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Abstract
Purpose of review a)The purpose of this systematic review was to characterize the studies published on grief interventions for bereaved older adults in the last 5 years. Grief intervention studies were included that exclusively focused on older adults as well as those that included older adults in their samples, in order to summarize the most up-to-date treatment options available for bereaved older adults. Recent findings b)Twenty-four articles that investigated grief interventions in older adults were identified. Generally, findings suggest viable treatment approaches for bereaved older adults are those incorporating behavioral activation and guidance on restoration-oriented coping. However, similar to studies of broader adult populations, grief interventions had small effects on grief-related symptoms in older adults. Few studies examined age as a moderator of treatment effects. Studies varied greatly by study design, sample size, and outcomes measured, which all likely impacted the efficacy of results. Summary c)This review suggests that, while there has been a growing focus on older adults, who have unique vulnerabilities in bereavement, the evidence-base of efficacious interventions for this population is limited. Given the need for specialized bereavement support for older adults will increase in the coming years, future research should prioritize rigorous investigations of grief treatment options leveraging technology to increase access and incorporate techniques that enhance engagement in life and connectedness for this vulnerable population.
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Abstract
AIMS Widowed people have increased mortality compared to married people of the same age. Although most widowed people are of older age, few studies include the oldest old. As life expectancy is increasing, knowledge of widowhood into older age is needed. This study aimed to examine mortality and widowhood in older age by comparing mortality in widowed and married people by sex, age, time since spousal loss and cause of death. METHODS A Danish register-based matched cohort study of 10% of widowed persons ⩾65 years in the years 2000-2009. For each randomly drawn widowed person, five married persons were matched on sex and age. Mortality rate ratios (MRR) were calculated using Poisson regression, and stratified according to sex and 5-year age intervals. MRRs were furthermore calculated by time since spousal loss and by specific cause of death. RESULTS The study included 82 130 persons contributing with 642 914.8 person-years. The overall MRR between widowed and married persons with up to 16 years of follow-up was 1.25 (95% CI 1.23-1.28). At age ⩾95 years for men, and ⩾90 years for women, no differences in mortality rates were seen between widowed and married persons. Mortality in widowed persons was increased for most specific causes of death, with the highest MRR from external causes (MRR 1.53 [1.35-1.74]) and endocrine diseases (MRR 1.51 [1.34-1.70]). CONCLUSIONS Widowhood was associated with increased mortality in older age for both men and women until age ⩾95 and ⩾90 years, respectively. Increased mortality was observed for almost all causes of death.
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Leggett AN, Sonnega AJ, Lohman MC. Till Death Do Us Part: Intersecting Health and Spousal Dementia Caregiving on Caregiver Mortality. J Aging Health 2020; 32:871-879. [PMID: 31272269 PMCID: PMC7187632 DOI: 10.1177/0898264319860975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We consider whether it is the healthiest dementia caregivers who experience a mortality benefit and whether a protective association is consistent for leading causes of mortality. METHOD Using the Health and Retirement study (2000-2012), Cox survival models predict time to death for dementia caregivers, including an interaction between dementia caregiver status and self-rated health. The nationally representative sample consisted of 10,650 married adults aged 51 or older (917 dementia caregivers). RESULTS A significant interaction between dementia caregiver status and self-rated health suggested that relative to noncaregivers, dementia caregivers had reduced mortality, with this effect particularly strong at lower levels of self-rated health. The protective effect of dementia caregiver status was consistent across death by heart disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular disease. DISCUSSION These findings add to a growing body of literature suggesting that caregiving may provide a mortality benefit and a reason to maintain health.
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Verdery AM, Smith-Greenaway E, Margolis R, Daw J. Tracking the reach of COVID-19 kin loss with a bereavement multiplier applied to the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17695-17701. [PMID: 32651279 PMCID: PMC7395491 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007476117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a large increase in mortality in the United States and around the world, leaving many grieving the sudden loss of family members. We created an indicator-the COVID-19 bereavement multiplier-that estimates the average number of individuals who will experience the death of a close relative (defined as a grandparent, parent, sibling, spouse, or child) for each COVID-19 death. Using demographic microsimulation-based estimates of kinship networks in the United States, the clear age gradient in COVID-19 mortality seen across contexts, and several hypothetical infection prevalence scenarios, we estimate COVID-19 bereavement multipliers for White and Black individuals in the United States. Our analysis shows that for every COVID-19 death, approximately nine surviving Americans will lose a grandparent, parent, sibling, spouse, or child. These estimates imply, for example, that if 190,000 Americans die from COVID-19, as some models project, then ∼1.7 million will experience the death of a close relative. We demonstrate that our estimates of the bereavement multiplier are stable across epidemiological realities, including infection scenarios, total number of deaths, and the distribution of deaths, which means researchers can estimate the bereavement burden over the course of the epidemic in lockstep with rising death tolls. In addition, we provide estimates of bereavement multipliers by age group, types of kin loss, and race to illuminate prospective disparities. The bereavement multiplier is a useful indicator for tracking COVID-19's multiplicative impact as it reverberates across American families and can be tailored to other causes of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashton M Verdery
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;
| | | | - Rachel Margolis
- Department of Sociology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Jonathan Daw
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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Einiö E, Metsä-Simola N, Saarioja S, Martikainen P, Korhonen K. Is impending or actual death of a spouse with dementia bad for mental health? Antidepressant use surrounding widowhood. Eur J Public Health 2020; 30:953-957. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Previous studies have shown that the risk of death is elevated after the death of a spouse. Limited evidence is available on changes in mental health before and after bereavement among individuals whose spouse dies of dementia.
Methods
We analyzed changes in the 3-month prevalence of antidepressant use for 5 years before and 3 years after widowhood for individuals whose spouses died of either dementia or other causes. The study used data of 41 855 widowed individuals and repeated-measures logistic regression analyses. Antidepressant use was based on the prescription register of Finland in 1995–2007.
Results
Five years before widowhood, the 3-month prevalence for antidepressant use was 4% among widowing men and 6–7% among widowing women, regardless of whether the spouse died of dementia or other causes. Further changes in antidepressant use depended on a spouse’s cause of death. Women whose spouses died of dementia experienced large increase in antidepressant use starting from 3 to 4 years prior to widowhood, whereas other widows did not experience large increase until after widowhood. The trajectories for men were similar. Antidepressant use following the death of a spouse with dementia stayed at a new heightened level after widowhood.
Conclusions
The trajectories of antidepressant use indicate that the process of losing a spouse to dementia is bad for mental health, already a few years prior to widowhood. There are no clear improvements in mental health after the death of a spouse with dementia. Support services for individuals whose spouses’ dementia progresses are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Einiö
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Metsä-Simola
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saska Saarioja
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Population Health, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaarina Korhonen
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Imamura H, Uchiyama E, Akiyama M, Kaneko I, Takebayashi T, Nishiwaki Y. Relationship of living arrangement with the decline in functional capacity in elderly people by gender: a longitudinal observational study. Environ Health Prev Med 2020; 25:15. [PMID: 32434465 PMCID: PMC7240989 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-020-00853-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The living arrangement has been suggested as an important factor affecting health. Recent studies have also suggested that there was a risk among elderly persons who were not alone. This study examined whether the detailed living arrangement was associated with a future decline in functional capacity in the elderly, by gender, in a Japanese suburban city. Methods A 3-year longitudinal questionnaire survey (baseline: 2011; follow-up: 2014) for aged 65 years or older was conducted in Kurihara city, Japan. Of the respondents in the baseline survey, we analyzed those who scored 13 points (a perfect score which indicates the highest functional capacity; n = 2627) on the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence at the baseline. The exposure was living arrangement at baseline, divided into five categories: “with spouse only,” “living alone,” “with child and his/her spouse,” “with child without his/her spouse,” and “with other family/person.” The outcome was the decline in functional capacity at the follow-up survey (score decreased to 10 points or less from 13 points). Results Of the 2627 analyzed population, 1199 (45.6%) were men. The incidence of the decline was 5.8% in men and 5.9% in women. Multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, educational attainment, and health behavior and condition revealed that in women, the odds ratio of the decline was higher in living with child and his/her spouse (2.41, 95% confidence interval; 1.10–5.28) referring to living with spouse only. When adjusting activities inside and outside the home such as housework additionally, the association was attenuated to marginal significance (2.25, 0.98–5.18). No statistical significance was observed in men. Conclusions These results suggested that living with child and spouse of a child was associated with the future decline in women’s functional capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Imamura
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Eiko Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miki Akiyama
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Toru Takebayashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishiwaki
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
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Marital Status, Close Relationships, and All-Cause Mortality: Results From a 10-Year Study of Nationally Representative Older Adults. Psychosom Med 2020; 82:384-392. [PMID: 32168108 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Becoming widowed is associated with an increased risk of early mortality. Drawing on theoretical literature related to social support and health, the present study evaluated whether the quantity of close relationships might differentially moderate the relationship between marital status (widowed versus married) and mortality risk 10 years later. METHOD Data were obtained from the National Social Life Health and Aging Project. A diverse group of older adults (n = 2347) were interviewed three times for 10 years. Information on close friends/family, marital status, and mortality was gathered. Logistic regression and moderation analyses were used to test whether the quantity of close relationships conditioned the risk of death for married and widowed adults 10 years later. RESULTS The quantity of close relationships moderated the association between marital status and mortality risk (B = -0.35, SE = 0.11, p = .002). Compared with their married counterparts, widowed older adults who had fewer than four to six close relationships had an increased risk of death 10 years later (B = -0.35, SE = 0.09, p < .001); similarly, among people who reported few close relationships, widowed adults had an increased risk of death compared with their married counterparts (B = 0.54, SE = 0.15, p < .001). These findings remained significant after accounting for demographics, health behaviors/chronic health conditions, and psychological distress. This effect is comparable to the increased mortality risk associated with smoking cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Having fewer than four to six close relationships is associated with an increased mortality risk for widowed older adults.
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Liu H, Umberson D, Xu M. Widowhood and mortality: gender, race/ethnicity, and the role of economic resources. Ann Epidemiol 2020; 45:69-75.e1. [PMID: 32336656 PMCID: PMC7304506 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examine widowhood effects on mortality across gender and race-ethnicity, with attention to variation in the mediating role of economic resources. METHODS Data were drawn from the Health and Retirement Study (1992-2016). The analytic sample included 34,777 respondents aged 51 years and older who contributed 208,470 person-period records. Discrete-time hazard models were estimated to predict the odds of death among white men, black men, Hispanic men, white women, black women, and Hispanic women separately. The Karlson-Holm-Breen analysis was conducted to examine the mediating role of economic resources across groups. RESULTS Across all gender and racial-ethnic subgroups, widowhood effects on mortality were largest for Hispanic men. Black women and Hispanic women also suffered stronger effects of widowhood on mortality than white women. For both men and women, economic resources were an important pathway through which widowhood increased mortality risk for whites and blacks but not for Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight that gender and race-ethnicity intersect with widowhood status to disadvantage some groups more than others. It is important to explore the complex pathways that contribute to the higher mortality risk of racial-ethnic minorities, especially Hispanic men, after widowhood so that effective interventions can be implemented to reduce those risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Sociology, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
| | - Debra Umberson
- Department of Sociology and Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin
| | - Minle Xu
- Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin
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Iveniuk J, Donnelly P, Hawkley L. The Death of Confidants and Changes in Older Adults' Social Lives. Res Aging 2020; 42:236-246. [PMID: 32274965 DOI: 10.1177/0164027520917061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the consequences of confidant death for the social lives of older adults, testing hypotheses from socio-emotional selectivity theory and the hierarchical compensatory model. We draw upon longitudinal data from the National Social Life Health and Aging Project-a nationally representative survey of older adults (N = 2,261). We employ ordinary least squares (OLS) and ordinal logistic regressions in the context of multiple imputation with chained equations, checking our findings with doubly robust estimation. We find that the death of a spouse, but not the death of a family member or friend, was associated with increased support from friends and family, spending more time with family, and more frequent participation in religious services, but not volunteering. Death of other confidants also had little impact on older adults' social lives, suggesting the robustness of their networks to nonspousal loss.
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Domingue BW, Duncan L, Harrati A, Belsky DW. Short-Term Mental Health Sequelae of Bereavement Predict Long-Term Physical Health Decline in Older Adults: U.S. Health and Retirement Study Analysis. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 76:1231-1240. [PMID: 32246152 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Spousal death is a common late-life event with health-related sequelae. Evidence linking poor mental health to disease suggests the hypothesis that poor mental health following death of a spouse could be a harbinger of physical health decline. Thus, identification of bereavement-related mental health symptoms could provide an opportunity for prevention. METHODS We analyzed data from N = 39,162 individuals followed from 1994 to 2016 in the U.S. Health and Retirement Study; N = 5,061 were widowed during follow-up. We tested change in mental and physical health from prebereavement through the 5 years following spousal death. RESULTS Bereaved spouses experienced an increase in depressive symptoms following their spouses' deaths but the depressive shock attenuated within 1 year. Bereaved spouses experienced increases in disability, chronic-disease morbidity, and hospitalization, which grew in magnitude over time, especially among older respondents. Bereaved spouses were at increased risk of death compared to nonbereaved respondents. The magnitude of depressive symptoms in the immediate aftermath of spousal death predicted physical-health decline and mortality risk over 5 years of follow-up. DISCUSSION Bereavement-related depressive symptoms indicate a risk for physical health decline and death in older adults. Screening for depressive symptoms in bereaved older adults may represent an opportunity for intervention to preserve healthy life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Domingue
- Stanford Graduate School of Education and Stanford Population Health Sciences, California
| | - Laramie Duncan
- Stanford Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, California
| | - Amal Harrati
- Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford School of Medicine, California
| | - Daniel W Belsky
- Department of Epidemiology and Robert N Butler Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Corona G, Rastrelli G, Isidori AM, Pivonello R, Bettocchi C, Reisman Y, Sforza A, Maggi M. Erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular risk: a review of current findings. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2020; 18:155-164. [PMID: 32192361 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2020.1745632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: A large body of evidence has clearly documented that erectile dysfunction (ED) represents not only a complication of cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVD) but often an early sign of forthcoming CVD.Areas covered: All the available data from meta-analyses evaluating the association between ED and CV risk were collected and discussed. Similarly, all available meta-analyses investigating the significance of ED as a possible early marker for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were analyzed. In addition, data originally obtained in a Florence cohort, dealing with a large series of patients seeking medical care for sexual dysfunction, will be also reported.Expert opinion: Available evidence indicates that ED represents a risk factor of CV mortality and morbidity. Not only conventional CV risk factors but also unconventional ones, derived from a perturbation of the relational and intrapsychic domains of ED, might play a possible role in CV risk stratification of ED subjects. Finally, penile doppler ultrasound can give important information on CV risk, especially in younger and low risk subjects. The presence of ED should become an opportunity - for the patient and for the physician - to screen for the presence of comorbidities improving not only sexual health but, more importantly, men's overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda-Usl Bologna, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Rastrelli
- Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - A M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - R Pivonello
- Division of Endocrinology, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - C Bettocchi
- Department of Urology, University of Bari, Bari, Apulia, Italy
| | - Y Reisman
- Department of Urology, Amstelland Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Sforza
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda-Usl Bologna, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Maggi
- Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Alvariza A, Häger-Tibell L, Holm M, Steineck G, Kreicbergs U. Increasing preparedness for caregiving and death in family caregivers of patients with severe illness who are cared for at home - study protocol for a web-based intervention. BMC Palliat Care 2020; 19:33. [PMID: 32183803 PMCID: PMC7079472 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-020-0530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Family caregivers of patients with severe illness and in need for a palliative care approach, face numerous challenges and report having insufficient preparedness for the caregiver role as well as a need for information and psychosocial support. Preparing to care for a severely ill family members also means becoming aware of death. Feelings of being prepared are associated with positive aspects and regarded protective against negative health consequences. Methods The study adheres to the SPIRIT-guidelines (Supplementary 1), uses a pre-post design and include a web-based intervention. Inclusion criteria are; being a family caregiver of a patient with severe illness and in need of a palliative care approach. The intervention which aims to increase preparedness for caregiving and death is grounded in theory, research and clinical experience. The topics cover: medical issues, symptoms and symptom relief; communication within the couple, how to spend the time before death, being a caregiver, planning for the moment of death and; considerations of the future. The intervention is presented through videos and informative texts. The website also holds an online peer-support discussion forum. Study aims are to: evaluate feasibility in terms of framework, content, usage and partners’ experiences; explore how the use of the website, influences family caregivers’ preparedness for caregiving and death; explore how the use of the website influences family caregivers’ knowledge about medical issues, their communication with the patient and their considerations of the future; and to investigate how the family caregivers’ preparedness for caregiving and death influences their physical and psychological health and quality of life 1 year after the patient’s death. Data will be collected through qualitative interviews and a study-specific questionnaire at four time-points. Discussion This project will provide information about whether support via a website has the potential to increase preparedness for caregiving and death and thereby decrease negative health consequences for family caregivers of patients affected by severe illness. It will provide new knowledge about intervention development, delivery, and evaluation in a palliative care context. Identification of factors before death and their association with family caregivers’ preparedness and long-term health may change future clinical work. Trial registration The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03676283.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Alvariza
- The Department of Health Care Science/Palliative Research Centre, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Stigbergsgatan 30, 100 61, Stockholm, Sweden.,Capio Palliative Care Unit, Dalen Hospital, Åstorpsringen 6, 121 31, Enskededalen, Sweden
| | - Louise Häger-Tibell
- The Department of Health Care Science/Palliative Research Centre, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Stigbergsgatan 30, 100 61, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Tema Cancer, BES: Breast-endocrine tumors and sarcoma, Karolinska University Hospital, Eugeniavägen 3, 171 76, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Maja Holm
- The Department of Health Care Science/Palliative Research Centre, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Stigbergsgatan 30, 100 61, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Nursing Science, Sophiahemmet University, Valhallavägen 91, 114 28, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Steineck
- Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Blå Stråket 2 SU/Jubileumskliniken, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Oncology and Pathology, Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Kreicbergs
- The Department of Health Care Science/Palliative Research Centre, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Stigbergsgatan 30, 100 61, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, 171 77, Solna, Sweden
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Drabwell L, Eng J, Stevenson F, King M, Osborn D, Pitman A. Perceptions of the Use of Alcohol and Drugs after Sudden Bereavement by Unnatural Causes: Analysis of Online Qualitative Data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E677. [PMID: 31972984 PMCID: PMC7037803 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Bereavement is associated with an increased risk of psychiatric morbidity and all-cause mortality, particularly in younger people and after unnatural deaths. Substance misuse is implicated but little research has investigated patterns of drug or alcohol use after bereavement. We used a national online survey to collect qualitative data describing whether and how substance use changes after sudden bereavement. We conducted thematic analysis of free-text responses to a question probing use of alcohol and drugs after the sudden unnatural (non-suicide) death of a family member or a close friend. We analysed data from 243 adults in British Higher Education Institutions aged 18-40, identifying two main themes describing post-bereavement alcohol or drug use: (1) sense of control over use of drugs or alcohol (loss of control versus self-discipline), (2) harnessing the specific effects of drugs or alcohol. Across themes we identified age patterning in relation to substance misuse as a form of rebellion among those bereaved in childhood, and gender patterning in relation to men using alcohol to help express their emotions. The limitations of our sampling mean that these findings may not be generalizable from highly-educated settings to young people in the general population. Our findings describe how some young bereaved adults use drugs and alcohol to help them cope with traumatic loss, and suggest how clinicians might respond to any difficulties controlling substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Drabwell
- UCL Centre for Behaviour Change, Research Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, UK;
| | - Jessica Eng
- UCL Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, UK;
| | - Fiona Stevenson
- UCL Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, Rowland Hill St, London NW3 2PF, UK;
| | - Michael King
- UCL Division of Psychiatry, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK; (D.O.); (M.K.)
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, London NW1 0PE, UK
| | - David Osborn
- UCL Division of Psychiatry, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK; (D.O.); (M.K.)
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, London NW1 0PE, UK
| | - Alexandra Pitman
- UCL Division of Psychiatry, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK; (D.O.); (M.K.)
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, St Pancras Hospital, London NW1 0PE, UK
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Lyu J, Min J, Kim G. Trajectories of cognitive decline by widowhood status among Korean older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2019; 34:1582-1589. [PMID: 31276237 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Given the limited evidence regarding the longitudinal impact of widowhood on cognitive function in later life, the present study aimed to investigate the longitudinal effect of widowhood status on cognitive change among Korean older adults. METHODS The study sample was drawn from a nationally representative data set, the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA); it consisted of 3,660 Korean adults aged 60 and over who were married at baseline. Our dependent variable, cognitive function, was measured by the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE). Widowhood status was measured with the combination of widowhood status and duration. Growth curve models were constructed using five waves of the KLoSA (2006-2014) to examine the longitudinal trajectories of cognitive changes. RESULTS In the unadjusted model, widowed older adults had significantly lower cognitive function than their nonwidowed counterparts regardless of widowhood duration. Adjusting for covariates, results from the growth curve models showed that widowed older adults with widowhood duration 4 to 6 years had a significantly steeper decline in cognitive function than nonwidowed older adults (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that widowhood is detrimental for late-life cognitive function. Further research is required to understand the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Policy and practice implications are discussed according to the cultural context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Lyu
- Institute of Aging, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Joohong Min
- Faculty of Human Ecology and Welfare, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Giyeon Kim
- Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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Kepic M. Life Satisfaction After Spousal Loss: The Potential Influence of Age, Gender, and Leisure. ADULTSPAN JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsp.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Kepic
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, The George Washington University
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using an integrative view of psychology, neuroscience, immunology, and psychophysiology, the present review of literature curates the findings that have had an impact on the field of bereavement research and shaped its development. METHODS Beginning with pivotal systematic descriptions of medical and psychological responses to the death of a loved one by Lindemann in the mid-1940s, this selective review integrates findings in bereavement research from studies that investigate medical outcomes after loss, their psychological predictors, and biopsychosocial mechanisms. RESULTS Morbidity and mortality after the death of a loved one have long been a topic of research. Early researchers characterized somatic and psychological symptoms and studied immune cell changes in bereaved samples. More recent research has repeatedly demonstrated increased rates of morbidity and mortality in bereaved samples, as compared with married controls, in large epidemiological studies. Recent developments also include the development of criteria for prolonged grief disorder (also termed complicated grief). Newer methods, including neuroimaging, have observed that the greatest impact of the death of a loved one is in those who have the most severe psychological grief reactions. Research addressing the mechanisms tying bereavement to medical outcomes is relatively scarce, but differences in rumination, in inflammation, and in cortisol dysregulation between those who adapt well and those who do not have been offered with some evidence. CONCLUSIONS Recommendations to propel the field forward include longitudinal studies to understand differences between acute reactions and later adaptation, comparing samples with grief disorders from those with more typical responses, and integrating responses in brain, mind, and body.
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Ennis J, Majid U. "Death from a broken heart": A systematic review of the relationship between spousal bereavement and physical and physiological health outcomes. DEATH STUDIES 2019; 45:538-551. [PMID: 31535594 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2019.1661884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The loss of a loved one is often associated with "death from a broken heart" for the survivor, and there is evidence that shows that widowers and widows are at risk for higher morbidity and mortality than the general population. This systematic review will summarize the physical and physiological health outcomes of spousal bereavement. A systematic database search was conducted, and 38 studies were analyzed. The majority of studies found a statistically significant and positive association between spousal bereavement and adverse physical and physiological health outcomes such as inflammation, cardiovascular risk, chronic pain, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Ennis
- Ennis Centre for Pain Management, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Umair Majid
- Ennis Centre for Pain Management, Hamilton, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Division of Clinical Decision-Making and Healthcare, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Jadhav A, Weir D. Widowhood and Depression in a Cross-National Perspective: Evidence from the United States, Europe, Korea, and China. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 73:e143-e153. [PMID: 28329854 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We explore marital and depression trajectories over time for men and women, and distinguish between mood and somatic depression across contexts. Method We use longitudinal data from 2002 to 2013 from the United States, England, Europe, Korea, and China to explore depression among individuals married at baseline and follow their trajectories into widowhood with married as the reference group. We use random effects models to estimate these trajectories using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) or EURO-D scales for men and women. Results Depression peaks within the first year of widowhood for men and women, but women recover to levels comparable to married counterparts in all countries. Men sustain high levels of depression even 6-10 years post-widowhood everywhere except Europe. Widowed women have higher somatic depression compared to men, who have higher mood depression. Family plays differential roles in mediating depression across countries. Discussion Our research shows the complex global relationship between widowhood and depression. Studies that do not compare depression trajectories over time may make incorrect inferences about the persistence of depression by gender and country. Interventions should target different components of depression: mood-related symptoms for men and somatic-related symptoms for women for most effective recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Jadhav
- Population Studies Center and Health and Retirement Study and Health and Retirement Study, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - David Weir
- Population Studies Center and Health and Retirement Study and Health and Retirement Study, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Hamama-Raz Y, Shir S, Mahat-Shamir M. Meanings attributed by bereaved unmarried intimate partners of fallen soldiers to their loss. DEATH STUDIES 2019; 45:380-389. [PMID: 31402776 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2019.1648332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The death of a partner may be stressful for unmarried intimate partners as they lack legal status vis-à-vis the partner, and, thus, lack sufficient cultural support. This qualitative study examined the meaning attributed to the loss by 12 Israeli bereaved intimate partners of fallen soldiers. Through applying a constructivist-narrative methodology, we derived three clusters from interviews with the intimate partners: (a) The relationships never ended - "an unfinished business," (b) The need to conceal the relationships - "a hidden wound," and (c) The relationship guides their lives - "a compass." Practical implications were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaked Shir
- School of Social Work, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bereavement is associated with increased risk for morbidity and all-cause mortality across epidemiological, meta-analytic, and case-control studies. The body of research examining the association between bereavement and immune function, beginning in 1977, has yet to be reviewed. The current systematic review clarifies these findings, identifies limitations of the diverse literature, and suggests a model and directions for future research. METHODS The PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews were used to synthesize 41 years of research. Compared with a meta-analysis, a systematic review is appropriate given the heterogeneous nature of the studies. We used the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Study Quality Assessment Tool to assess the quality of select studies. RESULTS Thirty-three publications met inclusion criteria. Most studies support the association between bereavement and maladaptive changes in immune parameters in adults, with mixed findings on bereavement-related changes in cellular immunity. A handful of recent, good-quality studies show bereaved people demonstrate higher levels of systemic inflammation, maladaptive immune cell gene expression, and lower antibody response to vaccination compared with nonbereaved controls. Individual differences in psychological response to bereavement (e.g., depression, grief) seem to influence the association between bereavement and immune function. CONCLUSIONS Research examining the association between bereavement and biomarkers of immune function is heterogeneous in methods and quality. Despite these limitations, there is evidence supporting maladaptive changes in immune function after bereavement. The research area would benefit from longitudinal research with larger sample sizes, advanced immunological methods, and incorporating measures of psychological responses to bereavement. The field is poised to refine and scale up its investigation of this common and important phenomenon.
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Abstract
This study examines proximate sources of change in first-marriage trajectories in the United States between 1960 and 2010. This was a period of tremendous social change: divorce became more common, people started marrying later or not marrying at all, innovations in medicine and changes in social and behavioral factors led to reduced mortality, inequality grew stronger and was reflected by more intense assortative mating, and the country underwent a massive educational expansion. Each of these factors influenced the formation and dissolution of first marriages over this period. This article extends the multiple-decrement life table to incorporate heterogeneity and assortative mating, which allows the quantification of how changes in the incidence of marriage, divorce, and mortality, along with changes in educational attainment and assortative mating, have shaped trends in first-marriage trajectories. The model is used to prove that stronger educational assortative mating leads to longer average durations of first marriage. Using data from multiple sources and this model, this study shows that although the incidence of divorce was the primary determinant of changes in first-marriage trajectories between 1960 and 1980, it has played a relatively smaller role in driving change in marital trajectories between 1980 and 2010. Instead, factors such as later age at first marriage, educational expansion, declining mortality, narrowing sex differences in mortality, and more intense educational assortative mating have been the major drivers of changes in first-marriage trajectories since 1980.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun S Hendi
- Office of Population Research and Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Second Floor, Wallace Hall, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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Mutedzi B, Langhaug L, Hunt J, Nkhoma K, Harding R. Improving bereavement outcomes in Zimbabwe: protocol for a feasibility cluster trial of the 9-cell bereavement tool. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2019; 5:66. [PMID: 31110775 PMCID: PMC6509823 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-019-0450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The high burden of bereavement in sub-Saharan Africa is largely attributable to HIV, cancer, and other non-communicable diseases. However, interventions to improve grief and bereavement are rare. Given high rates of mortality in the context of weak health systems, community lay members are well placed to provide peer bereavement support. The 9-cell bereavement tool was developed in Zimbabwe to improve community members’ capacity to support the bereaved. This study aims to determine the feasibility of implementing the 9-cell bereavement tool and recruitment to experimental evaluation. Methods/design This feasibility cluster randomized trial with embedded qualitative interviews will be conducted in two comparable neighborhoods in Zimbabwe. Community leaders from each neighborhood will identify 25 potential community lay bereavement supporters, each of whom will recruit 2–3 bereaved community members into the trial. The intervention will be randomly allocated to one community, and the second community will form a wait-list control (n ≥ 75 in each community cluster). Recruitment is estimated to take place over 3 weeks. Measures at T0 (baseline, i.e., week 0), T1 (midline, i.e., week 14 or 3 months post-baseline) and T2 (endline, i.e., week 27 or 3 months post-midline) will address mental health, social support, and levels of grief per individual. Qualitative data will describe lay supporters’ views of intervention training and delivery, and participants’ experience of bereavement support. Discussion This is the first documented trial evaluating a bereavement intervention in sub-Saharan Africa. Recruitment, retention, and measurement data will determine the feasibility of a full trial. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN16484746. Registered 6 February 2018
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mutedzi
- Island Hospice and Healthcare, 6 Natal Road, Belgravia, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | - Kennedy Nkhoma
- 3Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London, Bessemer Road, London, SE5 9PJ UK
| | - Richard Harding
- 3Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy and Rehabilitation, King's College London, Bessemer Road, London, SE5 9PJ UK
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Ornstein K, Garrido MM, Siu AL, Bollens-Lund E, Rahman OK, Kelley AS. An Examination of Downstream Effects of Bereavement on Healthcare Utilization for Surviving Spouses in a National Sample of Older Adults. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2019; 37:585-596. [PMID: 30864065 PMCID: PMC6465109 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-019-00787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While bereavement is associated with increased mortality, it is unclear how bereaved families utilize the healthcare system after the death of their loved ones. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the association between bereavement and healthcare expenditures for surviving spouses. METHODS We used data from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative cohort study of older adults linked to Medicare claims. We determined a spouse's total Medicare expenditures 2 years before and after their partner's death across six biennial interview waves. Using coarsened exact matching, we created a comparison group of non-bereaved dyads. Costs were wage index- and inflation-adjusted to 2017 dollars. We used generalized linear models and difference-in-differences (DID) analysis to calculate the average marginal effects of bereavement on Medicare spending by gender. We also examined subgroup differences based on caregiver status, cause of death, and length of terminal illness. RESULTS Our sample consisted of 941 bereaved dyads and a comparison group of 8899 matched dyads. Surviving female spouses (68% of the sample) had a $3500 increase in spending 2 years after death (p < 0.05). Using DID analyses, bereavement was associated with a $625 quarterly increase in Medicare expenditures over 2 years for women. There was no significant increase in post-death spending for male bereaved surviving spouses. Results were consistent for spouses who survived at least 2 years after the death of their spouse (70% of the sample) CONCLUSIONS: Bereavement is associated with increased healthcare spending for women regardless of their caregiving status, the cause of death, or length of terminal illness. Further study is required to examine why men and women have different patterns of healthcare spending relative to the death of their spouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Ornstein
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1070, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, , Ph: 212-659-5555/ F: 212-849-2566
| | - Melissa M. Garrido
- Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston University School of Public Health, 150 S. Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02130, , 617-819-5198
| | - Albert L. Siu
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1070, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, , Ph: 212-241-4290
| | - Evan Bollens-Lund
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1070, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, , Ph: 212-241-3160
| | - Omari-Khalid Rahman
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1070, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, , Ph: 212-241-3160
| | - Amy S. Kelley
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1070, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, , Ph: 212-241-1446
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Lundorff M, Thomsen DK, Damkier A, O'Connor M. How do loss- and restoration-oriented coping change across time? A prospective study on adjustment following spousal bereavement. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2019; 32:270-285. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2019.1587751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lundorff
- Unit for Bereavement Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorthe Kirkegaard Thomsen
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research (CON AMORE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anette Damkier
- Department of Mental Health, Odense University Clinic, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maja O'Connor
- Unit for Bereavement Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Einiö E, Martikainen P. Risk of Hospitalization for Cancer, Musculoskeletal Disorders, Injuries, or Poisonings Surrounding Widowhood. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:110-118. [PMID: 30137200 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological distress has been indicated to affect the risk of death from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and external causes. Mortality from these major causes of death is also known to be elevated after widowhood when distress is at a heightened level. Surprisingly little is known about changes in health other than mental and cardiac health shortly before widowhood. We used longitudinal data on widowed (n = 19,185) and continuously married (n = 105,939) individuals in Finland (1996-2002) to assess the risk of hospitalization for cancer and for external and musculoskeletal causes surrounding widowhood or random dates. We fitted population-averaged logit models using longitudinal data of older adults aged 65 years or over. The results show that hospitalization for injuries had already increased prior to widowhood and clearly peaked after it. The increases were largely related to falls. A similar increasing pattern of findings was not found around a random date for a group of continuously married individuals. Hospitalizations for cancer and musculoskeletal disorders appeared to be unrelated to the process of widowhood. Hospitalizations for poisonings increased after widowhood. The results imply that the process of widowhood is multifaceted and that various types of health changes should be studied separately and before the actual loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Einiö
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Population Health, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Population Health, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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76
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Reyes S, Giovannoni G, Thomson A. Social capital: Implications for neurology. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01169. [PMID: 30536750 PMCID: PMC6346418 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Social capital (SC) is a broad term that encompasses the many resources derived from social connections. The contemporary study of SC in public health has deep roots in the related fields of sociology, economics, and politics. Its multidisciplinary nature and the varying potential ways it could affect individuals have resulted in different but overlapping models to approach SC in the health field. There are currently no standardized measures of SC, and even more challenging its impact on health outcomes seems to vary according to the level of analysis. Despite the accumulating evidence that supports a protective effect of SC on mental and physical health, and mortality, not enough attention has been paid to the potential drawbacks of SC. The role of SC in neurological disease is just beginning to be explored. Concerted efforts are needed to ensure that empirical evidence on SC could be properly translated into interventions for health-promoting purposes. In this paper, we review the current state of scientific knowledge on the subject of SC, with a focus on its application in the field of neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Reyes
- Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, London, UK
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, London, UK.,Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Alison Thomson
- Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, London, UK
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Imamura H, Nakamura H, Nishiwaki Y. Relationship between the Well-Being of Elderly Men and Cohabiting with Women Who Have Had Experience as a Health Promotion Volunteer in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 16:ijerph16010065. [PMID: 30591669 PMCID: PMC6338992 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Japan, there are traditionally many health promotion volunteer activities. However, the effects these activities have on the volunteers’ families are not clear. This study examined whether the well-being of Japanese elderly men was affected by cohabiting with women who have had experience as a health promotion volunteer. The study area was Suzaka City, where more than 7500 women have been elected and served as health promotion volunteers for over 60 years. A cross-sectional survey targeting all residents aged 65 years or over was conducted in 2014 using a self-administered questionnaire and 10,758 (77.7%) residents participated. Of those, married men who lived with married women were analyzed (n = 2370). Functional capacity and depressive symptoms were analyzed as outcomes respectively. Of the 2370 men, 1434 (60.5%) lived with women who had experience as a health promotion volunteer in the past. Modified Poisson regression analysis adjusting for covariates showed that living with women who had this experience was inversely associated with depressive symptoms (adjusted Prevalence Ratio; 0.84, 95% Confidence Interval; 0.73–0.97), but not with low functional capacity. These results suggest that living with women who had the experience as health promotion volunteer might affect depressive symptoms of elderly men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Imamura
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 1438540, Japan.
| | - Hideki Nakamura
- Health and Welfare Department, Suzaka City Hall, Suzaka City, Nagano 3828511, Japan.
| | - Yuji Nishiwaki
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo 1438540, Japan.
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78
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Wilson N, Thomson G, Summers JA, Harper G, Horrocks J, Roberts E. The health impacts of the First World War on New Zealand: a summary and a remaining research agenda. Aust N Z J Public Health 2018; 42:516-518. [PMID: 30370982 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Wilson
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - George Thomson
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer A Summers
- School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Evan Roberts
- Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, USA
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Fenger-Grøn M, Kjaersgaard MIS, Parner ET, Guldin MB, Vedsted P, Vestergaard M. Early treatment with talk therapy or antidepressants in severely bereaved people and risk of suicidal behavior and psychiatric illness: an instrumental variable analysis. Clin Epidemiol 2018; 10:1013-1026. [PMID: 30197539 PMCID: PMC6112782 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s157996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Losing a loved one to death is a common and natural life-course experience. Still, bereavement has been associated with an increased risk of suicidal behavior and psychiatric hospitalization and little is known of how to counter these adverse events. We aimed to study the effect of early treatment in primary care with talk therapy (TT) or antidepressants (AD) in severely bereaved people. Methods We conducted a population-based cohort study including 207,435 adult Danes who experienced a severe loss in 1996–2013. We compared treatment and no treatment with either of the two treatment regimens within 6 months after the loss. The main outcome was a serious mental health condition (defined as suicide, deliberate self-harm, or psychiatric hospitalization) occurring >6 months after bereavement. Adjusted risk differences (RDs) 2 years after bereavement were calculated using both standard regression analysis and instrumental variable analysis (IVA) in which estimated physician preferences for treatment served as instruments. Results The standard adjusted regression analysis showed a higher risk of developing a serious mental health condition associated with both TT (RD, 7.1; 95% CI, 5.0 to 9.1 per 1000 people) and AD (RD, 30.1; 95% CI, 25.7 to 34.6 per 1000 people). The IVA, which was used to control for unmeasured confounding, showed that TT was associated with a lower risk of a serious mental health condition (RD, −17.1; 95% CI, −30.7 to −3.5 per 1000 people), whereas the results were inconclusive for AD (RD, −8.6; 95% CI, −62.6 to 45.4 per 1000 people). Conclusion This study suggests that early treatment with TT is associated with reduced long-term risk of serious mental health conditions in severely bereaved people. No clear benefit or harm of treatment with AD after bereavement was ascertained since the statistical precision was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Fenger-Grøn
- Research Unit for General Practice and Section for General Medical Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,
| | - Maiken Ina Siegismund Kjaersgaard
- Research Unit for General Practice and Section for General Medical Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, .,Section for Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik Thorlund Parner
- Section for Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mai-Britt Guldin
- Research Unit for General Practice and Section for General Medical Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,
| | - Peter Vedsted
- Research Unit for General Practice and Section for General Medical Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,
| | - Mogens Vestergaard
- Research Unit for General Practice and Section for General Medical Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,
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Atreya CE, Kubo A, Borno HT, Rosenthal B, Campanella M, Rettger JP, Joseph G, Allen IE, Venook AP, Altschuler A, Dhruva A. Being Present: A single-arm feasibility study of audio-based mindfulness meditation for colorectal cancer patients and caregivers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199423. [PMID: 30036361 PMCID: PMC6056029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A metastatic cancer diagnosis is associated with high levels of distress in patients and caregivers. Mindfulness interventions can reduce distress and improve quality of life in cancer patients. However, standard mindfulness training relies on in-person instruction, which is often not practical for either patients receiving chemotherapy or their caregivers. In the Being Present single arm pilot study, we designed and tested an 8-week audio-based mindfulness meditation program for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer receiving chemotherapy with or without a participating caregiver. The study accrued 33 of 74 (45%) eligible patients consenting together with 20 family caregivers (53 participants total) within nine months. Forty-one participants were evaluable (77%); 10 of 12 cases of attrition were attributable to hospitalization or death. Median participant age was 51 (range 21-78 years); 38% were men. Baseline levels of distress were similar in patients and caregivers. The top reasons for participation cited in pre-intervention interviews were to increase relaxation/calm, improve mood/emotions, and reduce stress/anxiety. In measures of adherence, 59% of responses to weekly texts asking: "Have you practiced today?" were "Yes" and 59% of interviewees reported practicing >50% of the time. Compared to baseline, post-intervention surveys demonstrated significantly reduced distress (p = 0.01) and anxiety (p = 0.03); as well as increased non-reactivity (p<0.01), and feeling at peace (p<0.01). Post-intervention qualitative interviews, where 71% of participants reported benefit, were consistent with quantitative findings. In the interviews, participants spontaneously described reduced stress/anxiety and increased relaxation/calm. Benefits appeared to be accentuated in patient-caregiver pairs as compared to unpaired patients. Seventy-nine percent of participants reported plans for continued practice after study completion. We conclude that the Being Present audio-based mindfulness meditation program is of interest to, feasible, and acceptable for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and caregivers, with initial evidence of efficacy. These results will guide plans for a follow-up study. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02423720.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe E. Atreya
- Department of Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center (HFCCC), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ai Kubo
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Hala T. Borno
- Department of Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center (HFCCC), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Blake Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center (HFCCC), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Campanella
- Department of Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center (HFCCC), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John P. Rettger
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Galen Joseph
- Department of Anthropology, History and Social Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - I. Elaine Allen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alan P. Venook
- Department of Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center (HFCCC), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea Altschuler
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Anand Dhruva
- Department of Medicine and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center (HFCCC), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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81
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Widowhood Status as a Risk Factor for Cognitive Decline among Older Adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 26:778-787. [PMID: 29748078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated whether widowhood status has an effect on cognitive decline among older adults in the United States. DESIGN Longitudinal analysis of existing secondary data. SETTING The 1996-2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 6,766 individuals (28,420 observations) aged 50 years and older who responded to all questions. MEASUREMENTS Widow/widower status, cognitive functioning score, and various covariates. RESULTS Growth-curve models show that after controlling for covariates, widowhood status was related to cognitive decline (95% CI: -0.8090, -0.4674). We also found a linear relationship between time since spousal loss and cognitive decline. Conditional upon spousal bereavement status, higher education and having at least one living sibling were found to be protective factors against cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS Widowhood status accelerated cognitive decline over time among widowed older adults. Findings suggest that extra support is needed to monitor cognitive functioning for those experiencing widowhood.
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82
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Jones E, Oka M, Clark J, Gardner H, Hunt R, Dutson S. Lived experience of young widowed individuals: A qualitative study. DEATH STUDIES 2018; 43:183-192. [PMID: 29498589 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2018.1445137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Young widowhood is a unique experience that has received little in-depth attention in research and clinical settings. The present study examined the lived experiences of young men and women who had lost a spouse. Eleven men and women between the ages of 18 and 49 were interviewed about their experiences postloss using phenomenological methods. After coding the interviews, three themes emerged: (1) relationship prior to death, (2) coping, and (3) concerns. Clinical implications included the need for more accessible resources for young widowed individuals, such as therapeutic services, finances, and childcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunicia Jones
- a Department of Human Development & Family Science, College of Health and Human Performance , East Carolina University , Greenville , South Carolina , USA
| | - Megan Oka
- b Department of Family, Consumer, and Human Development, College of Education and Human Services , Logan , Utah , USA
| | - Jeremy Clark
- b Department of Family, Consumer, and Human Development, College of Education and Human Services , Logan , Utah , USA
| | - Heather Gardner
- b Department of Family, Consumer, and Human Development, College of Education and Human Services , Logan , Utah , USA
| | - Robin Hunt
- b Department of Family, Consumer, and Human Development, College of Education and Human Services , Logan , Utah , USA
| | - Spencer Dutson
- b Department of Family, Consumer, and Human Development, College of Education and Human Services , Logan , Utah , USA
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83
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Kaplanis J, Gordon A, Shor T, Weissbrod O, Geiger D, Wahl M, Gershovits M, Markus B, Sheikh M, Gymrek M, Bhatia G, MacArthur DG, Price AL, Erlich Y. Quantitative analysis of population-scale family trees with millions of relatives. Science 2018; 360:171-175. [PMID: 29496957 PMCID: PMC6593158 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam9309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Family trees have vast applications in fields as diverse as genetics, anthropology, and economics. However, the collection of extended family trees is tedious and usually relies on resources with limited geographical scope and complex data usage restrictions. We collected 86 million profiles from publicly available online data shared by genealogy enthusiasts. After extensive cleaning and validation, we obtained population-scale family trees, including a single pedigree of 13 million individuals. We leveraged the data to partition the genetic architecture of human longevity and to provide insights into the geographical dispersion of families. We also report a simple digital procedure to overlay other data sets with our resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kaplanis
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Assaf Gordon
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tal Shor
- MyHeritage, Or Yehuda 6037606, Israel
- Computer Science Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Omer Weissbrod
- Computer Science Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Dan Geiger
- Computer Science Department, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Mary Wahl
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Barak Markus
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mona Sheikh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Melissa Gymrek
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gaurav Bhatia
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel G MacArthur
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alkes L Price
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yaniv Erlich
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA.
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- MyHeritage, Or Yehuda 6037606, Israel
- Department of Computer Science, Fu Foundation School of Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Bristowe K, Hodson M, Wee B, Almack K, Johnson K, Daveson BA, Koffman J, McEnhill L, Harding R. Recommendations to reduce inequalities for LGBT people facing advanced illness: ACCESSCare national qualitative interview study. Palliat Med 2018; 32:23-35. [PMID: 28502218 PMCID: PMC5758934 DOI: 10.1177/0269216317705102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lesbian, gay, bisexual and/or trans (LGBT) people have higher risk of certain life-limiting illnesses and unmet needs in advanced illness and bereavement. ACCESSCare is the first national study to examine in depth the experiences of LGBT people facing advanced illness. AIM To explore health-care experiences of LGBT people facing advanced illness to elicit views regarding sharing identity (sexual orientation/gender history), accessing services, discrimination/exclusion and best-practice examples. DESIGN Semi-structured in-depth qualitative interviews analysed using thematic analysis. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS In total, 40 LGBT people from across the United Kingdom facing advanced illness: cancer ( n = 21), non-cancer ( n = 16) and both a cancer and a non-cancer conditions ( n = 3). RESULTS In total, five main themes emerged: (1) person-centred care needs that may require additional/different consideration for LGBT people (including different social support structures and additional legal concerns), (2) service level or interactional (created in the consultation) barriers/stressors (including heteronormative assumptions and homophobic/transphobic behaviours), (3) invisible barriers/stressors (including the historical context of pathology/criminalisation, fears and experiences of discrimination) and (4) service level or interactional facilitators (including acknowledging and including partners in critical discussions). These all shape (5) individuals' preferences for disclosing identity. Prior experiences of discrimination or violence, in response to disclosure, were carried into future care interactions and heightened with the frailty of advanced illness. CONCLUSION Despite recent legislative change, experiences of discrimination and exclusion in health care persist for LGBT people. Ten recommendations, for health-care professionals and services/institutions, are made from the data. These are simple, low cost and offer potential gains in access to, and outcomes of, care for LGBT people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bristowe
- King’s College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, Department of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, UK
| | | | - Bee Wee
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn Almack
- Nottingham Centre for the Advancement of Research into Supportive, Palliative and End-of-Life Care, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Katherine Johnson
- School of Applied Social Science, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Barbara A Daveson
- King’s College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, Department of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, UK
| | - Jonathan Koffman
- King’s College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, Department of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, UK
| | | | - Richard Harding
- King’s College London, Cicely Saunders Institute, Department of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, UK
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85
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Escolar-Pujolar A, Córdoba Doña JA, Goicolea Julían I, Rodríguez GJ, Santos Sánchez V, Mayoral Sánchez E, Aguilar Diosdado M. The effect of marital status on social and gender inequalities in diabetes mortality in Andalusia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 65:21-29. [PMID: 29233513 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the modifying effect of marital status on social and gender inequalities in mortality from diabetes mellitus (DM) in Andalusia. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Andalusian Longitudinal Population Database. DM deaths between 2002 and 2013 were analyzed by educational level and marital status. Age-adjusted rates (AARs) and mortality rate ratios (MRRs) were calculated using Poisson regression models, controlling for several social and demographic variables. The modifying effect of marital status on the association between educational level and DM mortality was evaluated by introducing an interaction term into the models. All analyses were performed separately for men and women. RESULTS There were 18,158 DM deaths (10,635 women and 7,523 men) among the 4,229,791 people included in the study. The risk of death increased as the educational level decreased. Marital status modified social inequality in DM mortality in a different way in each sex. Widowed and separated/divorced women with the lowest educational level had the highest MRRs, 5,1 (95%CI: 3,6-7,3) and 5,6 (95% CI:3,6-8,5) respectively, while single men had the highest MRR, 3,1 (95%CI: 2,7-3,6). CONCLUSIONS Educational level is a key determinant of DM mortality in both sexes, and is more relevant in women, while marital status also plays an outstanding role in men. Our results suggest that in order to address inequalities in DM mortality, the current focus on individual factors and self-care should be extended to interventions on the family, the community, and the social contexts closest to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Escolar-Pujolar
- Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía, Delegación Territorial en Cádiz, Cádiz, España.
| | | | | | | | - Vanesa Santos Sánchez
- Dipartamenti di Scienze Economiche e Aziendali, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Cerdeña, Italia
| | | | - Manuel Aguilar Diosdado
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Cádiz, España
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86
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Siflinger B. The Effect of Widowhood on Mental Health - an Analysis of Anticipation Patterns Surrounding the Death of a Spouse. HEALTH ECONOMICS 2017; 26:1505-1523. [PMID: 27747997 DOI: 10.1002/hec.3443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the effects of widowhood on mental health by taking into account the anticipation and adaptation to the partner's death. The empirical analysis uses representative panel data from the USA that are linked to administrative death records of the National Death Index. I estimate static and dynamic specifications of the panel probit model in which unobserved heterogeneity is modeled with correlated random effects. I find strong anticipation effects of the partner's death on the probability of depression, implying that the partner's death event cannot be assumed to be exogenous in econometric models. In the absence of any anticipation effects, the partner's death has long-lasting mental health consequences, leading to a significantly slower adaptation to widowhood. The results suggest that both anticipation effects and adaptation effects can be attributed to a caregiver burden and to the cause of death. The findings of this study have important implications for designing adequate social policies for the elderly US population that alleviate the negative consequences of bereavement. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Siflinger
- Department of Economics, SFB 884 "Political Economy of Reforms" University of Mannheim, Germany
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87
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Ding JM, Zhang XZ, Hu XJ, Chen HL, Yu M. Analysis of hospitalization expenditures and influencing factors for inpatients with coronary heart disease in a tier-3 hospital in Xi'an, China: A retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e9341. [PMID: 29390516 PMCID: PMC5758218 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The medical costs for inpatients with coronary heart disease (CHD) have risen to unprecedented levels, putting tremendous financial pressure on their families and the entire society. The objective of this study was to examine the actual direct medical costs of inpatients with CHD and to analyze the influencing factors of those costs, to provide advice on the prevention and control of high medical costs of patients with CHD. METHODS A retrospective descriptive analysis of hospitalization expenditures data examined 10,301 inpatients with coronary heart disease of a tier-3 hospital in Xi'an from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015. The data included demographic information, the average length of stay, and different types of expenses incurred during the hospitalization period. The difference between different groups was analyzed using a univariate analysis, and the influencing factors of hospitalization expenditures were explored by the multiple linear stepwise regression analysis. RESULTS The average age of these patients was 60.0 years old, the average length of stay was 4.0 days, and the majority were males (7172, 69.6%). The average hospitalization expenses were $6791.38 (3294.16-9, 732.59), and the top 3 expenses were medical consumables, operation fees, and drugs. The influencing factors of hospitalization expenditures included the length of stay, the number of times of admission, the type of medical insurance schemes, whether have a surgery or not, the gender, the age, and the marriage status. CONCLUSION The inpatients with CHD in this tier-3 hospital were mostly over 45 years old. The average medical cost of males was much higher than that of females. Our findings suggest that the solution for tremendous hospitalization expenditures should be that more attention is paid to controlling the high expense of medical consumables and that the traditional method of reducing medical expenses by shortening the length of stay is still important in nowadays. Furthermore, the type of medical insurance schemes has different impacts on medical expenses. Reducing or controlling high hospitalization expenditures is a complicated process that needs multifaceted cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Mei Ding
- Department of Health Services, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi
| | - Xian-Zhi Zhang
- Department of Health Services, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi
| | - Xue-jun Hu
- Department of Health Services, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi
| | - Huo-Liang Chen
- Department of Health Services, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi
| | - Min Yu
- Institute of Health Services, The Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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88
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Batchelor W, Kandzari DE, Davis S, Tami L, Wang JC, Othman I, Gigliotti OS, Haghighat A, Singh S, Lopez M, Giugliano G, Horwitz PA, Chandrasekhar J, Underwood P, Thompson CA, Mehran R. Outcomes in Women and Minorities Compared With White Men 1 Year After Everolimus-Eluting Stent Implantation: Insights and Results From the PLATINUM Diversity and PROMUS Element Plus Post-Approval Study Pooled Analysis. JAMA Cardiol 2017; 2:1303-1313. [PMID: 29049508 PMCID: PMC5814993 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2017.3802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Importance There exist limited outcomes data for women and minorities after contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Objective To examine 1-year outcomes in women and minorities vs white men after PCI with everolimus-eluting stents. Design, Settings, and Participants The PLATINUM Diversity study was a single-arm study enrolling women and minorities. Patient-level pooling with the PROMUS Element Plus Post-Approval Study was prespecified. Data on social determinants of health and language were collected in the PLATINUM Diversity cohort, which included 1501 patients at 52 US sites. The PROMUS Element Plus Post-Approval study enrolled 2681 patients at 52 US sites with some site overlap and included an "all-comers" population. All patients were enrolled beginning in October 2014 and were followed for 12 months. Analyses began in August 2016. Interventions Patients received 1 or more everolimus-eluting stent implantation. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point was 1-year major adverse cardiac events (MACE), which included death/myocardial infarction (MI)/target vessel revascularization. Secondary ischemic end points were also evaluated. Results The pooled study consisted of 4182 patients: 1635 white men (39.1%), 1863 women (white and minority) (44.5%), and 1059 minority patients (women and men) (25.3%). Women and minorities had a higher prevalence of diabetes, prior stroke, hypertension, renal disease, and congestive heart failure than white men but lower rates of multivessel disease, prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery, prior MI, and smoking. Unadjusted 1-year MACE rates (white men, 7.6%; women, 8.6%; minorities, 9.6%) were similar between groups with no significant differences after risk adjustment. The adjusted risk of death/MI was higher among women (odds ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.4) and minorities (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-2.8) compared with white men and the adjusted risk of MI was higher in minorities (odds ratio, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4-4.8). These differences were driven primarily by nonstent-related MIs. Within the PLATINUM Diversity cohort, the independent predictors of MACE were cardiogenic shock, renal disease, history of peripheral vascular disease, multivessel disease, widowhood, and lack of private insurance. Conclusions and Relevance After contemporary everolimus-eluting stent implantation, women and minorities experience a similar risk of 1-year MACE but a higher adjusted risk of recurrent ischemic events primarily because of nonstent-related MIs. Both clinical and angiographic factors and social determinants of health, including widowhood and insurance status, contribute to 1-year MACE among women and minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luis Tami
- Research Physicians Network Alliance, Hollywood, Florida
| | - John C. Wang
- MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Islam Othman
- North Carolina Heart and Vascular Research, Raleigh
| | | | - Amir Haghighat
- Cardiovascular Institute of Northwest Florida, Panama City
| | | | - Mario Lopez
- Charlotte Heart and Vascular Institute, Port Charlotte, Florida
| | | | | | | | - Paul Underwood
- Boston Scientific Corporation, Marlborough, Massachusetts
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Dunlay SM, Roger VL, Weston SA, Bangerter LR, Killian JM, Griffin JM. Patient and Spousal Health and Outcomes in Heart Failure. Circ Heart Fail 2017; 10:CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004088. [PMID: 29030371 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.117.004088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A diagnosis of heart failure (HF) often requires a comprehensive lifestyle change to maintain disease stability. When patients with HF are married, the spouse frequently assumes the caregiving role. Our objectives were to describe the health of spouses of married patients with HF, and examine whether the health of a spouse impacts patient outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified 905 patients that were married at the time of incident HF diagnosis in Olmsted County, MN, from 2000 to 2012. Using Rochester Epidemiology Project resources, the patient and their spouse's comprehensive longitudinal health histories were linked. Spousal health at patient HF diagnosis was assessed by comorbidity burden, self-reported difficulty with activities of daily living and prior hospitalizations. The associations of spousal health with patient outcomes and patient death with spousal outcomes were examined using Cox and Andersen-Gill models. Spouses of patients with HF were elderly (mean age, 71 years), often had comorbid conditions, and 16% had difficulty with ≥1 activities of daily living. After adjustment for patient age, sex, and comorbidity, there were no independent associations of spousal health and patient risk of death or hospitalization after HF diagnosis. However, the risk of hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.60; P=0.002) and death (hazard ratio, 2.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.60-2.75; P<0.001) increased in the surviving spouse after patient death. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that the health of a spouse impacts patient outcomes after HF diagnosis. However, after a patient with HF dies, their surviving spouse's risk of hospitalization and death increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Dunlay
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases (S.M.D., V.L.R.) and Department of Health Sciences Research (S.M.D., V.L.R., S.A.W., L.R.B., J.M.G., J.M.K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | - Véronique L Roger
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases (S.M.D., V.L.R.) and Department of Health Sciences Research (S.M.D., V.L.R., S.A.W., L.R.B., J.M.G., J.M.K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Susan A Weston
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases (S.M.D., V.L.R.) and Department of Health Sciences Research (S.M.D., V.L.R., S.A.W., L.R.B., J.M.G., J.M.K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Lauren R Bangerter
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases (S.M.D., V.L.R.) and Department of Health Sciences Research (S.M.D., V.L.R., S.A.W., L.R.B., J.M.G., J.M.K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jill M Killian
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases (S.M.D., V.L.R.) and Department of Health Sciences Research (S.M.D., V.L.R., S.A.W., L.R.B., J.M.G., J.M.K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Joan M Griffin
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases (S.M.D., V.L.R.) and Department of Health Sciences Research (S.M.D., V.L.R., S.A.W., L.R.B., J.M.G., J.M.K.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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90
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Aalbaek FS, Graff S, Vestergaard M. Risk of stroke after bereavement-a systematic literature review. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 136:293-297. [PMID: 28220473 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that psychological stress may increase the risk of stroke. However, this link remains a controversial issue because of conflicting findings. Bereavement, the loss of a close relative, is considered a severely stressful life event. Increased risk of stroke could thus be expected after bereavement if stress plays a causal role. We aimed to evaluate the association between bereavement and stroke by performing a systematic review of the existing literature. The literature search was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. A search in Medline and Embase identified eligible studies, which were reviewed by two researchers independently according to specific inclusion criteria. We included six studies: five cohort studies and one case-crossover study. Five studies found that loss of a first-degree relative was associated with a 1.1- to 2.4-fold higher risk of stroke. However, one study found a statistically significant overall risk only for women. Five studies evaluated the risk of stroke according to time since the loss; one study found no association, two studies indicated short-term effect, one study indicated long-term effect, and one study indicated both short-term and long-term effect. Three studies stratified their analysis by sex; two found higher association in bereaved women than men. Our systematic review suggests that bereavement-related stress is associated with a higher risk of stroke. As relatively few studies were identified, new studies are needed to verify this association. These should aim to quantify the risk, describe the effect of time since bereavement, and identify risk-modifying factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. S. Aalbaek
- Research Unit for General Practice; Department of Public Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - S. Graff
- Research Unit for General Practice; Department of Public Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
| | - M. Vestergaard
- Research Unit for General Practice; Department of Public Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus C Denmark
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91
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Lienert J, Marcum CS, Finney J, Reed-Tsochas F, Koehly L. Social influence on 5-year survival in a longitudinal chemotherapy ward co-presence network. NETWORK SCIENCE (CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS) 2017; 5:308-327. [PMID: 29503731 PMCID: PMC5831372 DOI: 10.1017/nws.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is often administered in openly designed hospital wards, where the possibility of patient-patient social influence on health exists. Previous research found that social relationships influence cancer patient's health; however, we have yet to understand social influence among patients receiving chemotherapy in the hospital. We investigate the influence of co-presence in a chemotherapy ward. We use data on 4,691 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom who average 59.8 years of age, and 44% are Male. We construct a network of patients where edges exist when patients are co-present in the ward, weighted by both patients' time in the ward. Social influence is based on total weighted co-presence with focal patients' immediate neighbors, considering neighbors' 5-year mortality. Generalized estimating equations evaluated the effect of neighbors' 5-year mortality on focal patient's 5-year mortality. Each 1,000-unit increase in weighted co-presence with a patient who dies within 5 years increases a patient's mortality odds by 42% (β = 0.357, CI:0.204,0.510). Each 1,000-unit increase in co-presence with a patient surviving 5 years reduces a patient's odds of dying by 30% (β = -0.344, CI:-0.538,0.149). Our results suggest that social influence occurs in chemotherapy wards, and thus may need to be considered in chemotherapy delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Lienert
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA and CABDyN Complexity Centre, Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - John Finney
- Oxford University Hospitals, National Health Service, Oxford, UK
| | - Felix Reed-Tsochas
- CABDyN Complexity Centre, Saïid Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK and The Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura Koehly
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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92
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Gilden DM, Kubisiak JM, Kahle-Wrobleski K, Ball DE, Bowman L. A Claims-Based Examination of Health Care Costs Among Spouses of Patients With Alzheimer's Disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:811-817. [PMID: 28329147 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spouses of Alzheimer's disease patients (AD spouses) may experience substantial health effects associated with their partner's chronic cognitive and behavioral dysfunction. Studies examining associations between the medical experiences of AD spouses in the period before and after their partner's AD diagnosis are limited, particularly those which measure health care resource use and cost. Methods AD patients were identified through multiple Medicare claims containing an AD diagnostic code. Their spouses were identified through special coding in the Medicare eligibility records. The AD spouses were matched demographically to the spouses of Medicare beneficiaries without a history of AD. Longitudinal and annual cross-sectional Medicare cost comparisons utilized log-transformed linear regression. The longitudinal period of observation began 12 months before the AD patient's initial claim listing AD and continued for up to 38 months afterwards. Results The study identified 16,322 AD spouses. Total per person costs were 24% higher in AD spouses than in the controls ($694/month vs $561/month). AD spouses' excess costs began 3 months before their partners' AD diagnoses and continued for ≥30 months. Being an AD spouse predicted 29% higher Medicare costs after adjustment for chronic health status (P < .001). Increasing AD patient care complexity had a substantial impact on AD spouse Medicare costs (P < .001). Conclusions This study documents a link between the health status of AD spouses and AD patients. Additional research is required to elicit the mechanism behind the association between AD spouse and AD patient diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lee Bowman
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
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93
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A pilot study of virtual support for grief: Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcomes. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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94
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Tseng FM, Petrie D, Leon-Gonzalez R. The impact of spousal bereavement on subjective wellbeing: Evidence from the Taiwanese elderly population. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2017; 26:1-12. [PMID: 28142088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bereavement is an inevitable event in our life. This paper employs the Taiwanese panel Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly (SHLSE) to evaluate the impact of losing a spouse on self-assessed health and subjective well-being measured by depression and life satisfaction. Propensity score matching methods are used to generate a hypothetical bereavement date and a weight for the non-bereaved to create a comparable non-bereaved cohort and a difference-in-differences (DiD) approach is used to estimate the impact of spousal bereavement. The results show that spousal bereavement increases depression scale by 1.81 points but this increment decreases by 0.43 points every year after bereavement. It takes approximate 4 years to restore to the level prior to bereavement. We also examine the demographic and socioeconomic differences in the spousal bereavement impact and find that the spousal bereavement impact is greater on the bereaved in the higher income group in terms of self-assessed health and depression. Our results only represent a lower boundary of the possible impact of spousal bereavement on self-assessed health and subjective wellbeing due to data restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Min Tseng
- Department of Economics, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan.
| | - Dennis Petrie
- Centre for Health Economics, Monash University, Australia
| | - Roberto Leon-Gonzalez
- National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan; Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis, Italy
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95
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Philipson TJ, Kamal-Bahl S, Jena AB. Defining Value: The Need for a Longer, Broader View. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2017; 35:669-672. [PMID: 28337720 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-017-0503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas J Philipson
- Irving B. Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago, 1155 E. 60th Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Sachin Kamal-Bahl
- Innovation Center, Global Health and Value, Pfizer Inc., 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Anupam B Jena
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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96
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Guldin M, Ina Siegismund Kjaersgaard M, Fenger‐Grøn M, Thorlund Parner E, Li J, Prior A, Vestergaard M. Risk of suicide, deliberate self-harm and psychiatric illness after the loss of a close relative: A nationwide cohort study. World Psychiatry 2017; 16:193-199. [PMID: 28498584 PMCID: PMC5428185 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of a close relative is a common event, yet it is associated with increased risk of serious mental health conditions. No large-scale study has explored up to now the importance of the bereaved person's relation to the deceased while accounting for gender and age. We performed a nationwide Danish cohort study using register information from 1995 through 2013 on four sub-cohorts including all persons aged ≥18 years exposed to the loss of a child, spouse, sibling or parent. We identified 1,445,378 bereaved persons, and each was matched by gender, age and family composition to five non-bereaved persons. Cumulative incidence proportions were calculated to estimate absolute differences in suicide, deliberate self-harm and psychiatric illness. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to calculate hazard ratios while adjusting for potential confounders. Results revealed that the risk of suicide, deliberate self-harm and psychiatric illness was increased in the bereaved cohorts for at least 10 years after the loss, particularly during the first year. During that year, the risk difference was 18.9 events in 1,000 persons after loss of a child (95% CI: 17.6-20.1) and 16.0 events in 1,000 persons after loss of the spouse (95% CI: 15.4-16.6). Hazard ratios were generally highest after loss of a child, in younger persons, and after sudden loss by suicide, homicide or accident. One in three persons with a previous psychiatric diagnosis experienced suicide, deliberate self-harm or psychiatric illness within the first year of bereavement. In conclusion, this study shows that the risk of suicide, deliberate self-harm and psychiatric illness is high after the loss of a close relative, especially in susceptible subgroups. This suggests the need for early identification of high-risk persons displaying adjustment problems after loss of a close family member, in order to reduce the risk of serious mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai‐Britt Guldin
- Research Unit for General Practice, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | | | | | | | - Jiong Li
- Department of Public HealthAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Anders Prior
- Research Unit for General Practice, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark,Department of Public HealthAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Mogens Vestergaard
- Research Unit for General Practice, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark,Department of Public HealthAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
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Einiö E, Moustgaard H, Martikainen P, Leinonen T. Does the risk of hospitalisation for ischaemic heart disease rise alreadybeforewidowhood? J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:599-605. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-207987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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98
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Shakya HB, Christakis NA. Association of Facebook Use With Compromised Well-Being: A Longitudinal Study. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 185:203-211. [PMID: 28093386 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kww189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Face-to-face social interactions enhance well-being. With the ubiquity of social media, important questions have arisen about the impact of online social interactions. In the present study, we assessed the associations of both online and offline social networks with several subjective measures of well-being. We used 3 waves (2013, 2014, and 2015) of data from 5,208 subjects in the nationally representative Gallup Panel Social Network Study survey, including social network measures, in combination with objective measures of Facebook use. We investigated the associations of Facebook activity and real-world social network activity with self-reported physical health, self-reported mental health, self-reported life satisfaction, and body mass index. Our results showed that overall, the use of Facebook was negatively associated with well-being. For example, a 1-standard-deviation increase in "likes clicked" (clicking "like" on someone else's content), "links clicked" (clicking a link to another site or article), or "status updates" (updating one's own Facebook status) was associated with a decrease of 5%-8% of a standard deviation in self-reported mental health. These associations were robust to multivariate cross-sectional analyses, as well as to 2-wave prospective analyses. The negative associations of Facebook use were comparable to or greater in magnitude than the positive impact of offline interactions, which suggests a possible tradeoff between offline and online relationships.
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99
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Padayachey U, Ramlall S, Chipps J. Depression in older adults: prevalence and risk factors in a primary health care sample. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2016.1272250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- U Padayachey
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - S Ramlall
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - J Chipps
- Faculty of Community Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
- Honorary, Sydney School of Nursing, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
SummaryThe aim of the study was to determine the associations of the self-perceptions of health and social support among Kuwaitis who were 60 years old and older, who either were or were not currently living with a spouse. A sample of 1427 was selected (472 men and 955 women). Social Affairs nurses completed all interviews in the participants’ homes. A single questionnaire was designed; SPSS (version 21) was used for data entry and analysis. Participants living with their spouse reported significantly greater social support, more frequent contact with others and greater strength of social relationships than those without a spouse. Significant differences between those with and without a spouse were observed for all physically assessed and self-reported aspects of health. Of 60 items included in the somatic symptoms, participants with a spouse reported fewer poor health symptoms than those without a spouse. More children living in the same household, along with greater frequency of contact, strength of contact and social support significantly and independently predicted positive somatic symptoms in the total sample as well as in both sexes. Participants with a spouse reported fewer poor health symptoms than did those without a spouse. Having a spouse is a significant benefit to many aspects of elder Kuwaitis’ daily lives, including their health and well-being.
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