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Ganesan K, Wang Y, Gao F, Liu Q, Zhang C, Li P, Zhang J, Chen J. Targeting Engineered Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111829. [PMID: 34834243 PMCID: PMC8623926 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer in women globally after lung cancer. Presently, the most important approach for BC treatment consists of surgery, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The latter therapeutic methods are often unsuccessful in the treatment of BC because of their various side effects and the damage incurred to healthy tissues and organs. Currently, numerous nanoparticles (NPs) have been identified and synthesized to selectively target BC cells without causing any impairments to the adjacent normal tissues or organs. Based on an exploratory study, this comprehensive review aims to provide information on engineered NPs and their payloads as promising tools in the treatment of BC. Therapeutic drugs or natural bioactive compounds generally incorporate engineered NPs of ideal sizes and shapes to enhance their solubility, circulatory half-life, and biodistribution, while reducing their side effects and immunogenicity. Furthermore, ligands such as peptides, antibodies, and nucleic acids on the surface of NPs precisely target BC cells. Studies on the synthesis of engineered NPs and their impact on BC were obtained from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. This review provides insights on the importance of engineered NPs and their methodology for validation as a next-generation platform with preventive and therapeutic effects against BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Ganesan
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Fei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (F.G.); (C.Z.)
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.)
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518063, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (F.G.); (C.Z.)
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China;
| | - Jinming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (F.G.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (J.C.); Tel.: +852-3917-6479 (J.C.)
| | - Jianping Chen
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.)
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518063, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (J.C.); Tel.: +852-3917-6479 (J.C.)
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Klebowski B, Stec M, Depciuch J, Gałuszka A, Pajor-Swierzy A, Baran J, Parlinska-Wojtan M. Gold-Decorated Platinum and Palladium Nanoparticles as Modern Nanocomplexes to Improve the Effectiveness of Simulated Anticancer Proton Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101726. [PMID: 34684019 PMCID: PMC8539939 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Noble metal nanoparticles, such as gold (Au NPs), platinum (Pt NPs), or palladium (Pd NPs), due to their highly developed surface, stability, and radiosensitizing properties, can be applied to support proton therapy (PT) of cancer. In this paper, we investigated the potential of bimetallic, c.a. 30 nm PtAu and PdAu nanocomplexes, synthesized by the green chemistry method and not used previously as radiosensitizers, to enhance the effect of colorectal cancer PT in vitro. The obtained nanomaterials were characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), UV-Vis spectroscopy, and zeta potential measurements. The effect of PtAu and PdAu NPs in PT was investigated on colon cancer cell lines (SW480, SW620, and HCT116), as well as normal colon epithelium cell line (FHC). These cells were cultured with both types of NPs and then irradiated by proton beam with a total dose of 15 Gy. The results of the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) test showed that the NPs-assisted PT resulted in a better anticancer effect than PT used alone; however, there was no significant difference in the radiosensitizing properties between tested nanocomplexes. The MTS results were further verified by defining the cell death as apoptosis (Annexin V binding assay). Furthermore, the data showed that such a treatment was more selective for cancer cells, as normal cell viability was only slightly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Klebowski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krakow, Poland; (J.D.); (M.P.-W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Malgorzata Stec
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.); (A.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanna Depciuch
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krakow, Poland; (J.D.); (M.P.-W.)
| | - Adrianna Gałuszka
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.); (A.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Anna Pajor-Swierzy
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, 20-239 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Jarek Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.); (A.G.); (J.B.)
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53
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Kiwumulo HF, Muwonge H, Ibingira C, Kirabira JB, Ssekitoleko RT. A systematic review of modeling and simulation approaches in designing targeted treatment technologies for Leukemia Cancer in low and middle income countries. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:8149-8173. [PMID: 34814293 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Virtual experimentation is a widely used approach for predicting systems behaviour especially in situations where resources for physical experiments are very limited. For example, targeted treatment inside the human body is particularly challenging, and as such, modeling and simulation is utilised to aid planning before a specific treatment is administered. In such approaches, precise treatment, as it is the case in radiotherapy, is used to administer a maximum dose to the infected regions while minimizing the effect on normal tissue. Complicated cancers such as leukemia present even greater challenges due to their presentation in liquid form and not being localised in one area. As such, science has led to the development of targeted drug delivery, where the infected cells can be specifically targeted anywhere in the body. Despite the great prospects and advances of these modeling and simulation tools in the design and delivery of targeted drugs, their use by Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) researchers and clinicians is still very limited. This paper therefore reviews the modeling and simulation approaches for leukemia treatment using nanoparticles as an example for virtual experimentation. A systematic review from various databases was carried out for studies that involved cancer treatment approaches through modeling and simulation with emphasis to data collected from LMICs. Results indicated that whereas there is an increasing trend in the use of modeling and simulation approaches, their uptake in LMICs is still limited. According to the review data collected, there is a clear need to employ these tools as key approaches for the planning of targeted drug treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haruna Muwonge
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Ibingira
- Department of Human Anatomy, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Prasanna P, Kumar P, Mandal S, Payal T, Kumar S, Hossain SU, Das P, Ravichandiran V, Mandal D. 7,8-dihydroxyflavone-functionalized gold nanoparticles target the arginase enzyme of Leishmania donovani. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1887-1903. [PMID: 34397295 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To analyze the efficacy and possible mechanism of action of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF) and DHF synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) against the parasite Leishmania donovani. Methods: GNPs were synthesized using DHF and characterized by dynamic light scattering, ζ potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The efficacy of DHF and DHF-GNP were tested against sensitive and drug-resistant parasites. GNP uptake was measured on macrophages by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results: DHF and DHF-GNP (∼35 nm) were equally effective against sensitive and drug-resistant strains and inhibited the arginase activity of parasites. Increased IFN-γ and reduced IL-12 cytokine response showed a Th1/Th2-mediated cell death in macrophages. Conclusion: The low cytotoxicity and high biological activity of DHF-GNP may be useful for chemotherapy of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Prasanna
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, 844102, India
| | - Prakash Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, 844102, India
| | - Saptarshi Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Patna, 801106, India
| | - Tanvi Payal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, 844102, India.,Cognizant Technology Solution, Hyderabad, 800051, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, 844102, India
| | - Sk Ugir Hossain
- Department of Clinical and Translational Medicine, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, 700026, India
| | - Prolay Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Patna, 801106, India
| | - V Ravichandiran
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, 844102, India.,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Debabrata Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Hajipur, 844102, India
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55
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Brito B, Price TW, Gallo J, Bañobre-López M, Stasiuk GJ. Smart magnetic resonance imaging-based theranostics for cancer. Theranostics 2021; 11:8706-8737. [PMID: 34522208 PMCID: PMC8419031 DOI: 10.7150/thno.57004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Smart theranostics are dynamic platforms that integrate multiple functions, including at least imaging, therapy, and responsiveness, in a single agent. This review showcases a variety of responsive theranostic agents developed specifically for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), due to the privileged position this non-invasive, non-ionising imaging modality continues to hold within the clinical imaging field. Different MRI smart theranostic designs have been devised in the search for more efficient cancer therapy, and improved diagnostic efficiency, through the increase of the local concentration of therapeutic effectors and MRI signal intensity in pathological tissues. This review explores novel small-molecule and nanosized MRI theranostic agents for cancer that exhibit responsiveness to endogenous (change in pH, redox environment, or enzymes) or exogenous (temperature, ultrasound, or light) stimuli. The challenges and obstacles in the design and in vivo application of responsive theranostics are also discussed to guide future research in this interdisciplinary field towards more controllable, efficient, and diagnostically relevant smart theranostics agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Brito
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London, UK, SE1 7EH
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, UK, HU6 7RX
- Advanced Magnetic Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga
| | - Thomas W. Price
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London, UK, SE1 7EH
| | - Juan Gallo
- Advanced Magnetic Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga
| | - Manuel Bañobre-López
- Advanced Magnetic Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga
| | - Graeme J. Stasiuk
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London, UK, SE1 7EH
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56
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Pohanka M. Current Biomedical and Diagnostic Applications of Gold Micro and Nanoparticles. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:1085-1095. [PMID: 32744971 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200730155616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Production of particles and their adaptation in the pharmacology became an object of interest, and they are the currently introduced therapies based on the use of micro and nanoparticles. The use of gold particles is not an exception. This review has focused on the application of gold micro and nanoparticles in pharmacology and biomedicine. The particles can be used for diagnosis respective theranostic of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and as antimicrobial means. Besides these applications, specifications of gold, gold particles, and colloidal gold manufacturing and their comparison with the solid gold, are described as well. This review is based on a survey of actual scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove CZ-50001, Czech Republic
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57
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Cai F, Li S, Huang H, Iqbal J, Wang C, Jiang X. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles for immune response regulation: Mechanisms, applications, and perspectives. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 110:424-442. [PMID: 34331516 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses are involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammation. These responses are attributed to immune cells that produce cytokines, mediate cytotoxicity, and synthesize antibodies. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are novel agents that intervene with immune responses because of their unique physical-chemical properties. In particular, GNPs enhance anti-tumour activity during immunotherapy and eliminate excessive inflammation in autoimmune diseases. However, GNPs synthesized by conventional methods are toxic to living organisms. Green biosynthesis provides a safe and eco-friendly method to obtain GNPs from microbes or plant extracts. In this review, we describe several patterns for green GNP biosynthesis. The applications of GNPs to target immune cells and modulate the immune response are summarized. In particular, we elaborate on how GNPs regulate innate immunity and adaptive immunity, including inflammatory signaling and immune cell differentiation. Finally, perspectives and challenges in utilizing green biosynthesized GNPs for novel therapeutic approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Cai
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyi Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Huang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Canran Wang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Jiang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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58
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Asghar MA, Yousuf RI, Shoaib MH, Asghar MA, Mumtaz N. A Review on Toxicity and Challenges in Transferability of Surface-functionalized Metallic Nanoparticles from Animal Models to Humans. BIO INTEGRATION 2021. [DOI: 10.15212/bioi-2020-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The unique size and surface morphology of nanoparticles (NPs) have substantially influenced all aspects of human life, making nanotechnology a novel and promising field for various applications in biomedical sciences. Metallic NPs have gained immense interest over
the last few decades due to their promising optical, electrical, and biological properties. However, the aggregation and the toxic nature of these NPs have restricted their utilization in more optimized applications. The optimum selection of biopolymers and biological macromolecules for surface
functionalization of metallic NPs will significantly improve their biological applicability and biocompatibility. The present mini-review attempts to stress the overview of recent strategies involved in surface functionalization of metallic NPs, their specific biomedical applications, and
comparison of their in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo toxicities with non-functionalized metallic NPs. In addition, this review also discusses the various challenges for metallic NPs to undergo human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arif Asghar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi 75510, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Ismail Yousuf
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Research Facility, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Harris Shoaib
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Research Facility, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Asghar
- Food and Feed Safety Laboratory, Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Shahrah-e-Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, Off University Road, Sindh 74200, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Mumtaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University, Lyari, Karachi 75660, Pakistan
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59
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Xie J, Wang Y, Choi W, Jangili P, Ge Y, Xu Y, Kang J, Liu L, Zhang B, Xie Z, He J, Xie N, Nie G, Zhang H, Kim JS. Overcoming barriers in photodynamic therapy harnessing nano-formulation strategies. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9152-9201. [PMID: 34223847 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01370f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been extensively investigated for decades for tumor treatment because of its non-invasiveness, spatiotemporal selectivity, lower side-effects, and immune activation ability. It can be a promising treatment modality in several medical fields, including oncology, immunology, urology, dermatology, ophthalmology, cardiology, pneumology, and dentistry. Nevertheless, the clinical application of PDT is largely restricted by the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers, limited tissue penetrability of light, inefficient induction of tumor cell death, tumor resistance to the therapy, and the severe pain induced by the therapy. Recently, various photosensitizer formulations and therapy strategies have been developed to overcome these barriers. Significantly, the introduction of nanomaterials in PDT, as carriers or photosensitizers, may overcome the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers. Based on this, nanocomposites excited by various light sources are applied in the PDT of deep-seated tumors. Modulation of cell death pathways with co-delivered reagents promotes PDT induced tumor cell death. Relief of tumor resistance to PDT with combined therapy strategies further promotes tumor inhibition. Also, the optimization of photosensitizer formulations and therapy procedures reduces pain in PDT. Here, a systematic summary of recent advances in the fabrication of photosensitizers and the design of therapy strategies to overcome barriers in PDT is presented. Several aspects important for the clinical application of PDT in cancer treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, and Otolaryngology Department and Biobank of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
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60
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Shieh P, Hill MR, Zhang W, Kristufek SL, Johnson JA. Clip Chemistry: Diverse (Bio)(macro)molecular and Material Function through Breaking Covalent Bonds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7059-7121. [PMID: 33823111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the two decades since the introduction of the "click chemistry" concept, the toolbox of "click reactions" has continually expanded, enabling chemists, materials scientists, and biologists to rapidly and selectively build complexity for their applications of interest. Similarly, selective and efficient covalent bond breaking reactions have provided and will continue to provide transformative advances. Here, we review key examples and applications of efficient, selective covalent bond cleavage reactions, which we refer to herein as "clip reactions." The strategic application of clip reactions offers opportunities to tailor the compositions and structures of complex (bio)(macro)molecular systems with exquisite control. Working in concert, click chemistry and clip chemistry offer scientists and engineers powerful methods to address next-generation challenges across the chemical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Megan R Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wenxu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samantha L Kristufek
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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61
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Pohanka M. Biosensors and Bioanalytical Devices based on Magnetic Particles: A Review. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2828-2841. [PMID: 32744958 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200730213721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic particles play an important role in current technology, and this field of technology extends to a broader progression. The term magnetic particles typically cover the paramagnetic particles and super-paramagnetic particles. Various materials like iron oxide are common, but other materials are available as well; a survey of such materials has been included in this work. They can serve for technological purposes like separation and isolation of chemical products or toxic waste, their use in the diagnosis of pathologies, drug delivery and other similar applications. In this review, biosensors, bioanalytical devices and bioassays, have been discussed. Materials for magnetic particles preparation, methods of assay, biosensors and bioassays working in stationary as well as flow-through arrangements are described here. A survey of actual literature has been provided as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove CZ-50001, Czech Republic
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62
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Musielak M, Potoczny J, Boś-Liedke A, Kozak M. The Combination of Liposomes and Metallic Nanoparticles as Multifunctional Nanostructures in the Therapy and Medical Imaging-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6229. [PMID: 34207682 PMCID: PMC8229649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has introduced a new quality and has definitely developed the possibilities of treating and diagnosing various diseases. One of the scientists' interests is liposomes and metallic nanoparticles (LipoMNPs)-the combination of which has introduced new properties and applications. However, the field of creating hybrid nanostructures consisting of liposomes and metallic nanoparticles is relatively little understood. The purpose of this review was to compile the latest reports in the field of treatment and medical imaging using of LipoMNPs. The authors focused on presenting this issue in the direction of improving the used conventional treatment and imaging methods. Most of all, the nature of bio-interactions between nanostructures and cells is not sufficiently taken into account. As a result, overcoming the existing limitations in the implementation of such solutions in the clinic is difficult. We concluded that hybrid nanostructures are used in a very wide range, especially in the treatment of cancer and magnetic resonance imaging. There were also solutions that combine treatments with simultaneous imaging, creating a theragnostic approach. In the future, researchers should focus on the description of the biological interactions and the long-term effects of the nanostructures to use LipoMNPs in the treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Musielak
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznań, Poland
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (A.B.-L.); (M.K.)
| | - Jakub Potoczny
- Heliodor Swiecicki Clinical Hospital in Poznan, 60-355 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Boś-Liedke
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (A.B.-L.); (M.K.)
| | - Maciej Kozak
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (A.B.-L.); (M.K.)
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63
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Sepúlveda-Rivas S, Leal MS, Pedrozo Z, Kogan MJ, Ocaranza MP, Morales JO. Nanoparticle-Mediated Angiotensin-(1-9) Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Cardiac Hypertrophy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060822. [PMID: 34206106 PMCID: PMC8228229 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ang-(1-9) peptide is a bioactive vasodilator peptide that prevents cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo as well as lowers blood pressure and pathological cardiovascular remodeling; however, it has a reduced half-life in circulation, requiring a suitable carrier for its delivery. In this work, hybrid nanoparticles composed of polymeric nanoparticles (pNPs) based on Eudragit® E/Alginate (EE/Alg), and gold nanospheres (AuNS), were developed to evaluate their encapsulation capacity and release of Ang-(1-9) under different experimental conditions. Hybrid pNPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, size distribution, and concentration by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Nanometric pNPs, with good polydispersity index and colloidally stable, produced high association efficiency of Ang-(1-9) and controlled release. Finally, the treatment of neonatal cardiomyocytes in culture with EE/Alg/AuNS 2% + Ang-(1-9) 20% pNPs decreased the area and perimeter, demonstrating efficacy in preventing norepinephrine-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. On the other hand, the incorporation of AuNS did not cause negative effects either on the cytotoxicity or on the association capacity of Ang-(1-9), suggesting that the hybrid carrier EE/Alg/AuNS pNPs could be used for the delivery of Ang-(1-9) in the treatment of cardiovascular hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Sepúlveda-Rivas
- Medical Technology School, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Piramide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago 8580745, Chile;
| | - Matías S. Leal
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile;
| | - Zully Pedrozo
- Red Para el Estudio de Enfermedades Cardiopulmonares de Alta Letalidad (REECPAL), Santiago 8380453, Chile;
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile & Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile;
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Marcelo J. Kogan
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile & Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile;
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - María Paz Ocaranza
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile & Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile;
- División de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Facultad Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
- Center of New Drugs for Hypertension, Universidad de Chile & Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
- Correspondence: (M.P.O.); (J.O.M.)
| | - Javier O. Morales
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile & Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile;
- Center of New Drugs for Hypertension, Universidad de Chile & Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
- Correspondence: (M.P.O.); (J.O.M.)
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Zhang K, Zhao G. An Effective Wound Healing Material Based on Gold Incorporation into a Heparin-Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposite: Enhanced In Vitro and In Vivo Care of Perioperative Period. J CLUST SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-021-02078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Mohd-Zahid MH, Zulkifli SN, Che Abdullah CA, Lim J, Fakurazi S, Wong KK, Zakaria AD, Ismail N, Uskoković V, Mohamud R, Z A I. Gold nanoparticles conjugated with anti-CD133 monoclonal antibody and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapeutic agent as nanocarriers for cancer cell targeting. RSC Adv 2021; 11:16131-16141. [PMID: 35481195 PMCID: PMC9030463 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01093j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhanced permeability and retention effect allows for passive targeting of solid tumours by nanoparticles carrying anticancer drugs. However, active targeting by incorporation of various ligands onto nanoparticles can provide for a more selective and enhanced chemotherapeutic effect and complement the deficiencies of the passive targeting approach. Here we report on the design of the carboxyl-terminated PEGylated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), their functionalization with anti-CD133 monoclonal antibody (mAb) via a crosslinking reaction, and subsequent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) drug loading. The synthesized products in the form of stable colloids were characterised using a range of physicochemical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Conjugation of anti-CD133 mAb onto PEGylated AuNPs was confirmed with the use of UV-Vis, BCA protein assay and fluorescence microscopy. HCT116 colorectal cancer cells abundantly expressed CD133: 92.4 ± 1.3%, as measured by flow cytometry. Whereas PEGylated AuNPs not conjugated with anti-CD133 mAb accumulated mainly at the cellular membrane, nanoparticles conjugated with anti-CD133 mAb were contained within the nuclear region of the cells. Anti-CD133 mAb conjugation facilitated the specific intracellular uptake due to specific antigen-antibody binding interaction. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on HCT116 cells showed that PEGylated AuNPs and PEGylated AuNPs-CD133 did not elicit any toxicity at any of the tested concentrations. Meanwhile, 5-FU-PEGylated AuNPs-CD133 significantly reduced the cell viability relative to the treatment with 5-FU-PEGylated AuNPs without anti-CD133 mAb conjugates (p < 0.0001). This study shows that the conjugation of nanocarriers with the anti-CD133 antibody improves the specific targeting of 5-FU against colorectal cancer cells. These results demonstrate that simultaneous functionalisation of PEGylated AuNPs with antibodies and chemotherapeutic drugs is a viable strategy to combat cancer through targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Haniti Mohd-Zahid
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 16150 Kubang Kerian Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Siti Nadiah Zulkifli
- Material Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang 43400 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Che Azurahanim Che Abdullah
- Material Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang 43400 Selangor Malaysia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang 43400 Selangor Malaysia
| | - JitKang Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia 14300 Nibong Tebal Penang Malaysia
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang 43400 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Kah Keng Wong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 16150 Kubang Kerian Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Andee Dzulkarnaen Zakaria
- Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 16150 Kubang Kerian Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Norzila Ismail
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 16150 Kubang Kerian Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Vuk Uskoković
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, TardigradeNano LLC Irvine CA 92604 USA
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 16150 Kubang Kerian Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Iskandar Z A
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia 16150 Kubang Kerian Kelantan Malaysia
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Caprifico AE, Foot PJS, Polycarpou E, Calabrese G. Overcoming the protein corona in chitosan-based nanoparticles. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1825-1840. [PMID: 33892141 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous properties of chitosan have led to its extensive use in the formulation of nanomaterials for drug delivery. However, the cationic surface of chitosan-based nanoparticles adsorbs proteins upon exposure to biological fluids, forming a phenomenon known as 'protein corona'. This causes several effects such as decreased bioavailability and limited in vivo clinical applications of chitosan nanoparticles. Understanding and overcoming the effects of protein adsorption on chitosan nanoparticles is key for drug delivery purposes. This review focuses on the strategies implemented to increase the stability of chitosan nanoparticles in the systemic circulation by averting the formation of protein corona and the limitations of PEGylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Caprifico
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Peter J S Foot
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Elena Polycarpou
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Gianpiero Calabrese
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University London, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.
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Cox BD, Martin CR, Bertino MF, Reiner JE. Biological nanopores elucidate the differences between isomers of mercaptobenzoic-capped gold clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:7938-7947. [PMID: 33438688 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05671e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Identification of isomers using traditional mass spectroscopy methods has proven an interesting challenge due to their identical mass to charge ratios. This proves particularly consequential for gold clusters, as subtle variations in the ligand and cluster structure can have drastic effects on the cluster functionalization, solubility, and chemical properties. Biological nanopores have proven an effective tool in identifying subtle variations at the single molecule limit. This paper reports on the ability of an α-hemolysin (αHL) pore to differentiate between para-, meta-, and ortho- (p-, m-, and o-, respectively) mercaptobenzoic acid ligands attached to gold clusters at the single cluster limit. Detecting differences between p-MBA and m-MBA requires pH-dependent studies that illustrate the role inter-ligand binding plays in stabilizing m-MBA-capped clusters. Additionally, this paper investigates the difference in behavior for these clusters when isolated, and when surrounded by small ligand-Au complexes (AunLm, n = 0, 1, 2… and m = 1, 2,…) that are present following cluster synthesis. It is found that continuous exposure of clusters to freely diffusing ligand complexes stabilizes the clusters, while isolated clusters either disintegrate or exit the nanopore in seconds. This has implications for long term cluster stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby D Cox
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
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Huang W, Deng Y, Ye L, Xie Q, Jiang Y. Enhancing hemocompatibility and the performance of Au@silica nanoparticles by coating with cRGD functionalized zein. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 125:112064. [PMID: 33965097 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Poor safety and effectiveness is an outstanding challenge in the preparation of drug delivery systems (DDS) for cancer treatment. The pursuit of the high curative effect will inevitably increase the risk of adverse side effects. Herein, a bio-safe DDS was constructed by combining the advantages of functional zein and Au doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Au@SiO2) to achieve chemo-photothermal therapy. The cRGD functionalized zein (cRGD-Zein) was coated on the surface of Au@SiO2 which effectively avoided premature leakage of paclitaxel and realized sustained drug release. Meanwhile, the high hemolysis rate (107%) of Au@SiO2 had been significantly reduced to 4%. The anti-hemolysis mechanism of functionalized zein was explored to give a deeper understanding of the interaction between nanoparticles and RBCs. The results showed that the functional zein would change the protein conformation during the interaction with Au@SiO2 to protect the RBCs from the damage of Au@SiO2. And the release rate of hemoglobin was limited by the size of RBCs membrane cracks with approximately 40 nm in width and 470 nm in length. The cell cytotoxicity and uptake assays showed that the prepared DDS exhibited low tumour cell viability (35%) and enhanced uptake performance (99.3%). This work suggested that the prepared nanoparticles could serve as a promising carrier to achieve safe and efficacious tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenquan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuehua Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Liping Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qiuling Xie
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; National Engineering Research Centre of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yanbin Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Yusefi M, Shameli K, Su Yee O, Teow SY, Hedayatnasab Z, Jahangirian H, Webster TJ, Kuča K. Green Synthesis of Fe 3O 4 Nanoparticles Stabilized by a Garcinia mangostana Fruit Peel Extract for Hyperthermia and Anticancer Activities. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:2515-2532. [PMID: 33824589 PMCID: PMC8018451 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s284134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) with multiple functionalities are intriguing candidates for various biomedical applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study introduced a simple and green synthesis of Fe3O4 NPs using a low-cost stabilizer of plant waste extract rich in polyphenols content with a well-known antioxidant property as well as anticancer ability to eliminate colon cancer cells. Herein, Fe3O4 NPs were fabricated via a facile co-precipitation method using the crude extract of Garcinia mangostana fruit peel as a green stabilizer at different weight percentages (1, 2, 5, and 10 wt.%). The samples were analyzed for magnetic hyperthermia and then in vitro cytotoxicity assay was performed. RESULTS The XRD planes of the samples were corresponding to the standard magnetite Fe3O4 with high crystallinity. From TEM analysis, the green synthesized NPs were spherical with an average size of 13.42±1.58 nm and displayed diffraction rings of the Fe3O4 phase, which was in good agreement with the obtained XRD results. FESEM images showed that the extract covered the surface of the Fe3O4 NPs well. The magnetization values for the magnetite samples were ranging from 49.80 emu/g to 69.42 emu/g. FTIR analysis verified the functional groups of the extract compounds and their interactions with the NPs. Based on DLS results, the hydrodynamic sizes of the Fe3O4 nanofluids were below 177 nm. Furthermore, the nanofluids indicated the zeta potential values up to -34.92±1.26 mV and remained stable during four weeks of storage, showing that the extract favorably improved the colloidal stability of the Fe3O4 NPs. In the hyperthermia experiment, the magnetic nanofluids showed the acceptable specific absorption rate (SAR) values and thermosensitive performances under exposure of various alternating magnetic fields. From results of in vitro cytotoxicity assay, the killing effects of the synthesized samples against HCT116 colon cancer cells were mostly higher compared to those against CCD112 colon normal cells. Remarkably, the Fe3O4 NPs containing 10 wt.% of the extract showed a lower IC50 value (99.80 µg/mL) in HCT116 colon cancer cell line than in CCD112 colon normal cell line (140.80 µg/mL). DISCUSSION This research, therefore, introduced a new stabilizer of Garcinia mangostana fruit peel extract for the biosynthesis of Fe3O4 NPs with desirable physiochemical properties for potential magnetic hyperthermia and colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Yusefi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia
| | - Kamyar Shameli
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia
| | - Ong Su Yee
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia
| | - Sin-Yeang Teow
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ziba Hedayatnasab
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9465, Iran
| | - Hossein Jahangirian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Cevaal PM, Ali A, Czuba-Wojnilowicz E, Symons J, Lewin SR, Cortez-Jugo C, Caruso F. In Vivo T Cell-Targeting Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems: Considerations for Rational Design. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3736-3753. [PMID: 33600163 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
T cells play an important role in immunity and repair and are implicated in diseases, including blood cancers, viral infections, and inflammation, making them attractive targets for the treatment and prevention of diseases. Over recent years, the advent of nanomedicine has shown an increase in studies that use nanoparticles as carriers to deliver therapeutic cargo to T cells for ex vivo and in vivo applications. Nanoparticle-based delivery has several advantages, including the ability to load and protect a variety of drugs, control drug release, improve drug pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, and site- or cell-specific targeting. However, the delivery of nanoparticles to T cells remains a major technological challenge, which is primarily due to the nonphagocytic nature of T cells. In this review, we discuss the physiological barriers to effective T cell targeting and describe the different approaches used to deliver cargo-loaded nanoparticles to T cells for the treatment of disease such as T cell lymphoma and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In particular, engineering strategies that aim to improve nanoparticle internalization by T cells, including ligand-based targeting, will be highlighted. These nanoparticle engineering approaches are expected to inspire the development of effective nanomaterials that can target or manipulate the function of T cells for the treatment of T cell-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewa Czuba-Wojnilowicz
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Sharon R Lewin
- Victorian Infectious Diseases, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Christina Cortez-Jugo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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71
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Xie Q, Wen T, Yang A, Zhang X, Chen B, Meng J, Liu J, Gu N, Xu H. A Contrast Examination of Proinflammatory Effects on Kidney Function for γ-Fe 2O 3 NP and Gadolinium Dimeglumine. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:2271-2282. [PMID: 33776432 PMCID: PMC7988219 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s299004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful diagnostic tool for many diseases. In many situations, the contrasts are repeatedly administrated in order to monitor and assess the disease progression. OBJECTIVE To investigate and compare the biological effects of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticle (NP) and gadolinium dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) with high and multiple doses on the kidney of healthy mice. METHODS Polydextrose sorbitol carboxymethyl ether coated γ-Fe2O3 NP with hydrodynamic size of 68.2 nm and clinically applied Gd-DTPA were employed on healthy mice with the repeatedly intravenous administration of high doses. The cell viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in high doses of these two contrast agents were measured using the xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analysis (RTCA) S16 Instrument. The biological effects of γ-Fe2O3 NP and Gd-DTPA on the kidney were obtained using a biochemical automatic analyzer and multiple proinflammatory factor kit on the serum. Histopathological and immunohistochemistry analysis were taken on kidney tissues. RESULTS It showed that the proinflammatory responses elicited by the γ-Fe2O3 NPs were weaker than that by Gd-DTPA, evidenced by the relatively much lower level of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, C-reactive protein (CRP) and Ferritin. At the same time, the γ-Fe2O3 NPs did not have the biochemical index elevated, while the Gd-DTPA did. CONCLUSION The γ-Fe2O3 NPs induced weaker proinflammatory effects in reference to the Gd-DTPA, indicating better renal safety. Therefore, it is suggested that γ-Fe2O3 NPs should be safer and optional choice when repeated contrast-enhanced MRI is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xie
- Division of Nephrology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Wen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiyun Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Materials Science and Devices Institute, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Meng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, People’s Republic of China
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Shathviha PC, Ezhilarasan D, Rajeshkumar S, Selvaraj J. β-sitosterol Mediated Silver Nanoparticles Induce Cytotoxicity in Human Colon Cancer HT-29 Cells. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2021; 13:42-46. [PMID: 33680372 PMCID: PMC7903430 DOI: 10.18502/ajmb.v13i1.4577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are commonly used metallic nanoparticles in health care systems. Colon cancer incidence is increasing worldwide. In this study, AgNP was synthesized using β-sitosterol and its cytotoxic potential was evaluated in human colon cancer (HT-29) cells. Methods: Characterization of AgNP was analyzed by TEM and spectrophotometry analysis. HT-29 cells were treated with different concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ng/ml) of AgNPs and cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. The apoptosis was analyzed by the flow cytometry. The expression of p53 protein was analyzed by western blotting. Results: β-sitosterol mediated AgNP are spherical in shape and induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in HT-29 cells. AgNP caused apoptosis related morphological changes as evidenced by annexin positive staining. AgNP treatments also induced the p53 expression in HT-29 cells. Conclusion: Our present result suggests that β-sitosterol mediated AgNP induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells and this finding may pave the way for further experimental analysis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniappan Chithambara Shathviha
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugam Rajeshkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayaraman Selvaraj
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College (SDC), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sarma A, Bania R, Devi JR, Deka S. Therapeutic nanostructures and nanotoxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1494-1517. [PMID: 33641187 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology, with its continuous advancement, leads to the development of nanoscale-level therapeutics to mitigate many complex diseases. This results in the emergence of numerous novel nanomaterials and its composite products into the market such as liposome, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and nanostructured lipid carrier. However, their application is always determined by a high benefit to risk ratio. Very few research have been done on the toxicity assessment of nanoparticles in the biological system; therefore, the limited knowledge regarding the toxicity profile of nanotherapeutics is available leading to the ignorance of its side effects. Nanoparticles can distribute in the whole body through translocating in the bloodstream by crossing membrane barriers efficiently and shows effect in organs and tissues at cellular and molecular levels. The interaction of nanoparticle with cell may consequences into nanotoxicity. The narrow size distribution, large surface area to mass ratio and surface properties of nanoparticle are significantly associated with nanotoxicity. Nanoparticles can enter into the tissue and cell by invading the membranes and cause cellular injury as well as toxicity. Therefore, the exploration of mechanisms of nanotoxicity has prime importance now a day. The toxicity assessment should be an integral part of the development of nanotherapeutics using various toxicity evaluation models. This review has focused on the exploration of different nanostructures for therapeutic delivery system along with its physicochemical characteristics responsible for adverse effects on human biology, various toxicity evaluation models, and environmental and regulatory hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Sarma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, India
| | - Ratnali Bania
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, India
| | - Juti Rani Devi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, India
| | - Satyendra Deka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, India
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Khodadadi E, Mahjoub S, Arabi MS, Najafzadehvarzi H, Nasirian V. Fabrication and evaluation of aptamer-conjugated paclitaxel-loaded magnetic nanoparticles for targeted therapy on breast cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2105-2116. [PMID: 33635469 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery vehicles make it possible to deliver anti-cancer drugs to the cells or tissues of interest. Aptamers are peptide or oligonucleotide molecules that can serve as targeting elements of drug carriers. In the current study, we evaluated the capacity of an aptamer-based drug carrier to deliver Paclitaxel (PTX) to cancer cells. After being synthesized, SPIONs@PTX-SYL3C aptamer was characterized using different methods, including differential light scattering (DLS), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading efficiency (LE) were also evaluated. The carrier was applied on 4T1, MCF 7, and MCF-10A breast cell lines to evaluate its drug delivery potency and specificity. EE and LE were calculated to be 77.6% and 7.76%, respectively. MTT results revealed that aptameric SPIONs@PTX was more toxic than non-aptameric SPIONs@PTX. Flowcytometry analysis and DAPI staining confirmed that SPIONs@PTX-Aptamer had higher cell internalization rate when compared to non-targeted SPIONs@PTX. Our results indicate that aptamer-conjugated SPIONs@PTX has a good capacity in recognizing its target cells and inhibiting their growth and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Khodadadi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Soleiman Mahjoub
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. .,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Sheikh Arabi
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Hossein Najafzadehvarzi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Vahid Nasirian
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Louisiana State University in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71115, USA
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75
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Zhu M, Wang S. Functional Nucleic‐Acid‐Decorated Spherical Nanoparticles: Preparation Strategies and Current Applications in Cancer Therapy. SMALL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University No. 932 South Lushan Rd Changsha Hunan 410083 P. R. China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University No. 932 South Lushan Rd Changsha Hunan 410083 P. R. China
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76
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Correa TDS, Bocca AL, Figueiredo F, Lima ECO, Almeida Santos MDFM, Lacava ZGM, Campos-da-Paz M. Anti-CEA tagged iron nanoparticles for targeting triple-negative breast cancer. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 33540396 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abe359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic therapy is generally required for breast cancer. However, treatment toxicity and side effects are a concern, especially for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype that usually develops resistance to chemotherapy. To overcome this issue, new nanoformulations capable of targeting cancer cells have been developed and alternative biomarkers have been explored as target molecules for TNBC management. In this study, we performed an in vivo assay in a murine orthotopic TNBC model to evaluate the targeting ability of anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA) loaded nanoparticles (labelled MFCEA), which had been previously synthetized by our research group. 4T1 cells were injected in the mammary gland of balb-c mice, and tumors were evaluated for CEA expression by immunohistochemistry. Tumor-bearing mice received targeted (MFCEA) and non-targeted (MF) nanoparticles intraperitoneally. Tumors were removed 1, 4, 15 and 24h after treatment, and Prussian blue iron staining was performed. Our results showed, as far as we know for the first time, that 4T1 induced tumors are CEA positive, and this opens up new prospects for treating TNBC. Furthermore, MFCEA nanoparticles were able to target malignant tissue and were retained in the tumor for longer than MF nanoparticles. The retention property of MFCEA, together with the absence of toxicity observed in the MTT assay, make these nanoparticles a promising device for management of CEA positive tumors and perhaps for TNBC. Nevertheless, further studies must be carried out to improve their performance and ensure safety for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais da Silva Correa
- Federal University of São João del-Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400 - Chanadour, Divinópolis, MG, 35501296, BRAZIL
| | - Anamelia L Bocca
- Biology Institute, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro - Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, BRAZIL
| | - Florêncio Figueiredo
- Medical School, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro - Asa Norte, Brasilia, DF, 70910-900, BRAZIL
| | - Emilia C O Lima
- Federal University of Goias, Campus Samambaia Av. Goiás - Chácaras Califórnia, Goiania, GO, 74001970, BRAZIL
| | | | | | - Mariana Campos-da-Paz
- Federal University of São João del-Rei, Av. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400 - Chanadour, Divinópolis , Minas Gerais, 35501296, BRAZIL
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77
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Liu XY, Wang JQ, Ashby CR, Zeng L, Fan YF, Chen ZS. Gold nanoparticles: synthesis, physiochemical properties and therapeutic applications in cancer. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1284-1292. [PMID: 33549529 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been shown to be useful as carriers of various anticancer drugs as well as diagnosis platforms. In this review, we discuss the synthesis and physiochemical properties of AuNPs. We also highlight the photothermal and photodynamic properties of AuNPs and relevant applications in therapeutic studies. Furthermore, we review the applications of AuNPs in cancer treatment as and their underlying anticancer mechanisms in multiple types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439, USA
| | - Jing-Quan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439, USA
| | - Leli Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439, USA; Precision Medicine Center, Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Ying-Fang Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439, USA; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery I, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439, USA.
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78
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Iron Based Core-Shell Structures as Versatile Materials: Magnetic Support and Solid Catalyst. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Core-shell materials are promising functional materials for fundamental research and industrial application, as their properties can be adapted for specific applications. In particular, particles featuring iron or iron oxide as core material are relevant since they combine magnetic and catalytic properties. The addition of an SiO2 shell around the core particles introduces additional design aspects, such as a pore structure and surface functionalization. Herein, we describe the synthesis and application of iron-based core-shell nanoparticles for two different fields of research that is heterogeneous catalysis and water purification. The iron-based core shell materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, as well as N2-physisorption, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating-sample magnetometer measurements in order to correlate their properties with the performance in the target applications. Investigations of these materials in CO2 hydrogenation and water purification show their versatility and applicability in different fields of research and application, after suitable individual functionalization of the core-shell precursor. For design and application of magnetically separable particles, the SiO2 shell is surface-functionalized with an ionic liquid in order to bind water pollutants selectively. The core requires no functionalization, as it provides suitable magnetic properties in the as-made state. For catalytic application in synthesis gas reactions, the SiO2-stabilized core nanoparticles are reductively functionalized to provide the catalytically active metallic iron sites. Therefore, Fe@SiO2 core-shell nanostructures are shown to provide platform materials for various fields of application, after a specific functionalization.
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79
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Near Infrared Light-Actuated PEG Wrapping Carbon Nanodots Loaded Cisplatin for Targeted Therapy of Lung Cancer Therapy. J CLUST SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-020-01769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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80
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Oleic acid magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles improve iron uptake by the modification of NADH-HCF (III) oxidoreductase without affecting cellular viability. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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81
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Singh G, Shilpy, Singh A, Diksha, Pawan, Suman, Espinosa-Ruíz C, Esteban MA, Singh K. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon functionalized organosilocanes based chemosensors: Synthesis, magnetic nanoparticles and biological application. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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82
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Zhu R, Avsievich T, Popov A, Bykov A, Meglinski I. In vivo nano-biosensing element of red blood cell-mediated delivery. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 175:112845. [PMID: 33262059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors based on nanotechnology are developing rapidly and are widely applied in many fields including biomedicine, environmental monitoring, national defense and analytical chemistry, and have achieved vital positions in these fields. Novel nano-materials are intensively developed and manufactured for potential biosensing and theranostic applications while lacking comprehensive assessment of their potential health risks. The integration of diagnostic in vivo biosensors and the DDSs for delivery of therapeutic drugs holds an enormous potential in next-generation theranostic platforms. Controllable, precise, and safe delivery of diagnostic biosensing devices and therapeutic agents to the target tissues, organs, or cells is an important determinant in developing advanced nanobiosensor-based theranostic platforms. Particularly, inspired by the comprehensive biological investigations on the red blood cells (RBCs), advanced strategies of RBC-mediated in vivo delivery have been developed rapidly and are currently in different stages of transforming from research and design to pre-clinical and clinical investigations. In this review, the RBC-mediated delivery of in vivo nanobiosensors for applications of bio-imaging at the single-cell level, advanced medical diagnostics, and analytical detection of biomolecules and cellular activities are presented. A comprehensive perspective of the technical framework of the state-of-the-art RBC-mediated delivery systems is explained in detail to inspire the design and implementation of advanced nanobiosensor-based theranostic platforms taking advantage of RBC-delivery modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Zhu
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, 90570, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Tatiana Avsievich
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, 90570, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Alexey Popov
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Kaitoväylä 1, 90590, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Alexander Bykov
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, 90570, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Igor Meglinski
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, 90570, Oulu, Finland; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050, Tomsk, Russia; Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio), National Research Nuclear University (MEPhI), 115409, Moscow, Russia; Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Clinical Medicine N.V. Sklifosovsky, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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83
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Mohammed ET, Hashem KS, Abdelazem AZ, Foda FAMA. Prospective Protective Effect of Ellagic Acid as a SIRT1 Activator in Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Induced Renal Damage in Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 198:177-188. [PMID: 31933277 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02034-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the wide application of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), little is known about the specific mechanism of their nephrotoxic effect. We aimed to evaluate the nephrotoxic effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) in vivo and the protective effect of ellagic acid (EA) as a silent information regulator sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activator against the induced nephrotoxicity. Forty male albino Wistar rats were randomly distributed into four equal groups (10 rats each): the control group (oral saline for 30 days), ellagic acid (EA) group (10 mg/kg b.w. EA, orally for 30 days), IONP group (20 mg/kg b.w. IONP I/P injection at the 24th-30th day), and EA + IONP group (10 mg/kg b.w./day EA for 30 days + 20 mg/kg b.w. IONPs at the 24th-30th day). In the present study, the potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of EA were indicated by the significant overexpression of SIRT1 in renal tissues that leads to significant decreases in renal MDA content, P53 protein level and forkhead-box transcription factor1 (FOXO1) expression, and significant increases in renal GSH level, catalase activity, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 45 alpha (GADDα45), and renal inhibition of apoptosis protein (KIAP) gene expression levels in the EA + IONP-treated group. These results were confirmed by the improved histopathological renal features with EA administration. In conclusion, the present study provides the first evidence for the usefulness of EA as a sirtuin1 activator in the prevention or treatment of renal damage. Thus, EA could be used as a promising therapy for the prevention of IONP-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Taha Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Khalid S Hashem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Z Abdelazem
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Fatma A M A Foda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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84
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Bansal SA, Kumar V, Karimi J, Singh AP, Kumar S. Role of gold nanoparticles in advanced biomedical applications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:3764-3787. [PMID: 36132791 PMCID: PMC9419294 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00472c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have generated keen interest among researchers in recent years due to their excellent physicochemical properties. In general, GNPs are biocompatible, amenable to desired functionalization, non-corroding, and exhibit size and shape dependent optical and electronic properties. These excellent properties of GNPs exhibit their tremendous potential for use in diverse biomedical applications. Herein, we have evaluated the recent advancements of GNPs to highlight their exceptional potential in the biomedical field. Special focus has been given to emerging biomedical applications including bio-imaging, site specific drug/gene delivery, nano-sensing, diagnostics, photon induced therapeutics, and theranostics. We have also elaborated on the basics, presented a historical preview, and discussed the synthesis strategies, functionalization methods, stabilization techniques, and key properties of GNPs. Lastly, we have concluded this article with key findings and unaddressed challenges. Overall, this review is a complete package to understand the importance and achievements of GNPs in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneev Anil Bansal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET), Panjab University Chandigarh India 160014
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MAIT, Maharaja Agrasen University HP India 174103
| | - Vanish Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) S. A. S. Nagar Punjab 140306 India
| | - Javad Karimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University Shiraz 71454 Iran
| | - Amrinder Pal Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET), Panjab University Chandigarh India 160014
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Applied Science, University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET), Panjab University Chandigarh India 160014
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85
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Song S, Gui L, Feng Q, Taledaohan A, Li Y, Wang W, Wang Y, Wang Y. TAT-Modified Gold Nanoparticles Enhance the Antitumor Activity of PAD4 Inhibitors. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:6659-6671. [PMID: 32982225 PMCID: PMC7490092 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s255546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Histone citrullination by peptidylarginine deiminases 4 (PAD4) regulates the gene expression of tumor suppressor. In our previously study, YW3-56 (356) was developed as a potent PAD4 inhibitor for cancer therapy with novel function in the autophagy pathway. To enhance the antitumor activity, the PAD4 inhibitor 356 was modified by the well-established cationic penetrating peptide RKKRRQRRR (peptide TAT) and gold nanoparticles to obtain 356-TAT-AuNPs which could enhance the permeability of chemical drug in solid tumor. Methods 356-TAT-AuNPs were prepared, and their morphology were characterized. The antitumor activity of 356-TAT-AuNPs was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results 356-TAT-AuNPs exhibited higher anticancer activity against HCT-116, MCF-7 and A549 cells than 356 and 356-AuNPs. Compared with 356 and 356-AuNPs, 356-TAT-AuNPs entered the cytoplasm and nuclear, exhibited stronger anticancer activity by increasing apoptosis, inducing autophagy and inhibiting of histone H3 citrullination, and in HCT-116 xenograft mouse model, 356-TAT-AuNPs could improve the antitumor activity. Conclusion The modified AuNPs with peptide TAT as drug delivery system are potent in delaying tumor growth and could be a powerful vehicle for profitable anticancer drug development. We believe that peptide TAT modification strategy may provide a simple and valuable method for improving antitumor activity of PAD4 inhibitors for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Ayijiang Taledaohan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanming Li
- Minimally Invasive Tumor Therapies Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yanming Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuji Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Peptide and Small Molecular Drugs, Engineering Research Center of Endogenous Prophylactic of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China
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86
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Yoon HY, Yang HM, Kim CH, Goo YT, Kang MJ, Lee S, Choi YW. Current status of the development of intravesical drug delivery systems for the treatment of bladder cancer. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1555-1572. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1810016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yub Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Mang Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Yoon Tae Goo
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Sangkil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
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87
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Sanadgol N, Wackerlig J. Developments of Smart Drug-Delivery Systems Based on Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Targeted Cancer Therapy: A Short Review. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E831. [PMID: 32878127 PMCID: PMC7558192 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy is still a huge challenge, as especially chemotherapy shows several drawbacks like low specificity to tumor cells, rapid elimination of drugs, high toxicity and lack of aqueous solubility. The combination of molecular imprinting technology with magnetic nanoparticles provides a new class of smart hybrids, i.e., magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) to overcome limitations in current cancer therapy. The application of these complexes is gaining more interest in therapy, due to their favorable properties, namely, the ability to be guided and to generate slight hyperthermia with an appropriate external magnetic field, alongside the high selectivity and loading capacity of imprinted polymers toward a template molecule. In cancer therapy, using the MMIPs as smart-drug-delivery robots can be a promising alternative to conventional direct administered chemotherapy, aiming to enhance drug accumulation/penetration into the tumors while fewer side effects on the other organs. Overview: In this review, we state the necessity of further studies to translate the anticancer drug-delivery systems into clinical applications with high efficiency. This work relates to the latest state of MMIPs as smart-drug-delivery systems aiming to be used in chemotherapy. The application of computational modeling toward selecting the optimum imprinting interaction partners is stated. The preparation methods employed in these works are summarized and their attainment in drug-loading capacity, release behavior and cytotoxicity toward cancer cells in the manner of in vitro and in vivo studies are stated. As an essential issue toward the development of a body-friendly system, the biocompatibility and toxicity of the developed drug-delivery systems are discussed. We conclude with the promising perspectives in this emerging field. Areas covered: Last ten years of publications (till June 2020) in magnetic molecularly imprinted polymeric nanoparticles for application as smart-drug-delivery systems in chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith Wackerlig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
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88
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Khan S, Singh S, Gaikwad S, Nawani N, Junnarkar M, Pawar SV. Optimization of process parameters for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Piper betle leaf aqueous extract, and evaluation of their antiphytofungal activity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27221-27233. [PMID: 31065983 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biological methods offer eco-friendly and cost-effective alternatives for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The present study highlights a green process where AgNPs were synthesized and optimized by using silver nitrate (AgNO3) and the aqueous extract of Piper betle (Pbet) leaf as the reducing and capping agent. The stable and optimized process for the synthesis of Pbet-AgNPs was exposure of reaction mixture into the sunlight for 40 min, pH 9.0, and 2 mM AgNO3 using 1:4 diluted Pbet leaf aqueous extract. The optimized Pbet-AgNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The prepared Pbet-AgNPs were spherical in shape with size in the range of 6-14 nm. These nanoparticles were stable for 6 months in aqueous solution at room temperature under dark conditions. The biogenic synthesized Pbet-AgNPs are found to have significant antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi, Alternaria brassicae and Fusarium solani. Synthesized Pbet-AgNPs potentially reduced the fungal growth in a dose-dependent manner. Microscopic observation of treated mycelium showed that Pbet-AgNPs could disrupt the mycelium cell wall and induce cellular permeability. Protein leakage assay supports these findings. Overall, this study revealed the efficacy of green synthesized AgNPs to control the plant fungal pathogens. Pbet leaves are a rich source of phenolic biomolecule(s). It was hypothesized that these biomolecule(s) mediated metal reduction reactions. In this context, the present work investigates the phytobiomolecule(s) of the aqueous extract of Pbet leaves using high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (HR-LCMS) method. The analysis revealed that eugenol, chavicol, and hydroxychavicol were present in the Pbet aqueous extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Khan
- Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Simran Singh
- Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Swapnil Gaikwad
- Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India.
| | - Neelu Nawani
- Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Manisha Junnarkar
- Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Sarika Vishnu Pawar
- Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India.
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89
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Yusefi M, Shameli K, Jahangirian H, Teow SY, Umakoshi H, Saleh B, Rafiee-Moghaddam R, Webster TJ. The Potential Anticancer Activity of 5-Fluorouracil Loaded in Cellulose Fibers Isolated from Rice Straw. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:5417-5432. [PMID: 32801697 PMCID: PMC7406330 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s250047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Green-based materials have been increasingly studied to circumvent off-target cytotoxicity and other side-effects from conventional chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, cellulose fibers (CF) were isolated from rice straw (RS) waste by using an eco-friendly alkali treatment. The CF network served as an anticancer drug carrier for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The physicochemical and thermal properties of CF, pure 5-FU drug, and the 5-FU-loaded CF (CF/5-FU) samples were evaluated. The samples were assessed for in vitro cytotoxicity assays using human colorectal cancer (HCT116) and normal (CCD112) cell lines, along with human nasopharyngeal cancer (HONE-1) and normal (NP 460) cell lines after 72-hours of treatment. RESULTS XRD and FTIR revealed the successful alkali treatment of RS to isolate CF with high purity and crystallinity. Compared to RS, the alkali-treated CF showed an almost fourfold increase in surface area and zeta potential of up to -33.61 mV. SEM images illustrated the CF network with a rod-shaped structure and comprised of ordered aggregated cellulose. TGA results proved that the thermal stability of 5-FU increased within the drug carrier. Based on UV-spectroscopy measurements for 5-FU loading into CF, drug loading encapsulation efficiency was estimated to be 83 ±0.8%. The release media at pH 7.4 and pH 1.2 showed a maximum drug release of 79% and 46%, respectively, over 24 hours. In cytotoxicity assays, CF showed almost no damage, while pure 5-FU killed most of the both normal and cancer cells. Impressively, the drug-loaded sample of CF/5-FU at a 250 µg/mL concentration demonstrated a 58% inhibition against colorectal cancer cells, but only a 23% inhibition against normal colorectal cells. Further, a 62.50 µg/mL concentration of CF/5FU eliminated 71% and 39% of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and normal nasopharyngeal cells, respectively. DISCUSSION This study, therefore, showed the strong potential anticancer activity of the novel CF/5-FU formulations, warranting their further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Yusefi
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur54100, Malaysia
| | - Kamyar Shameli
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur54100, Malaysia
| | - Hossein Jahangirian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Sin-Yeang Teow
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor Darul Ehsan47500, Malaysia
| | - Hiroshi Umakoshi
- Bio-Inspired Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka560-8531, Japan
| | - Bahram Saleh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Roshanak Rafiee-Moghaddam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA02115, USA
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90
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Chiangjong W, Chutipongtanate S, Hongeng S. Anticancer peptide: Physicochemical property, functional aspect and trend in clinical application (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 57:678-696. [PMID: 32705178 PMCID: PMC7384845 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is currently ineffectively treated using therapeutic drugs, and is also able to resist drug action, resulting in increased side effects following drug treatment. A novel therapeutic strategy against cancer cells is the use of anticancer peptides (ACPs). The physicochemical properties, amino acid composition and the addition of chemical groups on the ACP sequence influences their conformation, net charge and orientation of the secondary structure, leading to an effect on targeting specificity and ACP-cell interaction, as well as peptide penetrating capability, stability and efficacy. ACPs have been developed from both naturally occurring and modified peptides by substituting neutral or anionic amino acid residues with cationic amino acid residues, or by adding a chemical group. The modified peptides lead to an increase in the effectiveness of cancer therapy. Due to this effectiveness, ACPs have recently been improved to form drugs and vaccines, which have sequentially been evaluated in various phases of clinical trials. The development of the ACPs remains focused on generating newly modified ACPs for clinical application in order to decrease the incidence of new cancer cases and decrease the mortality rate. The present review could further facilitate the design of ACPs and increase efficacious ACP therapy in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wararat Chiangjong
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Somchai Chutipongtanate
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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91
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Klapproth AP, Shevtsov M, Stangl S, Li WB, Multhoff G. A New Pharmacokinetic Model Describing the Biodistribution of Intravenously and Intratumorally Administered Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) in a GL261 Xenograft Glioblastoma Model. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:4677-4689. [PMID: 32669844 PMCID: PMC7335747 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s254745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have displayed multifunctional applications in cancer theranostics following systemic delivery. In an effort to increase the therapeutic potential of local therapies (including focal hyperthermia), nanoparticles can also be administered intratumorally. Therefore, the development of a reliable pharmacokinetic model for the prediction of nanoparticle distribution for both clinically relevant routes of delivery is of high importance. Materials and Methods The biodistribution of SPIONs (of two different sizes – 130 nm and 60 nm) radiolabeled with zirconium-89 or technetium-99m following intratumoral or intravenous injection was investigated in C57/Bl6 mice bearing subcutaneous GL261 glioblastomas. Based on PET/CT biodistribution data, a novel pharmacokinetic model was established for a better understanding of the pharmacokinetics of the SPIONs after both administration routes. Results The PET image analysis of the nanoparticles (confirmed by histology) demonstrated the presence of radiolabeled nanoparticles within the glioma site (with low amounts in the liver and spleen) at all investigated time points following intratumoral injection. The mathematical model confirmed the dynamic nanoparticle redistribution in the organism over a period of 72 h with an equilibrium reached after 100 h. Intravenous injection of nanoparticles demonstrated a different distribution pattern with a rapid particle retention in all organs (particularly in liver and spleen) and a subsequent slow release rate. Conclusion The mathematical model demonstrated good agreement with experimental data derived from tumor mouse models suggesting the value of this tool to predict the real-time pharmacokinetic features of SPIONs in vivo. In the future, it is planned to adapt our model to other nanoparticle formulations to more precisely describe their biodistribution in in vivo model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Klapproth
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Biotechnology, First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Russian Polenov Neurosurgical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia.,National Center for Neurosurgery, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.,Department of Biomedical Cell Technologies, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Stefan Stangl
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Wei Bo Li
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Munich, Germany
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92
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Coloma I, Cortijo M, Fernández-Sánchez I, Perles J, Priego JL, Gutiérrez C, Jiménez-Aparicio R, Desvoyes B, Herrero S. pH- and Time-Dependent Release of Phytohormones from Diruthenium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:7779-7788. [PMID: 32412249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The controlled release of functionally active compounds is important in a variety of applications. Here, we have synthesized, characterized, and studied the magnetic properties of three novel metal-metal-bonded tris(formamidinato) Ru25+ complexes. We have used different auxin-related hormones, indole-3-acetate (IAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D), and 1-naphthaleneacetate (NAA), to generate [Ru2Cl(μ-DPhF)3(μ-IAA)] (RuIAA), [Ru2Cl(μ-DPhF)3(μ-2,4-D)] (Ru2,4-D), and [Ru2Cl(μ-DPhF)3(μ-NAA)] (RuNAA) (DPhF = N,N'-diphenylformamidinate). The crystal structures of RuIAA, RuIAA·THF, Ru2,4-D·CH2Cl2, and RuNAA·0.5THF have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. To assess the releasing capacity of the bound hormone, we have employed a biological assay that relied on Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing an auxin reporter gene and we demonstrate that the release of the phytohormones from RuIAA, Ru2,4-D, and RuNAA is pH- and time-dependent. These studies serve as a proof of concept showing the potential of these types of compounds as biological molecule carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Coloma
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Cortijo
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Fernández-Sánchez
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Perles
- Laboratorio de Difracción de Rayos X de Monocristal, Servicio Interdepartamental de Investigación, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Priego
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Crisanto Gutiérrez
- Centro de Biologı́a Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Reyes Jiménez-Aparicio
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bénédicte Desvoyes
- Centro de Biologı́a Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Herrero
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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93
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One-step synthesis of poly(ethylene oxide)/gold nanocomposite hydrogels and suspensions using gamma-irradiation. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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94
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Farzin A, Etesami SA, Quint J, Memic A, Tamayol A. Magnetic Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901058. [PMID: 32196144 PMCID: PMC7482193 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is urgency for the development of nanomaterials that can meet emerging biomedical needs. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) offer high magnetic moments and surface-area-to-volume ratios that make them attractive for hyperthermia therapy of cancer and targeted drug delivery. Additionally, they can function as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and can improve the sensitivity of biosensors and diagnostic tools. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have resulted in the realization of the next generation of MNPs suitable for these and other biomedical applications. This review discusses methods utilized for the fabrication and engineering of MNPs. Recent progress in the use of MNPs for hyperthermia therapy, controlling drug release, MRI, and biosensing is also critically reviewed. Finally, challenges in the field and potential opportunities for the use of MNPs toward improving their properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Farzin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - S. Alireza Etesami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Memphis. Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Jacob Quint
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Adnan Memic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Division of Engineering in Medicine Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
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95
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Kurochkin MA, Sindeeva OA, Brodovskaya EP, Gai M, Frueh J, Su L, Sapelkin A, Tuchin VV, Sukhorukov GB. Laser-triggered drug release from polymeric 3-D micro-structured films via optical fibers. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110664. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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96
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Lupusoru RV, Pricop DA, Uritu CM, Arvinte A, Coroaba A, Esanu I, Zaltariov MF, Silion M, Stefanescu C, Pinteala M. Effect of TAT-DOX-PEG irradiated gold nanoparticles conjugates on human osteosarcoma cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6591. [PMID: 32313258 PMCID: PMC7171153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper aims to investigate the cytotoxic effect on tumor cells of irradiated AuNPs in green light and subsequently functionalized with HS-PEG-NH2. The toxicity level of gold conjugates after their functionalization with DOX and TAT peptide was also evaluated. The AuNPs were prepared using the modified Turkevich method and exposed to visible light at a wavelength of 520 nm prior their PEGylation. The optical properties were analyzed by UV-vis spectroscopy, the surface modification was investigated using FTIR and XPS spectroscopies and their sizes and morphologies were evaluated by TEM and DLS techniques. DOX and TAT peptide were linked to the surface of PEGylated AuNPs by reacting their amino groups with glycidyloxypropyl of PEGylated DOX or TAT conjugates under mild conditions at room temperature and in the presence of ethanol as catalyst. The conjugates containing DOX or DOX and TAT have been characterized by fluorescence and FTIR techniques. The changes of electrochemical features were observed using cyclic voltammetry, suggesting a better stability of irradiated nanoparticles. By mass spectrometry it was confirmed that the compounds of interest were obtained. The cell viability test showed that irradiated and non-irradiated nanoparticles coated with PEG are not toxic in normal cells. Tumor cell viability analysis showed that the PEGylated nanoparticles modified with DOX and TAT peptide were more effective than pristine DOX, indicating cytotoxicity up to 10% higher than non-irradiated ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul V Lupusoru
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115, Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniela A Pricop
- Faculty of Physics, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University, 700506, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina M Uritu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487, Iasi, Romania.
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Adina Arvinte
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487, Iasi, Romania
| | - Adina Coroaba
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487, Iasi, Romania.
| | - Irina Esanu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mirela F Zaltariov
- Department of Inorganic Polymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Silion
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487, Iasi, Romania
| | - Cipriana Stefanescu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487, Iasi, Romania.
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97
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Haghighi AH, Khorasani MT, Faghih Z, Farjadian F. Effects of different quantities of antibody conjugated with magnetic nanoparticles on cell separation efficiency. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03677. [PMID: 32280795 PMCID: PMC7136644 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles (Ab-MNPs) have received considerable attention in bioseparation and clinical diagnostics assays due to their unique ability to detect and isolate a variety of biomolecules and cells. Because antibodies can be expensive, a key challenge for bioconjugation is to determine the optimal amount of antibodies with reasonable antigen-capturing activity. We designed an approach to determine the minimum amounts of antibodies for efficient coating. Different quantities of Herceptin (anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2: HER2) antibody were applied and immobilized on the surface of MNPs. Antibody binding was then checked by using an anti-human antibody conjugated with fluorochrome and flow cytometry. When the ratio of MNPs to antibodies increased from 0.79 to 795.45, mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of conjugated MNPs decreased markedly from 185.56 to 20.07, indicating lower surface antibody coverage. We then investigated the relation between antibody content and isolation efficiency. Three Ab-MNP samples with different MFI were used to isolate SK-BR-3, a HER2-positive breast cancer cell line, from mixtures of whole blood or mononuclear cells. After isolation in a magnetic field, separation efficiency was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry-based techniques. Our results collectively showed that the amount of anti-HER2 antibodies for conjugation with MNPs could be decreased by as much as one-fifteenth without compromising isolation efficiency, which in turn can reduce the cost of immunoassay biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Haghighi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Faghih
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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98
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Nag OK, Muroski ME, Hastman DA, Almeida B, Medintz IL, Huston AL, Delehanty JB. Nanoparticle-Mediated Visualization and Control of Cellular Membrane Potential: Strategies, Progress, and Remaining Issues. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2659-2677. [PMID: 32078291 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b10163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The interfacing of nanoparticle (NP) materials with cells, tissues, and organisms for a range of applications including imaging, sensing, and drug delivery continues at a rampant pace. An emerging theme in this area is the use of NPs and nanostructured surfaces for the imaging and/or control of cellular membrane potential (MP). Given the important role that MP plays in cellular biology, both in normal physiology and in disease, new materials and methods are continually being developed to probe the activity of electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells. In this Review, we highlight the current state of the art for both the visualization and control of MP using traditional materials and techniques, discuss the advantageous features of NPs for performing these functions, and present recent examples from the literature of how NP materials have been implemented for the visualization and control of the activity of electrically excitable cells. We conclude with a forward-looking perspective of how we expect to see this field progress in the near term and further into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okhil K Nag
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Megan E Muroski
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
- American Society for Engineering Education, Washington, D.C. 20036, United States
| | - David A Hastman
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Bethany Almeida
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
- American Society for Engineering Education, Washington, D.C. 20036, United States
| | - Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Alan L Huston
- Division of Optical Sciences, Code 5600, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - James B Delehanty
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, United States
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99
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Antisense Oligonucleotide in LNA-Gapmer Design Targeting TGFBR2-A Key Single Gene Target for Safe and Effective Inhibition of TGFβ Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061952. [PMID: 32178467 PMCID: PMC7139664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs) are an emerging drug class in gene modification. In our study we developed a safe, stable, and effective ASO drug candidate in locked nucleic acid (LNA)-gapmer design, targeting TGFβ receptor II (TGFBR2) mRNA. Discovery was performed as a process using state-of-the-art library development and screening. We intended to identify a drug candidate optimized for clinical development, therefore human specificity and gymnotic delivery were favored by design. A staggered process was implemented spanning in-silico-design, in-vitro transfection, and in-vitro gymnotic delivery of small batch syntheses. Primary in-vitro and in-vivo toxicity studies and modification of pre-lead candidates were also part of this selection process. The resulting lead compound NVP-13 unites human specificity and highest efficacy with lowest toxicity. We particularly focused at attenuation of TGFβ signaling, addressing both safety and efficacy. Hence, developing a treatment to potentially recondition numerous pathological processes mediated by elevated TGFβ signaling, we have chosen to create our data in human lung cell lines and human neuronal stem cell lines, each representative for prospective drug developments in pulmonary fibrosis and neurodegeneration. We show that TGFBR2 mRNA as a single gene target for NVP-13 responds well, and that it bears great potential to be safe and efficient in TGFβ signaling related disorders.
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100
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Size, Surface Functionalization, and Genotoxicity of Gold Nanoparticles In Vitro. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020271. [PMID: 32041143 PMCID: PMC7075117 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several studies suggested that gold nanoparticles (NPs) could be genotoxic in vitro and in vivo. However, gold NPs currently produced present a wide range of sizes and functionalization, which could affect their interactions with the environment or with biological structures and, thus, modify their toxic effects. In this study, we investigated the role of surface charge in determining the genotoxic potential of gold NPs, as measured by the induction of DNA damage (comet assay) and chromosomal damage (micronucleus assay) in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. The cellular uptake of gold NPs was assessed by hyperspectral imaging. Two core sizes (~5 nm and ~20 nm) and three functionalizations representing negative (carboxylate), positive (ammonium), and neutral (poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)ylated) surface charges were examined. Cationic ammonium gold NPs were clearly more cytotoxic than their anionic and neutral counterparts, but genotoxicity was not simply dependent on functionalization or size, since DNA damage was induced by 20-nm ammonium and PEGylated gold NPs, while micronucleus induction was increased by 5-nm ammonium and 20-nm PEGylated gold NPs. The 5-nm carboxylated gold NPs were not genotoxic, and evidence on the genotoxicity of the 20-nm carboxylated gold NPs was restricted to a positive result at the lowest dose in the micronucleus assay. When interpreting the results, it has to be taken into account that cytotoxicity limited the doses available for the ammonium-functionalized gold NPs and that gold NPs were earlier described to interfere with the comet assay procedure, possibly resulting in a false positive result. In conclusion, our findings show that the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of gold NPs are clearly enhanced by positive surface charge, but neither functionalization nor size can single-handedly account for the genotoxic effects of the gold NPs.
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