51
|
Mansur RB, Brietzke E, McIntyre RS. Is there a "metabolic-mood syndrome"? A review of the relationship between obesity and mood disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 52:89-104. [PMID: 25579847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and mood disorders are highly prevalent and co-morbid. Epidemiological studies have highlighted the public health relevance of this association, insofar as both conditions and its co-occurrence are associated with a staggering illness-associated burden. Accumulating evidence indicates that obesity and mood disorders are intrinsically linked and share a series of clinical, neurobiological, genetic and environmental factors. The relationship of these conditions has been described as convergent and bidirectional; and some authors have attempted to describe a specific subtype of mood disorders characterized by a higher incidence of obesity and metabolic problems. However, the nature of this association remains poorly understood. There are significant inconsistencies in the studies evaluating metabolic and mood disorders; and, as a result, several questions persist about the validity and the generalizability of the findings. An important limitation in this area of research is the noteworthy phenotypic and pathophysiological heterogeneity of metabolic and mood disorders. Although clinically useful, categorical classifications in both conditions have limited heuristic value and its use hinders a more comprehensive understanding of the association between metabolic and mood disorders. A recent trend in psychiatry is to move toward a domain specific approach, wherein psychopathology constructs are agnostic to DSM-defined diagnostic categories and, instead, there is an effort to categorize domains based on pathogenic substrates, as proposed by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC). Moreover, the substrates subserving psychopathology seems to be unspecific and extend into other medical illnesses that share in common brain consequences, which includes metabolic disorders. Overall, accumulating evidence indicates that there is a consistent association of multiple abnormalities in neuropsychological constructs, as well as correspondent brain abnormalities, with broad-based metabolic dysfunction, suggesting, therefore, that the existence of a "metabolic-mood syndrome" is possible. Nonetheless, empirical evidence is necessary to support and develop this concept. Future research should focus on dimensional constructs and employ integrative, multidisciplinary and multimodal approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LINC), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LINC), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Barahona R, Manuel R, Marianela TH. Prevalence of Some Factors Associated to Metabolic Syndrome at Mexico Hospital. Health (London) 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2015.78106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
53
|
Kruse M, von Loeffelholz C, Hoffmann D, Pohlmann A, Seltmann AC, Osterhoff M, Hornemann S, Pivovarova O, Rohn S, Jahreis G, Pfeiffer AFH. Dietary rapeseed/canola-oil supplementation reduces serum lipids and liver enzymes and alters postprandial inflammatory responses in adipose tissue compared to olive-oil supplementation in obese men. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 59:507-19. [PMID: 25403327 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Obesity is associated with hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and low-grade inflammation. Studies have shown that MUFA as well as PUFA have beneficial effects on blood lipids and the inflammatory state. METHODS AND RESULTS This study investigates the effects of a daily supplementation of either 50 g of rapeseed/canola (RA) or olive (OL) oil over 4 wk on serum lipids, serum liver enzymes, and inflammatory gene expression in subcutaneous (s. c.) adipose tissue in obese men. Consuming RA resulted in increased serum n-3 fatty acids and a reduction in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and serum aspartate aminotransferase compared to OL. In s. c. adipose tissue, gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 was reduced in RA compared to OL. However, after 4 h after a test meal, containing the appropriate oil, white bread, and 400 mL of liquid diet drink (835 kcal in total), gene expression of IL6, IL1B, and EMR1 (egf-like module containing Mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1) was increased in RA and of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2) in both RA and OL. CONCLUSION This demonstrates that consuming RA for 4 wk improves serum lipids, liver enzymes, and basal inflammation in s. c. adipose tissue, but it mediates an acute pro-inflammatory response in adipose tissue upon consuming a meal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kruse
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Zhang Y, Chen TW, Zhang XM, Wang YX, Chi XX, Li XH, Gao XF, Ji YF. Abdominal regional fat distribution on MRI correlates with cholecystolithiasis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109776. [PMID: 25310024 PMCID: PMC4195699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether abdominal regional fat distribution pattern on MRI is correlated with cholecystolithiasis. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 163 patients with cholecystolithiasis and 163 non-cholecystolithiasis control subjects admitted to our institution between March 2011 and September 2013 were included in this cross-sectional evaluation. There were 98 women and 65 men in cholecystolithiasis group with an average age of 57±16 years (range 25-86 years). There were 87 women and 76 men in the control group with an average age of 41±16 years (range 14-77 years). Visceral adipose tissue (VAT), abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and total abdominal adipose tissue (TAT) of all the subjects at navel level were measured on abdominal MRI. According to the visceral adipose area (cut-off point VAT = 100 cm2), study subjects were divided into 1) increased accumulation of intra-abdominal fat and 2) normal distribution of intra-abdominal fat. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of fat with the presence of cholecystolithiasis, adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS The incidence of increased intra-abdominal fat accumulation in the cholecystolithiasis group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P = 0.000). After adjusting for age and sex, cholecystolithiasis was associated with a one standard deviation increment in the waist circumference (WC) (OR = 1.44; 95%CI: 1.01,1.93; p = 0.00), VAT (OR = 4.26; 95%CI: 1.85,5.29; p = 0.00), VAT/SAT (OR = 8.66; 95%CI: 1.60,12.63; p = 0.00), and VAT/TAT (OR = 6.73; 95%CI: 4.24,12.18; p = 0.00), but not with fat content in the abdominal subcutaneous fat (p = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS The visceral adipose tissue and distribution proportion of abdominal adipose tissue are correlates of cholecystolithiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tian Wu Chen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao Ming Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi-Xiang Wang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao Xiao Chi
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xing Hui Li
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao Feng Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Fan Ji
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Sichuan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Natural course of metabolically healthy abdominal obese adults after 10 years of follow-up: the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:514-9. [PMID: 25287753 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the natural course of metabolically healthy abdominal obese (MHAO) phenotype and determine the predictors of change in the metabolic status in this population over 10 years of follow-up. METHODS A total of 916 MHAO subjects from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study were followed for changes in their metabolic health status. Anthropometric and metabolic indices were measured at baseline and were compared between subjects with healthy and unhealthy metabolic conditions at the end of follow-up. Predictors of change in metabolic health were assessed in logistic regression models. National waist circumference cutoffs were used for definition of abdominal obesity. Metabolic health was defined as ⩽1 metabolic components of metabolic syndrome according to the Joint Interim Statement criteria. RESULTS At the end of the follow-up, nearly half of the MHAO subjects lost their metabolic health and 42.1% developed metabolic syndrome by definition. Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance at baseline were significant predictors of change in metabolic health condition. CONCLUSION MHAO is a relatively unstable condition and a considerable percentage of these individuals will lose their metabolic health as time passes. Baseline metabolic characteristics may be useful predictors of this change and should be considered in the care of these individuals.
Collapse
|
56
|
Toedebusch RG, Roberts MD, Wells KD, Company JM, Kanosky KM, Padilla J, Jenkins NT, Perfield JW, Ibdah JA, Booth FW, Rector RS. Unique transcriptomic signature of omental adipose tissue in Ossabaw swine: a model of childhood obesity. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:362-75. [PMID: 24642759 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00172.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the impact of childhood obesity on intra-abdominal adipose tissue phenotype, a complete transcriptomic analysis using deep RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on omental adipose tissue (OMAT) obtained from lean and Western diet-induced obese juvenile Ossabaw swine. Obese animals had 88% greater body mass, 49% greater body fat content, and a 60% increase in OMAT adipocyte area (all P < 0.05) compared with lean pigs. RNA-seq revealed a 37% increase in the total transcript number in the OMAT of obese pigs. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed transcripts in obese OMAT were primarily enriched in the following categories: 1) development, 2) cellular function and maintenance, and 3) connective tissue development and function, while transcripts associated with RNA posttranslational modification, lipid metabolism, and small molecule biochemistry were reduced. DAVID and Gene Ontology analyses showed that many of the classically recognized gene pathways associated with adipose tissue dysfunction in obese adults including hypoxia, inflammation, angiogenesis were not altered in OMAT in our model. The current study indicates that obesity in juvenile Ossabaw swine is characterized by increases in overall OMAT transcript number and provides novel data describing early transcriptomic alterations that occur in response to excess caloric intake in visceral adipose tissue in a pig model of childhood obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin D Wells
- Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Kayla M Kanosky
- Internal Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - James W Perfield
- Department of Food Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jamal A Ibdah
- Internal Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Frank W Booth
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - R Scott Rector
- Internal Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Medical Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Szafranski K, Mekhail K. The fine line between lifespan extension and shortening in response to caloric restriction. Nucleus 2014; 5:56-65. [PMID: 24637399 PMCID: PMC4028356 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.27929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is generally linked to lifespan extension in various organisms and may limit age-associated diseases. Processes through which caloric restriction promotes lifespan include obesity-countering weight loss, increased DNA repair, control of ribosomal and telomeric DNA repeats, mitochondrial regulation, activation of antioxidants, and protective autophagy. Several of these protective cellular processes are linked to the suppression of TOR (target of rapamycin) or the activation of sirtuins. In stark contrast, CR fails to extend or even shortens lifespan in certain settings. CR-dependent lifespan shortening is linked to weight loss in the non-obese, mitochondrial hyperactivity, genomic inflexibility, and several other processes. Deciphering the balance between positive and negative effects of CR is critical to understanding its ultimate impact on aging. This knowledge is especially needed in order to fulfil the promise of using CR or its mimetic drugs to counteract age-associated diseases and unhealthy aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Szafranski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Karim Mekhail
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Toronto, ON Canada; Canada Research Chairs Program; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto; Toronto, ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Nora M, Guimarães M, Almeida R, Martins P, Gonçalves G, Santos M, Morais T, Freitas C, Monteiro MP. Excess body mass index loss predicts metabolic syndrome remission after gastric bypass. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:1. [PMID: 24383616 PMCID: PMC3881494 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a condition associated with obesity that identifies individuals with increased cardiovascular risk. Gastric bypass improves several MS components, such as glucose, lipid metabolism and hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of long-limb gastric bypass on the remission of MS criteria associated with morbid obesity. METHODS Obese patients who met the "harmonized" criteria for MS (n = 153) that underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) with a long biliopancreatic limb were prospectively evaluated with regards to body weight, body mass index (BMI), percentage of excess BMI lost (% EBMIL), fasting glucose, blood pressure and lipid profile up to 36 months after surgery. RESULTS Before surgery, patients had a BMI of 44.3 ± 0.5 kg/m2; 66% were under anti-diabetic treatment; 78.4% were under anti-hypertensive treatment and 44.3% were under anti-dyslipidemic treatment. After a mean follow-up time of 2.4 ± 0.1 years, MS remission rates were 32.7% at 6 months, 69.7% at 12 months, 63.4% at 24 months, and 59.2% at 36 months; when only 32.9%, 43.4% and 15.8% of patients were still under anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive and anti-dyslipidemic treatment, respectively. The %EBMIL and BMI were the parameters that showed the highest accuracy to predict the MS remission at all-time points after the surgery. CONCLUSIONS Long limb gastric bypass in obese patients results in significant and sustained weight loss which predicts a high remission rate of MS and allows the discontinuation of drug therapy for several metabolic disturbances in most patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mário Nora
- Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Marta Guimarães
- Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Rui Almeida
- Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Paulo Martins
- Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Gil Gonçalves
- Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Mariana Santos
- Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Tiago Morais
- Department of Anatomy, Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), ICBAS, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, PORTO 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Freitas
- Endocrine Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Endocrine Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
- Department of Anatomy, Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), ICBAS, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, PORTO 4050-313, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Waist-to-height ratio and cardiovascular risk factors among Chinese adults in Beijing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69298. [PMID: 23874938 PMCID: PMC3709905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To examine whether waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) performed better than, body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) in relation to hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia among Chinese adults in Beijing. Methods A total of 5720 adults (2371 men and 3349 nonpregnant women) aged 18 to 79 years were selected from the general population in a cross-sectional study. Data from a standardized questionnaire, physical examination, and blood sample were obtained. Results The area under curve (AUC) values for WHtR (0.661–0.773) were significantly higher than those for BMI for all outcomes in both sexes, except that WHtR and BMI had similar AUCs for dyslipidemia in men. The AUCs for WHtR were significantly higher than those for WC with respect to hypertension in both sexes, and to diabetes in women. AUCs for the relationships between anthropometric indices and the three outcomes were larger in women than in men, and tended to decrease with age. Optimal cutoffs for WHtR were 0.51–0.53 and 0.48–0.50 in men and women, respectively. With regard to the current Chinese criteria for BMI (≥24 kg/m2), WC (≥90 cm for men, and ≥85 cm for women), and the recommended cutoff of WHtR (≥0.5), WHtR yielded the greatest odds ratio for hypertension and diabetes in both sexes, and dyslipidemia in women. BMI had the highest odds ratio for dyslipidemia in men. The odds ratios of anthropometric indices for hypertension and diabetes, but not for dyslipidemia, were higher in women than in men. The association between anthropometric indices and the three outcomes decreased with age. Conclusion WHtR performed better than BMI and WC for the association with hypertension and diabetes. More studies should be conducted to explore the age differences in the relationships between obesity indices and cardiovascular risk factors.
Collapse
|
60
|
Abstract
Numerous epidemiologic studies have implicated abdominal obesity as a major risk factor for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke, metabolic syndrome and its further expression, i.e., nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and death. Using novel models of visceral obesity, several studies have demonstrated that the relationship between visceral fat and longevity is causal, while the accrual of subcutaneous fat does not appear to play an important role in the etiology of disease risk. The need of reducing the visceral fat to improve survival, mainly taking into account the strict link between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the coronary artery disease is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Finelli
- Center of Obesity and Eating Disorder, Stella Maris Mediterraneo Foundation Chiaromonte, Potenza, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Ardévol A, Motilva MJ, Serra A, Blay M, Pinent M. Procyanidins target mesenteric adipose tissue in Wistar lean rats and subcutaneous adipose tissue in Zucker obese rat. Food Chem 2013; 141:160-6. [PMID: 23768342 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Visceral and subcutaneous adipose depots have different metabolic roles that may be involved in the development of obesity-related pathologies. Procyanidins have beneficial effects on insulin resistance, and they target adipose tissue. We analyse whether procyanidins exert different effects, depending on the adipose tissue depot, and whether these effects show a relation to the amount of phenolic compound in the tissue. We studied the effects of a grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) treatment at the transcriptional level on genes expressed differentially between mesenteric and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots and genes previously shown to be targets of procyanidins. Procyanidins target mesenteric adipose tissue in Wistar lean rats but subcutaneous adipose tissue in Zucker obese rats. Non-modified structures also accumulated, preferentially in the same respective tissues that were responsive to GSPE. Thus, procyanidins target and accumulate differently in mesenteric and subcutaneous adipose tissue depots, depending on the metabolic condition of the animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ardévol
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Kakafika AI, Mikhailidis DP, Karagiannis A, Athyros VG. The Role of Endocannabinoid System Blockade in the Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 47:642-52. [PMID: 17392496 DOI: 10.1177/0091270007299358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the use of the first selective blocker of the cannabinoid receptor type 1, rimonabant, to reduce weight and improve cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese patients with metabolic syndrome or multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors. In 4 large trials-Rimonabant in Obesity (RIO)-Lipids, RIO-Europe, RIO-North America, and RIO-Diabetes-after 1 to 2 years of treatment, rimonabant (20 mg/day) led to a significantly greater weight loss and reduction in waist circumference compared with placebo. Treatment with rimonabant was also associated with other favorable changes, including better glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus, improved lipid profile, reduced blood pressure, increased adiponectin levels, fall in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations, and an overall decrease in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Initial experience with rimonabant shows that it is generally well tolerated with the most common side effect of mild nausea. Rimonabant may be a useful adjunct to lifestyle and behavior modification in the treatment of obese subjects with metabolic syndrome or multiple cardiometabolic risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Kakafika
- FFPM, FRCP, FRCPath, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital, Royal Free University College School of Medicine, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Differences in gene expression and cytokine release profiles highlight the heterogeneity of distinct subsets of adipose tissue-derived stem cells in the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in humans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57892. [PMID: 23526958 PMCID: PMC3589487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in the inherent properties of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASC) may contribute to the biological specificity of the subcutaneous (Sc) and visceral (V) adipose tissue depots. In this study, three distinct subpopulations of ASC, i.e. ASCSVF, ASCBottom, and ASCCeiling, were isolated from Sc and V fat biopsies of non-obese subjects, and their gene expression and functional characteristics were investigated. Genome-wide mRNA expression profiles of ASCSVF, ASCBottom and ASCCeiling from Sc fat were significantly different as compared to their homologous subsets of V-ASCs. Furthermore, ASCSVF, ASCCeiling and ASCBottom from the same fat depot were also distinct from each other. In this respect, both principal component analysis and hierarchical clusters analysis showed that ASCCeiling and ASCSVF shared a similar pattern of closely related genes, which was highly different when compared to that of ASCBottom. However, larger variations in gene expression were found in inter-depot than in intra-depot comparisons. The analysis of connectivity of genes differently expressed in each ASC subset demonstrated that, although there was some overlap, there was also a clear distinction between each Sc-ASC and their corresponding V-ASC subsets, and among ASCSVF, ASCBottom, and ASCCeiling of Sc or V fat depots in regard to networks associated with regulation of cell cycle, cell organization and development, inflammation and metabolic responses. Finally, the release of several cytokines and growth factors in the ASC cultured medium also showed both inter- and intra-depot differences. Thus, ASCCeiling and ASCBottom can be identified as two genetically and functionally heterogeneous ASC populations in addition to the ASCSVF, with ASCBottom showing the highest degree of unmatched gene expression. On the other hand, inter-depot seem to prevail over intra-depot differences in the ASC gene expression assets and network functions, contributing to the high degree of specificity of Sc and V adipose tissue in humans.
Collapse
|
64
|
Lesser IA, Gasevic D, Lear SA. The effect of body fat distribution on ethnic differences in cardiometabolic risk factors of Chinese and Europeans. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:701-6. [PMID: 23980727 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the differences in body fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk between individuals of Chinese and European origin and the role of body fat distribution on ethnic differences in cardiometabolic risk. A total of 418 participants from the Multicultural Community Health Assessment Trial were assessed for visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT), anthropometric variables, blood pressure, and lipid, insulin, and glucose levels. Multiple regression analyses were split by sex and adjusted for appropriate covariates in model 1a and further adjusted for VAT in model 1b or SAT in model 1c. A secondary model replaced body mass index (BMI) with waist circumference (WC). Chinese males had higher levels of triglycerides, insulin, homeostasis model assessment, and SAT than European males, as well as higher total cholesterol (TC), glucose, and VAT in the model adjusted for WC. Chinese females had higher glucose levels than European females after adjustment for either BMI or WC. When VAT was added to the models, differences in cardiometabolic risk factors remained significant but were attenuated between Chinese and European males and females; SAT did not attenuate the ethnic difference in cardiometabolic risk. These findings suggest that the higher VAT levels seen in the Chinese population do not fully account for the ethnic disparities in these risk factors. Given the observed interethnic difference in body composition, current BMI and WC cutoffs might be misleading when it comes to identifying Chinese individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris A Lesser
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
|
66
|
Bose S, Krishnamoorthy P, Varanasi A, Nair J, Schutta M, Braunstein S, Iqbal N, Schwartz S, St Clair C, Master SR, Rader DJ, Reilly MP, Mehta NN. Measurement of waist circumference predicts coronary atherosclerosis beyond plasma adipokines. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:E118-23. [PMID: 23505191 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association of plasma adipokines beyond waist circumference (WC) with coronary artery calcification (CAC), a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis, is unknown. DESIGN AND METHODS Asymptomatic Caucasian individuals from two community-based cross-sectional studies (n = 1,285) were examined and multivariate analysis of traditional risk factors was performed, then WC and adipokines (adiponectin and leptin) were added. Incremental value of each was tested with likelihood ratio testing. RESULTS Beyond traditional risk factors, WC (Tobit regression ratio 1.69, P < 0.001) and plasma leptin (1.57, P < 0.001) but not plasma adiponectin (P = 0.75) were independently associated with CAC. In nested models, neither adiponectin (χ(2) = 0.76, P = 0.38) nor leptin (χ(2) = 1.32, P = 0.25) added value to WC beyond traditional risk factors, whereas WC added incremental value to adiponectin (χ(2) = 28.02, P < 0.0001) and leptin (χ(2) = 13.58, P = 0.0002). CONCLUSION In the face of important biomarkers such as plasma adiponectin and leptin, WC remained a significant predictor of CAC beyond traditional risk factors underscoring the importance of WC measurement during cardiovascular risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhasish Bose
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Canale MP, Manca di Villahermosa S, Martino G, Rovella V, Noce A, De Lorenzo A, Di Daniele N. Obesity-related metabolic syndrome: mechanisms of sympathetic overactivity. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:865965. [PMID: 24288531 PMCID: PMC3833340 DOI: 10.1155/2013/865965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome has increased worldwide over the past few years. Sympathetic nervous system overactivity is a key mechanism leading to hypertension in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Sympathetic activation can be triggered by reflex mechanisms as arterial baroreceptor impairment, by metabolic factors as insulin resistance, and by dysregulated adipokine production and secretion from visceral fat with a mainly permissive role of leptin and antagonist role of adiponectin. Chronic sympathetic nervous system overactivity contributes to a further decline of insulin sensitivity and creates a vicious circle that may contribute to the development of hypertension and of the metabolic syndrome and favor cardiovascular and kidney disease. Selective renal denervation is an emerging area of interest in the clinical management of obesity-related hypertension. This review focuses on current understanding of some mechanisms through which sympathetic overactivity may be interlaced to the metabolic syndrome, with particular regard to the role of insulin resistance and of some adipokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Canale
- Division of Hypertension and Nephrology, Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Manca di Villahermosa
- Division of Hypertension and Nephrology, Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Martino
- Division of Hypertension and Nephrology, Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Rovella
- Division of Hypertension and Nephrology, Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Noce
- Division of Hypertension and Nephrology, Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino De Lorenzo
- Division of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomic, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Division of Hypertension and Nephrology, Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- *Nicola Di Daniele:
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
King GA, Deemer SE, Thompson DL. Adiponectin is associated with risk of the metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in women. Acta Diabetol 2012; 49 Suppl 1:S41-9. [PMID: 20454813 PMCID: PMC4632595 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-010-0192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine insulin resistance, markers of the metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, and serum adiponectin concentrations in pre-menopausal Hispanic and non-Hispanic White (NHW) women. This cross-sectional study examined 119 pre-menopausal women (76 Hispanic, 45 NHW) for markers of the metabolic syndrome (ATP III criteria), level of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), CVD risk factors, and serum total adiponectin concentrations. Relationships between variables were assessed using Student's t-tests, Pearson's and Spearman's Rho correlations, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Hispanic women had significantly lower adiponectin concentrations than NHW women, even after controlling for body fat (%) (P < 0.01). Number of markers of the metabolic syndrome was inversely related to total adiponectin concentration for all women combined and for NHW women (P ≤ 0.04), but not for Hispanic women. Insulin resistance was inversely related to adiponectin for all women and for NHW women (P < 0.01), but not significantly associated in Hispanic women. Adiponectin concentration was not significantly associated with number of CVD risk factors for these women. While adiponectin was associated with markers of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance for all women of this study and despite lower adiponectin concentrations for Hispanic women than NHW women, the role of adiponectin to these conditions among Hispanics remains unclear. There was no significant association between adiponectin and CVD risk for these women. Future research should focus on understanding mechanisms for up-regulating adiponectin secretion and if ethnicity affects adiponectin gene expression and secretion given the beneficial effects derived from elevated adiponectin levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George A King
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at El Paso, 1101 N Campbell St, El Paso, TX 79902, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Kwak JH, Ahn CW, Park SH, Jung SU, Min BJ, Kim OY, Lee JH. Weight reduction effects of a black soy peptide supplement in overweight and obese subjects: double blind, randomized, controlled study. Food Funct 2012; 3:1019-24. [PMID: 22739624 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10244g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study determined the effect of black soy peptide supplementation on body weight and body fat in overweight/obese subjects. In a double-blind controlled trial, participants (n = 80) were randomized to either soy peptide supplementation (the test group) or to a placebo (the placebo group). Sixty-four people completed the study, and anthropometric parameters, serum inflammatory markers, and leptin and lipid profiles were measured. After 6 weeks, the test group (n = 35) had significant reductions in body weight (p = 0.003) and body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.004), body fat mass (p = 0.038). After 12 weeks, they also had significant reductions in body weight (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.001), body fat percentage (p = 0.002), and body fat mass (p = 0.001). However, these significances were not observed in the placebo group (n = 29). In addition, net changes in body weight and body fat mass in the test group were significantly bigger than those in the placebo group after 12 weeks. Leptin levels were significantly reduced in the test groups (p = 0.047), but were not observed in the placebo group (p = 0.323). Interestingly, the subjects with weight reductions ≥1kg in the test group had greater reductions in circulating leptin levels (p = 0.002). Additionally, fasting insulin levels were significantly reduced in the test groups. The conclusion is that black soy peptide supplementation may be beneficial for body weight control in overweight/obese subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Kwak
- Yonsei University Research Institute of Science for Aging, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Hasani-Ranjbar S, Amoli MM, Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Rumi Y, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J, Samimi H, Abbasifarid E. Effect of adiponectin gene polymorphisms on waist circumference in patients with diabetes. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2012; 11:14. [PMID: 23497697 PMCID: PMC3598167 DOI: 10.1186/2251-6581-11-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma levels of adiponectin which is secreted from adipose tissue are associated with various parameters of metabolic syndrome. This effect seems to be a result of interactions between genetic and environmental factors including central obesity. The present study was carried out to investigate the possibility of relation between single nucleotide polymorphisms of adiponectin gene (+45 T/G and -11391 G/A) and waist circumferences (WC) in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on n = 238 diabetic patients selected as cases and n = 159 as healthy control who were recruited from Rafsanjan city in south - east of Iran. The possible association of +45 T/G and -11391 G/A adiponectin gene polymorphisms with WC according to age and sex was evaluated. RESULTS There was no significant difference in distribution of frequencies of +45 T/G and -11391 G/A adiponectin gene polymorphisms in each group. We only found a significant association between -11391 G/A adiponectin gene polymorphism with WC in diabetic group (p = 0.021). This association was remained significant after adjustment in multivariate regression model (p = 0.019, OR: 0.244, 95%CI: 0.075-0.791) and also this effect was independent of sex and age. CONCLUSION We found higher abdominal obesity in GA or AA carriers of adiponectin - 11391 G/A genotype in type 2 diabetes patients independent of age and sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa M Amoli
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, 5th floor, Dr. Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave., Tehran 14114, Iran
| | - Ozra Tabatabaei-Malazy
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, 5th floor, Dr. Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave., Tehran 14114, Iran
| | - Yalda Rumi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Tavakkoly-Bazzaz
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hilda Samimi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Abbasifarid
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
von Hafe P, Pina F, Pérez A, Tavares M, Barros H. Visceral Fat Accumulation as a Risk Factor for Prostate Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 12:1930-5. [PMID: 15687393 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE No clear association between obesity or body fat distribution and prostate cancer has been shown. We investigated the relation between visceral fat accumulation as measured by computed tomography (CT) and the occurrence of prostate cancer. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES We compared body fat distribution assessed by a direct method (CT) in 63 prostate cancer cases with 63 age-matched healthy community controls. A CT scan at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra was performed in all participants. RESULTS Patients presented a significantly higher mean total abdominal fat area (509.2 +/- 226.1 vs. 334.3 +/- 132.9 cm2, p < 0.001), mostly because of a higher mean visceral fat area (VF; 324.7 +/- 145.6 vs. 177.4 +/- 88.4 cm2, p < 0.001) and a significantly higher mean ratio between visceral and subcutaneous fat areas (V/S ratio; 1.8 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.2 +/- 0.4, p < 0.001). A significantly higher risk of prostate cancer was found for participants with higher VF (odds ratio = 4.6; 95% confidence interval = 2.6 to 8.2 per SD increase) and V/S ratio (odds ratio = 6.0; 95% confidence interval = 2.3 to 11.0 per SD increase). DISCUSSION These results suggest a role for visceral obesity, quantified by CT, as a risk factor for prostate cancer. The action of the adipocytokines secreted by visceral fat cells, steroid hormone disturbances, and increased levels of insulin or other hormones noted in visceral obesity may explain this association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro von Hafe
- Department of Medicine, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Obesity and metabolic syndrome: Future therapeutics based on novel molecular pathways. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
73
|
Crochemore ICC, Souza AFP, de Souza ACF, Rosado EL. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation does not influence body composition, insulin resistance, and lipemia in women with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Nutr Clin Pract 2012; 27:553-60. [PMID: 22661243 DOI: 10.1177/0884533612444535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the influence of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) supplementation on body composition, insulin resistance, and lipemia of women with type 2 diabetes, the authors evaluated 41 women (60.64 ± 7.82 years) with high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus in a randomized and single-blind longitudinal intervention study. The women were divided into 3 groups: GA (2.5 g/d fish oil), GB (1.5 g/d fish oil), and GC (control). The capsules with the supplement contained 21.9% of eicosapentaenoic acid and 14.1% of docosapentaenoic acid. Biochemical (glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total and fractional cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin) and anthropometric (body mass, stature, waist circumference [WC], and body composition) evaluations were performed before and after the 30 days of intervention. Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance and the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index were used to evaluate the insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity (IS), respectively. GB presented a greater loss of body mass and WC (P < .05), greater frequency of glycemic and total cholesterol reduction, and an increase of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with GA. Thus, a high dose of ω-3 PUFA can reduce IS. A lower dose of ω-3 PUFA positively influenced body composition and lipid metabolism.
Collapse
|
74
|
Ploplis VA. Effects of altered plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression on cardiovascular disease. Curr Drug Targets 2012; 12:1782-9. [PMID: 21707474 DOI: 10.2174/138945011797635803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a multifunctional protein with the ability to not only regulate fibrinolysis through inhibition of plasminogen activation, but also cell signaling events which have direct downstream effects on cell function. Elevated plasma levels of this protein have been shown to have profound effects on the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. However, results from a number of studies, especially those using PAI-1 deficient mouse models, have demonstrated that its function is ambiguous, with evidence of both preventing and enhancing various disease states. A number of lifestyle changes and pharmacological reagents have been identified that can regulate PAI-1 levels or function. Those reagents that target function are focused on its ability to regulate plasmin formation, and have been studied in in vivo models of thrombosis. Further investigations involving regulation of cell function could potentially resolve paradoxical issues associated with the function of this protein in regulating cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Ploplis
- W M Keck Center for Transgene Research and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Goss AM, Darnell BE, Brown MA, Oster RA, Gower BA. Longitudinal associations of the endocrine environment on fat partitioning in postmenopausal women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:939-44. [PMID: 22173571 PMCID: PMC3663444 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among postmenopausal women, declining estrogen may facilitate fat partitioning from the periphery to the intra-abdominal space. Furthermore, it has been suggested that excess androgens contribute to a central fat distribution pattern in women. The objective of this longitudinal study was to identify independent associations of the hormone milieu with fat distribution in postmenopausal women. Fifty-three healthy postmenopausal women, either using or not using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were evaluated at baseline and 2 years. The main outcomes were intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue, and total thigh fat analyzed by computed tomography scanning and leg fat and total body fat mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum estradiol, estrone, estrone sulfate, total testosterone, free testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and cortisol were assessed. On average, in all women combined, IAAT increased by 10% (10.5 cm(2)) over 2 years (P < 0.05). Among HRT users, estradiol was inversely associated with, and estrone was positively associated with, 2-year gain in IAAT. Among HRT nonusers, free testosterone was inversely associated with, and SHBG was positively associated with, 2-year gain in IAAT. These results suggest that in postmenopausal women using HRT, greater circulating estradiol may play an integral role in limiting lipid deposition to the intra-abdominal cavity, a depot associated with metabolically detrimental attributes. However, a high proportion of weak estrogens may promote fat partitioning to the intra-abdominal cavity over time. Furthermore, among postmenopausal women not using HRT, greater circulating free testosterone may limit IAAT accrual.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Goss
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Joshi SR, Mohan V, Joshi SS, Mechanick JI, Marchetti A. Transcultural diabetes nutrition therapy algorithm: the Asian Indian application. Curr Diab Rep 2012; 12:204-12. [PMID: 22354498 PMCID: PMC3303049 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-012-0260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
India and other countries in Asia are experiencing rapidly escalating epidemics of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease. The dramatic rise in the prevalence of these illnesses has been attributed to rapid changes in demographic, socioeconomic, and nutritional factors. The rapid transition in dietary patterns in India-coupled with a sedentary lifestyle and specific socioeconomic pressures-has led to an increase in obesity and other diet-related noncommunicable diseases. Studies have shown that nutritional interventions significantly enhance metabolic control and weight loss. Current clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are not portable to diverse cultures, constraining the applicability of this type of practical educational instrument. Therefore, a transcultural Diabetes Nutrition Algorithm (tDNA) was developed and then customized per regional variations in India. The resultant India-specific tDNA reflects differences in epidemiologic, physiologic, and nutritional aspects of disease, anthropometric cutoff points, and lifestyle interventions unique to this region of the world. Specific features of this transculturalization process for India include characteristics of a transitional economy with a persistently high poverty rate in a majority of people; higher percentage of body fat and lower muscle mass for a given body mass index; higher rate of sedentary lifestyle; elements of the thrifty phenotype; impact of festivals and holidays on adherence with clinic appointments; and the role of a systems or holistic approach to the problem that must involve politics, policy, and government. This Asian Indian tDNA promises to help guide physicians in the management of prediabetes and T2D in India in a more structured, systematic, and effective way compared with previous methods and currently available CPGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashank R Joshi
- Department of Endocrinology Grant Medical College and Sir J J Group of Hospitals, Lilavati Hospital, Bhatia Hospital, Joshi Clinic, Bandra Reclamation, Bandra West, Mumbai, India.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Moyle GJ, Andrade-Villanueva J, Girard PM, Antinori A, Salvato P, Bogner JR, Hay P, Santos J, Astier L, Pans M, Balogh A, Biguenet S. A randomized comparative 96-week trial of boosted atazanavir versus continued boosted protease inhibitor in HIV-1 patients with abdominal adiposity. Antivir Ther 2012; 17:689-700. [PMID: 22388634 DOI: 10.3851/imp2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal adiposity in HIV-1 patients initiating antiretroviral therapy may be part of a restoration-to-health phenomenon. Lipoatrophy is associated with long-term thymidine analogue therapy. Individual protease inhibitors (PIs) differ in their effects on lipids and insulin resistance. METHODS A randomized open-label multicentre 96-week trial compared changes in fat distribution in patients with suppressed HIV-1 RNA and abdominal adiposity, who either continued on their current twice-daily ritonavir-boosted PI (PI/r) or switched to once-daily boosted atazanavir (ATV/r). Treatment with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors was unchanged. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and abdominal computerized tomography (CT) scanning. RESULTS In total, 201 patients were randomized; 131 switched to ATV/r. Viral suppression (<50 copies/ml) was similarly maintained (93% ATV/r versus 89% PI/r). Mean changes from baseline in trunk-to-limb fat ratio were similar; difference estimates 0.03 (95% CI -0.06, 0.12; P=0.48 at week 48) and 0.02 (95% CI -0.10, 0.14; P=0.73 at week 96). More patients in the PI/r arm had a decrease of ≥20% in limb fat from baseline at week 96. Significantly greater reductions in proatherogenic lipids occurred following switch to ATV/r. Both treatment regimens were generally well-tolerated; the incidence of grade 3-4 treatment-related clinical adverse events was 34% among ATV/r recipients versus 4% of PI/r-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS Switching to ATV/r had no demonstrable benefit on abdominal adiposity. Maintenance of efficacy, less limb fat loss and marked reduction in proatherogenic lipids was observed with ATV/r compared with continuing a PI/r regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J Moyle
- St Stephens Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Bevilacqua MR, Gimeno SGA. Abdominal obesity in Japanese-Brazilians: which measure is best for predicting all-cause and cardiovascular mortality? CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2012; 27:1986-96. [PMID: 22031203 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2011001000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to verify which anthropometric measure of abdominal obesity was the best predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in Japanese-Brazilians. The study followed 1,581 subjects for 14 years. Socio-demographic, lifestyle, metabolic, and anthropometric data were collected. The dependent variable was vital status (alive or dead) at the end of the study, and the independent variable was presence of abdominal obesity according to different baseline measures. The mortality rate was estimated, and Poisson regression was used to obtain mortality rate ratios with abdominal obesity, adjusted simultaneously for the other variables. The mortality rate was 10.68/thousand person-years. Male gender, age > 60 years, and arterial hypertension were independent risk factors for mortality. The results indicate that prevalence of abdominal obesity was high among Japanese-Brazilians, and that waist/hip ratio was the measure with the greatest capacity to predict mortality (especially cardiovascular mortality) in this group.
Collapse
|
79
|
Chrzanowska M, Suder A, Kruszelnicki P. Tracking and risk of abdominal obesity in the adolescence period in children aged 7-15. The cracow longitudinal growth study. Am J Hum Biol 2011; 24:62-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
|
80
|
Goedecke JH, Evans J, Keswell D, Stimson RH, Livingstone DEW, Hayes P, Adams K, Dave JA, Victor H, Levitt NS, Lambert EV, Walker BR, Seckl JR, Olsson T, Kahn SE. Reduced gluteal expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes in Black South African women is associated with obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E2029-33. [PMID: 21956425 PMCID: PMC3977037 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Black South African women are less insulin sensitive than their White counterparts, despite less central and greater peripheral fat deposition. We hypothesized that this paradox may be explained, in part, by differences in the adipogenic capacity of sc adipose tissue (SAT). OBJECTIVE Our objective was to measure adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression in abdominal and gluteal SAT depots and determine their relationships with insulin sensitivity (S(I)) in South African women. PARTICIPANTS AND DESIGN Fourteen normal-weight [body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m(2)] Black, 13 normal-weight White, 14 obese (BMI >30 kg/m(2)) Black, and 13 obese White premenopausal South African women participated in this cross-sectional study. MAIN OUTCOMES S(I) (frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test) in relation to expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes in abdominal and gluteal SAT depots. RESULTS With increasing BMI, Black women had less visceral fat (P = 0.03) and more abdominal (P = 0.017) and gynoid (P = 0.041) SAT but had lower S(I) (P < 0.01) than White women. The expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes was proportionately lower with obesity in Black but not White women in the gluteal and deep SAT depots (P < 0.05 for ethnicity × BMI effect). In Black women only, the expression of these genes correlated positively with S(I) (all P < 0.05), independently of age and fat mass. CONCLUSIONS Obese Black women have reduced SAT expression of adipogenic and lipogenic genes compared with White women, which associates with reduced S(I). These findings suggest that obesity in Black women impairs SAT adipogenesis and storage, potentially leading to insulin resistance and increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia H Goedecke
- University of Cape Town/Medical Research Council Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, 3rd Floor Sports Science Institute of South Africa, P.O. Box 115, Newlands 7725, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Sleep Apnea: A Risk Factor for Obese Burned Children During the Rehabilitative Phase of Injury. J Burn Care Res 2011; 32:541-6. [DOI: 10.1097/bcr.0b013e31822ac80b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
82
|
Andersson J, Karpe F, Sjöström LG, Riklund K, Söderberg S, Olsson T. Association of adipose tissue blood flow with fat depot sizes and adipokines in women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011; 36:783-9. [PMID: 21792171 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore possible associations between adipose tissue (AT) blood flow (ATBF), AT depot sizes and adipocyte-derived hormones (adipokines) in women. SUBJECTS In all, 43 healthy women were divided into four groups: normal-weight (n=11) and obese (n=11) pre-menopausal women and normal-weight (n=10) and obese (n=11) post-menopausal women. METHODS Fasting levels of adipokines were obtained, and a single-slice computed tomography scan at the level of L4-L5 was used to estimate fat depot sizes. ATBF was assessed by xenon washout while in a fasting state and after oral glucose load. We also measured glucose, insulin and non-esterified fatty acids. RESULTS Total, subcutaneous and visceral AT areas strongly correlated with ATBF (all P<0.001). Circulating leptin levels strongly and inversely correlated with ATBF (P=0.001), but this association did not remain after adjustment for body mass index. Adiponectin was not associated with blood flow. CONCLUSION ATBF is closely linked to subcutaneous and visceral AT size. Further analyses are needed to determine possible mediators of this association, including mechanistic studies to assess a putative role for leptin as a significant modulator of blood flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Andersson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Abstract
Obesity is a pandemic disorder that can be defined as a chronic excess of adipose tissue that increases the risk of suffering chronic diseases such as, diabetes, arterial hypertension, stroke and some forms of cancer. We now know that adipose tissue, aside from being an energy store, is also an important endocrine and metabolic organ. Recently, new mechanisms that control obesity have been identified, such as the equilibrium between white and brown adipose tissue, the localization of adipose mass (visceral or ventral), and the presence of adipose and mesenchymal stem cells. In this review, we describe the implication of these stem cell types in the normal physiology and dysfunction of adipose tissue. These stem cells provide a potential target for modulating the response of the body to obesity and diabetes, as well as a potential tool for regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuria San Martín
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Palou M, Torrens JM, Priego T, Sánchez J, Palou A, Picó C. Moderate caloric restriction in lactating rats programs their offspring for a better response to HF diet feeding in a sex-dependent manner. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 22:574-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
85
|
Scherzer R, Shen W, Heymsfield SB, Lewis CE, Kotler DP, Punyanitya M, Bacchetti P, Shlipak MG, Grunfeld C. Intermuscular adipose tissue and metabolic associations in HIV infection. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:283-91. [PMID: 20539305 PMCID: PMC3731045 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is associated with metabolic abnormalities similar to those associated with visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Increased IMAT has been found in obese human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women. We hypothesized that IMAT, like VAT, would be similar or increased in HIV-infected persons compared with healthy controls, despite decreases in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) found in HIV infection. In the second FRAM (Study of Fat Redistribution and Metabolic Change in HIV infection) exam, we studied 425 HIV-infected subjects and 211 controls (from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study) who had regional AT and skeletal muscle (SM) measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multivariable linear regression identified factors associated with IMAT and its association with metabolites. Total IMAT was 51% lower in HIV-infected participants compared with controls (P = 0.003). The HIV effect was attenuated after multivariable adjustment (to -28%, P < 0.0001 in men and -3.6%, P = 0.70 in women). Higher quantities of leg SAT, upper-trunk SAT, and VAT were associated with higher IMAT in HIV-infected participants, with weaker associations in controls. Stavudine use was associated with lower IMAT and SAT, but showed little relationship with VAT. In multivariable analyses, regional IMAT was associated with insulin resistance and triglycerides (TGs). Contrary to expectation, IMAT is not increased in HIV infection; after controlling for demographics, lifestyle, VAT, SAT, and SM, HIV(+) men have lower IMAT compared with controls, whereas values for women are similar. Stavudine exposure is associated with both decreased IMAT and SAT, suggesting that IMAT shares cellular origins with SAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Scherzer
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wei Shen
- Obesity Research Center, St Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, New York, USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Cora E. Lewis
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Donald P. Kotler
- Obesity Research Center, St Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark Punyanitya
- Obesity Research Center, St Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Michael G. Shlipak
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carl Grunfeld
- University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Iqbal Kring SI, Barefoot J, Brummett BH, Boyle SH, Siegler IC, Toubro S, Hansen T, Astrup A, Pedersen O, Williams RB, Sørensen TIA. Associations between APOE variants and metabolic traits and the impact of psychological stress. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15745. [PMID: 21283811 PMCID: PMC3023763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective In a previous study, we observed that associations between APOE rs439401 and metabolic traits were moderated by chronic stress. Thus, in a population of stressed and non-stressed Danish men, we examined whether associations between APOE rs439401 and a panel of metabolic quantitative traits, all metabolic traits which may lead to T2D and CVD were moderated by psychological stress. Methods Obese young men (n = 475, BMI≥31.0 kg/m2) and a randomly selected control group (n = 709) identified from a population of 141,800 men were re-examined in two surveys (S-46: mean age 46, S-49: mean age 49 years) where anthropometric and biochemical measures were available. Psychological stress factors were assessed by a self-administered 7-item questionnaire. Each item had the possible response categories “yes” and “no” and assessed familial problems and conflicts. Summing positive responses constituted a stress item score, which was then dichotomized into stressed and non-stressed. Logistic regression analysis, applying a recessive genetic model, was used to assess odds ratios (OR) of the associations between APOE rs439401 genotypes and adverse levels of metabolic traits. Results The APOE rs439401 TT-genotype associated positively with BMI (OR = 1.09 [1.01; 1.17]), waist circumference (OR = 1.09 [1.02; 1.17]) in stressed men at S-46. Positive associations were observed for fasting plasma glucose (OR = 1.42 [1.07; 1.87]), serum triglycerides (OR = 1.41 [1.05; 1.91]) and with fasting plasma insulin (OR = 1.48 [1.05; 2.08]) in stressed men at S-49. Rs439401 TT-genotype also associated positively with surrogate measures of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; OR = 1.21 [1.03; 1.41]) and inversely with insulin sensitivity (Stumvoll index; OR = 0.90 [0.82; 0.99], BIGTT-SI; OR = 0.60 [0.43; 0.85]) in stressed men. No significant associations were observed in non-stressed men, albeit the estimates showed similar but weaker trends as in stressed men. Conclusion The present results suggest that the APOE rs439401 TT-genotype is associated with an adverse metabolic profile in a population of psychologically stressed Danish men.
Collapse
|
87
|
Nakata K, Choo J, Hopson MJ, Ueshima H, Curb JD, Shin C, Evans RW, Kadowaki T, Otake T, Kadota A, Kadowaki S, Miura K, El-Saed A, Edmundowicz D, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Kuller LH, Sekikawa A. Stronger associations of sagittal abdominal diameter with atherogenic lipoprotein subfractions than waist circumference in middle-aged US white and Japanese men. Metabolism 2010; 59:1742-51. [PMID: 20580038 PMCID: PMC2978280 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Both sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) and waist circumference (WC) highly correlate with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) being linked to an atherogenic lipoprotein profile. However, it is uncertain whether SAD is a better correlate of atherogenic lipoprotein subfractions than WC. We examined relative associations of SAD vs WC with lipoprotein subfractions for US white and Japanese men, concurrently examining the associations of VAT vs subcutaneous adipose tissue with lipoprotein subfractions. A population-based sample of 260 white and 282 Japanese men aged 40 to 49 years was examined for VAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue by computed tomography; SAD and WC by a portable sliding-beam caliper and a measuring tape, respectively; and lipoprotein subfractions by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Both SAD and WC were significantly and positively associated with large very low-density lipoprotein and total and small low-density lipoprotein particle concentrations, and inversely associated with large high-density lipoprotein particle concentration for both white and Japanese men. In body mass index-adjusted regression models, the significant associations of SAD remained for both white and Japanese men, whereas those of WC became nonsignificant for white men. When SAD and WC were simultaneously included into the body mass index-adjusted models, the associations of SAD remained significant and statistically stronger than those of WC for both white and Japanese men. Furthermore, the pattern of the associations of SAD with those lipoprotein subfractions was comparable to that of the associations of VAT. Sagittal abdominal diameter was comparable to VAT and stronger than WC in the associations with atherogenic lipoprotein subfractions for middle-aged, nondiabetic, white and Japanese men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Nakata
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jina Choo
- College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Michael J.S. Hopson
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hirotsugu Ueshima
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - J. David Curb
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, USA
| | - Chol Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Rhobert W. Evans
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Teruo Otake
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aya Kadota
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Syaka Kadowaki
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Miura
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Aiman El-Saed
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Edmundowicz
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kim Sutton-Tyrrell
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lewis H. Kuller
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the current scientific literature and recent clinical trials on HIV protease inhibitors and their potential role in the pathogenesis of lipodystrophy and metabolic disorders. RECENT FINDINGS HIV protease inhibitor treatment may affect the normal stimulatory effect of insulin on glucose and fat storage. Further, chronic inflammation from HIV infection and protease inhibitor treatment trigger cellular homeostatic stress responses with adverse effects on intermediary metabolism. The physiologic outcome is such that total adipocyte storage capacity is decreased, and the remaining adipocytes resist further fat storage. This process leads to a pathologic cycle of lipodystrophy and lipotoxicity, a proatherogenic lipid profile, and a clinical phenotype of increased central body fat distribution similar to the metabolic syndrome. SUMMARY Protease inhibitors are a key component of antiretroviral therapy and have dramatically improved the life expectancy of HIV-infected individuals. However, they are also associated with abnormalities in glucose/lipid metabolism and body fat distribution. Further studies are needed to better define the pathogenesis of protease inhibitor-associated metabolic and body fat changes and their potential treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Bremer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Lars Berglund
- Departments of Medicine University of California, Davis, CA
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Penesova A, Cizmarova E, Belan V, Blazicek P, Imrich R, Vlcek M, Vigas M, Selko D, Koska J, Radikova Z. Insulin resistance in young, lean male subjects with essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2010; 25:391-400. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2010.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
90
|
Prevention of overweight and obesity: how effective is the current public health approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010. [PMID: 20617002 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7030765.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a public health problem that has become epidemic worldwide. Substantial literature has emerged to show that overweight and obesity are major causes of co-morbidities, including type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, various cancers and other health problems, which can lead to further morbidity and mortality. The related health care costs are also substantial. Therefore, a public health approach to develop population-based strategies for the prevention of excess weight gain is of great importance. However, public health intervention programs have had limited success in tackling the rising prevalence of obesity. This paper reviews the definition of overweight and obesity and the variations with age and ethnicity; health consequences and factors contributing to the development of obesity; and critically reviews the effectiveness of current public health strategies for risk factor reduction and obesity prevention.
Collapse
|
91
|
Impact of psychological stress on the associations between apolipoprotein E variants and metabolic traits: findings in an American sample of caregivers and controls. Psychosom Med 2010; 72:427-33. [PMID: 20467002 PMCID: PMC3625667 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0b013e3181de30ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene variants and waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and serum triglycerides, all metabolic traits known as cardiovascular disease (CVD) endophenotypes, in a population of stressed individuals and controls. Abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, elevated serum lipid concentration, and APOE polymorphisms have been associated with CVD risk. Current evidence supports the hypothesis that gene-environment interactions modulate serum lipid concentrations. METHODS The association between rs769450, rs405509, rs439401, and metabolic traits were analyzed in a U.S. sample of 126 white caregivers of a relative with Alzheimer';s disease or other major dementia and 122 white controls. The associations were analyzed, using multivariate analysis of variance adjusted for age, sex, and medications. RESULTS Significant multivariate interactions were found, using both additive (p = .009) and dominant (p = .047) models between rs439401 (C/T) and caregiver stress in relation to a profile of metabolic variables. Univariate analyses found the TT genotype to be associated with more adverse levels of waist circumference (interaction, p = .026), triglycerides (interaction, p = .001) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (interaction, p = .001) among caregivers but with a more favorable profile of these endophenotypes among controls. There were no significant associations or interactions involving the other two single nucleotide polymorphisms. CONCLUSION The APOE rs439401 TT genotype is associated with an adverse metabolic profile among chronically stressed individuals compared with individuals not similarly stressed in whom a more favorable profile is expressed. Confirmation of these results in further research would indicate that the TT genotype can be used to identify persons at high risk for CVD when subjected to chronic stress.
Collapse
|
92
|
Ryu M, Kimm H, Jo J, Lee SJ, Jee SH. Association between Alcohol Intake and Abdominal Obesity among the Korean Population. Epidemiol Health 2010; 32:e2010007. [PMID: 21191460 PMCID: PMC2984859 DOI: 10.4178/epih/e2010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although abdominal obesity has been reported to be highly related with alcohol intake, the results are still inconclusive. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the association between alcohol and abdominal obesity among the Korean population. METHODS This study included 8,603 participants (men: 5,195, women: 3,408) aged 30 to 87 who visited the health promotion centers in Seoul for routine health examinations from April, 2006 to June, 2007. Abdominal obesity was defined as WC ≥90 cm for men and ≥85 cm for women in accordance with the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. For ever drinkers, total alcohol consumption in grams was classified into four groups (group 1, non-drinkers; group 2, 1-10 g of alcohol per day; group 3, 11-20 g of alcohol per day; and group 4, over 20 g of alcohol per day). RESULTS The mean age of the study population was 45.4 yr old (men) and 45.3 yr (women). The average waist circumference was 85.3 cm in men and 75.3 cm in women. A high alcohol intake was associated with high waist circumference in both genders. In multivariate analysis, the group of men and women drinkers consuming >20 g in a day had a large waist circumference compared with men and women non-drinkers. CONCLUSION This study showed that a high alcohol intake was related to high waist circumference. Such association remained independently even after adjustment for smoking, which is strongly related to abdominal obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikyung Ryu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Ozer JS, Chetty R, Kenna G, Palandra J, Zhang Y, Lanevschi A, Koppiker N, Souberbielle BE, Ramaiah SK. Enhancing the utility of alanine aminotransferase as a reference standard biomarker for drug-induced liver injury. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 56:237-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
94
|
Chan RS, Woo J. Prevention of overweight and obesity: how effective is the current public health approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:765-83. [PMID: 20617002 PMCID: PMC2872299 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7030765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a public health problem that has become epidemic worldwide. Substantial literature has emerged to show that overweight and obesity are major causes of co-morbidities, including type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, various cancers and other health problems, which can lead to further morbidity and mortality. The related health care costs are also substantial. Therefore, a public health approach to develop population-based strategies for the prevention of excess weight gain is of great importance. However, public health intervention programs have had limited success in tackling the rising prevalence of obesity. This paper reviews the definition of overweight and obesity and the variations with age and ethnicity; health consequences and factors contributing to the development of obesity; and critically reviews the effectiveness of current public health strategies for risk factor reduction and obesity prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth S.M Chan
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; E-Mail:
| | - Jean Woo
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Leptin intake during the suckling period improves the metabolic response of adipose tissue to a high-fat diet. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 34:809-19. [PMID: 20157325 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intake of leptin during the suckling period protects against obesity and improves insulin and central leptin sensitivity in adult rats. OBJECTIVE We analyzed whether leptin treatment to neonates may also improve later peripheral leptin sensitivity in adipose tissue under high-fat (HF) diet conditions. DESIGN Male rats were supplemented with a daily oral dose of leptin or the vehicle (controls) during the suckling period. After weaning, animals were fed a normal-fat or an HF diet until the age of 6 months. At this age, mRNA and protein levels of the long-form leptin receptor (OB-Rb) and the expression of other genes related with energy metabolism were measured in various adipose depots (inguinal, mesenteric and retroperitoneal). RESULTS HF-diet feeding resulted in lower OB-Rb mRNA and protein levels in internal depots in controls but not in leptin-treated animals; these animals maintained OB-Rb mRNA and protein levels under HF-diet conditions in these depots, particularly in the mesenteric one, and this was accompanied by increased expression of genes related with energy uptake (GLUT4, CD36), fatty acid oxidation (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha), CPT1, UCP3) and lipogenesis (PPARgamma, GPAT). Leptin-treatment also ameliorated HF-diet-induced hepatic fat accumulation occurring in control animals. CONCLUSION Leptin treatment during the suckling period may improve the lasting effects of HF-diet feeding on leptin receptor abundance in the adipose tissue and increase its oxidative capacity, resulting in a better handling and partitioning of excess fuel. This, together with the described improvement of central leptin sensitivity, may explain why these animals are more protected against diet-induced obesity and its metabolic-related disorders.
Collapse
|
96
|
The presence of abdominal obesity is associated with changes in vascular function independently of other cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Cardiol 2010; 139:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
97
|
Lee EJ, Kim DK, Yoo S, Kim KN, Lee SY. Association of Visceral Fat Area Measured by InBody 720 with the Results Measured by CT, DEXA and Anthropometric Measurement. Korean J Fam Med 2010. [DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.2010.31.3.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Kwan Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - SunMi Yoo
- Department of Family Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyu-Nam Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Sweeney L, Voelkel NF. Estrogen exposure, obesity and thyroid disease in women with severe pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Med Res 2009; 14:433-42. [PMID: 19748850 PMCID: PMC3352226 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-14-10-433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe pulmonary hypertension is a lethal group of disorders which preferentially afflicts women. It appears that in recent years the patient profile has shifted towards older, obese, and postmenopausal women, suggesting that endocrine factors may be important. Several studies have revealed an increased prevalence of thyroid disease in these patients, but no studies have evaluated for a coexistence of endocrine factors. In particular, no studies have attempted to evaluate for concurrent thyroid disease, obesity and long-term estrogen exposure in patients. 88 patients attending the Pulmonary Hypertension Association 8th International meeting completed a questionnaire and were interviewed. Information was collected regarding reproductive history, height, weight, and previous diagnosis of thyroid disease. 46% met criteria for obesity. 41% reported a diagnosis of thyroid disease. 81% of women reported prior use of hormone therapy. 70% reported greater than 10 years of exogenous hormone use. 74% of female patients reported two or more of potentially disease modifying endocrine factors (obesity, thyroid disease or estrogen therapy). The coexistent high prevalence in our cohort of exogenous estrogen exposure, thyroid disease and obesity suggests that an interaction of multiple endocrine factors might contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension and may represent epigenetic modifiers in genetically-susceptible individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori Sweeney
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Njajou OT, Kanaya AM, Holvoet P, Connelly S, Strotmeyer ES, Harris TB, Cummings SR, Hsueh WC. Association between oxidized LDL, obesity and type 2 diabetes in a population-based cohort, the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009; 25:733-9. [PMID: 19780064 PMCID: PMC3269343 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests a cross-sectional association between oxidative stress and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Systemic oxidative stress, as measured by oxidized LDL (oxLDL), has been correlated with visceral fat. We examined the relationship between oxLDL, and T2D- and obesity-related traits in a bi-racial sample of 2985 subjects at baseline and after 7 years of follow-up. METHODS We examined six T2D-related traits (T2D status, HbA(1c), fasting glucose, insulin, adiponectin and HOMA-IR) as well as six obesity-related traits (obesity status, BMI, leptin, % body fat, visceral and subcutaneous fat mass) using logistic and linear regression models. RESULTS In all subjects at baseline, oxLDL was positively associated with T2D (OR = 1.3, 95% CI:1.1-1.5), fasting glucose (ss = 0.03 +/- 0.006), HbA(1c) (ss = 0.02 +/- 0.004), fasting insulin (ss = 0.12 +/- 0.02), HOMA-IR (ss = 0.13 +/- 0.02) and negatively with adiponectin (ss = -0.16 +/- 0.03), (all p < 0.001). The strength and magnitude of these associations did not differ much between blacks and whites. In both blacks and whites, oxLDL was also associated with obesity (OR = 1.3, 95% CI:1.1-1.4) and three of its related traits (ss = 0.60 +/- 0.14 for BMI, ss = 0.74 +/- 0.17 for % body fat, ss = 0.29 +/- 0.06 for visceral fat; all p < 0.001). Furthermore, of four traits measured after 7 years of follow-up (fasting glucose, HbA1c, BMI and % fat), their relationship with oxLDL was similar to baseline observations. No significant association was found between oxLDL and incident T2D. Interestingly, oxLDL was significantly associated with % change in T2D- and obesity-related traits in whites but not in blacks. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION Our data suggest that systemic oxidative stress may be a novel risk factor for T2D and obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda MD
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
|