelos Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses Prof. Dr Ralph Lainson, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Rod. BR 316, Km 07 s/n, 67030-000, Levilândia, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Iorlando da R Barata
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses Prof. Dr Ralph Lainson, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Rod. BR 316, Km 07 s/n, 67030-000, Levilândia, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - José Aprígio N Lima
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses Prof. Dr Ralph Lainson, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Rod. BR 316, Km 07 s/n, 67030-000, Levilândia, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Fernando T Silveira
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses Prof. Dr Ralph Lainson, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Rod. BR 316, Km 07 s/n, 67030-000, Levilândia, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Vale
- Laboratório de Vertebrados, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paul D Ready
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, U.K
| | - Elizabeth F Rangel
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, 21040-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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98
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Palframan MJ, Bandi KK, Hamilton JG, Pattenden G. Sobralene, a new sex-aggregation pheromone and likely shunt metabolite of the taxadiene synthase cascade, produced by a member of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis species complex. Tetrahedron Lett 2018; 59:1921-1923. [PMID: 29780183 PMCID: PMC5937913 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new sex-aggregation pheromone, sobralene, produced by the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis from Sobral (Ceará State, Brazil) is shown to have the novel 6,12-membered ring-fused diterpene structure 3. It is proposed that sobralene is a likely shunt metabolite of the taxadiene synthase-catalysed cyclisation of geranygeranyl diphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Palframan
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Krishna K. Bandi
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - James G.C. Hamilton
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Gerald Pattenden
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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99
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The mass use of deltamethrin collars to control and prevent canine visceral leishmaniasis: A field effectiveness study in a highly endemic area. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006496. [PMID: 29758031 PMCID: PMC5993122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis of great importance. Limitations in current VL control measures compromise efficacy, indicating the need to implement new strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the mass use of deltamethrin-impregnated collars in dogs as a public health measure to control and prevent canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Methodology An interventional study was implemented in two endemic areas in the district of Monte Gordo (Bahia-Brazil): an intervention area, in which VL seronegative dogs were collared, and a control area in which only conventional CVL control measures were applied. At baseline, seropositive dogs were removed and seronegative dogs were included. Dogs were then reevaluated every 7–8 months for almost two years. At each time point, dogs in the intervention area that remained seronegative received new collars and newly identified seronegative dogs were included and collared. The local zoonosis control authorities were notified of any dogs that tested seropositive in both areas, which were subsequently marked for euthanasia as mandated by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Principal findings In the first serological survey, seroprevalence was similar in both areas. At the second evaluation, significant reductions in seroprevalence were seen in both areas, while seroprevalence in the intervention area reduced to 6.0% during the final evaluation versus an increase of 11.0% in the control area. This significant increase and the estimated relative risk (RR = 0.55) indicated protection against CVL in the intervention area. Although CVL incidence did not differ significantly between the areas, an increased tendency was observed in the control area, which could be due to low seroconversion rates throughout the study or a high loss to follow-up. Conclusions/Significance Although our evaluation of the effectiveness of deltamethrin-impregnated collars as a community-wide public health control measure was inconclusive, this measure likely provides protection over time. In endemic areas of Brazil, this strategy represents an operational challenge for local zoonosis control authorities, indicating the need for adjustments, including improved collar design. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious public health problem. Cases of canine VL (CVL) tend to precede cases of human VL and current control measures are ineffective in significantly reducing the number of disease cases. Therefore, in light of the need for new strategies, we evaluated the mass use of dog collars impregnated with deltamethrin as a public health measure to control and prevent CVL in a highly endemic region in Brazil. Although our results were inconclusive, they do point to the possible effectiveness of this measure if it were comprehensively implemented over an extended period of time. We identified the need to adjust the currently employed implementation strategy and call attention to the operational challenges faced by local zoonosis prevention authorities.
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100
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dos Santos Brighente KB, Cutolo AA, Motoie G, da Silva Meira-Strejevitch C, Pereira-Chioccola VL. Molecular detection of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in phlebotomine sandflies from a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in northwestern of São Paulo State, Brazil. Acta Trop 2018; 181:1-5. [PMID: 29373820 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study identified the natural infection rate of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum in Lutzomyia longipalpis sandflies collected in a neighborhood around a kennel, in Dracena, northwestern of São Paulo state. This region is highly endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Insects were captured during 2-3 nights monthly for 11 months (January-November 2012) using 10 automatic light traps around a kennel in a transition between periurban and urban neighborhood. Capture aimed the determination of the minimal infection rate (MIR) on the area. A total of 1690 Lu. longipalpis were captured during the studied period. Out of them, 292 (17.25%) were females and were grouped in 165 pools containing 1 to five insects for DNA extraction and PCR analysis. Positive results for L. (L) infantum in conventional PCR and real time PCR were shown in 7.28% (12/165) and 4.85% (8/165) of the analysis respectively. These data confirm that Lu. longipalpis captured in the study area were infected by L. (L.) infantum. The MIR of sandflies during the 11 months of captures was 4.10% for female the total of 292 female sandflies collected. A high DNA concentration of L. (L.) infantum was detected on sandflies especially in kennel, chicken coop and neighboring houses, where higher abundance of hosts for blood source were present.
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