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Wang X, Li T, Wang W, Yuan W, Liu H, Cheng Y, Wang P, Zhang Y, Han W. Cytokine-like 1 Chemoattracts Monocytes/Macrophages via CCR2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4090-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kuczkowska K, Mathiesen G, Eijsink VGH, Øynebråten I. Lactobacillus plantarum displaying CCL3 chemokine in fusion with HIV-1 Gag derived antigen causes increased recruitment of T cells. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:169. [PMID: 26494531 PMCID: PMC4618854 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chemokines are attractive candidates for vaccine adjuvants due to their ability to recruit the immune cells. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-based delivery vehicles have potential to be used as a cheap and safe option for vaccination. Chemokine produced on the surface of LAB may potentially enhance the immune response to an antigen and this approach can be considered in development of future mucosal vaccines. Results We have constructed strains of Lactobacillusplantarum displaying a chemokine on their surface. L. plantarum was genetically engineered to express and anchor to the surface a protein called CCL3Gag. CCL3Gag is a fusion protein comprising of truncated HIV-1 Gag antigen and the murine chemokine CCL3, also known as MIP-1α. Various surface anchoring strategies were explored: (1) a lipobox-based covalent membrane anchor, (2) sortase-mediated covalent cell wall anchoring, (3) LysM-based non-covalent cell wall anchoring, and (4) an N-terminal signal peptide-based transmembrane anchor. Protein production and correct localization were confirmed using Western blotting, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. Using a chemotaxis assay, we demonstrated that CCL3Gag-producing L. plantarum strains are able to recruit immune cells in vitro. Conclusions The results show the ability of engineered L. plantarum to produce a functional chemotactic protein immobilized on the bacterial surface. We observed that the activity of surface-displayed CCL3Gag differed depending on the type of anchor used. The chemokine which is a part of the bacteria-based vaccine may increase the recruitment of immune cells and, thereby, enhance the reaction of the immune system to the vaccine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0360-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kuczkowska
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Geir Mathiesen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Inger Øynebråten
- Department of Pathology and Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Jun L, Tong G, Xu F, Renjie Z. Effect of salvianolic acid A and C compatibility on inflammatory cytokines in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2015; 35:564-70. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(15)30140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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van der Vorst EPC, Döring Y, Weber C. Chemokines and their receptors in Atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:963-71. [PMID: 26175090 PMCID: PMC4577534 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the medium- and large-sized arteries, is the main underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) most often leading to a myocardial infarction or stroke. However, atherosclerosis can also develop without this clinical manifestation. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is very complex and consists of many cells and molecules interacting with each other. Over the last years, chemokines (small 8-12 kDa cytokines with chemotactic properties) have been identified as key players in atherogenesis. However, this remains a very active and dynamic field of research. Here, we will give an overview of the current knowledge about the involvement of chemokines in all phases of atherosclerotic lesion development. Furthermore, we will focus on two chemokines that recently have been associated with atherogenesis, CXCL12, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Both chemokines play a crucial role in leukocyte recruitment and arrest, a critical step in atherosclerosis development. MIF has shown to be a more pro-inflammatory and thus pro-atherogenic chemokine, instead CXCL12 seems to have a more protective function. However, results about this protective role are still quite debatable. Future research will further elucidate the precise role of these chemokines in atherosclerosis and determine the potential of chemokine-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel P C van der Vorst
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstr 9, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstr 9, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstr 9, 80336, Munich, Germany.
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Le NPK, Channabasappa S, Hossain M, Liu L, Singh B. Leukocyte-specific protein 1 regulates neutrophil recruitment in acute lung inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L995-1008. [PMID: 26320151 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00068.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of excessive migration of activated neutrophils into inflamed lungs, credited with tissue damage, are not fully understood. We explored the hitherto unknown expression of leukocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1) in human and mouse lungs and neutrophils and examined its role in neutrophil migration in acute lung inflammation. Autopsied septic human lungs showed increased LSP1 labeling in epithelium, endothelium, and leukocytes, including in their nuclei compared with normal lungs. We induced acute lung inflammation through intranasal administration of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (80 μg) in LSP1-deficient (Lsp1(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) 129/SvJ mice. Immunocytochemistry and Western blots showed increased expression of LSP1 and phosphorylated LSP1 in lungs of LPS-treated WT mice. Histology showed more congestion, inflammation, and Gr-1(+) neutrophils in lung of WT mice than Lsp1(-/-) mice. LPS-treated WT mice had significantly more neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and myeloperoxidase levels in lungs compared with Lsp1(-/-) mice. However, there were no differences in lung tissue and BAL concentrations of keratinocyte-derived chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and -1β, vascular permeability, and phosphorylated p38 MAPK between LPS-treated WT and Lsp1(-/-) mice, whereas TNF-α concentration was higher in BAL fluid from LPS-treated WT. Immunoelectron microscopy showed increased LSP1 in the nuclei of LPS-treated neutrophils. We also found increased levels of phosphorylated LSP1 associated with plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytosol at various times after LPS treatment of murine bone marrow-derived neutrophils, suggesting its role in modulation of neutrophil cytoskeleton and the membrane. These data collectively show increased expression of LSP1 in inflamed mouse and human lungs and its role in neutrophil recruitment and lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Phuong Khanh Le
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Shankaramurthy Channabasappa
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; and
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; and
| | - Baljit Singh
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada;
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van der Vorst EPC, Döring Y, Weber C. MIF and CXCL12 in Cardiovascular Diseases: Functional Differences and Similarities. Front Immunol 2015; 6:373. [PMID: 26257740 PMCID: PMC4508925 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) as part of the cardiovascular diseases is a pathology caused by atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the vessel wall characterized by a massive invasion of lipids and inflammatory cells into the inner vessel layer (intima) leading to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions; their constant growth may cause complications such as flow-limiting stenosis and plaque rupture, the latter triggering vessel occlusion through thrombus formation. Pathophysiology of CAD is complex and over the last years many players have entered the picture. One of the latter being chemokines (small 8-12 kDa cytokines) and their receptors, known to orchestrate cell chemotaxis and arrest. Here, we will focus on the chemokine CXCL12, also known as stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and the chemokine-like function chemokine, macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF). Both are ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved proteins and play an important role in cell homeostasis, recruitment, and arrest through binding to their corresponding chemokine receptors CXCR4 (CXCL12 and MIF), ACKR3 (CXCL12), and CXCR2 (MIF). In addition, MIF also binds to the receptor CD44 and the co-receptor CD74. CXCL12 has mostly been studied for its crucial role in the homing of (hematopoietic) progenitor cells in the bone marrow and their mobilization into the periphery. In contrast to CXCL12, MIF is secreted in response to diverse inflammatory stimuli, and has been associated with a clear pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic role in multiple studies of patients and animal models. Ongoing research on CXCL12 points at a protective function of this chemokine in atherosclerotic lesion development. This review will focus on the role of CXCL12 and MIF and their differences and similarities in CAD of high risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel P C van der Vorst
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany ; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance , Munich , Germany ; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht , Netherlands
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Arasli M, Ozsurekci Y, Elaldi N, McAuley AJ, Karadag Oncel E, Tekin IO, Gozel MG, Kaya A, Icagasioglu FD, Caglayik DY, Korukluoglu G, Kokturk F, Bakir M, Bente DA, Ceyhan M. Elevated chemokine levels during adult but not pediatric Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. J Clin Virol 2015; 66:76-82. [PMID: 25866343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral zoonosis. Clinical reports indicate the severity of CCHF is milder in children than adults. The chemokines are important chemo-attractant mediators of the host immune system. OBJECTIVES The main aim of the study was to identify whether or not there were any differences in chemokine levels between the pediatric and adult patients and control groups, and whether there was any correlation with disease severity. STUDY DESIGN The serum levels of select chemokines including chemokine (C-C) ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL3, CCL4, chemokine (C-X-C) ligand 8 (CXCL8), CXCL9, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in 29 adult and 32 pediatric CCHF patients and in 35 healthy children and 40 healthy adult control groups were studied by flow cytometric bead immunoassay method. RESULTS Great variability was detected in the serum levels of the chemokines for both the adult and pediatric patients and controls. With the exception of G-CSF, the median serum levels of CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL8, and CXCL9 were found to be significantly higher in the adult patients compared to adult controls (2364.7 vs. 761 pg/ml; 714.1 vs. 75.2 pg/ml; 88.6 vs. 25.5 pg/ml; 217.9 vs. 18.3 pg/ml; 875 vs. 352.2 pg/ml, respectively, p < 0.0001 for all comparisons). Among the chemokines the median CCL4 and G-CSF levels were significantly higher in the pediatric patients compared to pediatric controls (40.3 vs. 7.1 pg/ml, p < 0.0001; 0.1 vs. 0.1 pg/ml, p = 0.049, respectively). CONCLUSION The results of this study showed prominent chemokine raising in adult CCHF patients compared to children CCHF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Arasli
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Yasemin Ozsurekci
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nazif Elaldi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Alexander J McAuley
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch,Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Eda Karadag Oncel
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ishak Ozel Tekin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gokhan Gozel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ali Kaya
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | | | - Dilek Yagci Caglayik
- Refik Saydam National Public Health Agency, Virology Reference and Research Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulay Korukluoglu
- Refik Saydam National Public Health Agency, Virology Reference and Research Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Furuzan Kokturk
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bakir
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Dennis A Bente
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch,Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mehmet Ceyhan
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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58
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de Munnik SM, Smit MJ, Leurs R, Vischer HF. Modulation of cellular signaling by herpesvirus-encoded G protein-coupled receptors. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:40. [PMID: 25805993 PMCID: PMC4353375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses (HHVs) are widespread infectious pathogens that have been associated with proliferative and inflammatory diseases. During viral evolution, HHVs have pirated genes encoding viral G protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs), which are expressed on infected host cells. These vGPCRs show highest homology to human chemokine receptors, which play a key role in the immune system. Importantly, vGPCRs have acquired unique properties such as constitutive activity and the ability to bind a broad range of human chemokines. This allows vGPCRs to hijack human proteins and modulate cellular signaling for the benefit of the virus, ultimately resulting in immune evasion and viral dissemination to establish a widespread and lifelong infection. Knowledge on the mechanisms by which herpesviruses reprogram cellular signaling might provide insight in the contribution of vGPCRs to viral survival and herpesvirus-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M de Munnik
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems - Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems - Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems - Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems - Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
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Abstract
Leukocyte migration through activated venular walls is a fundamental immune response that is prerequisite to the entry of effector cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, and effector T cells to sites of infection, injury, and stress within the interstitium. Stimulation of leukocytes is instrumental in this process with enhanced temporally controlled leukocyte adhesiveness and shape-changes promoting leukocyte attachment to the inner wall of blood vessels under hydrodynamic forces. This initiates polarized motility of leukocytes within and through venular walls and transient barrier disruption facilitated sequentially by stimulated vascular cells, i.e., endothelial cells and their associated pericytes. Perivascular cells such as macrophages and mast cells that act as tissue inflammatory sentinels can also directly and indirectly regulate the exit of leukocytes from the vascular lumen. In this review, we discuss current knowledge and open questions regarding the mechanisms involved in the interactions of different effector leukocytes with peripheral vessels in extralymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Ronen Alon
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel.
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60
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Beck-Sickinger AG, Panitz N. Semi-synthesis of chemokines. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 22:100-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Microfluidic platform for the quantitative analysis of leukocyte migration signatures. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4787. [PMID: 25183261 PMCID: PMC4155519 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte migration into tissues is characteristic of inflammation. It is usually measured in vitro as the average displacement of populations of cells towards a chemokine gradient, not acknowledging other patterns of cell migration. Here, we designed and validated a microfluidic migration platform to simultaneously analyze four qualitative migration patterns: chemo-attraction, -repulsion, -kinesis and -inhibition, using single-cell quantitative metrics of direction, speed, persistence, and fraction of cells responding. We find that established chemokines C5a and IL-8 induce chemoattraction and repulsion in equal proportions, resulting in the dispersal of cells. These migration signatures are characterized by high persistence and speed and are independent of the chemokine dose or receptor expression. Furthermore, we find that twice as many T-lymphocytes migrate away than towards SDF-1 and their directional migration patterns are not persistent. Overall, our platform characterizes migratory signature responses and uncovers an avenue for precise characterization of leukocyte migration and therapeutic modulators.
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62
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De Paula VS, Pomin VH, Valente AP. Unique properties of human β-defensin 6 (hBD6) and glycosaminoglycan complex: sandwich-like dimerization and competition with the chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) binding site. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22969-22979. [PMID: 24970887 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.572529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins are components of the innate immune system that promote the directional migration and activation of dendritic cells, thereby modulating the adaptive immune response. Because matrix glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is known to be important for these functions, we characterized the structural features of human β-defensin 6 (hBD6) and GAG interaction using a combination of structural and in silico analyses. Our results showed that GAG model compounds, a pentasaccharide (fondaparinux, FX) and an octasaccharide heparin derivative (dp8) bind to the α-helix and in the loops between the β2 and β3 strands, inducing the formation of a ternary complex with a 2:1 hBD6:FX stoichiometry. Competition experiments indicated an overlap of GAG and chemokine receptor CCR2 binding sites. An NMR-derived model of the ternary complex revealed that FX interacts with hBD6 along the dimerization interface, primarily contacting the α-helices and β2-β3 loops from each monomer. We further demonstrated that high-pressure NMR spectroscopy could capture an intermediate stage of hBD6-FX interaction, exhibiting features of a cooperative binding mechanism. Collectively, these data suggest a "sandwich-like" model in which two hBD6 molecules bind a single FX chain and provide novel structural insights into how defensin orchestrates leukocyte recruitment through GAG binding and G protein-coupled receptor activation. Despite the similarity to chemokines and hBD2, our data indicate different properties for the hBD6-GAG complex. This work adds significant information to the currently limited data available for the molecular structures and dynamics of defensin carbohydrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane S De Paula
- Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Macromoléculas and Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Vitor H Pomin
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Valente
- Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Macromoléculas and Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
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Döring Y, Pawig L, Weber C, Noels H. The CXCL12/CXCR4 chemokine ligand/receptor axis in cardiovascular disease. Front Physiol 2014; 5:212. [PMID: 24966838 PMCID: PMC4052746 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 play an important homeostatic function by mediating the homing of progenitor cells in the bone marrow and regulating their mobilization into peripheral tissues upon injury or stress. Although the CXCL12/CXCR4 interaction has long been regarded as a monogamous relation, the identification of the pro-inflammatory chemokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as an important second ligand for CXCR4, and of CXCR7 as an alternative receptor for CXCL12, has undermined this interpretation and has considerably complicated the understanding of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling and associated biological functions. This review aims to provide insight into the current concept of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in myocardial infarction (MI) and its underlying pathologies such as atherosclerosis and injury-induced vascular restenosis. It will discuss main findings from in vitro studies, animal experiments and large-scale genome-wide association studies. The importance of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in progenitor cell homing and mobilization will be addressed, as will be the function of CXCR4 in different cell types involved in atherosclerosis. Finally, a potential translation of current knowledge on CXCR4 into future therapeutical application will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Pawig
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany ; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance Munich, Germany ; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany
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Richter R, Jochheim-Richter A, Ciuculescu F, Kollar K, Seifried E, Forssmann U, Verzijl D, Smit MJ, Blanchet X, von Hundelshausen P, Weber C, Forssmann WG, Henschler R. Identification and characterization of circulating variants of CXCL12 from human plasma: effects on chemotaxis and mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1959-74. [PMID: 24708339 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPCs) is induced by treatment with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, chemotherapy, or irradiation. We observed that these treatments are accompanied by a release of chemotactic activity into the blood. This plasma activity is derived from the bone marrow, liver, and spleen and acts on HPCs via the chemokine receptor CXCR4. A human blood peptide library was used to characterize CXCR4-activating compounds. We identified CXCL12[22-88] and N-terminally truncated variants CXCL12[24-88], CXCL12[25-88], CXCL12[27-88], and CXCL12[29-88]. Only CXCL12[22-88] could effectively bind to CXCR4 and induce intracellular calcium flux and chemotactic migration of HPCs. CXCL12[25-88] and CXCL12[27-88] revealed neither agonistic nor antagonistic activities in vitro, whereas CXCL12[29-88] inhibited CXCL12[22-88]-induced chemotactic migration. Since binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAG) modulates the function of CXCL12, binding to heparin was analyzed. Surface plasmon resonance kinetic analysis showed that N-terminal truncation of Arg22-Pro23 increased the dissociation constant KD by one log10 stage ([22-88]: KD: 5.4 ± 2.6 μM; [24-88]: KD: 54 ± 22.4 μM). Further truncation of the N-terminus decreased the KD ([25-88] KD: 30 ± 4.8 μM; [27-88] KD: 23 ± 1.6 μM; [29-88] KD: 19 ± 5.4 μM), indicating increasing competition for heparin binding. Systemic in vivo application of CXCL12[22-88] as well as CXCL12[27-88] or CXCL12[29-88] induced a significant mobilization of HPCs in mice. Our findings indicate that plasma-derived CXCL12 variants may contribute to the regulation of HPC mobilization by modulating the binding of CXCL12[22-88] to GAGs rather than blocking the CXCR4 receptor and, therefore, may have a contributing role in HPC mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Richter
- 1 Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immune Hematology , Blood Donation Service of the German Red Cross, Frankfurt, Germany
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Nandi B, Pai C, Huang Q, Prabhala RH, Munshi NC, Gold JS. CCR6, the sole receptor for the chemokine CCL20, promotes spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97566. [PMID: 24866282 PMCID: PMC4035256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the inflammatory chemokine CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 have been associated with colorectal cancer growth and metastasis, however, a causal role for CCL20 signaling through CCR6 in promoting intestinal carcinogenesis has not been demonstrated in vivo. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of CCL20-CCR6 interactions in spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis. CCR6-deficient mice were crossed with mice heterozygous for a mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene (APCMIN/+ mice) to generate APCMIN/+ mice with CCR6 knocked out (CCR6KO-APCMIN/+ mice). CCR6KO-APCMIN/+ mice had diminished spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis. CCR6KO-APCMIN/+ also had normal sized spleens as compared to the enlarged spleens found in APCMIN/+ mice. Decreased macrophage infiltration into intestinal adenomas and non-tumor epithelium was observed in CCR6KO-APCMIN/+ as compared to APCMIN/+ mice. CCL20 signaling through CCR6 caused increased production of CCL20 by colorectal cancer cell lines. Furthermore, CCL20 had a direct mitogenic effect on colorectal cancer cells. Thus, interactions between CCL20 and CCR6 promote intestinal carcinogenesis. Our results suggest that the intestinal tumorigenesis driven by CCL20-CCR6 interactions may be driven by macrophage recruitment into the intestine as well as proliferation of neoplastic epithelial cells. This interaction could be targeted for the treatment or prevention of malignancy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Chemokine CCL20/genetics
- Chemokine CCL20/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Genes, APC
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Intestinal Neoplasms/etiology
- Intestinal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Intestinal Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, CCR6/genetics
- Receptors, CCR6/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR6/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisweswar Nandi
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christine Pai
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Qin Huang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Pathology, Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rao H. Prabhala
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Dana-Farber Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nikhil C. Munshi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Dana-Farber Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medicine Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jason S. Gold
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Surgery Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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66
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Shaw VE, Lane B, Jenkinson C, Cox T, Greenhalf W, Halloran CM, Tang J, Sutton R, Neoptolemos JP, Costello E. Serum cytokine biomarker panels for discriminating pancreatic cancer from benign pancreatic disease. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:114. [PMID: 24884871 PMCID: PMC4032456 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated whether combinations of serum cytokines, used with logistic disease predictor models, could facilitate the detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS The serum levels of 27 cytokines were measured in 241 subjects, 127 with PDAC, 49 with chronic pancreatitis, 20 with benign biliary obstruction and 45 healthy controls. Samples were split randomly into independent training and test sets. Cytokine biomarker panels were selected by identifying the top performing cytokines in best fit logistic regression models during multiple rounds of resampling from the training dataset. Disease prediction by logistic models, built using the resulting cytokine panels, was evaluated with training and test sets and further examined using resampled performance evaluation. RESULTS For the discrimination of PDAC patients from patients with benign disease, a panel of IP-10, IL-6, PDGF plus CA19-9 offered improved diagnostic performance over CA19-9 alone in the training (AUC 0.838 vs. 0.678) and independent test set (AUC 0.884 vs. 0.798). For the discrimination of PDAC from CP, a panel of IL-8, CA19-9, IL-6 and IP-10 offered improved diagnostic performance over CA19-9 alone with the training (AUC 0.880 vs. 0.758) and test set (AUC 0.912 vs. 0.848). Finally, for the discrimination of PDAC in the presence of jaundice from benign controls with jaundice, a panel of IP-10, IL-8, IL-1b and PDGF demonstrated improvement over CA19-9 in the training (AUC 0.810 vs. 0.614) and test set (AUC 0.857 vs. 0.659). CONCLUSIONS These findings support the potential role for cytokine panels in the discrimination of PDAC from patients with benign pancreatic diseases and warrant additional study.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/blood
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/genetics
- Biomarkers/blood
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/blood
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cholestasis/blood
- Cholestasis/diagnosis
- Cholestasis/genetics
- Cholestasis/pathology
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/genetics
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Logistic Models
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Pancreas/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/blood
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/blood
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/diagnosis
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/genetics
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/pathology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/genetics
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Shaw
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Brian Lane
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Claire Jenkinson
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Trevor Cox
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - William Greenhalf
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Christopher M Halloran
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Joseph Tang
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Robert Sutton
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - John P Neoptolemos
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Eithne Costello
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
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67
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
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68
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Pei X, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Wang P, Peng X, Guo C, Xu E, Zheng Y, Mo X, Ma J, Chen D, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Song Q, Guo S, Shi T, Zhang Z, Ma D, Wang Y. PC3-secreted microprotein is a novel chemoattractant protein and functions as a high-affinity ligand for CC chemokine receptor 2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1878-86. [PMID: 24442440 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PC3-secreted microprotein (PSMP) or microseminoprotein is a newly discovered secreted protein whose function is currently unknown. In this study, PSMP was found to possess chemotactic ability toward monocytes and lymphocytes, and its functional receptor was identified as CCR2B. PSMP was identified as a chemoattractant protein from a PBMC chemoattractant platform screen that we established. The mature secreted PSMP was able to chemoattract human peripheral blood monocytes, PBLs, and CCR2B-expressing THP-1 cells, but not peripheral blood neutrophils, even though it does not contain the classical structure of chemokines. CCR2B was identified as one receptor for PSMP-mediated chemotaxis by screening HEK293 cells that transiently expressed classical chemokine receptors; results obtained from the chemotaxis, calcium flux, receptor internalization, and radioligand-binding assays all confirmed this finding. To further identify the major function of PSMP, we analyzed its expression profile in tissues. PSMP is highly expressed in benign prostatic hyperplasia and in some prostate cancers, and can also be detected in breast tumor tissue. In response to PSMP stimulation, phosphorylated ERK levels downstream of CCR2B signaling were upregulated in the PC3 cell line. Taken together, our data collectively suggest that PSMP is a chemoattractant protein acting as a novel CCR2 ligand that may influence inflammation and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Pei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology of Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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69
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Abstract
Innate immune cells, particularly macrophages and epithelial cells, play a key role in multiple layers of immune responses. Alarmins and pro-inflammatory cytokines from the IL (interleukin)-1 and TNF (tumour necrosis factor) families initiate the cascade of events by inducing chemokine release from bystander cells and by the up-regulation of adhesion molecules required for transendothelial trafficking of immune cells. Furthermore, innate cytokines produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, epithelial cells and innate lymphoid cells seem to play a critical role in polarization of helper T-cell cytokine profiles into specific subsets of Th1/Th2/Th17 effector cells or regulatory T-cells. Lastly, the innate immune system down-regulates effector mechanisms and restores homoeostasis in injured tissue via cytokines from the IL-10 and TGF (transforming growth factor) families mainly released from macrophages, preferentially the M2 subset, which have a capacity to induce regulatory T-cells, inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and induce healing of the tissue by regulating extracellular matrix protein deposition and angiogenesis. Cytokines produced by innate immune cells represent an attractive target for therapeutic intervention, and multiple molecules are currently being tested clinically in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic diseases, autoinflammatory syndromes, fibrosing processes or malignancies. In addition to the already widely used blockers of TNFα and the tested inhibitors of IL-1 and IL-6, multiple therapeutic molecules are currently in clinical trials targeting TNF-related molecules [APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) and BAFF (B-cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family)], chemokine receptors, IL-17, TGFβ and other cytokines.
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70
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Gene expression based evidence of innate immune response activation in the epithelium with oral lichen planus. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59:354-61. [PMID: 24581860 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a disease of the oral mucosa of unknown cause producing lesions with an intense band-like inflammatory infiltrate of T cells to the subepithelium and keratinocyte cell death. We performed gene expression analysis of the oral epithelium of lesions in subjects with OLP and its sister disease, oral lichenoid reaction (OLR), in order to better understand the role of the keratinocytes in these diseases. DESIGN Fourteen patients with OLP or OLR were included in the study, along with a control group of 23 subjects with a variety of oral diseases and a normal group of 17 subjects with no clinically visible mucosal abnormalities. Various proteins have been associated with OLP, based on detection of secreted proteins or changes in RNA levels in tissue samples consisting of epithelium, stroma, and immune cells. The mRNA level of twelve of these genes expressed in the epithelium was tested in the three groups. RESULTS Four genes showed increased expression in the epithelium of OLP patients: CD14, CXCL1, IL8, and TLR1, and at least two of these proteins, TLR1 and CXCL1, were expressed at substantial levels in oral keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS Because of the large accumulation of T cells in lesions of OLP it has long been thought to be an adaptive immunity malfunction. We provide evidence that there is increased expression of innate immune genes in the epithelium with this illness, suggesting a role for this process in the disease and a possible target for treatment.
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71
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Barbieri F, Thellung S, Würth R, Gatto F, Corsaro A, Villa V, Nizzari M, Albertelli M, Ferone D, Florio T. Emerging Targets in Pituitary Adenomas: Role of the CXCL12/CXCR4-R7 System. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:753524. [PMID: 25484899 PMCID: PMC4248486 DOI: 10.1155/2014/753524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic regulators of immune surveillance in physiological and pathological conditions such as inflammation, infection, and cancer. Several chemokines and cognate receptors are constitutively expressed in the central nervous system, not only in glial and endothelial cells but also in neurons, controlling neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, and axonal guidance during development. In particular, the chemokine CXCL12 and its receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR7, form a functional network that controls plasticity in different brain areas, influencing neurotransmission, neuromodulation, and cell migration, and the dysregulation of this chemokinergic axis is involved in several neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory, and malignant diseases. CXCR4 primarily mediates the transduction of proliferative signals, while CXCR7 seems to be mainly responsible for scavenging CXCL12. Importantly, the multiple intracellular signalling generated by CXCL12 interaction with its receptors influences hypothalamic modulation of neuroendocrine functions, although a direct modulation of pituitary functioning via autocrine/paracrine mechanisms was also reported. Both CXCL12 and CXCR4 are constitutively overexpressed in pituitary adenomas and their signalling induces cell survival and proliferation, as well as hormonal hypersecretion. In this review we focus on the physiological and pathological functions of immune-related cyto- and chemokines, mainly focusing on the CXCL12/CXCR4-7 axis, and their role in pituitary tumorigenesis. Accordingly, we discuss the potential targeting of CXCR4 as novel pharmacological approach for pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Barbieri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
- *Federica Barbieri:
| | - Stefano Thellung
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Würth
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Gatto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsaro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Valentina Villa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Mario Nizzari
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Manuela Albertelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Diego Ferone
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
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Pevida M, Lastra A, Meana Á, Hidalgo A, Baamonde A, Menéndez L. The chemokine CCL5 induces CCR1-mediated hyperalgesia in mice inoculated with NCTC 2472 tumoral cells. Neuroscience 2013; 259:113-25. [PMID: 24316469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR1 has been demonstrated in several structures related to nociception, supporting the nociceptive role of chemokines able to activate it, the involvement of CCR1 in neoplastic pain has not been previously assessed. We have assayed the effects of a CCR1 antagonist, J113863, in two murine models of neoplastic hyperalgesia based on the intratibial injection of either NCTC 2472 fibrosarcoma cells, able to induce osteolytic bone injury, or B16-F10 melanoma cells, associated to mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic bone pathological features. The systemic administration of J113863 inhibited thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia but not mechanical allodynia in mice inoculated with NCTC 2472 cells. Moreover, in these mice, thermal hyperalgesia was counteracted following the peritumoral (10-30μg) but not spinal (3-5μg) administration of J113863. In contrast, hyperalgesia and allodynia measured in mice inoculated with B16-F10 cells remained unaffected after the administration of J113863. The inoculation of tumoral cells did not modify the levels of CCL3 at tumor or spinal cord. In contrast, although the concentration of CCL5 remained unmodified in mice inoculated with B16-F10 cells, increased levels of this chemokine were measured in tumor-bearing limbs, but not the spinal cord, of mice inoculated with NCTC 2472 cells. Increased levels of CCL5 were also found following the incubation of NCTC 2472, but not B16-F10, cells in the corresponding culture medium. The intraplantar injection of CCL5 (0.5ng) to naïve mice evoked thermal hyperalgesia prevented by the coadministration of J113863 or the CCR5 antagonist, d-Ala-peptide T-amide (DAPTA), demonstrating that CCL5 can induce thermal hyperalgesia in mice through the activation of CCR1 or CCR5. However, contrasting with the inhibitory effect evoked by J113863, the systemic administration of DAPTA did not prevent tumoral hyperalgesia. Finally, the peritumoral administration of an anti-CCL5 antibody completely inhibited thermal hyperalgesia evoked by the inoculation of NCTC 2472 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pevida
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - A Lastra
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Á Meana
- Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos del Principado de Asturias, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), U714, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - A Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - A Baamonde
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Luis Menéndez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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Gomes Quinderé AL, Benevides NMB, Carbone F, Mach F, Vuilleumier N, Montecucco F. Update on selective treatments targeting neutrophilic inflammation in atherogenesis and atherothrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2013; 111:634-46. [PMID: 24285257 DOI: 10.1160/th13-08-0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the most common pathological process underlying cardiovascular diseases. Current therapies are largely focused on alleviating hyperlipidaemia and preventing thrombotic complications, but do not completely eliminate risk of suffering recurrent acute ischaemic events. Specifically targeting the inflammatory processes may help to reduce this residual risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in atherosclerotic patients. The involvement of neutrophils in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is an emerging field, where evidence for their causal contribution during various stages of atherosclerosis is accumulating. Therefore, the identification of neutrophils as a potential therapeutic target may offer new therapeutic perspective to reduce the current atherosclerotic burden. This narrative review highlights the expanding role of neutrophils in atherogenesis and discusses on the potential treatment targeting neutrophil-related inflammation and associated atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Fabrizio Montecucco, MD, PhD, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland, Tel: +41 22 38 27 238, Fax: +41 22 38 27 245, E mail:
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74
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Boyle DP, McCourt CM, Matchett KB, Salto-Tellez M. Molecular and clinicopathological markers of prognosis in breast cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013; 13:481-98. [PMID: 23782255 DOI: 10.1586/erm.13.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A vast body of research in breast cancer prognostication has accumulated. Yet despite this, patients within current prognostic categories may have significantly different outcomes. There is a need to more accurately divide those cancer types associated with an excellent prognosis from those requiring more aggressive therapy. Gene expression array studies have revealed the numerous molecular breast cancer subtypes that are associated with differing outcomes. Furthermore, as next generation technologies evolve and further reveal the complexities of breast cancer, it is likely that existing prognostic approaches will become progressively refined. Future prognostication in breast cancer requires a morphomolecular, multifaceted approach involving the assessment of anatomical disease extent and levels of protein, DNA and RNA expression. One of the major challenges in prognostication will be the integration of potential assays into existing clinical systems and identification of appropriate patient subgroups for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Boyle
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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75
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Henderson B, Kaiser F. Do reciprocal interactions between cell stress proteins and cytokines create a new intra-/extra-cellular signalling nexus? Cell Stress Chaperones 2013; 18:685-701. [PMID: 23884786 PMCID: PMC3789882 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine biology began in the 1950s, and by 1988, a large number of cytokines, with a myriad of biological actions, had been discovered. In 1988, the basis of the protein chaperoning function of the heat shock, or cell stress, proteins was identified, and it was assumed that this was their major activity. However, since this time, evidence has accumulated to show that cell stress proteins are secreted by cells and can stimulate cellular cytokine synthesis with the generation of pro- and/or anti-inflammatory cytokine networks. Cell stress can also control cytokine synthesis, and cytokines are able to induce, or even inhibit, the synthesis of selected cell stress proteins and may also promote their release. How cell stress proteins control the formation of cytokines is not understood and how cytokines control cell stress protein synthesis depends on the cellular compartment experiencing stress, with cytoplasmic heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) having a variety of actions on cytokine gene transcription. The endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response also exhibits a complex set of behaviours in terms of control of cytokine synthesis. In addition, individual intracellular cell stress proteins, such as Hsp27 and Hsp90, have major roles in controlling cellular responses to cytokines and in controlling cytokine synthesis in response to exogenous factors. While still confusing, the literature supports the hypothesis that cell stress proteins and cytokines may generate complex intra- and extra-cellular networks, which function in the control of cells to external and internal stressors and suggests the cell stress response as a key parameter in cytokine network generation and, as a consequence, in control of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Henderson
- />Department of Microbial Diseases, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Frank Kaiser
- />Department of Microbial Diseases, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, UK
- />Division of Microbial Diseases, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray’s Inn Road, London, WC1X 8LD UK
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76
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Sierra B, Perez AB, Garcia G, Aguirre E, Alvarez M, Gonzalez D, Guzman MG. Role of CC chemokine receptor 1 and two of its ligands in human dengue infection. Three approaches under the Cuban situation. Microbes Infect 2013; 16:40-50. [PMID: 24157267 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Any of the four dengue serotypes can cause a severe disease, partly due to systemic inflammation orchestrated by mediators like cytokines and chemokines. We addressed the role of CCR1 and its ligands CCL3/MIP-1α and CCL5/RANTES in dengue infection using three different approaches: an ex vivo model exploring memory immune response in subjects with a well characterized dengue immune background, an in vivo study in patients with primary or secondary dengue infection, and an approach in fatal dengue. CCR1 and CCL3/MIP-1α gene expression showed differences after homotypic and heterotypic challenge according to dengue immune background of subjects, in correspondence with previous observations in Cuban dengue outbreaks. CCL5/RANTES gene expression was higher after homotypic challenge. CCR1 and CCL3/MIP-1α gene expression was higher in patients with secondary infection during critical days of the dengue disease, while the increase in RANTES expression started earlier than the observed for CCR1 and CCL3/MIP-1α. CCR1 and CCL3/MIP-1α gene expression was as high in brain as in spleen tissue from necropsy. Our results confirm the strong influence of previous immunity in subsequent dengue infections, and confer a possible pathogenic role to CCR1 and CCL3/MIP-1α in dengue disease and a possible protective role for CCL5/RANTES, probably through CCR5 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sierra
- Virology Department, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and Its Vector, Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6½, La Lisa, Habana, Cuba.
| | - Ana B Perez
- Virology Department, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and Its Vector, Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6½, La Lisa, Habana, Cuba
| | - Gissel Garcia
- Virology Department, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and Its Vector, Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6½, La Lisa, Habana, Cuba
| | - Eglys Aguirre
- Virology Department, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and Its Vector, Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6½, La Lisa, Habana, Cuba
| | - Mayling Alvarez
- Virology Department, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and Its Vector, Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6½, La Lisa, Habana, Cuba
| | - Daniel Gonzalez
- Virology Department, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and Its Vector, Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6½, La Lisa, Habana, Cuba
| | - Maria G Guzman
- Virology Department, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and Its Vector, Pedro Kouri Institute of Tropical Medicine, Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6½, La Lisa, Habana, Cuba
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García JJ, Cidoncha A, Bote ME, Hinchado MD, Ortega E. Altered profile of chemokines in fibromyalgia patients. Ann Clin Biochem 2013; 51:576-81. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563213506413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome characterized by widespread chronic pain. Its aetiology is still poorly understood, and there are no haematochemical or instrumental tests on which to base a diagnosis. Recent studies suggest that its pathogenesis may involve cytokines, in particular, chemokines – cytokines that regulate cell traffic under both physiological and pathological conditions. The aim of this study was to determine possible differences in the profile of systemic concentrations of chemokines between FM patients and healthy women (HW; controls). Methods The study participants were women diagnosed with FM ( n = 17) and a control group of HW ( n = 10). Serum concentrations of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)/(CCL17), monokine induced by gamma-interferon (MIG)/(CXCL9), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC)/(CCL22), interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC)/(CXCL11), eotaxin (CCL11), pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine (PARC)/(CCL18) and hemofiltrate CC-chemokine-4 (HCC-4)/(CCL16) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared between the FM and HW groups. Results FM patients had elevated serum levels of the following inflammatory chemokines: TARC ( P < 0.001), MIG ( P < 0.001), MDC ( P < 0.01), I-TAC ( P < 0.01) and eotaxin ( P < 0.05). No differences were found in the circulating concentrations of PARC and HCC-4 (homoeostatic chemokines). Conclusions Since FM patients present higher serum concentrations of inflammatory chemokines than HW, the evaluation of these biomarkers could help in the diagnosis of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J García
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Antonio Cidoncha
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Don Benito, Spain
| | - María E Bote
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - María D Hinchado
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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78
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Legein B, Temmerman L, Biessen EAL, Lutgens E. Inflammation and immune system interactions in atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3847-69. [PMID: 23430000 PMCID: PMC11113412 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for 16.7 million deaths each year. The underlying cause of the majority of CVD is atherosclerosis. In the past, atherosclerosis was considered to be the result of passive lipid accumulation in the vessel wall. Today's picture is far more complex. Atherosclerosis is considered a chronic inflammatory disease that results in the formation of plaques in large and mid-sized arteries. Both cells of the innate and the adaptive immune system play a crucial role in its pathogenesis. By transforming immune cells into pro- and anti-inflammatory chemokine- and cytokine-producing units, and by guiding the interactions between the different immune cells, the immune system decisively influences the propensity of a given plaque to rupture and cause clinical symptoms like myocardial infarction and stroke. In this review, we give an overview on the newest insights in the role of different immune cells and subtypes in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Legein
- Experimental Vascular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieve Temmerman
- Experimental Vascular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A. L. Biessen
- Experimental Vascular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian’s University, Pettenkoferstrasse 8a/9, 80336 Munich, Germany
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79
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Zhang B, Yin C, Li H, Shi L, Liu N, Sun Y, Lu S, Liu Y, Sun L, Li X, Chen W, Qi Y. Nir1 promotes invasion of breast cancer cells by binding to chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 through the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/Snail signalling pathway. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:3900-13. [PMID: 24001613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.07.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18), which is derived from tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), plays a critical role in promoting breast cancer metastasis via its receptor, PYK2 N-terminal domain interacting receptor 1 (Nir1). However, the molecular mechanism by which Nir1 promotes breast cancer metastasis by binding to CCL18 remains elusive. In this study, Nir1 expression was associated with lymph node and distant metastasis in patients with invasive ductal carcinoma. For the first time, we report that Nir1 binding to CCL18 promotes the phosphorylation of Akt, LIN-11, Isl1 and MEC-3 protein domain kinase (LIMK), and cofilin, which is a critical step in cofilin recycling and actin polymerisation. Interestingly, Nir1 binding to CCL18 can enhance cell mesenchymal properties and induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically, Nir1 binding to CCL18 stabilises Snail via the Akt/GSK3β signalling pathway. In support of these observations, Nir1 binding to CCL18 promoted lung metastasis and LY294002 could inhibit it in vivo. In summary, our in vitro and in vivo results indicate that Nir1 binding to CCL18 plays an important role in breast cancer invasion/metastasis. This study identified both Nir1 and CCL18 as potential anti-invasion targets for therapeutic intervention in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baogang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Key Clinical Specialty for Pathology of Shandong Province, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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80
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Butler GS, Overall CM. Matrix metalloproteinase processing of signaling molecules to regulate inflammation. Periodontol 2000 2013; 63:123-48. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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81
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Kramp BK, Megens RTA, Sarabi A, Winkler S, Projahn D, Weber C, Koenen RR, von Hundelshausen P. Exchange of extracellular domains of CCR1 and CCR5 reveals confined functions in CCL5-mediated cell recruitment. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110:795-806. [PMID: 23925484 DOI: 10.1160/th13-05-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine CCL5 recruits monocytes into inflamed tissues by triggering primarily CCR1-mediated arrest on endothelial cells, whereas subsequent spreading is dominated by CCR5. The CCL5-induced arrest can be enhanced by heteromer formation with CXCL4. To identify mechanisms for receptor-specific functions, we employed CCL5 mutants and transfectants expressing receptor chimeras carrying transposed extracellular regions. Mutation of the basic 50s cluster of CCL5, a coordinative site for CCL5 surface presentation, reduced CCR5- but not CCR1-mediated arrest and transmigration. Impaired arrest was restored by exchanging the CCR5-N-terminus for that of CCR1, which supported arrest even without the 50s cluster, whereas mutation of the basic 40s cluster essential for proteoglycan binding of CCL5 could not be rescued. The enhancement of CCL5-induced arrest by CXCL4 was mediated by CCR1 requiring its third extracellular loop. The domain exchanges did not affect formation and co-localisation of receptor dimers, indicating a sensing role of the third extracellular loop for hetero-oligomers in an arrest microenvironment. Our data identify confined targetable regions of CCR1 specialised to facilitate CCL5-induced arrest and enhanced responsiveness to the CXCL4-CCL5 heteromer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit K Kramp
- Philipp von Hundelshausen, Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany, Tel.: +49 89 5160 4359, Fax: +49 89 5160 4352, E-mail:
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82
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Liu C, Weng Y, Yuan T, Zhang H, Bai H, Li B, Yang D, Zhang R, He F, Yan S, Zhan X, Shi Q. CXCL12/CXCR4 signal axis plays an important role in mediating bone morphogenetic protein 9-induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:1181-92. [PMID: 23935395 PMCID: PMC3739017 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal progenitor stem cells (MPCs) are a group of bone marrow stromal progenitor cells processing osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic and myogenic lineages differentiations. Previous studies have demonstrated that bone morphogeneic protein 9(BMP9) is one of the most osteogenic BMPs both in vitro and in vivo, however, the underlying molecular mechanism of osteogenesis induced by BMP9 is needed to be deep explored. Here, we used the recombinant adenoviruses assay to introduce BMP9 into C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells to elucidate the role of CXCL12/CXCR4 signal axis during BMP9-incuced osteogenic differentiation. The results showed that CXCL12 and CXCR4 expressions were down-regulated at the stage of BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation, in a dose- and time-dependent. Pretreatment of C3H10T1/2 cells with CXCL12/CXCR4 could significantly affect the early and mid osteogenic markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), the transcription factors of Runx2, Osx, Plzf and Dlx5 expression, through activating the Smad, MAPK signaling pathway. Addition of exogenous CXCL12 did not affect the changes of the late osteogenic marker calcium deposition. Thus, our findings suggest a co-requirement of the CXCL12/CXCR4 signal axis in BMP9-induced the early- and mid-process of osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liu
- 1. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yaguang Weng
- 1. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Taixian Yuan
- 1. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- 2. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jinan Sixth Hospital, Zhangqiu250200, China
| | - Huili Bai
- 1. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Baolin Li
- 1. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- 1. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ruyi Zhang
- 1. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fang He
- 1. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shujuan Yan
- 1. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhan
- 1. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- 1. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Poluri KM, Joseph PRB, Sawant KV, Rajarathnam K. Molecular basis of glycosaminoglycan heparin binding to the chemokine CXCL1 dimer. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25143-25153. [PMID: 23864653 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.492579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-bound and soluble chemokine gradients in the vasculature and extracellular matrix mediate neutrophil recruitment to the site of microbial infection and sterile injury in the host tissue. However, the molecular principles by which chemokine-GAG interactions orchestrate these gradients are poorly understood. This, in part, can be directly attributed to the complex interrelationship between the chemokine monomer-dimer equilibrium and binding geometry and affinities that are also intimately linked to GAG length. To address some of this missing knowledge, we have characterized the structural basis of heparin binding to the murine CXCL1 dimer. CXCL1 is a neutrophil-activating chemokine and exists as both monomers and dimers (Kd = 36 μm). To avoid interference from monomer-GAG interactions, we designed a trapped dimer (dCXCL1) by introducing a disulfide bridge across the dimer interface. We characterized the binding of GAG heparin octasaccharide to dCXCL1 using solution NMR spectroscopy. Our studies show that octasaccharide binds orthogonally to the interhelical axis and spans the dimer interface and that heparin binding enhances the structural integrity of the C-terminal helical residues and stability of the dimer. We generated a quadruple mutant (H20A/K22A/K62A/K66A) on the basis of the binding data and observed that this mutant failed to bind heparin octasaccharide, validating our structural model. We propose that the stability enhancement of dimers upon GAG binding regulates in vivo neutrophil trafficking by increasing the lifetime of "active" chemokines, and that this structural knowledge could be exploited for designing inhibitors that disrupt chemokine-GAG interactions and neutrophil homing to the target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Mohan Poluri
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, and
| | - Prem Raj B Joseph
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, and
| | - Kirti V Sawant
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Krishna Rajarathnam
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, and; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555.
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84
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Ou X, O'Leary HA, Broxmeyer HE. Implications of DPP4 modification of proteins that regulate stem/progenitor and more mature cell types. Blood 2013; 122:161-9. [PMID: 23637126 PMCID: PMC3709652 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-02-487470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidylpeptidase (DPP) 4 has the potential to truncate proteins with a penultimate alanine, proline, or other selective amino acids at the N-terminus. DPP4 truncation of certain chemokines, colony-stimulating factors, and interleukins have recently been linked to regulation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, more mature blood cells, and other cell types. We believe that the potential role of DPP4 in modification of many regulatory proteins, and their subsequent effects on numerous stem/progenitor and other cell-type functions has not been adequately appreciated. This review addresses the potential implications of the modifying effects of DPP4 on a large number of cytokines and other growth-regulating factors with either proven or putative DPP4 truncation sites on hematopoietic cells, and subsequent effects of DPP4-truncated proteins on multiple aspects of steady-state and stressed hematopoiesis, including stem/progenitor cell, and more mature cell, function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Weimar CHE, Macklon NS, Post Uiterweer ED, Brosens JJ, Gellersen B. The motile and invasive capacity of human endometrial stromal cells: implications for normal and impaired reproductive function. Hum Reprod Update 2013; 19:542-57. [PMID: 23827985 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms underlying early reproductive loss in the human are beginning to be elucidated. The migratory and invasive capacity of human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) is increasingly recognized to contribute to the intense tissue remodelling associated with embryo implantation, trophoblast invasion and endometrial regeneration. In this review, we examine the signals and mechanisms that control ESC migration and invasion and assess how deregulation of these cell functions contributes to common reproductive disorders. METHODS The PubMed database was searched for publications on motility and invasiveness of human ESCs in normal endometrial function and in reproductive disorders including implantation failure, recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), endometriosis and adenomyosis, covering the period 2000-2012. RESULTS Increasing evidence suggests that implantation failure and RPL involve abnormal migratory responses of decidualizing ESCs to embryo and trophoblast signals. Numerous reports indicate that endometriosis, as well as adenomyosis, is associated with increased basal and stimulated invasiveness of ESCs and their progenitor cells, suggesting a link between a heightened menstrual repair response and the formation of ectopic implants. Migration and invasiveness of ESCs are controlled by a complex array of hormones, growth factors, chemokines and inflammatory mediators, and involve signalling through Rho GTPases, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. CONCLUSIONS Novel concepts are extending our understanding of the key functions of ESCs in effecting tissue repair imposed by cyclic menstruation and parturition. Migration of decidualizing ESCs also serves to support blastocyst implantation and embryo selection through discriminate motile responses directed by embryo quality. Targeting regulatory molecules holds promise for developing new strategies for the treatment of reproductive disorders such as endometriosis and recurrent miscarriage; and harnessing the migratory capacity of progenitor mesenchymal stem cells in the endometrium may offer new opportunities in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H E Weimar
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease (NIDOD), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 EA, The Netherlands
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Qu J, Jakobs TC. The Time Course of Gene Expression during Reactive Gliosis in the Optic Nerve. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67094. [PMID: 23826199 PMCID: PMC3694957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive gliosis is a complex process that involves changes in gene expression and morphological remodeling. The mouse optic nerve, where astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes interact with retinal ganglion cell axons and each other, is a particularly suitable model for studying the molecular mechanisms of reactive gliosis. We triggered gliosis at the mouse optic nerve head by retro orbital nerve crush. We followed the expression profiles of 14,000 genes from 1 day to 3 months, as the optic nerve formed a glial scar. The transcriptome showed profound changes. These were greatest shortly after injury; the numbers of differentially regulated genes then dropped, returning nearly to resting levels by 3 months. Different genes were modulated with very different time courses, and functionally distinct groups of genes responded in partially overlapping waves. These correspond roughly to two quick waves of inflammation and cell proliferation, a slow wave of tissue remodeling and debris removal, and a final stationary phase that primarily reflects permanent structural changes in the axons. Responses from astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes were distinctively different, both molecularly and morphologically. Comparisons to other models of brain injury and to glaucoma indicated that the glial responses depended on both the tissue and the injury. Attempts to modulate glial function after axonal injuries should consider different mechanistic targets at different times following the insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Qu
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tatjana C. Jakobs
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hasegawa M, Higashi K, Matsushita T, Hamaguchi Y, Saito K, Fujimoto M, Takehara K. Dermokine inhibits ELR+CXC chemokine expression and delays early skin wound healing. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 70:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ravindran A, Sawant KV, Sarmiento J, Navarro J, Rajarathnam K. Chemokine CXCL1 dimer is a potent agonist for the CXCR2 receptor. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:12244-52. [PMID: 23479735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.443762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The CXCL1/CXCR2 axis plays a crucial role in recruiting neutrophils in response to microbial infection and tissue injury, and dysfunction in this process has been implicated in various inflammatory diseases. Chemokines exist as monomers and dimers, and compelling evidence now exists that both forms regulate in vivo function. Therefore, knowledge of the receptor activities of both CXCL1 monomer and dimer is essential to describe the molecular mechanisms by which they orchestrate neutrophil function. The monomer-dimer equilibrium constant (~20 μm) and the CXCR2 binding constant (1 nm) indicate that WT CXCL1 is active as a monomer. To characterize dimer activity, we generated a trapped dimer by introducing a disulfide across the dimer interface. This disulfide-linked CXCL1 dimer binds CXCR2 with nanomolar affinity and shows potent agonist activity in various cellular assays. We also compared the receptor binding mechanism of this dimer with that of a CXCL1 monomer, generated by deleting the C-terminal residues that stabilize the dimer interface. We observe that the binding interactions of the dimer and monomer to the CXCR2 N-terminal domain, which plays an important role in determining affinity and activity, are essentially conserved. The potent activity of the CXCL1 dimer is novel: dimers of the CC chemokines CCL2 and CCL4 are inactive, and the dimer of the CXC chemokine CXCL8 (which is closely related to CXCL1) is marginally active for CXCR1 but shows variable activity for CXCR2. We conclude that large differences in dimer activity among different chemokine-receptor pairs have evolved for fine-tuned leukocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Ravindran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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De Buck M, Gouwy M, Proost P, Struyf S, Van Damme J. Identification and characterization of MIP-1α/CCL3 isoform 2 from bovine serum as a potent monocyte/dendritic cell chemoattractant. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:789-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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