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Protective Effects of Pyridoxamine Supplementation in the Early Stages of Diet-Induced Kidney Dysfunction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2682861. [PMID: 29214163 PMCID: PMC5682048 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2682861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxamine, a structural analog of vitamin B6 that exerts antiglycative effects, has been proposed as supplementary approach in patients with initial diabetic nephropathy. However, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying its protective role has been so far slightly examined. C57Bl/6J mice were fed with a standard diet (SD) or a diet enriched in fat and fructose (HD) for 12 weeks. After 3 weeks, two subgroups of SD and HD mice started pyridoxamine supplementation (150 mg/kg/day) in the drinking water. HD fed mice showed increased body weight and impaired glucose tolerance, whereas pyridoxamine administration significantly improved insulin sensitivity, but not body weight, and reduced diet-induced increase in serum creatinine and urine albumin. Kidney morphology of HD fed mice showed strong vacuolar degeneration and loss of tubule brush border, associated with a drastic increase in both advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and AGEs receptor (RAGE). These effects were significantly counteracted by pyridoxamine, with consequent reduction of the diet-induced overactivation of NF-kB and Rho/ROCK pathways. Overall, the present study demonstrates for the first time that the administration of the antiglycative compound pyridoxamine can reduce the early stages of diet-dependent kidney injury and dysfunction by interfering at many levels with the profibrotic signaling and inflammatory cascades.
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Bogush M, Heldt NA, Persidsky Y. Blood Brain Barrier Injury in Diabetes: Unrecognized Effects on Brain and Cognition. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12:593-601. [PMID: 28555373 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder due to the inability properly to metabolize glucose associated with dysregulation of metabolic pathways of lipids and proteins resulting in structural and functional changes of various organ systems. DM has detrimental effects on the vasculature, resulting in the development of various cardiovascular diseases and stemming from microvascular injury. The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized structure protecting the unique microenvironment of the brain. Endothelial cells, connected by junctional complexes and expressing numerous transporters, constitute the main cell type in the BBB. Other components, including pericytes, basement membrane, astrocytes and perivascular macrophages, join endothelial cells to form the neurovascular unit (NVU) and contribute to the proper function and integrity of the BBB. The role of the BBB in the pathogenesis of diabetic encephalopathy and other diabetes-related complications in the central nervous system is apparent. However, the mechanisms, timing and consequences of BBB injury in diabetes are not well understood. The importance of further studies related to barrier dysfunction in diabetes is dictated by its potential involvement in the cognitive demise associated with DM. This review summarizes the impact of DM on BBB/NVU integrity and function leading to neurological and cognitive complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bogush
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Nathan A Heldt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Hofni A, Shehata Messiha BA, Mangoura SA. Fasudil ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: a possible role of Rho kinase. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:801-811. [PMID: 28493050 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of vascular disease in diabetes mellitus and RhoA/Rho-kinase (ROCK) system appears to play a crucial role in this setting. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the selective ROCK inhibitor, fasudil, on diabetes-related endothelial dysfunction and elucidated its underlying mechanism(s). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg), and fasudil (5 mg/kg per day) was orally administered for 8 weeks. Our results showed that fasudil administration attenuated the increased activity/expression of ROCK (627.5 ± 27 vs. 247.8 ± 19.1) and the NADPH oxidase subunits, NOX2 and p47phox, in diabetic rat aorta. Fasudil could reduce the elevated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (70.2 ± 14.1 vs. 25.3 ± 5.2) and transforming growth factor (TGF-β) levels and restored the deficit in antioxidant level of the diabetic aorta. Additionally, fasudil markedly improved the endothelial dysfunction in the diabetic aorta (73.8 ± 8.1 vs. 47.42 ± 8.69) and corrected the dysregulated endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) expression. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that fasudil effectively ameliorates the endothelial dysfunction in STZ-induced diabetic rats through inhibition of the Rho/ROCK pathway and thereby reducing the TNF-α-mediated NADPH oxidase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Hofni
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Basim A Shehata Messiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Safwat A Mangoura
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
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Zhang W, Yi B, Zhang K, Li A, Yang S, Huang J, Liu J, Zhang H. 1,25-(OH) 2D 3 and its analogue BXL-628 inhibit high glucose-induced activation of RhoA/ROCK pathway in HK-2 cells. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1969-1976. [PMID: 28565795 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has previously been reported that 1,25-(OH)2D3 inhibits high glucose-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HK-2 cells. However, the mechanism of this renoprotective action remains unclear. Elocalcitol (BXL-628), a vitamin D analog, has been suggested to be effective on the RhoA/Rho associated protein kinase (ROCK) pathway, which serves a crucial role in high glucose-induced EMT. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 1,25-(OH)2D3 and its analogue BXL-628 on high glucose-induced activation of the RhoA/ROCK pathway in human renal proximal tubular cells. HK-2 cells were co-treated with high glucose and either 1,25-(OH)2D3 or BXL-628. The RhoA expression levels and ROCK activity of the membrane were assessed via western blot analysis or immunofluorescence. α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and epithelial (E)-cadherin were detected using western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), whereas collagen I and fibronectin levels were measured by ELISA and RT-qPCR. The results demonstrated that 1,25-(OH)2D3 and BXL-628 both significantly downregulated the expression of active RhoA and ROCK activity induced by high glucose (P<0.05). Furthermore, the expressions of α-SMA, collagen I, and fibronectin were significantly downregulated at both protein and mRNA (P<0.05) levels, whereas the expression of E-cadherin was significantly increased (P<0.05) by 1,25-(OH)2D3 or BXL-628 treatment. In conclusion, the vitamin D receptor agonist 1,25-(OH)2D3 and its analogue BXL-628 were both able to attenuate high glucose-induced EMT and extracellular matrix accumulation of HK-2 cells by suppressing the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Aimei Li
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Shikun Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jishi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Diabetic nephropathy, a major microvascular complication of diabetes and the most common cause of end-stage renal disease, is characterized by prominent accumulation of extracellular matrix. The membrane microdomains caveolae, and their integral protein caveolin-1, play critical roles in the regulation of signal transduction. In this review we discuss current knowledge of the contribution of caveolin-1/caveolae to profibrotic signaling and the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease, and assess its potential as a therapeutic target. RECENT FINDINGS Caveolin (cav)-1 is key to facilitating profibrotic signal transduction induced by several stimuli known to be pathogenic in diabetic nephropathy, including the most prominent factors hyperglycemia and angiotensin II. Phosphorylation of cav-1 on Y14 is an important regulator of these responses. In vivo studies support a pathogenic role for caveolae in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Targeting caveolin-1/caveolae would enable inhibition of multiple profibrotic pathways, representing a novel and potentially potent therapeutic option for diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Van Krieken
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph's Hospital, McMaster University, 50 Charlton Ave E, T3311, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Joan C Krepinsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph's Hospital, McMaster University, 50 Charlton Ave E, T3311, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada.
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Ohigashi M, Kobara M, Takahashi T, Toba H, Wada T, Nakata T. Pitavastatin suppresses hyperglycaemia-induced podocyte injury via bone morphogenetic protein-7 preservation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 44:378-385. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ohigashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Division of Pathological Science; Kyoto Pharmaceutical University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Miyuki Kobara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Division of Pathological Science; Kyoto Pharmaceutical University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Tamotsu Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Division of Pathological Science; Kyoto Pharmaceutical University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Hiroe Toba
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Division of Pathological Science; Kyoto Pharmaceutical University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Takehiko Wada
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism; Tokai University School of Medicine; Isezaki Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nakata
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Division of Pathological Science; Kyoto Pharmaceutical University; Kyoto Japan
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57
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Rao J, Ye Z, Tang H, Wang C, Peng H, Lai W, Li Y, Huang W, Lou T. The RhoA/ROCK Pathway Ameliorates Adhesion and Inflammatory Infiltration Induced by AGEs in Glomerular Endothelial Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39727. [PMID: 28054559 PMCID: PMC5215591 DOI: 10.1038/srep39727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study demonstrated that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play a role in monocyte infiltration in mesangial areas in diabetic nephropathy. The Ras homolog gene family, member A Rho kinase (RhoA/ROCK) pathway plays a role in regulating cell migration. We hypothesized that the RhoA/ROCK pathway affects adhesion and inflammation in endothelial cells induced by AGEs. Rat glomerular endothelial cells (rGECs) were cultured with AGEs (80 μg/ml) in vitro. The ROCK inhibitor Y27632 (10 nmol/l) and ROCK1-siRNA were used to inhibit ROCK. We investigated levels of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and monocyte chemoattractant protein1 (MCP-1) in rGECs. Db/db mice were used as a diabetes model and received Fasudil (10 mg/kg/d, n = 6) via intraperitoneal injection for 12 weeks. We found that AGEs increased the expression of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 in rGECs, and the RhoA/ROCK pathway inhibitor Y27632 depressed the release of adhesion molecules. Moreover, blocking the RhoA/ROCK pathway ameliorated macrophage transfer to the endothelium. Reduced expression of adhesion molecules and amelioration of inflammatory cell infiltration in the glomerulus were observed in db/db mice treated with Fasudil. The RhoA/ROCK pathway plays a role in adhesion molecule expression and inflammatory cell infiltration in glomerular endothelial cells induced by AGEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Rao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Zengchun Ye
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Weiyan Lai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Yin Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Wanbing Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Tanqi Lou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yet-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
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58
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Dai H, Liu Q, Liu B. Research Progress on Mechanism of Podocyte Depletion in Diabetic Nephropathy. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:2615286. [PMID: 28791309 PMCID: PMC5534294 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2615286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) together with glomerular hyperfiltration has been implicated in the development of diabetic microangiopathy in the initial stage of diabetic diseases. Increased amounts of urinary protein in DN may be associated with functional and morphological alterations of podocyte, mainly including podocyte hypertrophy, epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT), podocyte detachment, and podocyte apoptosis. Accumulating studies have revealed that disruption in multiple renal signaling pathways had been critical in the progression of these pathological damages, such as adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase signaling pathways (AMPK), wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways, endoplasmic reticulum stress-related signaling pathways, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/autophagy pathway, and Rho GTPases. In this review, we highlight new molecular insights underlying podocyte injury in the progression of DN, which offer new therapeutic targets to develop important renoprotective treatments for DN over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Dai
- Department of Nephrology, Shunyi Branch, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Station East 5, Shunyi District, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shunyi Branch, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Station East 5, Shunyi District, Beijing 101300, China
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
- *Qingquan Liu: and
| | - Baoli Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shunyi Branch, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Station East 5, Shunyi District, Beijing 101300, China
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
- *Baoli Liu:
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59
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Xiong F, Li X, Yang Z, Wang Y, Gong W, Huang J, Chen C, Liu P, Huang H. TGR5 suppresses high glucose-induced upregulation of fibronectin and transforming growth factor-β1 in rat glomerular mesangial cells by inhibiting RhoA/ROCK signaling. Endocrine 2016; 54:657-670. [PMID: 27470217 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RhoA/ROCK can cause renal inflammation and fibrosis in the context of diabetes by activating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). TGR5 is known for its role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and anti-inflammation, which is closely related to NF-κB inhibition. Given that TGR5 is highly enriched in kidney, we aim to investigate the regulatory role of TGR5 on fibronectin (FN) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in high glucose (HG)-treated rat glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs). Both the factors are closely related to renal inflammations and mediated by NF-κB. Moreover, our study determines whether such regulation is achieved by the inhibition of RhoA/ROCK and the subsequent NF-κB suppression. Polymerase chain reaction was taken to test the mRNA level of TGR5. Western blot was used to measure the protein expressions of TGR5, FN, TGF-β1, p65, IκBα, phospho-MYPT1 (Thr853), and MYPT1. Glutathione S-transferase-pull down and immunofluorescence were conducted to test the activation of RhoA, the distribution of TGR5, and p65, respectively. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay was adopted to measure the DNA binding activity of NF-κB. In GMCs, TGR5 activation or overexpression significantly suppressed FN and TGF-β1 protein expressions, NF-κB, and RhoA/ROCK activation induced by HG or transfection of constitutively active RhoA. By contrast, TGR5 RNA interference caused enhancement of FN, TGF-β1 protein expressions, increase of RhoA/ROCK activation. However, TGR5 cannot suppress RhoA/ROCK activation when a selective Protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor was used. This study suggests that in HG-treated GMCs, TGR5 significantly suppresses the NF-κB-mediated upregulation of FN and TGF-β1, which are hallmarks of diabetic nephropathy. These functions are closely related to the suppression of RhoA/ROCK via PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxiao Xiong
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Druggability Assessment for Biologically Active Compounds, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xuejuan Li
- Dept of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518026, China
| | - Zhiying Yang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenyan Gong
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junying Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Druggability Assessment for Biologically Active Compounds, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Heqing Huang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Druggability Assessment for Biologically Active Compounds, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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60
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Piwkowska A. Role of Protein Kinase G and Reactive Oxygen Species in the Regulation of Podocyte Function in Health and Disease. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:691-697. [PMID: 27662602 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes and their foot processes form an important cellular layer of the glomerular barrier involved in the regulation of glomerular permeability. Disturbing the function of podocytes plays a central role in the development of proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Retraction of the podocyte foot processes that form slit diaphragms is a common feature of proteinuria; although, the correlation between these events in not well understood. Notably, it is unclear whether podocyte foot processes are able to regulate slit diaphragm permeability and glomerular ultrafiltration. The occurrence of reactive oxygen species generation, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia characterizes early stages of type 2 diabetes. Protein kinase G type I alpha (PKGIα) is an intracellular target for vasorelaxant factors. It is activated in both cGMP-dependent and cGMP-independent manners. Recently, we demonstrated a relationship between oxidative stress, PKGIα activation, actin reorganization, and changes in the permeability of the filtration barrier. This review discusses how redox imbalance affects both the activity of PKGIα and PKGI-dependent signaling pathways in podocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 691-697, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Piwkowska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Gdańsk, Poland
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61
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Gao H, Hou F, Dong R, Wang Z, Zhao C, Tang W, Wu Y. Rho-Kinase inhibitor fasudil suppresses high glucose-induced H9c2 cell apoptosis through activation of autophagy. Cardiovasc Ther 2016; 34:352-9. [PMID: 27333569 DOI: 10.1111/1755-5922.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huikuan Gao
- Department of Cardiology; Beijing Friendship Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Fei Hou
- Department of Infection; Beijing Friendship Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Ruiqing Dong
- Department of Cardiology; Hangzhou First People's Hospital; Zhejiang China
| | - Zefeng Wang
- Department of Cardiology; Beijing Friendship Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Can Zhao
- Department of Cardiology; Beijing Friendship Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Wurina Tang
- Department of Cardiology; Baotou Central Hospital; Inner Mongolia China
| | - Yongquan Wu
- Department of Cardiology; Beijing Friendship Hospital; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
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62
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Liu L, Tan L, Lai J, Li S, Wang DW. Enhanced Rho-kinase activity: Pathophysiological relevance in type 2 diabetes. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 462:107-110. [PMID: 27616626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence indicates that Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) has been involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and diabetes. However, little clinical evidence for ROCK activity in diabetic patients is available. We determined whether ROCK activity is systemically enhanced in type 2 diabetic patients and associated with other components of diabetes. METHODS Seventy-eight volunteers, including 41 type 2 diabetic patients and 37 control subjects, were participated in this study. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure ROCK activity in circulating leukocyte, determined by the ratio of phosphorylation/total myosin-binding subunit (MBS), a direct downstream target of ROCK. RESULTS Compared with the control subjects, ROCK activity was significantly increased in type 2 diabetic patients (phosphorylation/total MBS ratio 0.80±0.10 vs. 0.72±0.08, P<0.01). An independent positive correlation was found between ROCK activity and HbA1c concentration in type 2 diabetic patients but not in control subjects (r=0.40, P=0.01). In multiple regression analysis, ROCK activity remains associated significantly in a positive manner with HbA1c concentration in type 2 diabetes (β=0.03, P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that ROCK activity is significantly increased in type 2 diabetic patients and enhanced ROCK activity may reflect the progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lun Tan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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63
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Jiang Z, Yu B, Li Y. Effect of Three Statins on Glucose Uptake of Cardiomyocytes and its Mechanism. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:2825-30. [PMID: 27510725 PMCID: PMC4984921 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different statins on glucose uptake and to confirm its mechanism in primary cultured rat cardiomyocytes after administration of atorvastatin, pravastatin, and rosuvastatin. Material/Methods Primary cultured rat cardiomyocytes were randomly assigned to 5 groups: normal control group (OB), insulin group (S1), statin 1-μM (S2), 5-μM (S3), and 10-μM (S4) groups for 3 different statins. The 2-[3H]-DG uptake of each group was determined and the mRNA and protein expression levels of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), insulin receptor substrate (IRs), and RhoA were assessed. Results After treatment with different concentrations of statins and insulin, the 2-[3H]-DG uptake showed a significant negative correlation with the concentration of atorvastatin (P<0.05), and no significant correlation with pravastatin and rosuvastatin. The mRNA and protein expression levels of GLUT4 and IRs-1 in primary cultured cardiomyocytes were both significantly reduced by atorvastatin treatment (P<0.05). Pravastatin and rosuvastatin showed no significant effects on GLUT4 and IRs-1 expression. The mRNA and protein expression levels of RhoA both showed no significant difference when treated with the 3 statins. Conclusions These results confirm that atorvastatin can inhibit insulin-induced glucose uptake in primary cultured rat cardiomyocytes by regulating the PI3K/Akt insulin signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhuan Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
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Watts BA, George T, Badalamenti A, Good DW. High-mobility group box 1 inhibits HCO3- absorption in the medullary thick ascending limb through RAGE-Rho-ROCK-mediated inhibition of basolateral Na+/H+ exchange. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F600-13. [PMID: 27358052 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00185.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein released extracellularly in response to infection or injury, where it activates immune responses and contributes to the pathogenesis of kidney dysfunction in sepsis and sterile inflammatory disorders. Recently, we demonstrated that HMGB1 inhibits HCO3 (-) absorption in perfused rat medullary thick ascending limbs (MTAL) through a basolateral receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-dependent pathway that is additive to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-ERK-mediated inhibition by LPS (Good DW, George T, Watts BA III. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 309: F720-F730, 2015). Here, we examined signaling and transport mechanisms that mediate inhibition by HMGB1. Inhibition of HCO3 (-) absorption by HMGB1 was eliminated by the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y27632 and by a specific inhibitor of Rho, the major upstream activator of ROCK. HMGB1 increased RhoA and ROCK1 activity. HMGB1-induced ROCK1 activation was eliminated by the RAGE antagonist FPS-ZM1 and by inhibition of Rho. The Rho and ROCK inhibitors had no effect on inhibition of HCO3 (-) absorption by bath LPS. Inhibition of HCO3 (-) absorption by HMGB1 was eliminated by bath amiloride, 0 Na(+) bath, and the F-actin stabilizer jasplakinolide, three conditions that selectively prevent inhibition of MTAL HCO3 (-) absorption mediated through NHE1. HMGB1 decreased basolateral Na(+)/H(+) exchange activity through activation of ROCK. We conclude that HMGB1 inhibits HCO3 (-) absorption in the MTAL through a RAGE-RhoA-ROCK1 signaling pathway coupled to inhibition of NHE1. The HMGB1-RAGE-RhoA-ROCK1 pathway thus represents a potential target to attenuate MTAL dysfunction during sepsis and other inflammatory disorders. HMGB1 and LPS inhibit HCO3 (-) absorption through different receptor signaling and transport mechanisms, which enables these pathogenic mediators to act directly and independently to impair MTAL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruns A Watts
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Thampi George
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Andrew Badalamenti
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - David W Good
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Hu C, Sun L, Xiao L, Han Y, Fu X, Xiong X, Xu X, Liu Y, Yang S, Liu F, Kanwar YS. Insights into the Mechanisms Involved in the Expression and Regulation of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Diabetic Nephropathy. Curr Med Chem 2016; 22:2858-70. [PMID: 26119175 DOI: 10.2174/0929867322666150625095407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is believed to be a major microvascular complication of diabetes. The hallmark of DN includes deposition of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) proteins, such as, collagen, laminin and fibronectin in the mesangium and renal tubulo-interstitium of the glomerulus and basement membranes. Such an increased expression of ECM leads to glomerular and tubular basement membranes thickening and increase of mesangial matrix, ultimately resulting in glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The characteristic morphologic glomerular mesangial lesion has been described as Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodule, and the process at times is referred to as diabetic nodular glomerulosclerosis. Thus, the accumulation of ECM proteins plays a critical role in the development of DN. The relevant mechanism(s) involved in the increased ECM expression and their regulation in the kidney in diabetic state has been extensively investigated and documented in the literature. Nevertheless, there are certain other mechanisms that may yet be conclusively defined. Recent studies demonstrated that some of the new signaling pathways or molecules including, Notch, Wnt, mTOR, TLRs and small GTPase may play a pivotal role in the modulation of ECM regulation and expression in DN. Such modulation could be operational for instance Notch through Notch1/Jagged1 signaling, Wnt by Wnt/β- catenin pathway and mTOR via PI3-K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. All these pathways may be critical in the modulation of ECM expression and tubulo-interstitial fibrosis. In addition, TLRs, mainly the TLR2 and TLR4, by TLR2- dependent and TGF-β-dependent conduits, may modulate ECM expression and generate a fibrogenic response. Small GTPase like Rho, Ras and Rab family by targeting relevant genes may also influence the accumulation of ECM proteins and renal fibrosis in hyperglycemic states. This review summarizes the recent information about the role and mechanisms by which these molecules and signaling pathways regulate ECM synthesis and its expression in high glucose ambience in vitro and in vivo states. The understanding of such signaling pathways and the molecules that influence expression, secretion and amassing of ECM may aid in developing strategies for the amelioration of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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Abstract
Diabetes is increasing in prevalence and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States. Diabetic kidney disease is considered a proteinuric glomerular disease. Although the glomerulus is composed of various cell types, research suggests that podocytes are critical to overall glomerular health. Podocyte injury has been identified as a pivotal event resulting in proteinuric kidney disease, glomerulosclerosis, and loss of renal function. Thus, understanding the signaling mechanisms that trigger podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease might allow for the development of targeted therapeutics to prevent or ameliorate progression to end-stage renal failure. This review focuses on the role of podocytes in diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie S Lin
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Lv Z, Hu M, Ren X, Fan M, Zhen J, Chen L, Lin J, Ding N, Wang Q, Wang R. Fyn Mediates High Glucose-Induced Actin Cytoskeleton Reorganization of Podocytes via Promoting ROCK Activation In Vitro. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:5671803. [PMID: 26881253 PMCID: PMC4736797 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5671803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fyn, a member of the Src family of tyrosine kinases, is a key regulator in cytoskeletal remodeling in a variety of cell types. Recent studies have demonstrated that Fyn is responsible for nephrin tyrosine phosphorylation, which will result in polymerization of actin filaments and podocyte damage. Thus detailed involvement of Fyn in podocytes is to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the potential role of Fyn/ROCK signaling and its interactions with paxillin. Our results presented that high glucose led to filamentous actin (F-actin) rearrangement in podocytes, accompanied by paxillin phosphorylation and increased cell motility, during which Fyn and ROCK were markedly activated. Gene knockdown of Fyn by siRNA showed a reversal effect on high glucose-induced podocyte damage and ROCK activation; however, inhibition of ROCK had no significant effects on Fyn phosphorylation. These observations demonstrate that in vitro Fyn mediates high glucose-induced actin cytoskeleton remodeling of podocytes via promoting ROCK activation and paxillin phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimei Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Mengsi Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Xiaoxu Ren
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Minghua Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Junhui Zhen
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Liqun Chen
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jiangong Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Nannan Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
- *Rong Wang:
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Myrciaria cauliflora extracts attenuate diabetic nephropathy involving the Ras signaling pathway in streptozotocin/nicotinamide mice on a high fat diet. J Food Drug Anal 2016; 24:136-146. [PMID: 28911396 PMCID: PMC9345440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Ishizaka M, Gohda T, Takagi M, Omote K, Sonoda Y, Oliva Trejo JA, Asao R, Hidaka T, Asanuma K, Horikoshi S, Tomino Y. Podocyte-specific deletion of Rac1 leads to aggravation of renal injury in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:549-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Blocking VEGF/Caveolin-1 signaling contributes to renal protection of fasudil in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:831-40. [PMID: 25937636 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM RhoA/ROCK signaling plays an important role in diabetic nephropathy, and ROCK inhibitor fasudil exerts nephroprotection in experimental diabetic nephropathy. In this study we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective actions of fasudil in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy. METHODS Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, to which fasudil or a positive control drug enalapril were orally administered for 8 months. Metabolic parameters and blood pressure were assessed during the treatments. After the rats were euthanized, kidney samples were collected for histological and molecular biological studies. VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and fibronectin expression, and Src and caveolin-1 phosphorylation in the kidneys were assessed using RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry assays. The association between VEGFR2 and caveolin-1 was analyzed with immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Chronic administration of fasudil (30 and 100 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) or enalapril (10 mg/kg, bid) significantly attenuated the glomerular sclerosis and albuminuria in the diabetic rats. Furthermore, fasudil treatment prevented the upregulation of VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and fibronectin, and the increased association between VEGFR2 and caveolin-1 in the renal cortices, and partially blocked Src activation and caveolin-1 phosphorylation on tyrosine 14 in the kidneys, whereas enalapril treatment had no effects on the VEGFR2/Src/caveolin-1 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Fasudil exerts protective actions in STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy by blocking the VEGFR2/Src/caveolin-1 signaling pathway and fibronectin upregulation. Thus, VEGFR2 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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RhoA/mDia-1/profilin-1 signaling targets microvascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253:669-80. [PMID: 25791356 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-2985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of blindness in the working-age populations of developed countries, and effective treatments and prevention measures have long been the foci of study. Patients with DR invariably demonstrate impairments of the retinal microvascular endothelium. Many observational and preclinical studies have shown that angiogenesis and apoptosis play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of DR. Increasing evidence suggests that in DR, the small guanosine-5'-triphosphate-binding protein RhoA activates its downstream targets mammalian Diaphanous homolog 1 (mDia-1) and profilin-1, thus affecting important cellular functions, including cell morphology, motility, secretion, proliferation, and gene expression. However, the specific underlying mechanism of disease remains unclear. CONCLUSION This review focuses on the RhoA/mDia-1/profilin-1 signaling pathway that specifically triggers endothelial dysfunction in diabetic patients. Recently, RhoA and profilin-1 signaling has attracted a great deal of attention in the context of diabetes-related research. However, the precise molecular mechanism by which the RhoA/mDia-1/profilin-1 pathway is involved in progression of microvascular endothelial dysfunction (MVED) during DR has not been determined. This review briefly describes each feature of the cascade before exploring the most recent findings on how the pathway may trigger endothelial dysfunction in DR. When the underlying mechanisms are understood, novel therapies seeking to restore the endothelial homeostasis comprised in DR will become possible.
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72
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Ni WJ, Tang LQ, Wei W. Research progress in signalling pathway in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:221-33. [PMID: 24898554 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy, a lethal diabetic complication, is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease, which is pathologically characterized by thickened tubular basal and glomerular membranes, accumulated extracellular matrix, and progressive mesangial hypertrophy. Growing evidence indicates that diabetic nephropathy is induced by multiple conditions, such as glucose metabolism disorder, oxidative stress, numerous inflammatory factors and cytokines, and haemodynamic changes that lead to the occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy based on genetic susceptibility. A variety of abnormalities in the signalling pathway may interact to produce these pathologic processes. Research has aimed to highlight the signalling pathway mechanisms that lead to diabetic nephropathy so that preventative strategies and effective therapies might be developed. In this review, important pathways that appear to be involved in driving these processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jian Ni
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Affiliated Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230001, Anhui Province, China
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Deng M, Luo Y, Li Y, Yang Q, Deng X, Wu P, Ma H. Klotho gene delivery ameliorates renal hypertrophy and fibrosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by suppressing the Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:45-54. [PMID: 25695625 PMCID: PMC4438939 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether klotho gene delivery attenuated renal hypertrophy and fibrosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) carrying mouse klotho full-length cDNA (rAAV.mKL), was constructed for in vivo investigation of klotho expression. Diabetes was induced in rats by a single tail vein injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin. Subsequently, the diabetic rats received an intravenous injection of rAAV.mKL, rAAV.green fluorescent protein (GFP) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The Sprague-Dawley rat group received PBS and served as the control group. After 12 weeks, all the rats were sacrificed and ELISA, immunohistochemical and histological analyses, fluorescence microscopy, semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blottin were performed. A single dose of rAAV.mKL was found to prevent the progression of renal hypertrophy and fibrosis for at least 12 weeks (duration of study). Klotho expression was suppressed in the diabetic rats, but was increased by rAAV.mKL delivery. rAAV.mKL significantly suppressed diabetes-induced renal hypertrophy and histopathological changes, reduced renal collagen fiber generation and decreased kidney hypertrophy index. In addition, rAAV.mKL decreased the protein expression levels of fibronectin and vimentin, while it downregulated the mRNA expression and activity of Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK)I in the kidneys of the diabetic rats. These results indicated that klotho gene delivery ameliorated renal hypertrophy and fibrosis in diabetic rats, possibly by suppressing the ROCK signaling pathway. This may offer a novel approach for the long-term control and renoprotection of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghong Deng
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yumei Luo
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yunkui Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qiuchen Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Deng
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Houxun Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Hu H, Chen W, Ding J, Jia M, Yin J, Guo Z. Fasudil prevents calcium oxalate crystal deposit and renal fibrogenesis in glyoxylate-induced nephrolithic mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:277-85. [PMID: 25697583 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nephrolithiasis is a common kidney disease and one of the major causes of chronic renal insufficiency. We develop and utilize a glyoxylate induced mouse model of kidney calcium oxalate crystal deposition for studying the pharmacological effects of fasudil, a Rho associated protein kinase (ROCK) specific inhibitor, on the kidney injury and fibrosis caused by calcium oxalate crystallization and deposition. Glyoxylate was administrated intraperitoneally to C57BL/6J mice for five consecutive days to establish a mouse model of kidney calcium oxalate crystal formation and deposition. The results showed that the protein expression levels of E-cad and Pan-ck were lower, and the protein expression levels of α-SMA and Vim were higher, in the kidney tissue of the glyoxylate induced model mice compared with the control mice. The changes in protein expression were weakened when the animals were pretreated with fasudil before glyoxylate administration. Expression of ROCK, PAI-1, and p-Smad proteins in the kidney tissue increased in response to glyoxylate treatment, and the increase was eased when the animals were pretreated with fasudil. Expression of Smad2 and Smad3 in the kidney tissue remained unchanged after glyoxylate administration. Cell apoptosis and proliferation in the kidney cortex and medulla were enhanced in response to the glyoxylate induced calcium oxalate crystal formation and deposition, and fasudil pre-treatment was able to attenuate the enhancement. The results suggest that Fasudil reduces the glyoxylate induced kidney calcium crystal formation and deposition and slows down the kidney fibrogenesis caused by calcium crystal deposition. The possible mechanism may be related the regulatory effects on Rho/ROCK signal transduction and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiarong Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Meng Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jingjing Yin
- Department of Nephrology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Moreau S, DaSilva JN, Valdivia A, Fernando P. N-[11C]-methyl-hydroxyfasudil is a potential biomarker of cardiac hypertrophy. Nucl Med Biol 2015; 42:192-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Wang S, Li B, Li C, Cui W, Miao L. Potential Renoprotective Agents through Inhibiting CTGF/CCN2 in Diabetic Nephropathy. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:962383. [PMID: 26421309 PMCID: PMC4572424 DOI: 10.1155/2015/962383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The development and progression of DN might involve multiple factors. Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2, originally known as CTGF) is the one which plays a pivotal role. Therefore, increasing attention is being paid to CCN2 as a potential therapeutic target for DN. Up to date, there are also many drugs or agents which have been shown for their protective effects against DN via different mechanisms. In this review, we only focus on the potential renoprotective therapeutic agents which can specifically abolish CCN2 expression or nonspecifically inhibit CCN2 expression for retarding the development and progression of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
- Department of Nephrology, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Nephrology, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chunguang Li
- Department of Urology, The 2nd Hospital of Changchun, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Wenpeng Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Lining Miao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
- *Lining Miao:
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Dopamine derivatives from the insect Polyrhachis dives as inhibitors of ROCK1/2 and stimulators of neural stem cell proliferation. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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78
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Matsuoka T, Yashiro M. Rho/ROCK signaling in motility and metastasis of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:13756-13766. [PMID: 25320513 PMCID: PMC4194559 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most frequent and lethal malignancies worldwide because of high frequency of metastasis. Tumor cell motility and invasion play fundamental roles in cancer metastasis. Recent studies have revealed that the Rho/Rho-associated protein kinases (ROCK) pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of cancer cell motility and invasion. In addition, the Rho/ROCK pathway plays important roles in invasion and metastasis on the basis of its predominant function of cell cytoskeletal regulation in gastric cancer. According to the current understanding of tumor motility, there are two modes of tumor cell movement: mesenchymal and amoeboid. In addition, cancer cell movement can be interchangeable between the mesenchymal and amoeboid movements under certain conditions. Control of cell motility through the actin cytoskeleton creates the potential for regulating tumor cell metastasis. In this review we discuss Rho GTPases and ROCK signaling and describe the mechanisms of Rho/ROCK activity with regard to motility and metastasis in gastric cancer. In addition, we provide an insight of the therapeutic potential of targeting the Rho/ROCK pathway.
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Gray AL, Stephens CA, Bigelow RLH, Coleman DT, Cardelli JA. The polyphenols (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and luteolin synergistically inhibit TGF-β-induced myofibroblast phenotypes through RhoA and ERK inhibition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109208. [PMID: 25272043 PMCID: PMC4182889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of reactive stroma, predominantly composed of myofibroblasts, is directly associated with and drives prostate cancer progression. We have previously shown that (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), in the form of Polyphenon E, significantly decreases serum levels of HGF and VEGF in prostate cancer patients. Given that HGF and VEGF are secreted from surrounding tumor myofibroblasts, these observations suggested that EGCG may inhibit prostate cancer-associated myofibroblast differentiation. Herein, we demonstrate that micromolar combinations of EGCG and a second polyphenol, luteolin, synergistically inhibit TGF-β-induced myofibroblast phenotypes in prostate fibroblast cell lines, as observed primarily by potentiation of fibronectin expression. Functionally, EGCG and luteolin inhibited TGF-β-induced extracellular matrix contraction, an enhancer of tumor cell invasion. EGCG and luteolin inhibited downstream TGF-β-induced signaling, including activation of ERK and AKT, respectively, but mechanistically, only ERK appeared to be necessary for TGF-β-induced fibronectin expression. Furthermore, neither EGCG nor luteolin affected Smad signaling or nuclear translocation. Rho signaling was found to be necessary for TGF-β-induced fibronectin expression and EGCG and luteolin each reduced RhoA activation. Finally, EGCG and luteolin were shown to reverse TGF-β-induced fibronectin expression, implicating that these natural compounds may be useful not only in preventing but also in treating already activated myofibroblasts and the diseases they cause, including cancer. The ability of EGCG and luteolin to synergistically target myofibroblasts suggests that combined clinical use of these compounds could prevent or reverse cancer progression through targeting the tumor microenvironment, in addition to the tumor itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana L. Gray
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Stephens
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. H. Bigelow
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - David T. Coleman
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - James A. Cardelli
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center – Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Matoba K, Kawanami D, Tsukamoto M, Kinoshita J, Ito T, Ishizawa S, Kanazawa Y, Yokota T, Murai N, Matsufuji S, Utsunomiya K. Rho-kinase regulation of TNF-α-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB RelA/p65 and M-CSF expression via p38 MAPK in mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F571-80. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00113.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase Rho and its downstream effector, Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase (Rho-kinase), regulate a number of cellular processes, including organization of the actin cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and migration. While pharmacological inhibitors of Rho-kinase signaling are known to block renal inflammation, the molecular basis for this effect is unclear. Here, we provide evidence that proinflammatory TNF-α promotes mesangial expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), a key regulator for the growth and differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes, in a Rho-kinase-dependent manner. Consistent with this observation, TNF-α-mediated renal expression of M-CSF in insulin-resistant db/db mice was downregulated by Rho-kinase inhibition. Small interfering RNA-facilitated knockdown of Rho-kinase isoforms ROCK1 and ROCK2 indicated that both isoforms make comparable contributions to regulation of M-CSF expression in mesangial cells. From a mechanistic standpoint, Western blotting and EMSA showed that Rho-kinase and its downstream target p38 MAPK regulate nuclear translocation of NF-κB RelA/p65 and subsequent DNA binding activity, with no significant effects on IκBα degradation and RelA/p65 phosphorylation. Moreover, we showed that Rho-kinase-mediated cytoskeletal organization is required for the nuclear uptake of RelA/p65. Collectively, these findings identify Rho-kinase as a critical regulator of chemokine expression and macrophage proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Matoba
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Daiji Kawanami
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Masami Tsukamoto
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Jun Kinoshita
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Tomoko Ito
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Sho Ishizawa
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yasushi Kanazawa
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Tamotsu Yokota
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Noriyuki Murai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Senya Matsufuji
- Department of Molecular Biology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Utsunomiya
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; and
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81
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Yoo TH, Pedigo CE, Guzman J, Correa-Medina M, Wei C, Villarreal R, Mitrofanova A, Leclercq F, Faul C, Li J, Kretzler M, Nelson RG, Lehto M, Forsblom C, Groop PH, Reiser J, Burke GW, Fornoni A, Merscher S. Sphingomyelinase-like phosphodiesterase 3b expression levels determine podocyte injury phenotypes in glomerular disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:133-47. [PMID: 24925721 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013111213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common cause of ESRD in the United States. Podocyte injury is an important feature of DKD that is likely to be caused by circulating factors other than glucose. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a circulating factor found to be elevated in the serum of patients with FSGS and causes podocyte αVβ3 integrin-dependent migration in vitro. Furthermore, αVβ3 integrin activation occurs in association with decreased podocyte-specific expression of acid sphingomyelinase-like phosphodiesterase 3b (SMPDL3b) in kidney biopsy specimens from patients with FSGS. However, whether suPAR-dependent αVβ3 integrin activation occurs in diseases other than FSGS and whether there is a direct link between circulating suPAR levels and SMPDL3b expression in podocytes remain to be established. Our data indicate that serum suPAR levels are also elevated in patients with DKD. However, unlike in FSGS, SMPDL3b expression was increased in glomeruli from patients with DKD and DKD sera-treated human podocytes, where it prevented αVβ3 integrin activation by its interaction with suPAR and led to increased RhoA activity, rendering podocytes more susceptible to apoptosis. In vivo, inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase reduced proteinuria in experimental DKD but not FSGS, indicating that SMPDL3b expression levels determined the podocyte injury phenotype. These observations suggest that SMPDL3b may be an important modulator of podocyte function by shifting suPAR-mediated podocyte injury from a migratory phenotype to an apoptotic phenotype and that it represents a novel therapeutic glomerular disease target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Christopher E Pedigo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and
| | - Johanna Guzman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Mayrin Correa-Medina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and
| | - Changli Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rodrigo Villarreal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and
| | - Alla Mitrofanova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and
| | - Farah Leclercq
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and
| | - Christian Faul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert G Nelson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Diabetes Epidemiology and Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Markku Lehto
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Research Program's Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Research Program's Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Research Program's Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - George William Burke
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida;
| | - Sandra Merscher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center and Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida;
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82
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Komers R. Rho kinase inhibition in diabetic kidney disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 76:551-9. [PMID: 23802580 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases of the Rho family and their down-stream effectors Rho associated kinases (ROCKs) are the molecules that converge a spectrum of pathophysiological signals triggered by the diabetic milieu and represent promising molecular targets for nephroprotective treatment in diabetes. The review discusses recent studies exploring the consequences of diabetes-induced Rho-ROCK activation in the kidney and the effects of ROCK inhibition (ROCKi) in experimental diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Studies in models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes have indicated blood pressure-independent nephroprotective actions of ROCKi in DKD. The underlying mechanisms include attenuation of diabetes-induced increases in renal expression of prosclerotic cytokines and extracellular matrix, anti-oxidant effects and protection of mitochondrial function, resulting in slower development of glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. The studies have also shown antiproteinuric effects of ROCKi that could be related to reductions in permeability of the glomerular barrier and beneficial effects on podocytes. Glomerular haemodynamic mechanisms might also be involved. Despite remaining questions in this field, such as the effects in podocytes later in the course of DKD, specificity of currently available ROCKi, or the roles of individual ROCK isoforms, recent evidence in experimental diabetes suggests that ROCKi might in future broaden the spectrum of treatments available for patients with DKD. This is supported by the evidence generated in models of non-diabetic kidney disease and in clinical studies in patients with various cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radko Komers
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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83
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Wu SZ, Peng FF, Li JL, Ye F, Lei SQ, Zhang BF. Akt and RhoA activation in response to high glucose require caveolin-1 phosphorylation in mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F1308-17. [PMID: 24694591 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00447.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular matrix accumulation is a hallmark of diabetic renal disease. Serine/threonine kinase PKC-β1 mediates glucose-induced Akt S473 phosphorylation, RhoA activation, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 upregulation and finally leads to matrix upregulation in mesangial cells (MCs). It has been reported that glucose-induced PKC-β1 activation is dependent on caveolin-1 and the presence of intact caveolae in MCs; however, whether activated PKC-β1 regulates caveolin-1 expression and phosphorylation are unknown. Here, we showed that, although the caveolin-1 protein level had no significant change, the PKC-β-specific inhibitor LY-333531 blocked caveolin-1 Y14 phosphorylation in high glucose (HG)-treated MCs and in the renal cortex of diabetic rats. The Src-specific inhibitor SU-6656 prevented the HG-induced association between PKC-β1 and caveolin-1 and PKC-β1 membrane translocation, whereas PKC-β1 small interfering RNA failed to block Src activation, indicating that Src kinase is upstream of PKC-β1 activation. Although LY-333531 blocked PKC-β1 membrane translocation, it had no effect on the PKC-β1/caveolin-1 association, suggesting that PKC-β1 activation requires the interaction of caveolin-1 and PKC-β1. PKC-β1-mediated Akt S473 phosphorylation, RhoA activation, and fibronectin upregulation in response to HG were prevented by SU-6656 and nonphosphorylatable mutant caveolin-1 Y14A. In conclusion, Src activation by HG mediates the PKC-β1/caveolin-1 association and PKC-β1 activation, which assists in caveolin-1 Y14 phosphorylation by Src kinase. The downstream effects, including Akt S473 phosphorylation, RhoA activation, and fibronectin upregulation, require caveolin-1 Y14 phosphorylation. Caveolin-1 is thus an important mediator of the profibrogenic process in diabetic renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Zhen Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Fang-Fang Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jia-Lin Li
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Biochemistry, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Shao-Qing Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Bai-Fang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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84
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Riches K, Warburton P, O’Regan DJ, Turner NA, Porter KE. Type 2 diabetes impairs venous, but not arterial smooth muscle cell function: Possible role of differential RhoA activity. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2014; 15:141-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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85
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Guzman J, Jauregui AN, Merscher-Gomez S, Maiguel D, Muresan C, Mitrofanova A, Diez-Sampedro A, Szust J, Yoo TH, Villarreal R, Pedigo C, Molano RD, Johnson K, Kahn B, Hartleben B, Huber TB, Saha J, Burke GW, Abel ED, Brosius FC, Fornoni A. Podocyte-specific GLUT4-deficient mice have fewer and larger podocytes and are protected from diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 2014; 63:701-14. [PMID: 24101677 PMCID: PMC3900538 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes are a major component of the glomerular filtration barrier, and their ability to sense insulin is essential to prevent proteinuria. Here we identify the insulin downstream effector GLUT4 as a key modulator of podocyte function in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Mice with a podocyte-specific deletion of GLUT4 (G4 KO) did not develop albuminuria despite having larger and fewer podocytes than wild-type (WT) mice. Glomeruli from G4 KO mice were protected from diabetes-induced hypertrophy, mesangial expansion, and albuminuria and failed to activate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. In order to investigate whether the protection observed in G4 KO mice was due to the failure to activate mTOR, we used three independent in vivo experiments. G4 KO mice did not develop lipopolysaccharide-induced albuminuria, which requires mTOR activation. On the contrary, G4 KO mice as well as WT mice treated with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin developed worse adriamycin-induced nephropathy than WT mice, consistent with the fact that adriamycin toxicity is augmented by mTOR inhibition. In summary, GLUT4 deficiency in podocytes affects podocyte nutrient sensing, results in fewer and larger cells, and protects mice from the development of DN. This is the first evidence that podocyte hypertrophy concomitant with podocytopenia may be associated with protection from proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Guzman
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Alexandra N. Jauregui
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Sandra Merscher-Gomez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Dony Maiguel
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Cristina Muresan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Alla Mitrofanova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Ana Diez-Sampedro
- Department of Physiology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Joel Szust
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Rodrigo Villarreal
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Christopher Pedigo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - R. Damaris Molano
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Kevin Johnson
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Barbara Kahn
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Tobias B. Huber
- Division of Nephrology, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jharna Saha
- Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - George W. Burke
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - E. Dale Abel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Alessia Fornoni
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
- Corresponding author: Alessia Fornoni,
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86
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Gu L, Gao Q, Ni L, Wang M, Shen F. Fasudil inhibits epithelial-myofibroblast transdifferentiation of human renal tubular epithelial HK-2 cells induced by high glucose. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2014; 61:688-94. [PMID: 23812394 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c13-00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a crucial pathologic process underlying diabetic nephropathy (DN). Central to this process is the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of tubular epithelial cells. Fasudil, a Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein serine/threonine kimase (ROCK) inhibitor, protects against renal fibrosis in a variety of renal injury models. However, fasudil's effects on renal fibrosis in DN remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of fasudil on high glucose-induced EMT in human renal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells. HK-2 cells were exposed to 5.5 or 60 mmol/L D-glucose for 72 h, or to mannitol (osmotic control). RhoA activity was assessed using a RhoA pull-down assay, and ROCK activity was determined by myosin phosphatase target subunit-1 (MYPT1) phosphorylation. Myofibroblast (vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA]) and epithelial (E-cadherin) markers expressions were detected by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and fibronectin secretion were detected with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was analyzed by Western blotting. Results showed that high glucose levels induced morphological changes, reduced E-cadherin expression (-73%), increased expression of vimentin (+148%) and α-SMA (+226%), increased TGF-β1 (from 116.0±5.2 µg/g to 351.0±3.2 µg/g) and CTGF (from 0.26±0.01 to 0.92±0.03) secretion, and increased RhoA and ROCK activation (p<0.05 for all). All these effects of high glucose stimulation were suppressed or abolished by fasudil. In conclusion, fasudil may attenuate EMT through reduced activation of RhoA/ROCK signaling, and decreased expression of TGF-β1 and CTGF. Thus, fasudil may be a renoprotective agent for the treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjia Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, China
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87
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus contributes greatly to morbidity, mortality, and overall health care costs. In major part, these outcomes derive from the high incidence of progressive kidney dysfunction in patients with diabetes making diabetic nephropathy a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism involved and of the early dysfunctions observed in the diabetic kidney may permit the development of new strategies to prevent diabetic nephropathy. Here we review the pathophysiological changes that occur in the kidney in response to hyperglycemia, including the cellular responses to high glucose and the responses in vascular, glomerular, podocyte, and tubular function. The molecular basis, characteristics, and consequences of the unique growth phenotypes observed in the diabetic kidney, including glomerular structures and tubular segments, are outlined. We delineate mechanisms of early diabetic glomerular hyperfiltration including primary vascular events as well as the primary role of tubular growth, hyperreabsorption, and tubuloglomerular communication as part of a "tubulocentric" concept of early diabetic kidney function. The latter also explains the "salt paradox" of the early diabetic kidney, that is, a unique and inverse relationship between glomerular filtration rate and dietary salt intake. The mechanisms and consequences of the intrarenal activation of the renin-angiotensin system and of diabetes-induced tubular glycogen accumulation are discussed. Moreover, we aim to link the changes that occur early in the diabetic kidney including the growth phenotype, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and formation of advanced glycation end products to mechanisms involved in progressive kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Vallon
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
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88
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Xie X, Chang X, Chen L, Huang K, Huang J, Wang S, Shen X, Liu P, Huang H. Berberine ameliorates experimental diabetes-induced renal inflammation and fibronectin by inhibiting the activation of RhoA/ROCK signaling. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 381:56-65. [PMID: 23896433 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of glomerular extracellular matrix proteins, especially fibronectin (FN), is a critical pathological characteristic of diabetic renal fibrosis. Inflammation mediated by nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). RhoA/ROCK signaling is responsible for FN accumulation and NF-κB activation. Berberine (BBR) treatment significantly inhibited renal inflammation and thus improved renal damage in diabetes. Here, we study whether BBR inhibits FN accumulation and NF-κB activation by inhibiting RhoA/ROCK signaling and the underlying mechanisms involved. Results showed that BBR effectively inhibited RhoA/ROCK signaling activation in diabetic rat kidneys and high glucose-induced glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) and simultaneously down-regulated NF-κB activity, which was accompanied by reduced intercellular adhesionmolecule-1, transforming growth factor-beta 1 and FN overproduction. Furthermore, we observed that BBR abrogated high glucose-mediated reactive oxygen species generation in GMCs. BBR and N-acetylcysteine inhibited RhoA/ROCK signaling activation in high glucose-exposed GMCs. Collectively, our data suggest that the renoprotective effect of BBR on DN partly depends on RhoA/ROCK inhibition. The anti-oxidative stress effect of BBR is responsible for RhoA/ROCK inhibition in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xie
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ocean College, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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89
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Babelova A, Jansen F, Sander K, Löhn M, Schäfer L, Fork C, Ruetten H, Plettenburg O, Stark H, Daniel C, Amann K, Pavenstädt H, Jung O, Brandes RP. Activation of Rac-1 and RhoA contributes to podocyte injury in chronic kidney disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80328. [PMID: 24244677 PMCID: PMC3820652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-family GTPases like RhoA and Rac-1 are potent regulators of cellular signaling that control gene expression, migration and inflammation. Activation of Rho-GTPases has been linked to podocyte dysfunction, a feature of chronic kidney diseases (CKD). We investigated the effect of Rac-1 and Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibition on progressive renal failure in mice and studied the underlying mechanisms in podocytes. SV129 mice were subjected to 5/6-nephrectomy which resulted in arterial hypertension and albuminuria. Subgroups of animals were treated with the Rac-1 inhibitor EHT1846, the ROCK inhibitor SAR407899 and the ACE inhibitor Ramipril. Only Ramipril reduced hypertension. In contrast, all inhibitors markedly attenuated albumin excretion as well as glomerular and tubulo-interstitial damage. The combination of SAR407899 and Ramipril was more effective in preventing albuminuria than Ramipril alone. To study the involved mechanisms, podocytes were cultured from SV129 mice and exposed to static stretch in the Flexcell device. This activated RhoA and Rac-1 and led via TGFβ to apoptosis and a switch of the cells into a more mesenchymal phenotype, as evident from loss of WT-1 and nephrin and induction of α-SMA and fibronectin expression. Rac-1 and ROCK inhibition as well as blockade of TGFβ dramatically attenuated all these responses. This suggests that Rac-1 and RhoA are mediators of podocyte dysfunction in CKD. Inhibition of Rho-GTPases may be a novel approach for the treatment of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Jansen
- Physiology I, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kerstin Sander
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Liliana Schäfer
- General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Fork
- Physiology I, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Holger Stark
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Pathology, Nephropathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Pathology, Nephropathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Jung
- Physiology I, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf P. Brandes
- Physiology I, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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90
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Guan R, Xu X, Chen M, Hu H, Ge H, Wen S, Zhou S, Pi R. Advances in the studies of roles of Rho/Rho-kinase in diseases and the development of its inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70:613-22. [PMID: 24211637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway plays a pivotal role in numerous fundamental cellular functions including contraction, motility, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The pathway is also involved in the development of many diseases such as vasospasm, pulmonary hypertension, cancer and central nervous systems (CNS) disorders. The inhibitors of Rho kinase have been extensively studied since the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway was verified as a target for a number of diseases. Herein, we reviewed the advances in the studies of the roles of Rho/Rho-kinase in diseases and the development of Rho-kinase inhibitors in recent five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronggui Guan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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91
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Lan T, Wu T, Gou H, Zhang Q, Li J, Qi C, He X, Wu P, Wang L. Andrographolide suppresses high glucose-induced fibronectin expression in mesangial cells via inhibiting the AP-1 pathway. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:2562-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lan
- Vascular Biology Research Institute; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou; 510006; China
| | - Teng Wu
- Vascular Biology Research Institute; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou; 510006; China
| | - Hongju Gou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; 510515; China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou; 510006; China
| | - Jiangchao Li
- Vascular Biology Research Institute; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou; 510006; China
| | - Cuiling Qi
- Vascular Biology Research Institute; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou; 510006; China
| | - Xiaodong He
- Vascular Biology Research Institute; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou; 510006; China
| | - Pingxiang Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou; 510515; China
| | - Lijing Wang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou; 510006; China
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92
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Guan TH, Chen G, Gao B, Janssen MR, Uttarwar L, Ingram AJ, Krepinsky JC. Caveolin-1 deficiency protects against mesangial matrix expansion in a mouse model of type 1 diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 2013; 56:2068-77. [PMID: 23793581 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2968-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glomerular matrix protein accumulation, mediated largely by resident mesangial cells (MCs), is central to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. We previously showed that caveolin (CAV)-1/caveolae mediate matrix upregulation by MCs in response to high glucose and TGFβ, two important pathogenic mediators of diabetic glomerular sclerosis. Here, we evaluated the in vivo role of CAV-1/caveolae in the development of diabetic nephropathy. METHODS Diabetes was induced in Cav1-knockout (KO) mice and their wild-type (WT) counterparts by streptozotocin injection. After 10 months, kidneys were evaluated for the development of nephropathy, including glomerular sclerosis and upregulation of matrix proteins. Parallel experiments assessing glucose-induced matrix upregulation were carried out in MCs isolated from KO mice. RESULTS KO diabetic mice developed hyperglycaemia and renal hypertrophy, but were protected from developing albuminuria and glomerular sclerosis compared with WT mice. KO mice were significantly protected from the upregulation of glomerular collagen I, fibronectin, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and TGFβ. In vitro, glucose induced collagen I A1 promoter activation and collagen I, fibronectin and CTGF protein upregulation in WT but not KO MCs. Re-expression of Cav1 in KO cells restored this response. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Cav1 deletion rendered significant protection from glomerular matrix accumulation and albuminuria in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. These studies provide a foundation for the development of renal-targeted interference with CAV-1/caveolae as a novel approach to the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Guan
- Division of Nephrology, McMaster University, St Joseph's Hospital, 50 Charlton Ave East, Rm T3311, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 4A6
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93
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Mouawad F, Tsui H, Takano T. Role of Rho-GTPases and their regulatory proteins in glomerular podocyte function. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:773-82. [PMID: 24144047 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes play a critical role in maintaining glomerular permselectivity. It has been long recognized that their intricate actin-based structures are tightly associated with their normal function; however, the precise mechanisms by which podocytes form and maintain their complex structure had been poorly understood until the intensive investigations on podocyte biology began in 1998, triggered by the breakthrough discovery of nephrin. This review summarizes the recent discoveries of the molecular mechanisms by which the actin cytoskeleton is regulated in podocytes. A particular focus will be on the role of the Rho-family of small GTPases, represented by RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. Rho-GTPases are known for their versatile cellular functions, most importantly for the actin regulatory roles. We will also discuss the potential roles of the 3 groups of proteins known to regulate Rho-GTPases, namely GTPase-activating proteins, guanine nucleotide exchange factors, and guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviana Mouawad
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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94
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Kushiyama T, Oda T, Yamamoto K, Higashi K, Watanabe A, Takechi H, Uchida T, Oshima N, Sakurai Y, Miura S, Kumagai H. Protective effects of Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil on rats with chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F1325-34. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00447.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective effects of Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil against renal diseases have recently been reported. We compared the therapeutic effects of fasudil on the spontaneously hypercholesterolemic (SHC) rat, a model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with proteinuria, with those of the angiotensin receptor blocker olmesartan (OL) by paying attention to the proteinuria and the macrophage phenotype. SHC rats were allocated to six treatment groups: a vehicle (Ve) group, a low-dose fasudil (FL) group, a high-dose fasudil (FH) group, an OL group, a combination of low-dose fasudil and OL (CL) group, and a combination of high-dose fasudil and OL (CH) group. Sprague-Dawley rats treated with vehicle served as a control ( n = 7/each). The rats were treated for 24 wk. Compared with the Ve group, proteinuria was significantly decreased in the FH, OL, and CL groups, and it completely disappeared in the CH group. Glomerular stainings of nephrin and F-actin were focally impaired in the Ve group but were restored in the CH group. Western blotting showed that the CH group had significantly increased renal nephrin expression compared with the Ve group. Interstitial infiltration of macrophages was significantly increased in the Ve group, which was significantly attenuated in all treatment groups. The ratio of CD206 (M2 macrophage marker) to CD68 mRNA was significantly greater in the CH group than in the Ve group. These results indicate that fasudil with OL reduces proteinuria by protecting podocyte integrity and alters the interstitial macrophage density/phenotype, thereby exerting renoprotective effects against CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Oda
- Department of Nephrology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kojiro Yamamoto
- Department of Nephrology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keishi Higashi
- Department of Nephrology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Watanabe
- Department of Nephrology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hanako Takechi
- Department of Nephrology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Oshima
- Department of Nephrology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sakurai
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan; and
| | - Soichiro Miura
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroo Kumagai
- Department of Nephrology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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95
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Xie X, Peng J, Chang X, Huang K, Huang J, Wang S, Shen X, Liu P, Huang H. Activation of RhoA/ROCK regulates NF-κB signaling pathway in experimental diabetic nephropathy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 369:86-97. [PMID: 23376009 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Both RhoA/ROCK and NF-κB signaling pathways play important roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, it remains unknown whether and how RhoA/ROCK regulates NF-κB signaling in diabetic kidneys. In cultured glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs), the high glucose-activated NF-κB nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity were attenuated by ROCK inhibitor Y27632 or dominant-negative RhoA mutant, indicating that RhoA/ROCK signaling regulates high glucose-activated NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, NF-κB-regulated inflammatory factors ICAM-1 and TGF-β1 were markedly increased in high glucose-treated GMCs, leading to accumulation of fibronectin (FN), an important component of extracellular matrix (ECM), This effect was also effectively attenuated by Y27632 or dominant-negative RhoA mutant. In STZ-induced diabetic rats, treatment with ROCK inhibitor fasudil suppressed the RhoA/ROCK activation and NF-κB nuclear translocation, and significantly reduced the renal FN, ICAM-1 and TGF-β1 protein levels. Thus, the RhoA/ROCK pathway may regulate NF-κB to upregulate inflammatory genes and mediate the development of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xie
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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96
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Sun H, Schlondorff J, Higgs HN, Pollak MR. Inverted formin 2 regulates actin dynamics by antagonizing Rho/diaphanous-related formin signaling. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:917-29. [PMID: 23620398 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012080834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in inverted formin 2 INF2 are a common cause of familial FSGS. INF2 interacts with diaphanous-related formins (mDia) and antagonizes mDia-mediated actin polymerization in response to active Rho signaling, suggesting that dysregulation of these pathways may mediate the development of INF2-related FSGS. However, the precise mechanisms by which INF2 regulates actin-dependent podocyte behavior remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the possible role of INF2 in both lamellipodia-associated actin dynamics and actin-dependent slit diaphragm (SD) protein trafficking by manipulating the expression of INF2 and the activity of Rho/mDia signaling in cultured podocytes. Activation of mDia in the absence of INF2 led to defective formation of lamellipodia and abnormal SD trafficking. Effects of mutations disrupting the INF2-mDia interaction suggested the specificity of the mDia-antagonizing effect of INF2 in maintaining the lamellipodium. Furthermore, we found that SD trafficking requires INF2 interaction with lipid raft components. In summary, INF2 regulates lamellipodial actin dynamics and the trafficking of slit diaphragm proteins by opposing Rho/mDia-mediated actin polymerization. Thus, in podocytes, INF2 appears to be an important modulator of actin-dependent behaviors that are under the control of Rho/mDia signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sun
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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97
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Zhu L, Qi XY, Aoudjit L, Mouawad F, Baldwin C, Nattel S, Takano T. Nuclear factor of activated T cells mediates RhoA-induced fibronectin upregulation in glomerular podocytes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F849-62. [PMID: 23389455 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00495.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerulosclerosis is featured by accumulation of the extracellular matrixes in the glomerulus. We showed previously that activation of the small GTPase RhoA in podocytes induces heavy proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in the mouse. In the current study, we investigated the mechanism by which RhoA stimulates the production of one of the extracellular matrixes, fibronectin, by podocytes, specifically testing the role of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Expression of constitutively active RhoA in cultured podocytes activated the fibronectin promoter, upregulated fibronectin protein, and activated NFAT. Expression of constitutively active NFAT in podocytes also activated the fibronectin promoter and upregulated fibronectin protein. RhoA-induced NFAT activation and fibronectin upregulation were both dependent on the calcium/calmodulin pathway and Rho kinase. NFAT activation was also observed in vivo in the rat and mouse models of podocyte injury and proteinuria, and NFAT inhibition ameliorated fibronectin upregulation in the latter. RhoA activation induced a rise of intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca(2+)]i), which was at least in part dependent on the transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) cation channel. The results indicate that RhoA activates NFAT by inducing a rise of [Ca(2+)]i in podocytes, which in turn contributes to fibronectin upregulation. This pathway may be responsible for the pathogenesis of certain glomerular diseases such as hypertension-mediated glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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98
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The Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil restores normal motor nerve conduction velocity in diabetic rats by assuring the proper localization of adhesion-related molecules in myelinating Schwann cells. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:438-46. [PMID: 23337773 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway has been shown to be involved in the complications of diabetes. In this study, we found that fasudil, a specific Rho-kinase inhibitor, had a beneficial effect on the motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), which is delayed in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Cadherin-dependent adherens junctions (AJs) in myelinating Schwann cells, necessary for proper myelin formation and rapid propagation of action potentials, are regulated by Rho/Rho-kinase signaling. These AJ structures are maintained by E-cadherin and catenin complexes such as β-catenin and p120 catenin. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the effect of fasudil on MNCV, we examined alterations in AJ structure in the peripheral nerves of the experimental rats. Our results showed that the activities of Rho and Rho-kinase increased simultaneously in the sciatic nerves of the diabetic rats. Fasudil restored the MNCV by suppressing the up-regulation of the Rho-kinase. In the diabetic state, enhanced Rho and Rho-kinase activity reduced p120 catenin expression and altered the distribution of p120 catenin and E-cadherin, which are normally localized in the paranodal compartment of the nodes of Ranvier and Schmidt-Lanterman incisures where autotypic AJs stabilize myelin structure. Fasudil restored normal p120 catenin expression and the distribution of p120 catenin and E-cadherin in the myelin sheath. In conclusion, reduced expression and altered distribution of the adhesion molecules in the myelin sheath might contribute to the slowing of the MNCV in the diabetic rats. Fasudil, through its effect on the distribution of the adhesion-related molecules, might prevent slowing of the MNCV.
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99
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Chakkarwar VA. Smoking in diabetic nephropathy: sparks in the fuel tank? World J Diabetes 2012; 3:186-95. [PMID: 23301120 PMCID: PMC3538984 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v3.i12.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is associated with high morbidity and mortality and the prevalence of this disease is continuously increasing worldwide. Long-term diabetes increases the likelihood of developing secondary complications like nephropathy, the most common cause of end stage renal disease. Usually, other factors like hypertension, alcoholism and smoking also partly contribute to the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Among this, cigarette smoking in diabetes has been repeatedly confirmed as an independent risk factor for the onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Various studies suggest that smoking is a major fuel in the development of high oxidative stress and subsequently hyperlipidemia, accumulation of advanced glycation end products, activation of the renin angiotensin system and Rho-kinase, which are observed to play a pathogenic role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Furthermore, cigarette smoking in diabetic patients with vascular complications produces a variety of pathological changes in the kidney, such as thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and mesangial expansion with progression in glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis, which ultimately results in end stage renal failure. Strong associations are consistently found between chronic cigarette smoking and diabetic microvascular complications. A diverse group of studies unveil potential mechanisms that may explain the role of cigarette smoking in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Tremendous efforts are being made to control smoking mediated progression of diabetic nephropathy, but no promising therapy is yet available. The present review critically discusses the possible detrimental role of chronic cigarette smoking in the progression of diabetic nephropathy and various possible pharmacological interventions to attenuate the exacerbation of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Arvind Chakkarwar
- Vishal Arvind Chakkarwar, Department of Pharmacology, Shri Bhagwan College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad 431003, Maharashtra, India
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100
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Xie X, Peng J, Huang K, Huang J, Shen X, Liu P, Huang H. Polydatin ameliorates experimental diabetes-induced fibronectin through inhibiting the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in rat glomerular mesangial cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 362:183-93. [PMID: 22732364 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have recently demonstrated the involvement of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and the subsequent coordinated inflammatory responses in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Polydatin has been shown to have the ability of anti-adhesive inflammation. However, the possible protective and beneficial effects of polydatin on DN via suppressing inflammatory damage and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation are not fully elucidated. We found that the polydatin could inhibit the induction and activity of NF-κB, and meanwhile ameliorating ECM accumulation in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. We aimed to investigate the effect of polydatin on fibronectin (FN) protein expression, and to elucidate its potential mechanism involving the NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway in rat glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) cultured under high glucose. The results revealed that polydatin significantly suppressed high glucose-induced FN production, inhibited NF-κB nuclear translocation, reduced the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB, as well as decreased the protein expression of ICAM-1 and TGF-β in GMCs. These findings suggested that polydatin significantly represses high glucose-induced FN expression in rat GMCs, which may be closely related to its inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Hence, we elucidated the potential mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects and ECM accumulation alleviation of polydatin in GMCs of DN in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xie
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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