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Massai D, Bolesani E, Diaz DR, Kropp C, Kempf H, Halloin C, Martin U, Braniste T, Isu G, Harms V, Morbiducci U, Dräger G, Zweigerdt R. Sensitivity of human pluripotent stem cells to insulin precipitation induced by peristaltic pump-based medium circulation: considerations on process development. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28638147 PMCID: PMC5479836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled large-scale production of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is indispensable for their envisioned clinical translation. Aiming at advanced process development in suspension culture, the sensitivity of hPSC media to continuous peristaltic pump-based circulation, a well-established technology extensively used in hydraulically-driven bioreactors, was investigated. Unexpectedly, conditioning of low protein media (i.e. E8 and TeSR-E8) in a peristaltic pump circuit induced severe viability loss of hPSCs cultured as aggregates in suspension. Optical, biochemical, and cytological analyses of the media revealed that the applied circulation mode resulted in the reduction of the growth hormone insulin by precipitation of micro-sized particles. Notably, in contrast to insulin depletion, individual withdrawal of other medium protein components (i.e. bFGF, TGFβ1 or transferrin) provoked minor reduction of hPSC viability, if any. Supplementation of the surfactant glycerol or the use of the insulin analogue Aspart did not overcome the issue of insulin precipitation. In contrast, the presence of bovine or human serum albumin (BSA or HSA, respectively) stabilized insulin rescuing its content, possibly by acting as molecular chaperone-like protein, ultimately supporting hPSC maintenance. This study highlights the potential and the requirement of media optimization for automated hPSC processing and has broad implications on media development and bioreactor-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Massai
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Emiliano Bolesani
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Robles Diaz
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Kropp
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henning Kempf
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Caroline Halloin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tudor Braniste
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,National Center for Materials Study and Testing, Technical University of Moldova, Bv. Stefan cel Mare 168, Chisinau, 2004, Republic of Moldova
| | - Giuseppe Isu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Harms
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Umberto Morbiducci
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Gerald Dräger
- REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Morgani S, Nichols J, Hadjantonakis AK. The many faces of Pluripotency: in vitro adaptations of a continuum of in vivo states. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:7. [PMID: 28610558 PMCID: PMC5470286 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotency defines the propensity of a cell to differentiate into, and generate, all somatic, as well as germ cells. The epiblast of the early mammalian embryo is the founder population of all germ layer derivatives and thus represents the bona fide in vivo pluripotent cell population. The so-called pluripotent state spans several days of development and is lost during gastrulation as epiblast cells make fate decisions towards a mesoderm, endoderm or ectoderm identity. It is now widely recognized that the features of the pluripotent population evolve as development proceeds from the pre- to post-implantation period, marked by distinct transcriptional and epigenetic signatures. During this period of time epiblast cells mature through a continuum of pluripotent states with unique properties. Aspects of this pluripotent continuum can be captured in vitro in the form of stable pluripotent stem cell types. In this review we discuss the continuum of pluripotency existing within the mammalian embryo, using the mouse as a model, and the cognate stem cell types that can be derived and propagated in vitro. Furthermore, we speculate on embryonic stage-specific characteristics that could be utilized to identify novel, developmentally relevant, pluripotent states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Morgani
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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53
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Parmar MS, Mishra SR, Somal A, Pandey S, Kumar GS, Sarkar M, Chandra V, Sharma GT. Expression and secretory profile of buffalo fetal fibroblasts and Wharton's jelly feeder layers. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 180:66-77. [PMID: 28363499 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the comparative expression and secretory profile of vital signaling molecules in buffalo fetal fibroblasts (BFF) and Wharton's jelly (BWJ) feeder layers at different passages. Both feeder layers were expanded up to 8th passage. Signaling molecules viz. bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) and pluripotency-associated transcriptional factors (POU5F1, SOX2, NANOG, KLF4, MYC and FOXD3) were immunolocalized in the both feeder types. A clear variation in the expression pattern of key signaling molecules with passaging was registered in both feeders compared to primary culture (0 passage). The conditioned media (CM) was collected from different passages (2, 4, 6, 8) of both the feeder layers and was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Concomitant to expression profile, protein quantification also revealed differences in the concentration of signaling molecules at different time points. Conjointly, expression and secretory profile revealed that 2nd passage of BFF and 6th passage of BWJ exhibit optimal levels of key signaling molecules thus may be selected as best passages for embryonic stem cells (ESCs) propagation. Further, the effect of mitomycin-C (MMC) treatment on the expression profile of signaling molecules in the selected passages of BFF and BWJ revealed that MMC modulates the expression profile of these molecules. In conclusion, the results indicate that feeder layers vary in expression and secretory pattern of vital signaling molecules with passaging. Based on these findings, the appropriate feeder passages may be selected for the quality propagation of buffalo ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtab S Parmar
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Division of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Smruti Ranjan Mishra
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Division of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Anjali Somal
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Division of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Sriti Pandey
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Division of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - G Sai Kumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Mihir Sarkar
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Division of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Vikash Chandra
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Division of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - G Taru Sharma
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Division of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Bareilly, UP, India.
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Rodas-Junco BA, Villicaña C. Dental Pulp Stem Cells: Current Advances in Isolation, Expansion and Preservation. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:333-347. [PMID: 30603490 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells with high self-renewal potential that have the ability to differentiate into several cell types. Thus, DPSCs have become a promising source of cells for several applications in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and stem cell therapy. Numerous methods have been reported for the isolation, expansion, and preservation of DPSCs. However, methods are diverse and do not follow specific rules or parameters, which can affect stem cell properties, adding more variation to experimental results. In this review, we compare and analyze current experimental evidence to propose some factors that can be useful to establish better methods or improved protocols to prolong the quality of DPSCs. In addition, we highlight other factors related to biological aspects of dental tissue source (e.g., age, genetic background) that should be considered before tooth selection. Although current methods have reached significant advances, optimization is still required to improve culture stability and its maintenance for an extended period without losing stem cell properties. In addition, there is still much that needs to be done toward clinical application due to the fact that most of DPSCs procedures are not currently following good manufacturing practices. The establishment of optimized general or tailored protocols will allow obtaining well-defined DPSCs cultures with specific properties, which enable more reproducible results that will be the basis to develop effective and safe therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz A Rodas-Junco
- CONACYT - Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Campus de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Periférico Norte Kilómetro 33.5, Tablaje Catastral 13615 Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn, CP 97203 Mérida, Yucatán México
| | - Claudia Villicaña
- CONACYT - Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Campus de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Periférico Norte Kilómetro 33.5, Tablaje Catastral 13615 Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn, CP 97203 Mérida, Yucatán México
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Quan L, Wang Y, Liang J, Qiu T, Wang H, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Hui Q, Tao K. Screening for genes, transcription factors and miRNAs associated with the myogenic and osteogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1839-1849. [PMID: 27779643 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to reveal the molecular mechanisms responsible for the differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASCs) into myocytes and osteoblasts. Microarray data GSE37329 were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, including three hASC cell lines from healthy donors, two osteogenic lineages and two myogenic lineages from the in vitro‑induction of hASCs. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the two lineages were firstly screened. Subsequently, the underlying functions of the two sets of DEGs were investigated by Gene Ontology function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis, followed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. Regulatory relationships between transcription factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) with target genes were finally explored using different algorithms. A total of 665 and 485 DEGs were identified from the hASC‑derived myogenic and osteogenic lineages, respectively. The shared upregulated genes (n=205) in the two sets of DEGs were mainly involved in metabolism-related pathways, whereas the shared downregulated genes (n=128) were significantly enriched in the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway. Four genes, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), nerve growth factor (NGF) and interleukin 1B (IL1B), presented with relatively higher degrees in both PPI networks. The transcription factor RAD21 was predicted to target shared upregulated and downregulated genes as well as specific downregulated genes in the myogenic and the osteogenic lineages. In addition, miRNA-DEG interaction analysis revealed that hsa-miR-1 regulated the most shared DEGs in the two lineages. There may be a correlation between the four genes, VEGFA, FGF2, IL1B and NGF, and the differentiation of hASCs into myocytes and osteoblasts. The TF RAD21 and hsa-miR-1 may play important roles in regulating the expression of differentiation-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Quan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Jiulong Liang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Tao Qiu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Hongyi Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Hui
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
| | - Kai Tao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P.R. China
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AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway is critically involved in human pluripotent stem cell survival. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35660. [PMID: 27762303 PMCID: PMC5071844 DOI: 10.1038/srep35660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are self-renewing pluripotent stem cells (PSC) that can differentiate into a wide range of specialized cells. Basic fibroblast growth factor is essential for PSC survival, stemness and self-renewal. PI3K/AKT pathway regulates cell viability and apoptosis in many cell types. Although it has been demonstrated that PI3K/AKT activation by bFGF is relevant for PSC stemness maintenance its role on PSC survival remains elusive. In this study we explored the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of PSC survival by AKT. We found that inhibition of AKT with three non-structurally related inhibitors (GSK690693, AKT inhibitor VIII and AKT inhibitor IV) decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis. We observed a rapid increase in phosphatidylserine translocation and in the extent of DNA fragmentation after inhibitors addition. Moreover, abrogation of AKT activity led to Caspase-9, Caspase-3, and PARP cleavage. Importantly, we demonstrated by pharmacological inhibition and siRNA knockdown that GSK3β signaling is responsible, at least in part, of the apoptosis triggered by AKT inhibition. Moreover, GSK3β inhibition decreases basal apoptosis rate and promotes PSC proliferation. In conclusion, we demonstrated that AKT activation prevents apoptosis, partly through inhibition of GSK3β, and thus results relevant for PSC survival.
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Ranaei Pirmardan E, Soheili ZS, Samiei S, Ahmadieh H, Mowla SJ, Ezzati R, Naseri M. Characterization of a spontaneously generated murine retinal pigmented epithelium cell line; a model for in vitro experiments. Exp Cell Res 2016; 347:332-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Nath SC, Nagamori E, Horie M, Kino-Oka M. Culture medium refinement by dialysis for the expansion of human induced pluripotent stem cells in suspension culture. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 40:123-131. [PMID: 27638317 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1680-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) secrete essential autocrine factors that are removed along with toxic metabolites when the growth medium is exchanged daily. In this study, after determining the minimum inhibitory level of lactic acid for hiPSCs, a medium refining system was constructed by which toxic metabolites were removed from used culture medium and autocrine factors as well as other growth factors were recycled. Specifically, about 87 % of the basic fibroblast growth factor and 80 % of transforming growth factor beta 1 were retained in the refined medium after dialysis. The refined medium efficiently potentiated the proliferation of hiPS cells in adherent culture. When the refining system was used to refresh medium in suspension culture, a final cell density of (1.1 ± 0.1) × 106 cells mL-1 was obtained, with 99.5 ± 0.2 % OCT 3/4 and 78.3 ± 1.1 % TRA-1-60 expression, on day 4 of culture. These levels of expression were similar to those observed in the conventional suspension culture. With this method, culture medium refinement by dialysis was established to remove toxic metabolites, recycle autocrine factors as well as other growth factors, and reduce the use of macromolecules for the expansion of hiPSCs in suspension culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chandra Nath
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiji Nagamori
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masanobu Horie
- Division of Biochemical Engineering, Radioisotope Research Centre, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kino-Oka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Role of IGF1R(+) MSCs in modulating neuroplasticity via CXCR4 cross-interaction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32595. [PMID: 27586516 PMCID: PMC5009335 DOI: 10.1038/srep32595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To guide the use of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) toward clinical applications, identifying pluripotent-like-markers for selecting MSCs that retain potent self-renewal-ability should be addressed. Here, an insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R)–expressing sub-population in human dental pulp MSCs (hDSCs), displayed multipotent properties. IGF1R expression could be maintained in hDSCs when they were cultured in 2% human cord blood serum (hUCS) in contrast to that in 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Cytokine array showed that hUCS contained higher amount of several growth factors compared to FCS, including IGF-1 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB). These cytokines modulates the signaling events in the hDSCs and potentially enhances engraftment upon transplantation. Specifically, a bidirectional cross-talk between IGF1R/IGF1 and CXCR4/SDF-1α signaling pathways in hDSCs, as revealed by interaction of the two receptors and synergistic activation of both signaling pathways. In rat stroke model, animals receiving IGF1R+ hDSCs transplantation, interaction between IGF1R and CXCR4 was demonstrated to promote neuroplasticity, therefore improving neurological function through increasing glucose metabolic activity, enhancing angiogenesis and anti-inflammatiory effects. Therefore, PDGF in hUCS-culture system contributed to the maintenance of the expression of IGF1R in hDSCs. Furthermore, implantation of IGF1R+ hDSCs exerted enhanced neuroplasticity via integrating inputs from both CXCR4 and IGF1R signaling pathways.
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Zhang D, Mai Q, Li T, Huang J, Ding C, Jia M, Zhou C, Xu Y. Comparison of a xeno-free and serum-free culture system for human embryonic stem cells with conventional culture systems. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:101. [PMID: 27474011 PMCID: PMC4967296 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elimination of all animal components during derivation and long-term culture of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is necessary for future applications of hESCs in clinical cell therapy. METHODS In this study, we established the culture system of xeno-free human foreskin fibroblast feeders (XF-HFF) in combination with chemically defined medium (CDM). XF-HFF/CDM was compared with several conventional culture systems. The hESCs cultured in different media were further characterized through karyotype analysis, pluripotency gene expression, and cell differentiation ability. RESULTS The hESCs in the XF-HFF/CDM maintained their characteristics including typical morphology and stable karyotype. In addition, hESCs were characterized by fluorescent immunostaining of pluripotent markers and teratoma formation in vivo. RT-PCR analysis shown that the stem cell markers OCT3/4, hTERT, SOX2, and Nanog were present in the cell line hESC-1 grown on XF-HFF/CDM. Furthermore, the results of cell growth and expression of bFGF, Oct-4, and hTERT indicated that XF-HFF/CDM had better performance than human serum-matrix/CDM and XF-HFF/human serum. CONCLUSION The comparison of different xeno-free culture conditions will facilitate clarifying the key features of self-renewal, pluripotency, and derivation and will shed light on clinic applications of hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Mai
- Reproductive Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Huang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenhui Ding
- Reproductive Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxi Jia
- Reproductive Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Canquan Zhou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanwen Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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Utility of Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generation. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2349261. [PMID: 27375745 PMCID: PMC4914736 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2349261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of EBV immortalized LCLs have been generated and maintained in genetic/epidemiological studies as a perpetual source of DNA and as a surrogate in vitro cell model. Recent successes in reprograming LCLs into iPSCs have paved the way for generating more relevant in vitro disease models using this existing bioresource. However, the overall reprogramming efficiency and success rate remain poor and very little is known about the mechanistic changes that take place at the transcriptome and cellular functional level during LCL-to-iPSC reprogramming. Here, we report a new optimized LCL-to-iPSC reprogramming protocol using episomal plasmids encoding pluripotency transcription factors and mouse p53DD (p53 carboxy-terminal dominant-negative fragment) and commercially available reprogramming media. We achieved a consistently high reprogramming efficiency and 100% success rate using this optimized protocol. Further, we investigated the transcriptional changes in mRNA and miRNA levels, using FC-abs ≥ 2.0 and FDR ≤ 0.05 cutoffs; 5,228 mRNAs and 77 miRNAs were differentially expressed during LCL-to-iPSC reprogramming. The functional enrichment analysis of the upregulated genes and activation of human pluripotency pathways in the reprogrammed iPSCs showed that the generated iPSCs possess transcriptional and functional profiles very similar to those of human ESCs.
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Nakashima Y, Omasa T. What Kind of Signaling Maintains Pluripotency and Viability in Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Cultured on Laminin-511 with Serum-Free Medium? Biores Open Access 2016; 5:84-93. [PMID: 27096107 PMCID: PMC4834485 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2016.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeno-free medium contains no animal-derived components, but is composed of minimal growth factors and is serum free; the medium may be supplemented with insulin, transferrin, and selenium (ITS medium). Serum-free and xeno-free culture of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) uses a variety of components based on ITS medium and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/Ham's nutrient mixture F12 (DMEM/F12) that contain high levels of iron salt and glucose. Culture of hiPSCs also requires scaffolding materials, such as extracellular matrix, collagen, fibronectin, laminin, proteoglycan, and vitronectin. The scaffolding component laminin-511, which is composed of α5, β1, and γ1 chains, binds to α3β1, α6β1, and α6β4 integrins on the cell membrane to induce activation of the PI3K/AKT- and Ras/MAPK-dependent signaling pathways. In hiPSCs, the interaction of laminin-511/α6β1 integrin with the cell–cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin confers protection against apoptosis through the Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA)/Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway (the major pathways for cell death) and the proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn (Fyn)-RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway. The expression levels of α6β1 integrin and E-cadherin on cell membranes are controlled through the activation of insulin receptor/insulin, FGF receptor/FGF2, or activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5)-dependent TGF-β signaling. A combination of growth factors, medium constituents, cell membrane-located E-cadherin, and α6β1 integrin-induced signaling is required for pluripotent cell proliferation and for optimal cell survival on a laminin-511 scaffold. In this review, we discuss and explore the influence of growth factors on the cadherin and integrin signaling pathways in serum-free and xeno-free cultures of hiPSCs during the preparation of products for regenerative medicinal therapies. In addition, we suggest the optimum serum-free medium components for use with laminin-511, a new scaffold for hiPSC culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Nakashima
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Omasa
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan
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Kim E, Hwang SU, Yoo H, Yoon JD, Jeon Y, Kim H, Jeung EB, Lee CK, Hyun SH. Putative embryonic stem cells derived from porcine cloned blastocysts using induced pluripotent stem cells as donors. Theriogenology 2016; 85:601-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Production of human pluripotent stem cell therapeutics under defined xeno-free conditions: progress and challenges. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 11:96-109. [PMID: 25077810 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances on human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have brought us closer to the realization of their clinical potential. Nonetheless, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications will require the generation of hPSC products well beyond the laboratory scale. This also mandates the production of hPSC therapeutics in fully-defined, xeno-free systems and in a reproducible manner. Toward this goal, we summarize current developments in defined media free of animal-derived components for hPSC culture. Bioinspired and synthetic extracellular matrices for the attachment, growth and differentiation of hPSCs are also reviewed. Given that most progress in xeno-free medium and substrate development has been demonstrated in two-dimensional rather than three dimensional culture systems, translation from the former to the latter poses unique difficulties. These challenges are discussed in the context of cultivation platforms of hPSCs as aggregates, on microcarriers or after encapsulation in biocompatible scaffolds.
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Gonzales KAU, Ng HH. Biological Networks Governing the Acquisition, Maintenance, and Dissolution of Pluripotency: Insights from Functional Genomics Approaches. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2015; 80:189-98. [PMID: 26582790 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2015.80.027326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The repertoire of transcripts encoded by the genome contributes to the diversity of cellular states. Functional genomics aims to comprehensively uncover the roles of these transcripts to reconstruct biological networks and transform this information into useful knowledge. High-throughput functional screening has served as a powerful genetic discovery tool by enabling massively parallel implementation of biological assays. In recent years, high-throughput screening has unearthed crucial players in the regulation of different aspects of pluripotency, which is a unique property that enables a cell to differentiate into multiple cell types of the three major lineages. Pluripotency thus represents an interesting biological paradigm for studying the acquisition, maintenance, and dissolution of cellular states. In this review, we highlight the major findings of high-throughput studies to dissect these three aspects of pluripotency for the mouse and human systems. Collectively, they provide new insights into cell fate maintenance and transition. In addition, we also discuss the opportunities and challenges awaiting high-throughput screening in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huck-Hui Ng
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Gonzales KAU, Liang H, Lim YS, Chan YS, Yeo JC, Tan CP, Gao B, Le B, Tan ZY, Low KY, Liou YC, Bard F, Ng HH. Deterministic Restriction on Pluripotent State Dissolution by Cell-Cycle Pathways. Cell 2015; 162:564-79. [PMID: 26232226 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During differentiation, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) shut down the regulatory network conferring pluripotency in a process we designated pluripotent state dissolution (PSD). In a high-throughput RNAi screen using an inclusive set of differentiation conditions, we identify centrally important and context-dependent processes regulating PSD in hESCs, including histone acetylation, chromatin remodeling, RNA splicing, and signaling pathways. Strikingly, we detected a strong and specific enrichment of cell-cycle genes involved in DNA replication and G2 phase progression. Genetic and chemical perturbation studies demonstrate that the S and G2 phases attenuate PSD because they possess an intrinsic propensity toward the pluripotent state that is independent of G1 phase. Our data therefore functionally establish that pluripotency control is hardwired to the cell-cycle machinery, where S and G2 phase-specific pathways deterministically restrict PSD, whereas the absence of such pathways in G1 phase potentially permits the initiation of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Andrew Uy Gonzales
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Hongqing Liang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Yee-Siang Lim
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Yun-Shen Chan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Jia-Chi Yeo
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Peow Tan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Bin Gao
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Beilin Le
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597
| | - Zi-Ying Tan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Kok-Yao Low
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yih-Cherng Liou
- National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Frederic Bard
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Huck-Hui Ng
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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ELABELA Is an Endogenous Growth Factor that Sustains hESC Self-Renewal via the PI3K/AKT Pathway. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:435-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Jung JH, Kim BS. A Novel Culture Model for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Propagation on Gelatin in Placenta-conditioned Media. J Vis Exp 2015:e53204. [PMID: 26275004 DOI: 10.3791/53204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The propagation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in conditioned medium derived from human cells in feeder-free culture conditions has been of interest. Nevertheless, an ideal humanized ex vivo feeder-free propagation method for hPSCs has not been developed; currently, additional exogenous substrates including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a master hPSC-sustaining factor, is added to all of culture media and synthetic substrata such as Matrigel or laminin are used in all feeder-free cultures. Recently, our group developed a simple and efficient protocol for the propagation of hPSCs using only conditioned media derived from the human placenta on a gelatin-coated dish without additional exogenous supplementation or synthetic substrata specific to hPSCs. This protocol has not been reported previously and might enable researchers to propagate hPSCs efficiently in humanized culture conditions. Additionally, this model obviates hPSC contamination risks by animal products such as viruses or unknown proteins. Furthermore, this system facilitates easy mass production of hPSCs using the gelatin coating, which is simple to handle, dramatically decreases the overall costs of ex vivo hPSC maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University
| | - Byung Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University;
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Zandi M, Muzaffar M, Shah SM, Kumar Singh M, Palta P, Kumar Singla S, Manik R, Chauhan MS. Optimization of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Embryonic Stem Cell Culture System. CELL JOURNAL 2015. [PMID: 26199905 PMCID: PMC4503840 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to retain an undifferentiated pluripotent state, embryonic stem (ES) cells have to be cultured on feeder cell layers. However, use of feeder layers limits stem cell research, since experimental data may result from a combined ES cell and feeder cell response to various stimuli. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, a buffalo ES cell line was established from in vitro derived blastocysts and characterized by the Alkaline phosphatase (AP) and immunoflourescence staining of various pluripotency markers. We examined the effect of various factors like fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and Y-27632 to support the growth and maintenance of bubaline ES cells on gelatin coated dishes, in order to establish feeder free culture systems. We also analyzed the effect of feeder-conditioned media on stem cell growth in gelatin based cultures both in the presence as well as in the absence of the growth factors. RESULTS The results showed that Y-27632, in the presence of FGF-2 and LIF, resulted in higher colony growth and increased expression of Nanog gene. Feeder-Conditioned Medium resulted in a significant increase in growth of buffalo ES cells on gelatin coated plates, however, feeder layer based cultures produced better results than gelatin based cultures. Feeder layers from buffalo fetal fibroblast cells can support buffalo ES cells for more than two years. CONCLUSION We developed a feeder free culture system that can maintain buffalo ES cells in the short term, as well as feeder layer based culture that can support the long term maintenance of buffalo ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zandi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science and Fisheries, Agricultural Institute, Iranian Research Organisation for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Musharifa Muzaffar
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Syed Mohmad Shah
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Singh
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Prabhat Palta
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Singla
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Radheysham Manik
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Manmohan Singh Chauhan
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
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71
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Onuma Y, Higuchi K, Aiki Y, Shu Y, Asada M, Asashima M, Suzuki M, Imamura T, Ito Y. A stable chimeric fibroblast growth factor (FGF) can successfully replace basic FGF in human pluripotent stem cell culture. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118931. [PMID: 25850016 PMCID: PMC4388338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are essential for maintaining self-renewal in human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Recombinant basic FGF (bFGF or FGF2) is conventionally used to culture pluripotent stem cells; however, because of the instability of bFGF, repeated addition of fresh bFGF into the culture medium is required in order to maintain its concentration. In this study, we demonstrate that a heat-stable chimeric variant of FGF, termed FGFC, can be successfully used for maintaining human pluripotent stem cells. FGFC is a chimeric protein composed of human FGF1 and FGF2 domains that exhibits higher thermal stability and protease resistance than do both FGF1 and FGF2. Both human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells were maintained in ordinary culture medium containing FGFC instead of FGF2. Comparison of cells grown in FGFC with those grown in conventional FGF2 media showed no significant differences in terms of the expression of pluripotency markers, global gene expression, karyotype, or differentiation potential in the three germ lineages. We therefore propose that FGFC may be an effective alternative to FGF2, for maintenance of human pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Onuma
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8562, Japan
| | - Kumiko Higuchi
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8562, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Aiki
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8562, Japan
| | - Yujing Shu
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8562, Japan
| | - Masahiro Asada
- Signaling Molecules Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8566, Japan
| | - Makoto Asashima
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8562, Japan
| | - Masashi Suzuki
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8562, Japan
- Signaling Molecules Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8566, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310–8512, Japan
| | - Toru Imamura
- Signaling Molecules Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8566, Japan
- Cell Regulation Laboratory, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404–1 Katakura Hachioji, Tokyo 192–0982, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ito
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–8562, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Tajonar A, Maehr R, Hu G, Sneddon JB, Rivera-Feliciano J, Cohen DE, Elledge SJ, Melton DA. Brief report: VGLL4 is a novel regulator of survival in human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2015; 31:2833-41. [PMID: 23765749 PMCID: PMC4617635 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are maintained in a self-renewing state by an interconnected network of mechanisms that sustain pluripotency, promote proliferation and survival, and prevent differentiation. We sought to find novel genes that could contribute to one or more of these processes using a gain-of-function screen of a large collection of human open reading frames. We identified Vestigial-like 4 (VGLL4), a cotranscriptional regulator with no previously described function in hESCs, as a positive regulator of survival in hESCs. Specifically, VGLL4 overexpression in hESCs significantly decreases cell death in response to dissociation stress. Additionally, VGLL4 overexpression enhances hESC colony formation from single cells. These effects may be attributable, in part, to a decreased activity of initiator and effector caspases observed in the context of VGLL4 overexpression. Additionally, we show an interaction between VGLL4 and the Rho/Rock pathway, previously implicated in hESC survival. This study introduces a novel gain-of-function approach for studying hESC maintenance and presents VGLL4 as a previously undescribed regulator of this process. Stem Cells 2013;31:2833-2841.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Tajonar
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Pluripotent cells in embryos are situated near the apex of the hierarchy of developmental potential. They are capable of generating all cell types of the mammalian body proper. Therefore, they are the exemplar of stem cells. In vivo, pluripotent cells exist transiently and become expended within a few days of their establishment. Yet, when explanted into artificial culture conditions, they can be indefinitely propagated in vitro as pluripotent stem cell lines. A host of transcription factors and regulatory genes are now known to underpin the pluripotent state. Nonetheless, how pluripotent cells are equipped with their vast multilineage differentiation potential remains elusive. Consensus holds that pluripotency transcription factors prevent differentiation by inhibiting the expression of differentiation genes. However, this does not explain the developmental potential of pluripotent cells. We have presented another emergent perspective, namely, that pluripotency factors function as lineage specifiers that enable pluripotent cells to differentiate into specific lineages, therefore endowing pluripotent cells with their multilineage potential. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the developmental biology, transcription factors, and extrinsic signaling associated with pluripotent cells, and their accompanying subtypes, in vitro heterogeneity and chromatin states. Although much has been learned since the appreciation of mammalian pluripotency in the 1950s and the derivation of embryonic stem cell lines in 1981, we will specifically emphasize what currently remains unclear. However, the view that pluripotency factors capacitate differentiation, recently corroborated by experimental evidence, might perhaps address the long-standing question of how pluripotent cells are endowed with their multilineage differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M. Loh
- Department of Developmental Biology and the Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Genome Institute of Singapore, Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Agency for Science, Technology & Research, Singapore; and Department of Medicine and the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bing Lim
- Department of Developmental Biology and the Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Genome Institute of Singapore, Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Agency for Science, Technology & Research, Singapore; and Department of Medicine and the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lay Teng Ang
- Department of Developmental Biology and the Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Genome Institute of Singapore, Stem Cell & Regenerative Biology Group, Agency for Science, Technology & Research, Singapore; and Department of Medicine and the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
With the recent advances in regenerative medicine, nanotechnology has created a niche for itself as a promising avenue in this field. Innumerable studies have been carried out by researchers using virus-based methodologies for the purpose of epigenetic reprogramming. Although this method is ostensibly safe, nonetheless, they are tagged with the risk of viral genome integration into the host genome or insertional mutagenesis. Transient transfection by the use of nanocarriers is the best way to overcome these problems. This review focuses on some of the significant works carried out by researchers utilizing nanocarrier systems that have shown promising results and thus created a landmark in the epigenetic reprogramming.
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Jung JH, Lee SJ, Kim J, Lee S, Sung HJ, An J, Park Y, Kim BS. CXCR2 and its related ligands play a novel role in supporting the pluripotency and proliferation of human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 24:948-61. [PMID: 25390768 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a crucial factor sustaining human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). We designed this study to search the substitutive factors other than bFGF for the maintenance of hPSCs by using human placenta-derived conditioned medium without exogenous bFGF (hPCCM-), containing chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 (CXCR2) ligands, including interleukin (IL)-8 and growth-related oncogene α (GROα), which were developed on the basis of our previous studies. First, we confirmed that IL-8 and/or GROα play independent roles to preserve the phenotype of hPSCs. Then, we tried CXCR2 blockage of hPSCs in hPCCM- and verified the significant decrease of pluripotency-associated genes expression and the proliferation of hPSCs. Interestingly, CXCR2 suppression of hPSCs in mTeSR™1 containing exogenous bFGF decreased the proliferation of hPSCs while maintaining pluripotency characteristics. Lastly, we found that hPSCs proliferated robustly for more than 35 passages in hPCCM- on a gelatin substratum. Higher CXCR2 expression of hPSCs cultured in hPCCM- than those in mTeSR™1 was observable. Our findings suggest that CXCR2 and its related ligands might be novel factors comparable to bFGF supporting the characteristics of hPSCs and hPCCM- might be useful for the maintenance of hPSCs as well as for the accurate evaluation of CXCR2 role in hPSCs without the confounding influence of exogenous bFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Jung
- 1 Institute of Stem Cell Research, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
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Adhesion and proliferation of HeLa and fibroblast cells on chemically-modified gold surfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:429-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
It would be hard to argue that live-cell imaging has not changed our view of biology. The past 10 years have seen an explosion of interest in imaging cellular processes, down to the molecular level. There are now many advanced techniques being applied to live cell imaging. However, cellular health is often under appreciated. For many researchers, if the cell at the end of the experiment has not gone into apoptosis or is blebbed beyond recognition, than all is well. This is simply incorrect. There are many factors that need to be considered when performing live-cell imaging in order to maintain cellular health such as: imaging modality, media, temperature, humidity, PH, osmolality, and photon dose. The wavelength of illuminating light, and the total photon dose that the cells are exposed to, comprise two of the most important and controllable parameters of live-cell imaging. The lowest photon dose that achieves a measureable metric for the experimental question should be used, not the dose that produces cover photo quality images. This is paramount to ensure that the cellular processes being investigated are in their in vitro state and not shifted to an alternate pathway due to environmental stress. The timing of the mitosis is an ideal canary in the gold mine, in that any stress induced from the imaging will result in the increased length of mitosis, thus providing a control model for the current imagining conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cole
- a Wadsworth Center; New York State Department of Health ; Albany , NY USA
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Richter A, Valdimarsdottir L, Hrafnkelsdottir HE, Runarsson JF, Omarsdottir AR, Ward-van Oostwaard D, Mummery C, Valdimarsdottir G. BMP4 promotes EMT and mesodermal commitment in human embryonic stem cells via SLUG and MSX2. Stem Cells 2014; 32:636-48. [PMID: 24549638 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) initiate differentiation in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) but the exact mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. We demonstrate here that SLUG and MSX2, transcription factors involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, essential features of gastrulation in development and tumor progression, are important mediators of BMP4-induced differentiation in hESCs. Phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 colocalized with the SLUG protein at the edges of hESC colonies where differentiation takes place. The upregulation of the BMP target SLUG was direct as shown by the binding of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 to its promoter, which interrupted the formation of adhesion proteins, resulting in migration. Knockdown of SLUG by short hairpin RNA blocked these changes, confirming an important role for SLUG in BMP-mediated mesodermal differentiation. Furthermore, BMP4-induced MSX2 expression leads to mesoderm formation and then preferential differentiation toward the cardiovascular lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Richter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Iceland
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79
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Higuchi A, Ling QD, Kumar SS, Munusamy M, Alarfajj AA, Umezawa A, Wu GJ. Design of polymeric materials for culturing human pluripotent stem cells: Progress toward feeder-free and xeno-free culturing. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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80
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Zaninovic N, Zhan Q, Rosenwaks Z. Derivation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC). Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1154:121-44. [PMID: 24782008 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0659-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are characterized by their absolute or relative lack of specialization their ability for self-renewal, as well as their ability to generate differentiated progeny through cellular lineages with one or more branches. The increased availability of embryonic tissue and greatly improved derivation methods have led to a large increase in the number of hESC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikica Zaninovic
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, USA,
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81
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Son MJ, Son MY, Seol B, Kim MJ, Yoo CH, Han MK, Cho YS. Nicotinamide overcomes pluripotency deficits and reprogramming barriers. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1121-35. [PMID: 23526681 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Crosstalk between intracellular signaling pathways has been extensively studied to understand the pluripotency of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs); however, the contribution of NAD(+) -dependent pathways remains largely unknown. Here, we show that NAD(+) depletion by FK866 (a potent inhibitor of NAD(+) biosynthesis) was fatal in hPSCs, particularly when deriving pluripotent cells from somatic cells and maintaining pluripotency. NAD and its precursors (nicotinamide [NAM] and nicotinic acid) fully replenished the NAD(+) depletion by FK866 in hPSCs. However, only NAM effectively enhanced the reprogramming efficiency and kinetics of hiPSC generation and was also significantly advantageous for the maintenance of undifferentiated hPSCs. Our molecular and functional studies reveal that NAM lowers the barriers to reprogramming by accelerating cell proliferation and protecting cells from apoptosis and senescence by alleviating oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and subsequent mitochondrial membrane potential collapse. We provide evidence that the positive effects of NAM (occurring at concentrations well above the physiological range) on pluripotency control are molecularly associated with the repression of p53, p21, and p16. Our findings establish that adequate intracellular NAD(+) content is crucial for pluripotency; the distinct effects of NAM on pluripotency may be dependent not only on its metabolic advantage as a NAD(+) precursor but also on the ability of NAM to enhance resistance to cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Jin Son
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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82
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Trettner S, Findeisen A, Taube S, Horn PA, Sasaki E, zur Nieden NI. Osteogenic induction from marmoset embryonic stem cells cultured in feeder-dependent and feeder-independent conditions. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:1255-66. [PMID: 24531422 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have become increasingly attractive for cell replacement therapies of osteodegenerative diseases; however, pre-clinical studies in large animal models to repair diseased or injured bone are lacking. As a first step into this direction, we describe here the feeder-free cultivation and directed osteogenic differentiation of marmoset ESCs. INTRODUCTION Owing to their potential to self-renew and their enormous differentiation capability, ESCs are an adequate cell source for cell replacement therapies. To implement stem cell technology clinically, standardized cultivation and differentiation protocols and appropriate animal models are needed. Here, we describe the feeder-free cultivation of Callithrix jacchus ESCs (cESCs) in a chemically defined medium and their subsequent osteogenic differentiation. METHODS cESCs were maintained on mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers or in feeder-free conditions with activin A and basic fibroblast growth factor. Differentiation into mature osteoblasts was steered with ascorbic acid, β-glycerophosphate and 1α,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 employing various induction strategies. RESULTS In feeder-free conditions, cESCs maintained pluripotency as indicated by Oct-4 and Nanog expression, positive immunostaining for typical primate ESC markers and high telomerase activity. Cells also remained karyotypically normal after 40 passages without feeder cells. The hanging drop protocol as well as omitting the embryoid body step proved unsuccessful to initiate osteogenic differentiation. The highest degree of osteogenesis was achieved by formation of embryoid bodies employing the cell cluster technique as indicated by the amount of deposited calcium and bone marker gene expression. Early addition of retinoic acid further improved the yield of osteoblasts and led to an increase in calcium deposition. CONCLUSIONS The osteogenic differentiation potential of feeder-free cESCs was equal if not higher compared to cells grown on feeders. These findings open the field for near clinical transplantation studies in primate models to evaluate the effectiveness of ESC-derived osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Trettner
- Group Applied Stem Cell Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
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83
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Rajamani K, Li YS, Hsieh DK, Lin SZ, Harn HJ, Chiou TW. Genetic and epigenetic instability of stem cells. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:417-33. [PMID: 24622296 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x678472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, research on stem cells has been receiving an increasing amount of attention, both for its advantages and disadvantages. Genetic and epigenetic instabilities among stem cells have been a recurring obstacle to progress in regenerative medicine using stem cells. Various reports have stated that these instabilities can transform stem cells when transferred in vivo and thus have the potential to develop tumors. Previous research has shown that various extrinsic and intrinsic factors can contribute to the stability of stem cells. The extrinsic factors include growth supplements, growth factors, oxygen tension, passage technique, and cryopreservation. Controlling these factors based on previous reports may assist researchers in developing strategies for the production and clinical application of "safe" stem cells. On the other hand, the intrinsic factors can be unpredictable and uncontrollable; therefore, to ensure the successful use of stem cells in regenerative medicine, it is imperative to develop and implement appropriate strategies and technique for culturing stem cells and to confirm the genetic and epigenetic safety of these stem cells before employing them in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthyayani Rajamani
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
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84
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Analysis of essential pathways for self-renewal in common marmoset embryonic stem cells. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:213-9. [PMID: 24649403 PMCID: PMC3958738 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Common marmoset (CM) is widely recognized as a useful non-human primate for disease modeling and preclinical studies. Thus, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from CM have potential as an appropriate cell source to test human regenerative medicine using human ESCs. CM ESCs have been established by us and other groups, and can be cultured in vitro. However, the growth factors and downstream pathways for self-renewal of CM ESCs are largely unknown. In this study, we found that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) rather than leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promoted CM ESC self-renewal via the activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT) pathway on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeders. Moreover, bFGF and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathways cooperatively maintained the undifferentiated state of CM ESCs under feeder-free condition. Our findings may improve the culture techniques of CM ESCs and facilitate their use as a preclinical experimental resource for human regenerative medicine.
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Key Words
- AKT, protein kinase B
- CM, common marmoset
- Common marmoset
- EB, embryoid body
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- ESCs, embryonic stem cells
- Embryonic stem cells
- EpiSCs, epiblast stem cells
- FCM, flow cytometry
- JAK, janus kinase
- KSR, knockout serum replacement
- LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor
- MEFs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- MEK, mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- SMAD2/3, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2/3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Self-renewal
- TGFβ
- TGFβ, transforming growth factor β
- bFGF
- bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor
- iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells
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85
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Bose B, Katikireddy KR, Shenoy PS. Regenerative medicine for diabetes: differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into functional β-cells in vitro and their proposed journey to clinical translation. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2014; 95:223-48. [PMID: 24559920 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800174-5.00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases, rising globally at an alarming rate. Type 1 (juvenile diabetes) is the autoimmune version of diabetes where the pancreas is unable to produce insulin, whereas type 2 (adult onset diabetes) is caused due to insulin resistance of the cells. In either of the cases, elevated blood glucose levels are observed which leads to progressive comorbidity like renal failure, cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, etc. Metformin, sulphonyl urea group of drugs, as well as insulin injections are the available therapies. In advanced cases of diabetes, the drug alone or drug in combination with insulin injections are not able to maintain a steady level of blood glucose. Moreover, frequent insulin injections are rather cumbersome for the patient. So, regenerative medicine could be a permanent solution for fighting diabetes. Islet transplantation has been tried with a limited amount of success on a large population of diabetics because of the shortage of cadaveric pancreas. Therefore, the best proposed alternative is regenerative medicine involving human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived beta islet transplantation which can be obtained in large quantities. Efficient protocols for in vitro differentiation of hPSC into a large number of sustained insulin-producing beta cells for transplantation will be considered to be a giant leap to address global rise in diabetic cases. Although most of the protocols mimic in vivo pancreatic development in humans, considerable amount of lacuna persists for near-perfect differentiation strategies. Moreover, beta islets differentiated from hPSC have not yet been successfully translated under clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipasha Bose
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, NTU Lab Location @ Level 2 Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, Singapore.
| | | | - P Sudheer Shenoy
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, NTU Lab Location @ Level 2 Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
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86
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Mehrkens A, Di Maggio N, Gueven S, Schaefer D, Scherberich A, Banfi A, Martin I. Non-adherent mesenchymal progenitors from adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:1081-8. [PMID: 24164328 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In primary human bone marrow cultures, the initial adherent cell fraction has been shown to provide a microenvironment for self-renewal of primitive non-adherent mesenchymal progenitors (non-adherent progenitors of bone marrow stroma [BM-NAMP]), with increased differentiation potential compared to adherent colony-forming units-fibroblast (CFU-f). The present study investigates whether NAMP exist also in cultures of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells derived from human adipose tissue. Adipose-tissue NAMP (AT-NAMP) were shown to be stably non-adherent and their number correlated with the number of the initial adhering CFU-f. Unlike BM-NAMP, AT-NAMP did not propagate in suspension in serial replating experiments and the number of colonies steadily decreased with each replating step. However, when AT-NAMP were kept on the initially adhering SVF cells, they could significantly expand without loss of clonogenic, proliferation, and differentiation potential. Although AT-NAMP progeny differentiated into mesodermal lineages similar to that of adherent CFU-f, it was enriched in early mesenchymal progenitor populations, characterized by increased expression of SSEA-4 and CD146. Furthermore, FGF-2 supported AT-NAMP survival and could not be replaced by another mitogenic factor, such as platelet derived growth factor BB. In conclusion, these data suggest that the SVF adherent fraction provides niche signals that regulate the expansion of adipose non-adherent mesenchymal progenitors with the maintenance of their potency. The biological differences described between BM- and AT-NAMP further qualify the properties of the stroma from different tissues and will be relevant for the selection of a cell source for specific regeneration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Mehrkens
- Departments of Surgery and of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital , Basel, Switzerland
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87
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Wang J, Park JW, Drissi H, Wang X, Xu RH. Epigenetic regulation of miR-302 by JMJD1C inhibits neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2384-95. [PMID: 24318875 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.535799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been recently reported that the regulatory circuitry formed by OCT4, miR-302, and NR2F2 controls both pluripotency and neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We show here that JMJD1C, a histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) demethylase expressed in hESCs, directly interacts with this circuitry. hESCs with stable knockdown of JMJD1C remain pluripotent while having reduced miR-302 expression, decreased BMP signaling, and enhanced TGFβ signaling. JMJD1C binds to the miR-302 promoter and reduces H3K9 methylation. Withdrawal of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) from the culture induces neural differentiation of the knockdown, but not the control, cells within 3 days, accompanied by elevated NR2F2 expression. This can be attenuated with miR-302 mimics or an H3K9 methytransferase inhibitor. Together, our findings suggest that JMJD1C represses neural differentiation of hESCs at least partially by epigenetically sustaining miR-302 expression and that JMJD1C knockdown is sufficient to trigger neural differentiation upon withdrawal of exogenous bFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianle Wang
- From the Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030 and
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88
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Evron A, Goldman S, Shalev E. Human amniotic epithelial cells cultured in substitute serum medium maintain their stem cell characteristics for up to four passages. Int J Stem Cells 2013; 4:123-32. [PMID: 24298345 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2011.4.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The common applied culture medium in which human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) maintain their stem cell characteristics contains fetal calf serum (FCS) and thus is not compatible with possible future clinical applications due to the danger of animal derived pathogens. To overcome this problem, we replaced FCS with serum substitute supplement, a serum substitute used in the in vitro fertilization for embryo development, in the common applied culture medium and cultured hAECs in this substitute serum medium (SSM). METHODS AND RESULTS Purity validation and characterization of freshly isolated and cultured hAECs was assessed through the expression of stem cell specific markers by RT-PCR (gene expression), by immunofluorescence staining and FACS (protein expression). Furthermore, karyotype was performed at passage four in order to exclude possible chromosome anomalies in hAECs cultured in SSM. The differentiation potential of hAECs into the cardiomyogenic lineage was tested through cardiac Troponin T expression by immunohistochemistry. hAECs cultured in SSM maintained expression of all the major pluripotent genes Sox-2, Oct-4 and Nanog as well as the expression of the embryonic stem cell specific surface antigens SSEA-4, SSEA-3 and TRA-1-60 over four passages. Using cardiac differentiation medium containing 10% serum substitute supplement, hAECs differentiated into cardiac troponin T expressing cells. CONCLUSIONS We can conclude that, hAECs maintain their stem cell characteristics when cultured in SSM for up to 4 passages. This makes possible future clinical applications of these cells more feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Evron
- Laboratory for Research in Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emek Medical Center, Afula ; Rappaport, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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89
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Son MY, Seol B, Han YM, Cho YS. Comparative receptor tyrosine kinase profiling identifies a novel role for AXL in human stem cell pluripotency. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1802-16. [PMID: 24218367 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The extensive molecular characterization of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) is required before they can be applied in the future for personalized medicine and drug discovery. Despite the efforts that have been made with kinome analyses, we still lack in-depth insights into the molecular signatures of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that are related to pluripotency. Here, we present the first detailed and distinct repertoire of RTK characteristic for hPSC pluripotency by determining both the expression and phosphorylation profiles of RTKs in hESCs and hiPSCs using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction with degenerate primers that target conserved tyrosine kinase domains and phospho-RTK array, respectively. Among the RTKs tested, the up-regulation of EPHA1, ERBB2, FGFR4 and VEGFR2 and the down-regulation of AXL, EPHA4, PDGFRB and TYRO3 in terms of both their expression and phosphorylation levels were predominantly related to the maintenance of hPSC pluripotency. Notably, the specific inhibition of AXL was significantly advantageous in maintaining undifferentiated hESCs and hiPSCs and for the overall efficiency and kinetics of hiPSC generation. Additionally, a global phosphoproteomic analysis showed that ∼30% of the proteins (293 of 970 phosphoproteins) showed differential phosphorylation upon AXL inhibition in undifferentiated hPSCs, revealing the potential contribution of AXL-mediated phosphorylation dynamics to pluripotency-related signaling networks. Our findings provide a novel molecular signature of AXL in pluripotency control that will complement existing pluripotency-kinome networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Son
- Stem Cell Research Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
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90
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Peterson H, Abu Dawud R, Garg A, Wang Y, Vilo J, Xenarios I, Adjaye J. Qualitative modeling identifies IL-11 as a novel regulator in maintaining self-renewal in human pluripotent stem cells. Front Physiol 2013; 4:303. [PMID: 24194720 PMCID: PMC3809568 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotency in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is regulated by three transcription factors—OCT3/4, SOX2, and NANOG. To fully exploit the therapeutic potential of these cells it is essential to have a good mechanistic understanding of the maintenance of self-renewal and pluripotency. In this study, we demonstrate a powerful systems biology approach in which we first expand literature-based network encompassing the core regulators of pluripotency by assessing the behavior of genes targeted by perturbation experiments. We focused our attention on highly regulated genes encoding cell surface and secreted proteins as these can be more easily manipulated by the use of inhibitors or recombinant proteins. Qualitative modeling based on combining boolean networks and in silico perturbation experiments were employed to identify novel pluripotency-regulating genes. We validated Interleukin-11 (IL-11) and demonstrate that this cytokine is a novel pluripotency-associated factor capable of supporting self-renewal in the absence of exogenously added bFGF in culture. To date, the various protocols for hESCs maintenance require supplementation with bFGF to activate the Activin/Nodal branch of the TGFβ signaling pathway. Additional evidence supporting our findings is that IL-11 belongs to the same protein family as LIF, which is known to be necessary for maintaining pluripotency in mouse but not in human ESCs. These cytokines operate through the same gp130 receptor which interacts with Janus kinases. Our finding might explain why mESCs are in a more naïve cell state compared to hESCs and how to convert primed hESCs back to the naïve state. Taken together, our integrative modeling approach has identified novel genes as putative candidates to be incorporated into the expansion of the current gene regulatory network responsible for inducing and maintaining pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedi Peterson
- Quretec Ltd. Tartu, Estonia ; Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
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91
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Uematsu K, Nagata M, Kawase T, Suzuki K, Takagi R. Application of stem-cell media to explant culture of human periosteum: An optimal approach for preparing osteogenic cell material. J Tissue Eng 2013; 4:2041731413509646. [PMID: 24555010 PMCID: PMC3927863 DOI: 10.1177/2041731413509646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of our clinical tests on bone regeneration using cultured periosteal sheets, here, we prepared cultured periosteal sheets in two types of stem-cell culture media, STK1 and STK3. Human periosteum was expanded either in 1% human serum–supplemented STK1 for 28 days, in 1% human serum–supplemented STK1 for 14 days followed by 1% human serum–supplemented STK3 for 14 days (1% human serum–supplemented STK1+3), or in 10% fetal bovine serum–supplemented Medium 199 for 28 days (control). Cultured periosteal sheet diameter and DNA content were significantly higher, and the multilayer structure was prominent in 1% human serum–supplemented STK1 and 1% human serum–supplemented STK1+3. The messenger RNA of osteoblastic markers was significantly upregulated in 1% human serum–supplemented STK1+3. Osteopontin-immunopositive staining and mineralization were evident across a wide area of the cultured periosteal sheet in 1% human serum–supplemented STK1+3. Subcutaneous implantation in nude mice following expansion in 1% human serum–supplemented STK1+3 produced the highest cultured periosteal sheet osteogenic activity. Expansion in 1% human serum–supplemented STK1+3 successfully induced cultured periosteal sheet growth while retaining osteogenic potential, and subsequent osteoblastic induction promoted the production of homogeneous cell material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohya Uematsu
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan ; Division of Oral Bioengineering, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstitution, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagata
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kawase
- Division of Oral Bioengineering, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstitution, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenji Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ritsuo Takagi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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92
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Vuoristo S, Toivonen S, Weltner J, Mikkola M, Ustinov J, Trokovic R, Palgi J, Lund R, Tuuri T, Otonkoski T. A novel feeder-free culture system for human pluripotent stem cell culture and induced pluripotent stem cell derivation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76205. [PMID: 24098444 PMCID: PMC3788803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct interactions with extracellular matrix are essential to human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) to maintain their pluripotent self-renewal capacity during in vitro culture. hPSCs secrete laminin 511/521, one of the most important functional basement membrane components, and they can be maintained on human laminin 511 and 521 in defined culture conditions. However, large-scale production of purified or recombinant laminin 511 and 521 is difficult and expensive. Here we have tested whether a commonly available human choriocarcinoma cell line, JAR, which produces high quantities of laminins, supports the growth of undifferentiated hPSCs. We were able to maintain several human pluripotent stem cell lines on decellularized matrix produced by JAR cells using a defined culture medium. The JAR matrix also supported targeted differentiation of the cells into neuronal and hepatic directions. Importantly, we were able to derive new human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines on JAR matrix and show that adhesion of the early hiPSC colonies to JAR matrix is more efficient than to matrigel. In summary, JAR matrix provides a cost-effective and easy-to-prepare alternative for human pluripotent stem cell culture and differentiation. In addition, this matrix is ideal for the efficient generation of new hiPSC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Vuoristo
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Sanna Toivonen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jere Weltner
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milla Mikkola
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ustinov
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ras Trokovic
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaan Palgi
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Lund
- The Finnish Microarray and Sequencing Centre, Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Timo Tuuri
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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93
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Pakzad M, Ashtiani MK, Mousavi-Gargari SL, Baharvand H. Development of a simple, repeatable, and cost-effective extracellular matrix for long-term xeno-free and feeder-free self-renewal of human pluripotent stem cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:635-48. [PMID: 24065274 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Given the potential importance of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in translational research and regenerative medicine, the aim of the present study was to develop a simple, safe, and cost-effective substrate to expand hPSCs. We report the development of an extracellular matrix (ECM), designated "RoGel," based on conditioned medium (CM) of human fibroblasts under serum- and xeno-free culture conditions. The long-term self-renewal of hPSCs on RoGel was also assessed. The results showed that self-renewal, pluripotency, plating efficiency, and cloning efficiency of hPSCs on this newly developed ECM were similar to those of Matrigel, the conventional mouse-cell line-derived ECM. The cells had the capability to passage mechanically on a cold surface, which resulted in their long-term maintenance with normal karyotype. We have demonstrated that CM-coated plates preserved for 1 year at room temperature maintained the capability of hPSC expansion. This ECM provides an attractive hPSC culture platform for both research and future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Pakzad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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94
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Lim YH, Ovejero D, Sugarman JS, Deklotz CMC, Maruri A, Eichenfield LF, Kelley PK, Jüppner H, Gottschalk M, Tifft CJ, Gafni RI, Boyce AM, Cowen EW, Bhattacharyya N, Guthrie LC, Gahl WA, Golas G, Loring EC, Overton JD, Mane SM, Lifton RP, Levy ML, Collins MT, Choate KA. Multilineage somatic activating mutations in HRAS and NRAS cause mosaic cutaneous and skeletal lesions, elevated FGF23 and hypophosphatemia. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:397-407. [PMID: 24006476 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologically elevated serum levels of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23), a bone-derived hormone that regulates phosphorus homeostasis, result in renal phosphate wasting and lead to rickets or osteomalacia. Rarely, elevated serum FGF23 levels are found in association with mosaic cutaneous disorders that affect large proportions of the skin and appear in patterns corresponding to the migration of ectodermal progenitors. The cause and source of elevated serum FGF23 is unknown. In those conditions, such as epidermal and large congenital melanocytic nevi, skin lesions are variably associated with other abnormalities in the eye, brain and vasculature. The wide distribution of involved tissues and the appearance of multiple segmental skin and bone lesions suggest that these conditions result from early embryonic somatic mutations. We report five such cases with elevated serum FGF23 and bone lesions, four with large epidermal nevi and one with a giant congenital melanocytic nevus. Exome sequencing of blood and affected skin tissue identified somatic activating mutations of HRAS or NRAS in each case without recurrent secondary mutation, and we further found that the same mutation is present in dysplastic bone. Our finding of somatic activating RAS mutation in bone, the endogenous source of FGF23, provides the first evidence that elevated serum FGF23 levels, hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia are associated with pathologic Ras activation and may provide insight in the heretofore limited understanding of the regulation of FGF23.
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95
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Qian X, Villa-Diaz LG, Krebsbach PH. Advances in culture and manipulation of human pluripotent stem cells. J Dent Res 2013; 92:956-62. [PMID: 23934156 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513501286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of pluripotent stem cell biology and emerging technologies to reprogram somatic cells to a stem cell-like state are helping bring stem cell therapies for a range of human disorders closer to clinical reality. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have become a promising resource for regenerative medicine and research into early development because these cells are able to self-renew indefinitely and are capable of differentiation into specialized cell types of all 3 germ layers and trophoectoderm. Human PSCs include embryonic stem cells (hESCs) derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst-stage embryos and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) generated via the reprogramming of somatic cells by the overexpression of key transcription factors. The application of hiPSCs and the finding that somatic cells can be directly reprogrammed into different cell types will likely have a significant impact on regenerative medicine. However, a major limitation for successful therapeutic application of hPSCs and their derivatives is the potential xenogeneic contamination and instability of current culture conditions. This review summarizes recent advances in hPSC culture and methods to induce controlled lineage differentiation through regulation of cell-signaling pathways and manipulation of gene expression as well as new trends in direct reprogramming of somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Qian
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry
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96
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Selekman JA, Grundl NJ, Kolz JM, Palecek SP. Efficient generation of functional epithelial and epidermal cells from human pluripotent stem cells under defined conditions. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 19:949-60. [PMID: 23560510 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have an unparalleled potential to generate limitless quantities of any somatic cell type. However, current methods for producing populations of various somatic cell types from hPSCs are generally not standardized and typically incorporate undefined cell culture components often resulting in variable differentiation efficiencies and poor reproducibility. To address this, we have developed a defined approach for generating epithelial progenitor and epidermal cells from hPSCs. In doing so, we have identified an optimal starting cell density to maximize yield and maintain high purity of K18+/p63+ simple epithelial progenitors. In addition, we have shown that the use of synthetic, defined substrates in lieu of Matrigel and gelatin can successfully facilitate efficient epithelial differentiation, maintaining a high (>75%) purity of K14+/p63+ keratinocyte progenitor cells and at a two to threefold higher yield than a previously reported undefined differentiation method. These K14+/p63+ cells also exhibited a higher expansion potential compared to cells generated using an undefined differentiation protocol and were able to terminally differentiate and recapitulate an epidermal tissue architecture in vitro. In summary, we have demonstrated the production of populations of functional epithelial and epidermal cells from multiple hPSC lines using a new, completely defined differentiation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Selekman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
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97
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Desai N, Ludgin J, Goldberg J, Falcone T. Development of a xeno-free non-contact co-culture system for derivation and maintenance of embryonic stem cells using a novel human endometrial cell line. J Assist Reprod Genet 2013; 30:609-15. [PMID: 23575766 PMCID: PMC3663960 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-013-9977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers (MEF) have conventionally been used to culture and maintain the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESC). This study explores the potential of using a novel human endometrial cell line to develop a non-xeno, non-contact co-culture system for ESC propagation and derivation. Such xeno-free systems may prove essential for the establishment of clinical grade human ESC lines suitable for therapeutic application. Methods A novel line of human endometrial cells were seeded in a 6-well dish. Filter inserts containing mouse ESCs were placed on these wells and passaged 2–3 times per week. Inner cell masses derived from mouse blastocysts were also cultured on transwells in the presence of the feeder layer. In both cases, staining for SSEA-1, SOX-2, OCT-4 and alkaline phosphatase were used to monitor the retention of stem cells. Results ESC colonies retained their stem cell morphology and attributes for over 120 days in culture and 44 passages to date. Inner cell mass derived ESC cultures were maintained in a pluripotent state for 45 days, through 6 passages with retention of all stem cell characteristics. The stem cell colonies expressed stem cell specific markers SSEA-1, Sox 2, Oct-4 and alkaline phosphatase. Upon removal of the human feeder layer, there was a distinct change in cell morphology within the colonies and evidence of ESC differentiation. Conclusions Human feeder layers offer a simple path away from the use of MEF feeder cells or MEF conditioned medium for ESC culture. Furthermore, indirect co-culture using porous membranes to separate the two cell types can prevent contamination of stem cell preparations with feeder cells during passaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Desai
- Cleveland Clinic Fertility Center, Department of OB-GYN/Women's Health Institute, Beachwood, OH 44122, USA.
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98
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Simara P, Motl JA, Kaufman DS. Pluripotent stem cells and gene therapy. Transl Res 2013; 161:284-92. [PMID: 23353080 PMCID: PMC3602131 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells represent an accessible cell source for novel cell-based clinical research and therapies. With the realization of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), it is possible to produce almost any desired cell type from any patient's cells. Current developments in gene modification methods have opened the possibility for creating genetically corrected human iPSCs for certain genetic diseases that could be used later in autologous transplantation. Promising preclinical studies have demonstrated correction of disease-causing mutations in a number of hematological, neuronal, and muscular disorders. This review aims to summarize these recent advances with a focus on iPSC generation techniques, as well as gene modification methods. We will then further discuss some of the main obstacles remaining to be overcome before successful application of human pluripotent stem cell-based therapy arrives in the clinic and what the future of stem cell research may look like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Simara
- Department of Medicine and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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99
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Parte S, Bhartiya D, Manjramkar DD, Chauhan A, Joshi A. Stimulation of ovarian stem cells by follicle stimulating hormone and basic fibroblast growth factor during cortical tissue culture. J Ovarian Res 2013; 6:20. [PMID: 23547966 PMCID: PMC3635909 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-6-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryopreserved ovarian cortical tissue acts as a source of primordial follicles (PF) which can either be auto-transplanted or cultured in vitro to obtain mature oocytes. This offers a good opportunity to attain biological parenthood to individuals with gonadal insufficiency including cancer survivors. However, role of various intra- and extra-ovarian factors during PF growth initiation still remain poorly understood. Ovarian biology has assumed a different dimension due to emerging data on presence of pluripotent very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) and ovarian germ stem cells (OGSCs) in ovary surface epithelium (OSE) and the concept of postnatal oogenesis. The present study was undertaken to decipher effect of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the growth initiation of PF during organ culture with a focus on ovarian stem cells. Methods Serum-free cultures of marmoset (n=3) and human (young and peri-menopausal) ovarian cortical tissue pieces were established. Cortical tissue pieces stimulated with FSH (0.5 IU/ml) or bFGF (100 ng/ml) were collected on Day 3 for histological and molecular studies. Gene transcripts specific for pluripotency (Oct-4A, Nanog), early germ cells (Oct-4, c-Kit, Vasa) and to reflect PF growth initiation (oocyte-specific Gdf-9 and Lhx8, and granulosa cells specific Amh) were studied by q-RTPCR. Results A prominent proliferation of OSE (which harbors stem cells) and transition of PF to primary follicles was observed after FSH and bFGF treatment. Ovarian stem cells were found to be released on the culture inserts and retained the potential to spontaneously differentiate into oocyte-like structures in extended cultures. q-RTPCR analysis revealed an increased expression of gene transcripts specific for VSELs, OGSCs and early germ cells suggestive of follicular transition. Conclusion The present study shows that both FSH and bFGF stimulate stem cells present in OSE and also lead to PF growth initiation. Thus besides being a source of PF, cryopreserved ovarian cortical tissue could also be a source of stem cells which retain the ability to spontaneously differentiate into oocyte-like structures in vitro. Results provide a paradigm shift in the basic understanding of FSH action and also offer a new perspective to the field of oncofertility research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Parte
- Stem Cell Biology Department, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), JM Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India.
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100
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He JQ, January CT, Thomson JA, Kamp TJ. Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: drug discovery and safety pharmacology. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:739-53. [PMID: 23488962 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.5.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can provide potentially unlimited quantities of a wide range of human cell types that can be used in drug discovery and development, basic research and regenerative medicine. In this review, the authors describe the differentiation of hESCs into cardiomyocytes and outline the properties of hESC-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs), including their cardiac-type action potentials and contractile characteristics. In vitro cellular assays using hESC-CMs, which can be genetically engineered to create target-specific reporters as well as human disease models, will have applications at multiple stages of the drug discovery process. Furthermore, cardiac safety pharmacology assays evaluating the risk of proarrhythmic side effects associated with QT prolongation may be enhanced in their predictive value with the use of hESC-CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qiang He
- Cellular Dynamics International, Inc., 525 Science Drive, Suite 200, Madison, WI 53711, USA +1 608 263 4856 ; +1 608 263 0405 ;
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