51
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Cioanca AV, McCluskey PJ, Eamegdool SS, Madigan MC. Human choroidal melanocytes express functional Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Exp Eye Res 2018; 173:73-84. [PMID: 29698675 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors that sense highly conserved pathogen associated antigenic determinants, triggering an innate immune response and subsequently instructing the adaptive immune system so that together, the pathogen can be eliminated. TLRs are widely distributed in human ocular tissues and cell types, and are active players in ocular inflammation. To date, the presence and function of TLRs on human choroidal melanocytes (HCMs), the most abundant choroidal cell type, have not been characterized. The current study investigated the in vitro and in situ expression and functional status of TLRs on HCMs. HCMs were isolated and cultured from post-mortem human donor eyes, and displayed characteristic melanocyte morphology and MART1 expression - a key melanocyte lineage marker up to passage 5 (P5). In vitro experiments used P1 to P4 HCMs from different donor eyes. Initial quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed that HCMs (n = 3 donors) expressed specific mRNA transcripts for TLR1-10 and MYD88 (a key adaptor protein initiating the TLR signalling pathway). HCMs were stimulated with a set of synthetic TLR specific agonists and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, MCP-1 and IL-8, at 24 h measured by ELISA (n = 3 donors). The agonists Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2), Poly I:C (TLR3), LPS (TLR4), Flagellin (TLR5), and FLS-1 (TLR2) induced a significant increase in the production of MCP-1 and IL-8, compared to untreated cells. Application of biotinylated Pam3CSK4 provided in vitro visualization of receptor-agonist interactions for TLR1/2. We confirmed that cultured HCMs (n = 3 donors) expressed TLR1-6 protein using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. The expression and distribution of TLR 1-6 was also studied in human choroid and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) sections (n = 3 eyes) using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Strong TLR1-6 immunolabelling that co-localized with melanocyte-dense areas (and RPE) was consistently observed; intraluminal and blood vessel-related cells (including endothelial cells) also expressed several TLRs. Taken together these observations show for the first time that HCMs constitutively express a range of functional TLRs, and as such can contribute to choroidal responses during infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian V Cioanca
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Peter J McCluskey
- Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Steven S Eamegdool
- Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Michele C Madigan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
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52
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein Rv2220 induces maturation and activation of dendritic cells. Cell Immunol 2018; 328:70-78. [PMID: 29625705 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a serious health problem worldwide. Characterization of the dendritic cell (DC)-activating mycobacterial proteins has driven the development of effective TB vaccine candidates besides improving the understanding of immune responses. Some studies have emphasized the essential role of protein Rv2220 from M. tuberculosis in mycobacterial growth. Nonetheless, little is known about cellular immune responses to Rv2220. In this study, our aim was to test whether protein Rv2220 induces maturation and activation of DCs. Rv2220-activated DCs appeared to be in a mature state with elevated expression of relevant surface molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. DC maturation caused by Rv2220 was mediated by MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Specifically, Rv2220-matured DCs induced the expansion of memory CD62LlowCD44highCD4+ T cells in the spleen of mycobacteria-infected mice. Our results suggest that Rv2220 regulates host immune responses through maturation of DCs, a finding that points to a new vaccine candidate against tuberculosis.
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53
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Protein Rv3841 Activates Dendritic Cells and Contributes to a T Helper 1 Immune Response. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:3525302. [PMID: 29736404 PMCID: PMC5875036 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3525302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The attenuated vaccine Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin) has limited protective efficacy against TB. The development of more effective TB vaccines has focused on the mycobacterial antigens that cause strong T helper 1 (Th1) responses. Mtb protein Rv3841 (bacterioferritin B; BfrB) is known to play a crucial role in the growth of Mtb. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether Rv3841 can induce protective immunity against Mtb. Here, we studied the action of Rv3841 in maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and its engagement in the development of T-cell immunity. We found that Rv3841 functionally activated DCs by upregulating costimulatory molecules and increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Activation of DCs by Rv3841 was mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), followed by triggering of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways. In addition, Rv3841-matured DCs effectively proliferated and polarized Th1 immune response of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Moreover, Rv3841 specifically caused the expansion of CD4+CD44highCD62Llow T-cells from Mtb-infected mice; besides, the T-cells activated by Rv3841-matured DCs inhibited intracellular mycobacterial growth. Our data suggest that Rv3841 induces DC maturation and protective immune responses, a finding that may provide candidate of effective TB vaccines.
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54
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Zhang Q, Lee WB, Kang JS, Kim LK, Kim YJ. Integrin CD11b negatively regulates Mincle-induced signaling via the Lyn-SIRPα-SHP1 complex. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:e439. [PMID: 29400702 PMCID: PMC5992981 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During mycobacteria infection, anti-inflammatory responses allow the host to avoid tissue damage caused by overactivation of the immune system; however, little is known about the negative modulators that specifically control mycobacteria-induced immune responses. Here we demonstrate that integrin CD11b is a critical negative regulator of mycobacteria cord factor-induced macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) signaling. CD11b deficiency resulted in hyperinflammation following mycobacterial infection. Activation of Mincle by mycobacterial components turns on not only the Syk signaling pathway but also CD11b signaling and induces formation of a Mincle–CD11b signaling complex. The activated CD11b recruits Lyn, SIRPα and SHP1, which dephosphorylate Syk to inhibit Mincle-mediated inflammation. Furthermore, the Lyn activator MLR1023 effectively suppressed Mincle signaling, indicating the possibility of Lyn-mediated control of inflammatory responses. These results describe a new role for CD11b in fine-tuning the immune response against mycobacterium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanri Zhang
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook-Bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lark Kyun Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute and BK21 PLUS Project to Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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55
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Saini A, Mahajan S, Ahuja N, Bhagyaraj E, Kalra R, Janmeja AK, Gupta P. An Accord of Nuclear Receptor Expression in M. tuberculosis Infected Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2296. [PMID: 29396519 PMCID: PMC5797181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis instigates interactions with host factors to promote its survival within the host inimical conditions. Among such factors, nuclear receptors (NRs) seem to be promising candidates owing to their role in bacterial pathogenesis. However, only few members of NR superfamily have been implicated in M. tuberculosis infection and there is a dearth of comprehensive knowledge about expression or function of the entire superfamily. In this study, we performed detailed expression analysis and identified key NRs getting differentially regulated in murine macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) upon infection with H37Rv. The murine macrophages and DCs infected with H37Rv entailed overlapping changes in the expression of certain NRs which reflect upon the possibility that both cells might utilize similar transcriptional programs upon M. tuberculosis infection. We identified Nr4a3 and Rora, which have not been implicated in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis, undergo similar changes in expression in macrophages and DCs upon H37Rv infection. Interestingly, a similar pattern in their expression was also observed in infected human monocyte derived macrophages and the findings corroborated well with PBMCs obtained from TB patients. This all-inclusive analysis provides the basis for a precise approach in identifying NRs that can be targeted therapeutically in intracellular bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Saini
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, 160036, India.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sahil Mahajan
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, 160036, India.,Department of Orthopedics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nancy Ahuja
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Ella Bhagyaraj
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Rashi Kalra
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | | | - Pawan Gupta
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, 160036, India.
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56
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Pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes in Mycobacterium bovis challenged bovine macrophages. Microb Pathog 2018; 115:343-352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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57
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Ferraris DM, Miggiano R, Rossi F, Rizzi M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Molecular Determinants of Infection, Survival Strategies, and Vulnerable Targets. Pathogens 2018; 7:E17. [PMID: 29389854 PMCID: PMC5874743 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis, an ancient disease which, still today, represents a major threat for the world population. Despite the advances in medicine and the development of effective antitubercular drugs, the cure of tuberculosis involves prolonged therapies which complicate the compliance and monitoring of drug administration and treatment. Moreover, the only available antitubercular vaccine fails to provide an effective shield against adult lung tuberculosis, which is the most prevalent form. Hence, there is a pressing need for effective antitubercular drugs and vaccines. This review highlights recent advances in the study of selected M. tuberculosis key molecular determinants of infection and vulnerable targets whose structures could be exploited for the development of new antitubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide M Ferraris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Miggiano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Franca Rossi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Menico Rizzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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58
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Kiser JN, Neupane M, White SN, Neibergs HL. Identification of genes associated with susceptibility to Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) tissue infection in Holstein cattle using gene set enrichment analysis-SNP. Mamm Genome 2017; 29:539-549. [PMID: 29185027 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple genome-wide association analyses have investigated susceptibility to bovine paratuberculosis, but few loci have been identified across independent cattle populations. A SNP-based gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA-SNP) allows expanded identification of genes with moderate effects on a trait through the enrichment of gene sets instead of identifying only few loci with large effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify genes that were moderately associated with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) tissue infection using GSEA-SNP in Holstein cattle from the Pacific Northwest (PNW; n = 205) and from the PNW and Northeast (PNW+NE; n = 245) which were previously genotyped with the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip. The GSEA-SNP utilized 4389 gene sets from five databases. For each annotated gene in the UMD3.1 assembly (n = 19,723), the most significant SNP within each gene and its surrounding region (10 kb up- and downstream) was selected as a proxy for that gene. Any gene set with a normalized enrichment score > 2.5 was considered enriched. Thirteen gene sets (8 PNW GSEA-SNP; 5 PNW+NE) were enriched in these analyses and all have functions that relate to nuclear factor kappa beta. Nuclear factor kappa beta is critical to gut immune responses, implicated in host immune responses to other mycobacterial diseases, and has established roles in inflammation as well as cancer. Gene sets and genes moderately associated with Map infection could be used in genomic selection to allow producers to select for less susceptible cattle, lower the prevalence of the disease, and reduce economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Kiser
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - M Neupane
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - S N White
- USDA-ARS Animal Disease Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - H L Neibergs
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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59
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Speth MT, Repnik U, Müller E, Spanier J, Kalinke U, Corthay A, Griffiths G. Poly(I:C)-Encapsulating Nanoparticles Enhance Innate Immune Responses to the Tuberculosis Vaccine Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) via Synergistic Activation of Innate Immune Receptors. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4098-4112. [PMID: 28974092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The attenuated live vaccine strain bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is currently the only available vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), but is largely ineffective against adult pulmonary TB, the most common disease form. This is in part due to BCG's ability to interfere with the host innate immune response, a feature that might be targeted to enhance the potency of this vaccine. Here, we investigated the ability of chitosan-based nanoparticles (pIC-NPs) containing polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), an inducer of innate immunity via Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), to enhance the immunogenicity of BCG in mouse bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) in vitro. Incorporation of poly(I:C) into NPs protected it against degradation by ribonucleases and increased its uptake by mouse BMDM. Whereas soluble poly(I:C) was ineffective, pIC-NPs strongly enhanced the proinflammatory immune response of BCG-infected macrophages in a synergistic fashion, as evident by increased production of cytokines and induction of nitric oxide synthesis. Using macrophages from mice deficient in key signaling molecules involved in the pathogen recognition response, we identified combined activation of MyD88- and TRIF-dependent TLR signaling pathways to be essential for the synergistic effect between BCG and NP. Moreover, synergy was strongly dependent on the order of the two stimuli, with TLR activation by BCG functioning as the priming event for the subsequent pIC-NP stimulus, which acted through an auto-/paracrine type I interferon (IFN) feedback loop. Our results provide a foundation for a promising new approach to enhance BCG-vaccine immunogenicity by costimulation with NPs. They also contribute to a molecular understanding of the observed synergistic interaction between the pIC-NPs and BCG vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin T Speth
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , N-0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , N-0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Müller
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , N-0371 Oslo, Norway.,Tumor Immunology lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School , D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, and the Hannover Medical School , D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandre Corthay
- Tumor Immunology lab, Department of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo , N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , N-0371 Oslo, Norway
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60
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Bazzi S, El-Darzi E, McDowell T, Modjtahedi H, Mudan S, Achkar M, Akle C, Kadara H, Bahr GM. Defining Genome-Wide Expression and Phenotypic Contextual Cues in Macrophages Generated by Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, and Heat-Killed Mycobacteria. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1253. [PMID: 29046677 PMCID: PMC5632758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-killed (HK) Mycobacterium obuense (NCTC13365) is currently being evaluated in the clinic as an immunotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment. Yet, the molecular underpinnings underlying immunomodulatory properties of HK M. obuense are still largely undefined. To fill this void, we sought to perform immunophenotyping, chemokine/cytokine release analysis and genome-wide characterization of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) in which monocytes were originally isolated from healthy donors and differentiated by HK M. obuense (Mob-MDM) relative to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-MDM) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-MDM). Immunophenotyping and cytokine release analysis revealed downregulated surface expression of CD36, decreased spontaneous release of CCL2 and increased spontaneous secretion of CCL5, CXCL8/IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α in Mob-MDM relative to M-MDM and GM-MDM. Analysis of cytostatic activity showed that Mob-MDM exhibited similar growth inhibitory effects on immortalized and malignant epithelial cells compared with GM-MDM but at an elevated rate relative to M-MDM. To understand global cues in Mob-MDM, we performed comparative RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of Mob-MDM relative to GM-MDM and M-MDM (n = 4 donors). Clustering analysis underscored expression profiles (n = 256) that were significantly modulated in Mob-MDM versus both M-MDM and GM-MDM including, among others, chemokines/cytokines and their receptors, enzymes and transcriptions factors. Topological functional analysis of these profiles identified pathways and gene sets linked to Mob-MDM phenotype including nitric oxide production, acute phase response signaling and microbe recognition pathways as well as signaling cues mediated by the proinflammatory cytokine, interferon-gamma, and the intracellular pattern recognition receptor, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2. Taken together, our study highlights molecular immune phenotypes and global signaling cues in Mob-MDM that may underlie immunomodulatory properties of HK M. obuense. Such properties could be of valuable use in immunotherapy approaches such as adoptive cell therapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Bazzi
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Kurah, Lebanon
| | - Emale El-Darzi
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Kurah, Lebanon
| | - Tina McDowell
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Helmout Modjtahedi
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Satvinder Mudan
- St George's University of London, Imperial College, London and The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Achkar
- Clinical Laboratory, Nini Hospital, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Charles Akle
- Immodulon Therapeutics Ltd., Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Humam Kadara
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges M Bahr
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Kurah, Lebanon
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61
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Bazzi S, Modjtahedi H, Mudan S, Achkar M, Akle C, Bahr GM. Immunomodulatory effects of heat-killed Mycobacterium obuense on human blood dendritic cells. Innate Immun 2017; 23:592-605. [PMID: 28853313 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917727838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-killed (HK) Mycobacterium obuense is a novel immunomodulator, currently undergoing clinical evaluation as an immunotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer. Here, we examined the effect of in vitro exposure to HK M. obuense on the expression of different categories of surface receptors on human blood myeloid (m) and plasmacytoid (p) DCs. Moreover, we have characterized the cytokine and chemokine secretion patterns of purified total blood DCs stimulated with HK M. obuense. HK M. obuense significantly up-regulated the expression of CD11c, CD80, CD83, CD86, CD274 and MHC class II in whole-blood mDCs and CD80, CD123 and MHC class II in whole-blood pDCs. Down-regulation of CD195 expression in both DC subpopulations was also noted. Further analysis showed that HK M. obuense up-regulated the expression of CD80, CD83 and MHC class II on purified blood DC subpopulations. TLR2 and TLR1 were also identified to be engaged in mediating the HK M. obuense-induced up-regulation of surface receptor expression on whole blood mDCs. In addition, our data demonstrated that HK M. obuense augmented the secretion of CCL4, CCL5, CCL22, CXCL8, IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNF-α by purified total blood DCs. Taken together, our data suggest that HK M. obuense exerts potent differential immunomodulatory effects on human DC subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Bazzi
- 1 School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, 4264 Kingston University , Kingston upon Thames, UK.,2 Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, 54686 University of Balamand , Al Kurah, Lebanon
| | - Helmout Modjtahedi
- 1 School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, 4264 Kingston University , Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Satvinder Mudan
- 3 St George's University of London, Imperial College, London and The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Marcel Achkar
- 4 Clinical Laboratory Department, Nini Hospital, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | | | - Georges M Bahr
- 6 Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 54686 University of Balamand , Al Kurah, Lebanon
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62
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Buchko GW, Echols N, Flynn EM, Ng HL, Stephenson S, Kim HB, Myler PJ, Terwilliger TC, Alber T, Kim CY. Structural and Biophysical Characterization of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Protein Rv0577, a Protein Associated with Neutral Red Staining of Virulent Tuberculosis Strains and Homologue of the Streptomyces coelicolor Protein KbpA. Biochemistry 2017; 56:4015-4027. [PMID: 28692281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein Rv0577 is a prominent antigen in tuberculosis patients, the component responsible for neutral red staining of virulent strains of M. tuberculosis, a putative component in a methylglyoxal detoxification pathway, and an agonist of toll-like receptor 2. It also has an amino acid sequence that is 36% identical to that of Streptomyces coelicolor AfsK-binding protein A (KbpA), a component in the complex secondary metabolite pathways in the Streptomyces genus. To gain insight into the biological function of Rv0577 and the family of KpbA kinase regulators, the crystal structure for Rv0577 was determined to a resolution of 1.75 Å, binding properties with neutral red and deoxyadenosine were surveyed, backbone dynamics were measured, and thermal stability was assayed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. The protein is composed of four approximate repeats with a βαβββ topology arranged radially in consecutive pairs to form two continuous eight-strand β-sheets capped on both ends with an α-helix. The two β-sheets intersect in the center at roughly a right angle and form two asymmetric deep "saddles" that may serve to bind ligands. Nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift perturbation experiments show that neutral red and deoxyadenosine bind to Rv0577. Binding to deoxyadenosine is weaker with an estimated dissociation constants of 4.1 ± 0.3 mM for saddle 1. Heteronuclear steady-state {1H}-15N nuclear Overhauser effect, T1, and T2 values were generally uniform throughout the sequence with only a few modest pockets of differences. Circular dichroism spectroscopy characterization of the thermal stability of Rv0577 indicated irreversible unfolding upon heating with an estimated melting temperature of 56 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry W Buchko
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Diseases.,Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Nathaniel Echols
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94158-2330, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California , Berkeley, California 94158-2330, United States
| | - E Megan Flynn
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California , Berkeley, California 94158-2330, United States
| | - Ho-Leung Ng
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California , Berkeley, California 94158-2330, United States
| | - Samuel Stephenson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California , Berkeley, California 94158-2330, United States
| | - Heung-Bok Kim
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Peter J Myler
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Diseases.,Department of Medical Education and Biomedical Informatics and Department of Global Health, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Center for Infectious Disease Research , Seattle, Washington 98109-5219, United States
| | - Thomas C Terwilliger
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Tom Alber
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94158-2330, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California , Berkeley, California 94158-2330, United States
| | - Chang-Yub Kim
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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63
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Cossu D, Yokoyama K, Hattori N. Conflicting Role of Mycobacterium Species in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2017; 8:216. [PMID: 28579973 PMCID: PMC5437105 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium is a genus of aerobic and acid-fast bacteria, which include several pathogenic organisms that cause serious diseases in mammals. Previous studies have associated the immune response against mycobacteria with multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with unknown etiology. The role of mycobacteria in the pathological process has been controversial and often conflicting. We provide a detailed review of the mycobacteria that have been linked to MS over the last three decades, with a focus on Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine for human and oral exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. We will also discuss the exposure and genetic susceptibility to mycobacterial infection, the protective role of vaccination, as well as the possible mechanisms involved in initiating or worsening MS symptoms, with particular emphasis on the molecular mimicry between mycobacterial and human proteins. Finally, we will introduce topics such as heat shock proteins and recognition by innate immunity, and toll-like receptor signaling-mediated responses to Mycobacterium exposure.
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Interaction of the CD43 Sialomucin with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cpn60.2 Chaperonin Leads to Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Production. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00915-16. [PMID: 28069816 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00915-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causal agent of tuberculosis. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) secreted by activated macrophages and lymphocytes are considered essential to contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The CD43 sialomucin has been reported to act as a receptor for bacilli through its interaction with the chaperonin Cpn60.2, facilitating mycobacterium-macrophage contact. We report here that Cpn60.2 induces both human THP-1 cells and mouse-derived bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) to produce TNF-α and that this production is CD43 dependent. In addition, we present evidence that the signaling pathway leading to TNF-α production upon interaction with Cpn60.2 requires active Src family kinases, phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), p38, and Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), both in BMMs and in THP-1 cells. Our data highlight the role of CD43 and Cpn60.2 in TNF-α production and underscore an important role for CD43 in the host-mycobacterium interaction.
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65
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MyD88 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:187-193. [PMID: 28220253 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
MyD88 adaptor protein mediates numerous biologically important signal transduction pathways in innate immunity. MyD88 signaling fosters bacterial containment and is necessary to raise an adequate innate and acquired immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The phagosome is a crucial cellular location not only for Mtb replication, but it is also where components of the Myddosome and inflammasome are recruited. Besides its function as a TLR-adaptor protein, MyD88 may help stabilizing cytosolic receptors that are recruited to the phagosome. MyD88 plays a critical role not only in the generation of an inflammatory response, but also in inducing regulatory signals to prevent excessive inflammation and cellular damage in the lung.
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66
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Staines-Boone AT, Deswarte C, Venegas Montoya E, Sánchez-Sánchez LM, García Campos JA, Muñiz-Ronquillo T, Bustamante J, Espinosa-Rosales FJ, Lugo Reyes SO. Multifocal Recurrent Osteomyelitis and Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in a Boy with Partial Dominant IFN-γR1 Deficiency: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:75. [PMID: 28516082 PMCID: PMC5413492 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the genes coding for cytokines, receptors, second messengers, and transcription factors of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) immunity cause Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD). We report the case of a 7-year-old male patient with partial dominant (PD) IFN-γ receptor 1 deficiency who had suffered from multifocal osteomyelitis attributable to bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination since the age of 18 months. He developed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a hyper-inflammatory complication, and died with multiorgan dysfunction, despite having been diagnosed and treated relatively early. Patients with PD IFN-γR1 deficiency usually have good prognosis and might respond to human recombinant subcutaneous IFN-γ. Several monogenic congenital defects have been linked to HLH, a catastrophic "cytokine storm" that is usually ascribed to lymphocyte dysfunction and thought to be triggered by interferon gamma. This is the sixth patient with both MSMD and HLH of whom we are aware. The fact that patients with macrophages that cannot respond to IFN-γ still develop HLH, bring these assumptions into question.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Deswarte
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Edna Venegas Montoya
- Pediatrics Department, UMAE 25 IMSS, Monterrey, Mexico.,Immunodeficiencies Research Unit, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
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67
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Vu A, Calzadilla A, Gidfar S, Calderon-Candelario R, Mirsaeidi M. Toll-like receptors in mycobacterial infection. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 808:1-7. [PMID: 27756604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors are transmembrane glycoproteins predominantly expressed in tissues with immune function. They are considered one of the most important pattern recognition receptor families discovered at the end of 20th century and a key aspect of the innate immune system response to infectious disease. Here we present a review of the current knowledge of individual Toll-like receptors, 1 through 13, with a focus on their role in the immune system response to mycobacterial infection. We present literature to date about the Toll-like receptors structure, localization and expression, signaling pathways, and function. The Toll-like receptor family may have proven an important role in the immune system response to mycobacterial infections, including M. tuberculosis and non-tuberculous (NTM) organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Vu
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Andrew Calzadilla
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Sanaz Gidfar
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Rafael Calderon-Candelario
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Miami, 1600 NW, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Miami VA Medical Center, 1201 N.W. 16th St., Miami, FL 33125, USA.
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Miami, 1600 NW, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Miami VA Medical Center, 1201 N.W. 16th St., Miami, FL 33125, USA.
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68
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Speth MT, Repnik U, Griffiths G. Layer-by-layer nanocoating of live Bacille-Calmette-Guérin mycobacteria with poly(I:C) and chitosan enhances pro-inflammatory activation and bactericidal capacity in murine macrophages. Biomaterials 2016; 111:1-12. [PMID: 27716523 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major disease burden globally causing more than 1.5 million deaths per year. The attenuated live vaccine strain Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), although providing protection against childhood TB, is largely ineffective against adult pulmonary TB. A major aim therefore is to increase the potency of the BCG vaccine to generate stronger and more sustained immunity against TB. Here, we investigated the use of layer-by-layer (LbL) nanocoating of the surface of live BCG with several layers of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a strong inducer of cell-mediated immunity, and the biodegradable polysaccharide chitosan to enhance BCG immunogenicity. Nanocoating of live BCG did not affect bacterial viability or growth in vitro but induced killing of the BCG in infected mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages and enhanced macrophage production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and expression of surface co-stimulatory molecules relative to uncoated BCG. In addition, poly(I:C) surface-coated BCG, but not BCG alone or together with soluble poly(I:C), induced high production of nitric oxide (NO) and IL-12. These results argue that BCG and surface absorbed poly(I:C) act in a synergistic manner to elicit pro-inflammatory macrophage activation. In conclusion, nanocoating of live BCG with the immunostimulatory agent poly(I:C) may be an appropriate strategy to enhance and modulate host responses to the BCG vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tobias Speth
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Urska Repnik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
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69
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Kim YS, Yang CS, Nguyen LT, Kim JK, Jin HS, Choe JH, Kim SY, Lee HM, Jung M, Kim JM, Kim MH, Jo EK, Jang JC. Mycobacterium abscessus ESX-3 plays an important role in host inflammatory and pathological responses during infection. Microbes Infect 2016; 19:5-17. [PMID: 27637463 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial ESX systems are often related to pathogenesis during infection. However, little is known about the function of ESX systems of Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab). This study focuses on the Mab ESX-3 cluster, which contains major genes such as esxH (Rv0288, low molecular weight protein antigen 7; CFP-7) and esxG (Rv0287, ESAT-6 like protein). An esx-3 (MAB 2224c-2234c)-deletional mutant of Mab (Δesx) was constructed and used to infect murine and human macrophages. We then investigated whether Mab Δesx modulated innate host immune responses in macrophages. Mab Δesx infection resulted in less pathological and inflammatory responses. Additionally, Δesx resulted in significantly decreased activation of inflammatory signaling and cytokine production in macrophages compared to WT. Moreover, recombinant EsxG·EsxH (rEsxGH) proteins encoded by the ESX-3 region showed synergistic enhancement of inflammatory cytokine generation in macrophages infected with Δesx. Taken together, our data suggest that Mab ESX-3 plays an important role in inflammatory and pathological responses during Mab infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sak Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Chul-Su Yang
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Loi T Nguyen
- Infection and Immunity Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Hyo Sun Jin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Jin Ho Choe
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Mingyu Jung
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Infection and Immunity Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea
| | - Ji-Chan Jang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, South Korea; Molecular Mechanism of Antibiotics, Division of Life Science, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea.
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70
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Polycarpou A, Holland MJ, Karageorgiou I, Eddaoudi A, Walker SL, Willcocks S, Lockwood DNJ. Mycobacterium leprae Activates Toll-Like Receptor-4 Signaling and Expression on Macrophages Depending on Previous Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Vaccination. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:72. [PMID: 27458573 PMCID: PMC4937034 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-1 and TLR2 have been shown to be receptors for Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), yet it is unclear whether M. leprae can signal through alternative TLRs. Other mycobacterial species possess ligands for TLR4 and genetic association studies in human populations suggest that people with TLR4 polymorphisms may be protected against leprosy. Using human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells co-transfected with TLR4, we demonstrate that M. leprae activates TLR4. We used human macrophages to show that M. leprae stimulation of cytokine production is diminished if pre-treated with TLR4 neutralizing antibody. TLR4 protein expression was up-regulated on macrophages derived from non-bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccinated healthy volunteers after incubation with M. leprae, whereas it was down-regulated in macrophages derived from BCG-vaccinated donors. Finally, pre-treatment of macrophages derived from BCG-naive donors with BCG reversed the effect of M. leprae on TLR4 expression. This may be a newly described phenomenon by which BCG vaccination stimulates “non-specific” protection to the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Polycarpou
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London, UK
| | - Martin J Holland
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London, UK
| | - Ioannis Karageorgiou
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London, UK
| | - Ayad Eddaoudi
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London London, UK
| | - Stephen L Walker
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London, UK
| | - Sam Willcocks
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London, UK
| | - Diana N J Lockwood
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London, UK
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71
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Bah A, Lacarrière C, Vergne I. Autophagy-Related Proteins Target Ubiquitin-Free Mycobacterial Compartment to Promote Killing in Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:53. [PMID: 27242971 PMCID: PMC4863073 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradative process that plays essential functions in innate immunity, particularly, in the clearance of intracellular bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy activation and targeting of mycobacteria, in innate immune responses of macrophages, are only partially characterized. Autophagy targets pathogenic M. tuberculosis via a cytosolic DNA recognition- and an ubiquitin-dependent pathway. In this report, we show that non-pathogenic M. smegmatis induces a robust autophagic response in THP-1 macrophages with an up regulation of several autophagy-related genes. Autophagy activation relies in part on recognition of mycobacteria by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Notably, LC3 targeting of M. smegmatis does not rely on membrane damage, ubiquitination, or autophagy receptor recruitment. Lastly, M. smegmatis promotes recruitment of several autophagy proteins, which are required for mycobacterial killing. In conclusion, our study uncovered an alternative autophagic pathway triggered by mycobacteria which involves cell surface recognition but not bacterial ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aïcha Bah
- Tuberculosis and Infection Biology, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5089 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Toulouse Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Lacarrière
- Tuberculosis and Infection Biology, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5089 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Toulouse Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Vergne
- Tuberculosis and Infection Biology, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5089 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Toulouse Toulouse, France
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72
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Peddireddy V, Doddam SN, Qureshi IA, Yerra P, Ahmed N. A putative nitroreductase from the DosR regulon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces pro-inflammatory cytokine expression via TLR2 signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24535. [PMID: 27094446 PMCID: PMC4837367 DOI: 10.1038/srep24535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a global encumbrance and it is estimated that nearly one third population of the world acts as a reservoir for this pathogen without any symptoms. In this study, we attempted to characterise one of the genes of DosR regulon, Rv3131, a FMN binding nitroreductase domain containing protein, for its ability to alter cytokine profile, an essential feature of M. tuberculosis latency. Recombinant Rv3131 stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines in THP-1 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a time and dose dependent manner. In silico analyses using docking and simulations indicated that Rv3131 could strongly interact with TLR2 via a non-covalent bonding which was further confirmed using cell based colorimetric assay. In THP-1 cells treated with Rv3131 protein, a significant upsurge in the surface expression, overall induction and expression of mRNA of TLR2 was observed when analysed by flow cytometry, western blotting and real time PCR, respectively. Activation of TLR2 by Rv3131 resulted in the phosphorylation of NF- κβ. Results of this study indicate a strong immunogenic capability of Rv3131 elicited via the activation of TLR2 signalling pathway. Therefore, it can be surmised that cytokine secretion induced by Rv3131 might contribute to establishment of M. tuberculosis in the granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyullatha Peddireddy
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Sankara Narayana Doddam
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Insaf A. Qureshi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad India
| | - Priyadarshini Yerra
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046 India
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73
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Lee WB, Kang JS, Choi WY, Zhang Q, Kim CH, Choi UY, Kim-Ha J, Kim YJ. Mincle-mediated translational regulation is required for strong nitric oxide production and inflammation resolution. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11322. [PMID: 27089465 PMCID: PMC4837483 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to persistent mycobacteria infection, the host induces a granuloma, which often fails to eradicate bacteria and results in tissue damage. Diverse host receptors are required to control the formation and resolution of granuloma, but little is known concerning their regulatory interactions. Here we show that Mincle, the inducible receptor for mycobacterial cord factor, is the key switch for the transition of macrophages from cytokine expression to high nitric oxide production. In addition to its stimulatory role on TLR-mediated transcription, Mincle enhanced the translation of key genes required for nitric oxide synthesis through p38 and eIF5A hypusination, leading to granuloma resolution. Thus, Mincle has dual functions in the promotion and subsequent resolution of inflammation during anti-mycobacterial defence using both transcriptional and translational controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Young Choi
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Quanri Zhang
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Han Kim
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsil Kim-Ha
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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74
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Mycobacteria-responsive sonic hedgehog signaling mediates programmed death-ligand 1- and prostaglandin E2-induced regulatory T cell expansion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24193. [PMID: 27080341 PMCID: PMC4832185 DOI: 10.1038/srep24193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are exploited by mycobacteria to subvert the protective host immune responses. The Treg expansion in the periphery requires signaling by professional antigen presenting cells and in particularly dendritic cells (DC). However, precise molecular mechanisms by which mycobacteria instruct Treg expansion via DCs are not established. Here we demonstrate that mycobacteria-responsive sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling in human DCs leads to programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-catalyzed prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) that orchestrate mycobacterial infection-induced expansion of Tregs. While SHH-responsive transcription factor GLI1 directly arbitrated COX-2 transcription, specific microRNAs, miR-324-5p and miR-338-5p, which target PD-L1 were downregulated by SHH signaling. Further, counter-regulatory roles of SHH and NOTCH1 signaling during mycobacterial-infection of human DCs was also evident. Together, our results establish that Mycobacterium directs a fine-balance of host signaling pathways and molecular regulators in human DCs to expand Tregs that favour immune evasion of the pathogen.
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75
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Kim YS, Kim JH, Woo M, Kim TS, Sohn KM, Lee YH, Jo EK, Yuk JM. Innate signaling mechanisms controlling Mycobacterium chelonae-mediated CCL2 and CCL5 expression in macrophages. J Microbiol 2015; 53:864-74. [PMID: 26626357 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-5348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium chelonae (Mch) is an atypical rapidly growing mycobacterium (RGM) that belongs to the M. chelonae complex, which can cause a variety of human infections. During this type of mycobacterial infection, macrophage-derived chemokines play an important role in the mediation of intracellular communication and immune surveillance by which they orchestrate cellular immunity. However, the intracellular signaling pathways involved in the macrophage-induced chemokine production during Mch infections remain unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the molecular mechanisms by which Mch activates the gene expressions of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and CCL5 in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and in vivo mouse model. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-deficient mice showed increased bacterial burden in spleen and lung and decreased protein expression of CCL2 and CCL5 in serum. Additionally, Mch infection triggered the mRNA and protein expression of CCL2 and CCL5 in BMDMs via TLR2 and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) signaling and that it rapidly activated nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling, which is required for the Mch-induced expressions of CCL2 and CCL5 in BMDMs. Moreover, while the innate receptor Dectin-1 was only partly involved in the Mch-induced expression of the CCL2 and CCL5 chemokines in BMDMs, the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was an important contributor to these processes. Taken together, the present data indicate that the TLR2, MyD88, and NF-κB pathways, Dectin-1 signaling, and intracellular ROS generation contribute to the Mch-mediated expression of chemokine genes in BMDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sak Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.,Infection Signaling Network Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.,Infection Signaling Network Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Woo
- Institute Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-sung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.,Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mok Sohn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ha Lee
- Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.,Infection Signaling Network Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.,Infection Signaling Network Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Yuk
- Infection Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea. .,Infection Signaling Network Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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76
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Impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RD1-locus on human primary dendritic cell immune functions. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17078. [PMID: 26602835 PMCID: PMC4658526 DOI: 10.1038/srep17078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern strategies to develop vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) aim to improve the current Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine or to attenuate the virulence of Mtb vaccine candidates. In the present study, the impact of wild type or mutated region of difference 1 (RD1) variants on the immunogenicity of Mtb and BCG recombinants was investigated in human primary dendritic cells (DC). A comparative analysis of transcriptome, signalling pathway activation, maturation, apoptosis, cytokine production and capacity to promote Th1 responses demonstrated that DC sense quantitative and qualitative differences in the expression of RD1-encoded factors—ESAT6 and CFP10—within BCG or Mtb backgrounds. Expansion of IFN-γ producing T cells was promoted by BCG::RD1-challenged DC, as compared to their BCG-infected counterparts. Although Mtb recombinants acted as a strong Th-1 promoting stimulus, even with RD1 deletion, the attenuated Mtb strain carrying a C-terminus truncated ESAT-6 elicited a robust Th1 promoting phenotype in DC. Collectively, these studies indicate a necessary but not sufficient role for the RD1 locus in promoting DC immune-regulatory functions. Additional mycobacterial factors are likely required to endow DC with a high Th1 polarizing capacity, a desirable attribute for a successful control of Mtb infection.
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77
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Stamm CE, Collins AC, Shiloh MU. Sensing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and consequences to both host and bacillus. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:204-19. [PMID: 25703561 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the primary causative agent of human tuberculosis, has killed more people than any other bacterial pathogen in human history and remains one of the most important transmissible diseases worldwide. Because of the long-standing interaction of Mtb with humans, it is no surprise that human mucosal and innate immune cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to detect Mtb during initial contact. To that end, the cell surface of human cells is decorated with numerous pattern recognition receptors for a variety of mycobacterial ligands. Furthermore, once Mtb is ingested into professional phagocytes, other host molecules are engaged to report on the presence of an intracellular pathogen. In this review, we discuss the role of specific mycobacterial products in modulating the host's ability to detect Mtb. In addition, we describe the specific host receptors that mediate the detection of mycobacterial infection and the role of individual receptors in mycobacterial pathogenesis in humans and model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Stamm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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78
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Dalgleish AG. Vaccines versus immunotherapy: overview of approaches in deciding between options. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3369-74. [PMID: 25625932 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.980707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review compares the optimal use of vaccines vs. other forms of immunotherapy, which includes cytokines, such as IL-2, monoclonal antibodies, such as the 'checkpoint inhibitors', against CTLA-4 and PD-1. The review includes both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines using a variety of technologies. It is already established that vaccines can be enhanced by other immunotherapies, such as cytokines (IL-2) and there is scope for combining both of these with the 'checkpoint' antibodies. Moreover, both can be enhanced with other modalities, such as radiotherapy, ablative therapy and both high and low dose chemotherapies.
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Key Words
- BCG, Bacillus Colmette Guerin
- CpG, cytosine-phosphate-guanosine
- GM-CSF, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- HBV, Human hepatitis virus
- HPV, Human papilloma virus
- IL-2, Interleukin-2
- PFS, progression free survival
- PSA, Prostate-specific antigen
- TGFβ, Tumour growth factor beta
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- antibodies
- checkpoint inhibitors
- cytokines
- immune modulators
- immunotherapy
- therapeutic vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus G Dalgleish
- a Institute of Infection and Immunity ; St George's University of London ; Tooting , London, UK
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79
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The microbiome at the pulmonary alveolar niche and its role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:651-658. [PMID: 26455529 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in next generation sequencing (NGS) technology have provided the tools to comprehensively and accurately characterize the microbial community in the respiratory tract in health and disease. The presence of commensal and pathogenic bacteria has been found to have important effects on the lung immune system. Until relatively recently, the lung has received less attention compared to other body sites in terms of microbiome characterization, and its study carries special technological difficulties related to obtaining reliable samples as compared to other body niches. Additionally, the complexity of the alveolar immune system, and its interactions with the lung microbiome, are only just beginning to be understood. Amidst this complexity sits Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), one of humanity's oldest nemeses and a significant public health concern, with millions of individuals infected with Mtb worldwide. The intricate interactions between Mtb, the lung microbiome, and the alveolar immune system are beginning to be understood, and it is increasingly apparent that improved treatment of Mtb will only come through deep understanding of the interplay between these three forces. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the lung microbiome, alveolar immunity, and the interaction of each with Mtb.
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80
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Mikucki ME, Fisher DT, Matsuzaki J, Skitzki JJ, Gaulin NB, Muhitch JB, Ku AW, Frelinger JG, Odunsi K, Gajewski TF, Luster AD, Evans SS. Non-redundant requirement for CXCR3 signalling during tumoricidal T-cell trafficking across tumour vascular checkpoints. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7458. [PMID: 26109379 PMCID: PMC4605273 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell trafficking at vascular sites has emerged as a key step in antitumour immunity. Chemokines are credited with guiding the multistep recruitment of CD8(+) T cells across tumour vessels. However, the multiplicity of chemokines within tumours has obscured the contributions of individual chemokine receptor/chemokine pairs to this process. Moreover, recent studies have challenged whether T cells require chemokine receptor signalling at effector sites. Here we investigate the hierarchy of chemokine receptor requirements during T-cell trafficking to murine and human melanoma. These studies reveal a non-redundant role for Gαi-coupled CXCR3 in stabilizing intravascular adhesion and extravasation of adoptively transferred CD8(+) effectors that is indispensable for therapeutic efficacy. In contrast, functional CCR2 and CCR5 on CD8(+) effectors fail to support trafficking despite the presence of intratumoral cognate chemokines. Taken together, these studies identify CXCR3-mediated trafficking at the tumour vascular interface as a critical checkpoint to effective T-cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Cell Movement
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms/blood supply
- Ovalbumin/genetics
- Ovalbumin/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR3/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- ME Mikucki
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - DT Fisher
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - J Matsuzaki
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - JJ Skitzki
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - NB Gaulin
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - JB Muhitch
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - AW Ku
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - JG Frelinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center and the Wilmot Cancer Center, Rochester, NY
| | - K Odunsi
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - TF Gajewski
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago
| | - AD Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - SS Evans
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
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81
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Yoon GS, Sud S, Keswani RK, Baik J, Standiford TJ, Stringer KA, Rosania GR. Phagocytosed Clofazimine Biocrystals Can Modulate Innate Immune Signaling by Inhibiting TNFα and Boosting IL-1RA Secretion. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2517-27. [PMID: 25909959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clofazimine (CFZ) is an FDA-approved leprostatic and anti-inflammatory drug that massively accumulates in macrophages, forming insoluble, intracellular crystal-like drug inclusions (CLDIs) during long-term oral dosing. Interestingly, when added to cells in vitro, soluble CFZ is cytotoxic because it depolarizes mitochondria and induces apoptosis. Accordingly, we hypothesized that, in vivo, macrophages detoxify CFZ by sequestering it in CLDIs. To test this hypothesis, CLDIs of CFZ-treated mice were biochemically isolated and then incubated with macrophages in vitro. The cell biological effects of phagocytosed CLDIs were compared to those of soluble CFZ. Unlike soluble CFZ, phagocytosis of CLDIs did not lead to mitochondrial destabilization or apoptosis. Rather, CLDIs altered immune signaling response pathways downstream of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligation, leading to enhanced interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) production, dampened NF-κB activation and tissue necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) production, and ultimately decreased TLR expression levels. In aggregate, our results constitute evidence that macrophages detoxify soluble CFZ by sequestering it in a biocompatible, insoluble form. The altered cellular response to TLR ligation suggests that CLDI formation may also underlie CFZ's anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi S Yoon
- †Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Clinical, Social and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sudha Sud
- †Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Clinical, Social and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rahul K Keswani
- †Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Clinical, Social and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jason Baik
- †Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Clinical, Social and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Theodore J Standiford
- §Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 United States
| | | | - Gus R Rosania
- †Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Department of Clinical, Social and Administrative Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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82
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Hu D, Wu J, Wang W, Mu M, Zhao R, Xu X, Chen Z, Xiao J, Hu F, Yang Y, Zhang R. Autophagy regulation revealed by SapM-induced block of autophagosome-lysosome fusion via binding RAB7. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 461:401-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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83
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Stable Expression of Lentiviral Antigens by Quality-Controlled Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vectors. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:726-41. [PMID: 25924766 PMCID: PMC4478521 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00075-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The well-established safety profile of the tuberculosis vaccine strain, Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), makes it an attractive vehicle for heterologous expression of antigens from clinically relevant pathogens. However, successful generation of recombinant BCG strains possessing consistent insert expression has encountered challenges in stability. Here, we describe a method for the development of large recombinant BCG accession lots which stably express the lentiviral antigens, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp120 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag, using selectable leucine auxotrophic complementation. Successful establishment of vaccine stability stems from stringent quality control criteria which not only screen for highly stable complemented BCG ΔleuCD transformants but also thoroughly characterize postproduction quality. These parameters include consistent production of correctly sized antigen, retention of sequence-pure plasmid DNA, freeze-thaw recovery, enumeration of CFU, and assessment of cellular aggregates. Importantly, these quality assurance procedures were indicative of overall vaccine stability, were predictive for successful antigen expression in subsequent passaging both in vitro and in vivo, and correlated with induction of immune responses in murine models. This study has yielded a quality-controlled BCG ΔleuCD vaccine expressing HIV gp120 that retained stable full-length expression after 10(24)-fold amplification in vitro and following 60 days of growth in mice. A second vaccine lot expressed full-length SIV Gag for >10(68)-fold amplification in vitro and induced potent antigen-specific T cell populations in vaccinated mice. Production of large, well-defined recombinant BCG ΔleuCD lots can allow confidence that vaccine materials for immunogenicity and protection studies are not negatively affected by instability or differences between freshly grown production batches.
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84
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Kim KH, Kim TS, Lee JG, Park JK, Yang M, Kim JM, Jo EK, Yuk JM. Characterization of Proinflammatory Responses and Innate Signaling Activation in Macrophages Infected with Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. Immune Netw 2014; 14:307-20. [PMID: 25550697 PMCID: PMC4275388 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.6.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium scrofulaceum is an environmental and slow-growing atypical mycobacterium. Emerging evidence suggests that M. scrofulaceum infection is associated with cervical lymphadenitis in children and pulmonary or systemic infections in immunocompromised adults. However, the nature of host innate immune responses to M. scrofulaceum remains unclear. In this study, we examined the innate immune responses in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) infected with different M. scrofulaceum strains including ATCC type strains and two clinically isolated strains (rough and smooth types). All three strains resulted in the production of proinflammatory cytokines in BMDMs mediated through toll-like receptor-2 and the adaptor MyD88. Activation of MAPKs (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and nuclear receptor (NF)-κB together with intracellular reactive oxygen species generation were required for the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in BMDMs. In addition, the rough morphotypes of M. scrofulaceum clinical strains induced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines, MAPK and NF-κB activation, and ROS production than other strains. When mice were infected with different M. scrofulaceum strains, those infected with the rough strain showed the greatest hepatosplenomegaly, granulomatous lesions, and immune cell infiltration in the lungs. Notably, the bacterial load was higher in mice infected with rough colonies than in mice infected with ATCC or smooth strains. Collectively, these data indicate that rough M. scrofulaceum induces higher inflammatory responses and virulence than ATCC or smooth strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hye Kim
- Center of Inflammation, Infection & Immunity, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tae-Sung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea. ; Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
| | - Joy G Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea. ; Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
| | - Jeong-Kyu Park
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea. ; Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
| | - Miso Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea. ; Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea. ; Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea. ; Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
| | - Jae-Min Yuk
- Department of Infection Biology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea. ; Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
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85
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Chen YC, Hsiao CC, Chen CJ, Chao TY, Leung SY, Liu SF, Wang CC, Wang TY, Chang JC, Wu CC, Lin AS, Wang YH, Lin MC. Aberrant Toll-like receptor 2 promoter methylation in blood cells from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. J Infect 2014; 69:546-57. [PMID: 25218055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a major mediator of innate immunity against tuberculosis (TB). This study aimed to determine if TLR2 promoter DNA methylation is associated with pulmonary TB. METHODS The DNA methylation levels of 20 CpG sites over the TLR2 promoter region and TLR2 gene/protein expressions of immune cells of the blood were examined in 99 sputum culture-positive pulmonary TB patients and 77 healthy subjects (HS). RESULTS TB patients had higher methylation levels over five CpG sites (3, 7, 9, 13, and 18), lower TLR2 gene expression, lower TLR2 expression on monocyte, higher TLR2 expression on NK cell, and higher serum TNF-α/IFN-γ levels than HS after adjusting for confounding factors. Patients with a high bacillary load had lower methylation levels at CpG-15, -17, and -20. Patients with drug-resistant TB had higher CpG-18 methylation levels and lower TLR2 expression on NK cell. Patients with far advanced lesion on chest radiograph had higher serum TNF-α level and higher TLR2 expression on NK cell. Patients with a high TLR2 expression on NK cell had lower one-year survival. CpG-18 methylation level, TLR2 expressions on monocyte/NK cell, and TNF-α/IFN-γ levels were all reversed to normal after 6-month anti-TB treatment. CONCLUSIONS Aberrant methylation of certain CpG sites over TLR2 promoter region is associated with active pulmonary TB or its phenotypes, probably through the down-regulation of TLR2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Che Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chang-Chun Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chung-Jen Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Tung-Ying Chao
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Sum-Yee Leung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Shih-Feng Liu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chin-Chou Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Ting-Ya Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Jen-Chieh Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chao-Chien Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - An-Shen Lin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yi-Hsi Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Meng-Chih Lin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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86
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Yuk JM, Jo EK. Host immune responses to mycobacterial antigens and their implications for the development of a vaccine to control tuberculosis. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2014; 3:155-67. [PMID: 25003089 PMCID: PMC4083068 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a worldwide health problem, causing around 2 million deaths per year. Despite the bacillus Calmette Guérin vaccine being available for more than 80 years, it has limited effectiveness in preventing TB, with inconsistent results in trials. This highlights the urgent need to develop an improved TB vaccine, based on a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions and immune responses during mycobacterial infection. Recent studies have revealed a potential role for autophagy, an intracellular homeostatic process, in vaccine development against TB, through enhanced immune activation. This review attempts to understand the host innate immune responses induced by a variety of protein antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and to identify future vaccine candidates against TB. We focus on recent advances in vaccine development strategies, through identification of new TB antigens using a variety of innovative tools. A new understanding of the host-pathogen relationship, and the usefulness of mycobacterial antigens as novel vaccine candidates, will contribute to the design of the next generation of vaccines, and to improving the host protective immune responses while limiting immunopathology during M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Yuk
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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87
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Shey MS, Nemes E, Whatney W, de Kock M, Africa H, Barnard C, van Rooyen M, Stone L, Riou C, Kollmann T, Hawn TR, Scriba TJ, Hanekom WA. Maturation of innate responses to mycobacteria over the first nine months of life. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:4833-43. [PMID: 24733845 PMCID: PMC4048703 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Newborns and young infants are particularly susceptible to infections, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Further, immunogenicity of vaccines against tuberculosis and other infectious diseases appears suboptimal early in life compared with later in life. We hypothesized that developmental changes in innate immunity would underlie these observations. To determine the evolution of innate responses to mycobacteria early in life, whole blood or PBMC from newborns, as well as 10- and 36-wk-old infants, was incubated with viable Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin or TLR ligands. Innate cell expression of cytokines and maturation markers was assessed, as well as activation of the proinflammatory NF-κB- and MAPK-signaling pathways. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-induced production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12p40 increased from the newborn period to 9 mo of age in monocytes but not in myeloid dendritic cells. No changes in production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 were observed. CD40 expression increased with age in both cell populations. Older infants displayed substantial activation of all three signal transduction molecules: degradation of NF-κB inhibitor IκBα and phosphorylation of MAPK Erk and p38 upon TLR1/2 triggering, compared with predominant activation of only one of any of these molecules in newborns. Maturation of innate proinflammatory responses during the first 9 mo of life may underlie more effective control of mycobacteria and other pathogens observed later in infancy and age-related differential induction of Th1 responses by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muki S. Shey
- South African TB Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Elisa Nemes
- South African TB Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wendy Whatney
- South African TB Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marwou de Kock
- South African TB Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hadn Africa
- South African TB Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charlene Barnard
- South African TB Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele van Rooyen
- South African TB Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lynnette Stone
- South African TB Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Catherine Riou
- Division of Medical Virology, IDM, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Thomas R. Hawn
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA
| | - Thomas J. Scriba
- South African TB Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Willem A. Hanekom
- South African TB Vaccine Initiative and School of Child and Adolescent Health, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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88
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Sauer RS, Hackel D, Morschel L, Sahlbach H, Wang Y, Mousa SA, Roewer N, Brack A, Rittner HL. Toll like receptor (TLR)-4 as a regulator of peripheral endogenous opioid-mediated analgesia in inflammation. Mol Pain 2014; 10:10. [PMID: 24499354 PMCID: PMC3922964 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-10-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukocytes containing opioid peptides locally control inflammatory pain. In the early phase of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced hind paw inflammation, formyl peptides (derived e.g. from Mycobacterium butyricum) trigger the release of opioid peptides from neutrophils contributing to tonic basal antinociception. In the later phase we hypothesized that toll-like-receptor-(TLR)-4 activation of monocytes/macrophages triggers opioid peptide release and thereby stimulates peripheral opioid-dependent antinociception. RESULTS In Wistar rats with CFA hind paw inflammation in the later inflammatory phase (48-96 h) systemic leukocyte depletion by cyclophosphamide (CTX) or locally injected naloxone (NLX) further decreased mechanical and thermal nociceptive thresholds. In vitro β-endorphin (β-END) content increased during human monocyte differentiation as well as in anti-inflammatory CD14+CD16- or non-classical M2 macrophages. Monocytes expressing TLR4 dose-dependently released β-END after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) dependent on intracellular calcium. Despite TLR4 expression proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages only secreted opioid peptides in response to ionomycin, a calcium ionophore. Intraplantar injection of LPS as a TLR4 agonist into the inflamed paw elicited an immediate opioid- and dose-dependent antinociception, which was blocked by TAK-242, a small-molecule inhibitor of TLR4, or by peripheral applied NLX. In the later phase LPS lowered mechanical and thermal nociceptive thresholds. Furthermore, local peripheral TLR4 blockade worsened thermal and mechanical nociceptive pain thresholds in CFA inflammation. CONCLUSION Endogenous opioids from monocytes/macrophages mediate endogenous antinociception in the late phase of inflammation. Peripheral TLR4 stimulation acts as a transient counter-regulatory mechanism for inflammatory pain in vivo, and increases the release of opioid peptides from monocytes in vitro. TLR4 antagonists as new treatments for sepsis and neuropathic pain might unexpectedly transiently enhance pain by impairing peripheral opioid analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Heike L Rittner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Oberdürrbacher Strasse 6, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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89
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Mycobacterium massiliense induces inflammatory responses in macrophages through Toll-like receptor 2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. J Clin Immunol 2014; 34:212-23. [PMID: 24402617 PMCID: PMC3937545 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium massiliense (Mmass) is an emerging, rapidly growing mycobacterium (RGM) that belongs to the M. abscessus (Mabc) group, albeit clearly differentiated from Mabc. Compared with M. tuberculosis, a well-characterized human pathogen, the host innate immune response against Mmass infection is largely unknown. In this study, we show that Mmass robustly activates mRNA and protein expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), but neither TLR4 nor Dectin-1, are involved in Mmass-induced TNF-α or IL-6 production in BMDMs. Mmass infection also activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs; c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK) pathway. Mmass-induced TNF-α and IL-6 production was dependent on JNK activation, while they were unaffected by either the ERK1/2 or p38 pathway in BMDMs. Additionally, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), NADPH oxidase-2, and nuclear factor-κB are required for Mmass-induced proinflammatory cytokine generation in macrophages. Furthermore, the S morphotype of Mmass showed lower overall induction of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines than the R morphotype, suggesting fewer immunogenic characteristics for this clinical strain. Together, these results suggest that Mmass-induced activation of host proinflammatory cytokines is mediated through TLR2-dependent JNK and ROS signaling pathways.
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90
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Killick KE, Ní Cheallaigh C, O'Farrelly C, Hokamp K, MacHugh DE, Harris J. Receptor-mediated recognition of mycobacterial pathogens. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1484-95. [PMID: 23795683 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteria are a genus of bacteria that range from the non-pathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis in humans. Mycobacteria primarily infect host tissues through inhalation or ingestion. They are phagocytosed by host macrophages and dendritic cells. Here, conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on the surface of mycobacteria are recognized by phagocytic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Several families of PRRs have been shown to non-opsonically recognize mycobacterial PAMPs, including membrane-bound C-type lectin receptors, membrane-bound and cytosolic Toll-like receptors and cytosolic NOD-like receptors. Recently, a possible role for intracellular cytosolic PRRs in the recognition of mycobacterial pathogens has been proposed. Here, we discuss currentideas on receptor-mediated recognition of mycobacterial pathogens by macrophages and dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Killick
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
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91
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Jo EK, Yuk JM, Shin DM, Sasakawa C. Roles of autophagy in elimination of intracellular bacterial pathogens. Front Immunol 2013; 4:97. [PMID: 23653625 PMCID: PMC3644824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a fundamental intracellular catabolic process, autophagy is important and required for the elimination of protein aggregates and damaged cytosolic organelles during a variety of stress conditions. Autophagy is now being recognized as an essential component of innate immunity; i.e., the recognition, selective targeting, and elimination of microbes. Because of its crucial roles in the innate immune system, therapeutic targeting of bacteria by means of autophagy activation may prove a useful strategy to combat intracellular infections. However, important questions remain, including which molecules are critical in bacterial targeting by autophagy, and which mechanisms are involved in autophagic clearance of intracellular microbes. In this review, we discuss the roles of antibacterial autophagy in intracellular bacterial infections (Mycobacteria, Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria, and Legionella) and present recent evidence in support of molecular mechanisms driving autophagy to target bacteria and eliminate invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University Daejeon, South Korea ; Infection Signaling Network Research Center, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University Daejeon, South Korea
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92
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Abstract
Autophagy is a process of lysosomal self-degradation that helps to maintain the homeostatic balance between the synthesis, degradation and recycling of cellular proteins and organelles. Autophagy does not simply function as the machinery for supplying amino acids in response to energy demands, it is an adaptive pathway of cytoprotection against cellular stressors, including starvation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and microbial infection. Accordingly, autophagy is considered to be the mediator of a variety of cellular processes and cell fates, including cell survival and death, cellular senescence and immune responses. Due to the organ-specific role of gas exchange, various cell types within the lungs are serially exposed to a diverse array of cellular stressors, and growing evidence has revealed the crucial involvement of autophagy in the pathogenic processes underlying pulmonary diseases. We herein review recent findings regarding the role of autophagy in cellular processes and cell fates and summarize the role that autophagy appears to play in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Araya
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
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