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Medina M, Baker DM, Baltrus DA, Bennett GM, Cardini U, Correa AMS, Degnan SM, Christa G, Kim E, Li J, Nash DR, Marzinelli E, Nishiguchi M, Prada C, Roth MS, Saha M, Smith CI, Theis KR, Zaneveld J. Grand Challenges in Coevolution. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.618251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Posadas N, Baquiran JIP, Nada MAL, Kelly M, Conaco C. Microbiome diversity and host immune functions influence survivorship of sponge holobionts under future ocean conditions. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:58-67. [PMID: 34218251 PMCID: PMC8692459 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The sponge-associated microbial community contributes to the overall health and adaptive capacity of the sponge holobiont. This community is regulated by the environment and the immune system of the host. However, little is known about the effect of environmental stress on the regulation of host immune functions and how this may, in turn, affect sponge-microbe interactions. In this study, we compared the bacterial diversity and immune repertoire of the demosponge, Neopetrosia compacta, and the calcareous sponge, Leucetta chagosensis, under varying levels of acidification and warming stress based on climate scenarios predicted for 2100. Neopetrosia compacta harbors a diverse microbial community and possesses a rich repertoire of scavenger receptors while L. chagosensis has a less diverse microbiome and an expanded range of pattern recognition receptors and immune response-related genes. Upon exposure to RCP 8.5 conditions, the microbiome composition and host transcriptome of N. compacta remained stable, which correlated with high survival (75%). In contrast, tissue necrosis and low survival (25%) of L. chagosensis was accompanied by microbial community shifts and downregulation of host immune-related pathways. Meta-analysis of microbiome diversity and immunological repertoire across poriferan classes further highlights the importance of host-microbe interactions in predicting the fate of sponges under future ocean conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niño Posadas
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jake Ivan P. Baquiran
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Michael Angelou L. Nada
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Michelle Kelly
- grid.419676.b0000 0000 9252 5808National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cecilia Conaco
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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Slinger J, Wynne JW, Adams MB. Profiling Branchial Bacteria of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Following Exposure to Antimicrobial Agents. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.756101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial gill diseases caused by either opportunistic or specific pathogens are an emerging area of concern for aquaculture producers in part due to their sometimes complex and/or cryptic nature. Many antimicrobial treatments used in aquacultural settings are broad spectrum in nature. The effect of such therapeutics upon reduction and recolonization of commensal or pathogenic microbiota post-treatment has received little attention to date. Commensal bacteria are an integral component of the barrier function of mucosal surfaces in animals. This study evaluated the effect of several commercially relevant antimicrobial treatments upon the diversity and composition of branchial bacteria of Atlantic salmon. Here we exposed Atlantic salmon smolt to a number of commercially relevant antimicrobial treatments including chemotherapeutants (chloramine-t and hydrogen peroxide) and antibiotics (oxytetracycline and florfenicol) in vivo. Subsequently we examined the change in bacterial load, 16S rRNA gene expression, and taxonomic diversity post-treatment upon the gills. Results revealed a decrease in cultivable bacterial colonies after antimicrobial treatment, and a downstream decrease in bacterial richness and abundance post-treatment, with colonization of several prominent pathogenic taxa including Vibrio and Tenacibaculum. Temporal tracing over a 14-day period demonstrated that the bacteriome of gill mucus is sensitive to change, and altered by antimicrobial treatment and handling. This study identified candidate antimicrobial treatments which could be implemented in future studies to illustrate the effect of dysbiosis on microbial gill diseases.
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García-Hernández JE, Tuohy E, Toledo-Rodríguez DA, Sherman C, Schizas NV, Weil E. Detrimental conditions affecting Xestospongia muta across shallow and mesophotic coral reefs off the southwest coast of Puerto Rico. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 147:47-61. [PMID: 34789587 DOI: 10.3354/dao03633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sponges are fundamental components of coral reef communities and, unfortunately, like other major benthic members, they too have been impacted by epizootic and panzootic events. We report on the prevalence of disease-like conditions affecting populations of the giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta across shallow and mesophotic coral reefs off La Parguera Natural Reserve (LPNR) and Mona Island Marine Reserve (MIMR) in Puerto Rico. Four different conditions affecting X. muta were observed during our surveys, of which 3 have been previously reported: cyclic spotted bleaching (CSB; apparently non-lethal), Xestospongia-tissue wasting disease (X-TWD; apparently lethal), and sponge orange band disease (SOB; sparsely associated with X-TWD infected individuals). Additionally, we describe a fourth condition, Xestospongia-tissue hardening condition (X-THC), a previously unreported disease recently observed along the insular shelf margin off LPNR and MIMR. Within LPNR, a total of 764 specimens of X. muta were inspected and measured. Of these, 590 sponges (72.2%) had CSB, 25 (3.27%) had signs of X-TWD, 7 (0.92%) had SOB, and the remaining 142 (18.6%) were apparently healthy. Three colonies inhabiting upper mesophotic depths on the LPNR insular shelf showed signs of CSB and X-TWD. At MIMR, video-transect surveys revealed a total of 514 colonies, of which 40 (7.78%) had signs of CSB and/or XTWD, 14 (2.72%) were affected by X-THC, while the remaining 460 (89.5%) showed no external signs of disease and appeared healthy. The presence of 4 concomitant disease-like conditions in barrel sponges of Puerto Rico is alarming, and indicative of the deteriorating status of Caribbean coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E García-Hernández
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, PO Box 9000, Mayagüez, PR 00681, USA
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Giraud C, Callac N, Beauvais M, Mailliez JR, Ansquer D, Selmaoui-Folcher N, Pham D, Wabete N, Boulo V. Potential lineage transmission within the active microbiota of the eggs and the nauplii of the shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris: possible influence of the rearing water and more. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12241. [PMID: 34820157 PMCID: PMC8601056 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial communities associated with animals are known to be key elements in the development of their hosts. In marine environments, these communities are largely under the influence of the surrounding water. In aquaculture, understanding the interactions existing between the microbiotas of farmed species and their rearing environment could help establish precise bacterial management. METHOD In light of these facts, we studied the active microbial communities associated with the eggs and the nauplii of the Pacific blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) and their rearing water. All samples were collected in September 2018, November 2018 and February 2019. After RNA extractions, two distinct Illumina HiSeq sequencings were performed. Due to different sequencing depths and in order to compare samples, data were normalized using the Count Per Million method. RESULTS We found a core microbiota made of taxa related to Aestuariibacter, Alteromonas, Vibrio, SAR11, HIMB11, AEGEAN 169 marine group and Candidatus Endobugula associated with all the samples indicating that these bacterial communities could be transferred from the water to the animals. We also highlighted specific bacterial taxa in the eggs and the nauplii affiliated to Pseudomonas, Corynebacterium, Acinetobacter, Labrenzia, Rothia, Thalassolituus, Marinobacter, Aureispira, Oleiphilus, Profundimonas and Marinobacterium genera suggesting a possible prokaryotic vertical transmission from the breeders to their offspring. This study is the first to focus on the active microbiota associated with early developmental stages of a farmed shrimp species and could serve as a basis to comprehend the microbial interactions involved throughout the whole rearing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolane Giraud
- Ifremer, IRD, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, Noumea, New Caledonia
- University of New Caledonia, Institut des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (ISEA), Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Nolwenn Callac
- Ifremer, IRD, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Maxime Beauvais
- Ifremer, IRD, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, Noumea, New Caledonia
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 7261, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Microbienne, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, CNRS, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Jean-René Mailliez
- Ifremer, IRD, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Dominique Ansquer
- Ifremer, IRD, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Nazha Selmaoui-Folcher
- University of New Caledonia, Institut des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (ISEA), Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Dominique Pham
- Ifremer, IRD, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Nelly Wabete
- Ifremer, IRD, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Viviane Boulo
- Ifremer, IRD, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, Noumea, New Caledonia
- IHPE, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan via Domitia, Montpellier, France
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Glasl B, Haskell JB, Aires T, Serrão EA, Bourne DG, Webster NS, Frade PR. Microbial Surface Biofilm Responds to the Growth-Reproduction-Senescence Cycle of the Dominant Coral Reef Macroalgae Sargassum spp. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111199. [PMID: 34833075 PMCID: PMC8621314 DOI: 10.3390/life11111199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroalgae play an intricate role in microbial-mediated coral reef degradation processes due to the release of dissolved nutrients. However, temporal variabilities of macroalgal surface biofilms and their implication on the wider reef system remain poorly characterized. Here, we study the microbial biofilm of the dominant reef macroalgae Sargassum over a period of one year at an inshore Great Barrier Reef site (Magnetic Island, Australia). Monthly sampling of the Sargassum biofilm links the temporal taxonomic and putative functional metabolic microbiome changes, examined using 16S rRNA gene amplicon and metagenomic sequencing, to the pronounced growth-reproduction-senescence cycle of the host. Overall, the macroalgal biofilm was dominated by the heterotrophic phyla Firmicutes (35% ± 5.9% SD) and Bacteroidetes (12% ± 0.6% SD); their relative abundance ratio shifted significantly along the annual growth-reproduction-senescence cycle of Sargassum. For example, Firmicutes were 1.7 to 3.9 times more abundant during host growth and reproduction cycles than Bacteroidetes. Both phyla varied in their carbohydrate degradation capabilities; hence, temporal fluctuations in the carbohydrate availability are potentially linked to the observed shift. Dominant heterotrophic macroalgal biofilm members, such as Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, are implicated in exacerbating or ameliorating the release of dissolved nutrients into the ambient environment, though their contribution to microbial-mediated reef degradation processes remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Glasl
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Jasmine B. Haskell
- CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, CIMAR, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (J.B.H.); (T.A.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Tania Aires
- CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, CIMAR, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (J.B.H.); (T.A.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Ester A. Serrão
- CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, CIMAR, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (J.B.H.); (T.A.); (E.A.S.)
| | - David G. Bourne
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia;
| | - Nicole S. Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville 4810, Australia
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- Australian Antarctic Division, Hobart 7050, Australia;
| | - Pedro R. Frade
- CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, CIMAR, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (J.B.H.); (T.A.); (E.A.S.)
- Zoological Department III, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
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Paix B, Potin P, Schires G, Le Poupon C, Misson B, Leblanc C, Culioli G, Briand JF. Synergistic effects of temperature and light affect the relationship between Taonia atomaria and its epibacterial community: a controlled conditions study. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:6777-6797. [PMID: 34490980 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the context of global warming, this study aimed to assess the effect of temperature and irradiance on the macroalgal Taonia atomaria holobiont dynamics. We developed an experimental set-up using aquaria supplied by natural seawater with three temperatures combined with three irradiances. The holobiont response was monitored over 14 days using a multi-omics approach coupling algal surface metabolomics and metabarcoding. Both temperature and irradiance appeared to shape the microbiota and the surface metabolome, but with a distinct temporality. Epibacterial community first changed according to temperature, and later in relation to irradiance, while the opposite occurred for the surface metabolome. An increased temperature revealed a decreasing richness of the epiphytic community together with an increase of several bacterial taxa. Irradiance changes appeared to quickly impact surface metabolites production linked with the algal host photosynthesis (e.g. mannitol, fucoxanthin, dimethylsulfoniopropionate), which was hypothesized to explain modifications of the structure of the epiphytic community. Algal host may also directly adapt its surface metabolome to changing temperature with time (e.g. lipids content) and also in response to changing microbiota (e.g. chemical defences). Finally, this study brought new insights highlighting complex direct and indirect responses of seaweeds and their associated microbiota under changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Paix
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire MAPIEM, La Garde, EA 4323, France
| | - Philippe Potin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Roscoff, France
| | - Gaëtan Schires
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Center for Biological Marine Resources (CRBM), FR 2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Roscoff, France
| | - Christophe Le Poupon
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Benjamin Misson
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM110, La Garde, France
| | - Catherine Leblanc
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Roscoff, France
| | - Gérald Culioli
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire MAPIEM, La Garde, EA 4323, France
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58
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Influence of temperature changes on symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities’ structure: an experimental study on soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum (Anthozoa: Alcyoniidae). JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467421000109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIt is well concluded that microbial composition and diversity of coral species can be affected under temperature alterations. However, the interaction of environmental accumulation of corals and temperature stress on symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities are rarely studied. In this study, two groups of soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum were cultured under constant (26 °C) and inconstant (22 °C to 26 °C) temperature conditions for 30 days as control treatments. After that, water was cooled rapidly to decrease to 20 °C in 24 h. The results of diversity analysis showed that symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities had a significant difference between the two accumulated groups. The principal coordinate analyses confirmed that symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities of both control treatments were clustered into two groups. Our results evidenced that rapid cooling stress could not change symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities’ composition. On the other hand, cooling stress could alter only bacterial communities in constant group. In conclusion, our study represents a clear relationship between environmental accumulation and the impact of short-term cooling stress in which microbial composition structure can be affected by early adaptation conditions.
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Abstract
Recent human activity has profoundly transformed Earth biomes on a scale and at rates that are unprecedented. Given the central role of symbioses in ecosystem processes, functions, and services throughout the Earth biosphere, the impacts of human-driven change on symbioses are critical to understand. Symbioses are not merely collections of organisms, but co-evolved partners that arise from the synergistic combination and action of different genetic programs. They function with varying degrees of permanence and selection as emergent units with substantial potential for combinatorial and evolutionary innovation in both structure and function. Following an articulation of operational definitions of symbiosis and related concepts and characteristics of the Anthropocene, we outline a basic typology of anthropogenic change (AC) and a conceptual framework for how AC might mechanistically impact symbioses with select case examples to highlight our perspective. We discuss surprising connections between symbiosis and the Anthropocene, suggesting ways in which new symbioses could arise due to AC, how symbioses could be agents of ecosystem change, and how symbioses, broadly defined, of humans and "farmed" organisms may have launched the Anthropocene. We conclude with reflections on the robustness of symbioses to AC and our perspective on the importance of symbioses as ecosystem keystones and the need to tackle anthropogenic challenges as wise and humble stewards embedded within the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik F. Y. Hom
- Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Conservation Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Alexandra S. Penn
- Department of Sociology and Centre for Evaluation of Complexity Across the Nexus, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH UK
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60
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Becker CC, Brandt M, Miller CA, Apprill A. Microbial bioindicators of Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease identified in corals and overlying waters using a rapid field-based sequencing approach. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:1166-1182. [PMID: 34431191 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD) is a devastating disease. Since 2014, it has spread along the entire Florida Reef Tract and into the greater Caribbean. It was first detected in the United States Virgin Islands in January 2019. To more quickly identify microbial bioindicators of disease, we developed a rapid pipeline for microbiome sequencing. Over a span of 10 days we collected, processed and sequenced coral and near-coral seawater microbiomes from diseased and apparently healthy Colpophyllia natans, Montastraea cavernosa, Meandrina meandrites and Orbicella franksi. Analysis of bacterial and archaeal 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences revealed 25 bioindicator amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) enriched in diseased corals. These bioindicator ASVs were additionally recovered in near-coral seawater (<5 cm of coral surface), a potential reservoir for pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis of microbial bioindicators with sequences from the Coral Microbiome Database revealed that Vibrio, Arcobacter, Rhizobiaceae and Rhodobacteraceae sequences were related to disease-associated coral bacteria and lineages novel to corals. Additionally, four ASVs (Algicola, Cohaesibacter, Thalassobius and Vibrio) were matches to microbes previously associated with SCTLD that should be targets for future research. Overall, this work suggests that a rapid sequencing framework paired with specialized databases facilitates identification of microbial disease bioindicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia C Becker
- Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.,MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge and Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | - Carolyn A Miller
- Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Amy Apprill
- Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
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Abstract
In Bangladesh, aquaculture is critically important in terms of providing food and nutrition, sustainable livelihoods, income, and export earnings. Nevertheless, aquaculture in Bangladesh has faced recent concerns due to climate change. Aquaculture is vulnerable to a combination of climatic factors, such as global warming, rainfall variation, flood, drought, temperature fluctuation, and salinity change. Considering the vulnerability of fish production to the impacts of climate change, tilapia farming is one of the possible strategies for adaptation to climate change. The positive culture attributes of tilapia are their tolerance to low water levels and poor water quality with rainfall variation, temperature fluctuation, and salinity change. In fact, tilapia farming is possible in a wide range of water environments, including freshwater, brackish water, and saltwater conditions. We suggest that appropriate tilapia culture strategies with institutional support and collaboration with key stakeholders are needed for adaptation to environmental change.
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Phelps CM, McMahon K, Bissett A, Bernasconi R, Steinberg PD, Thomas T, Marzinelli EM, Huggett MJ. The surface bacterial community of an Australian kelp shows cross-continental variation and relative stability within regions. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:fiab089. [PMID: 34156064 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epiphytic microbial communities often have a close relationship with their eukaryotic host, assisting with defence, health, disease prevention and nutrient transfer. Shifts in the structure of microbial communities could therefore have negative effects on the individual host and indirectly impact the surrounding ecosystem, particularly for major habitat-forming hosts, such as kelps in temperate rocky shores. Thus, an understanding of the structure and dynamics of host-associated microbial communities is essential for monitoring and assessing ecosystem changes. Here, samples were taken from the ecologically important kelp, Ecklonia radiata, over a 17-month period, from six different sites in two distinct geographic regions (East and West coasts of Australia), separated by ∼3,300 kms, to understand variation in the kelp bacterial community and its potential environmental drivers. Differences were observed between kelp bacterial communities between the largely disconnected geographical regions. In contrast, within each region and over time the bacterial communities were considerably more stable, despite substantial seasonal changes in environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie M Phelps
- Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Kathryn McMahon
- Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Andrew Bissett
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Castray Esp, Battery Point, Tas, 7004, Australia
| | - Rachele Bernasconi
- Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Peter D Steinberg
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, High St, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637551
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, High St, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ezequiel M Marzinelli
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637551
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Coastal and Marine Ecosystems, City Rd, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Megan J Huggett
- Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, 10 Chittaway Rd, Ourimbah, NSW, 2258, Australia
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63
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Jiménez-Gómez I, Barcoto MO, Montoya QV, Goes AC, Monteiro LSVE, Bueno OC, Rodrigues A. Host Susceptibility Modulates Escovopsis Pathogenic Potential in the Fungiculture of Higher Attine Ants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:673444. [PMID: 34194409 PMCID: PMC8238408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.673444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Health and disease emerge from intricate interactions between genotypes, phenotypes, and environmental features. The outcomes of such interactions are context-dependent, existing as a dynamic continuum ranging from benefits to damage. In host-microbial interactions, both the host and environmental conditions modulate the pathogenic potential of a microorganism. Microbial interactions are the core of the agricultural systems of ants in the subtribe Attina, which cultivate basidiomycete fungi for food. The fungiculture environment harbors a diverse microbial community, including fungi in the genus Escovopsis that has been studied as damage-causing agent. Here, we consider the ant colony as a host and investigate to what extent its health impacts the dynamics and outcomes of host-Escovopsis interactions. We found that different ant fungal cultivars vary in susceptibility to the same Escovopsis strains in plate-assays interactions. In subcolony-Escovopsis interactions, while healthy subcolonies gradually recover from infection with different concentrations of Escovopsis conidia, insecticide-treated subcolonies evidenced traits of infection and died within 7 days. The opportunistic nature of Escovopsis infections indicates that diseases in attine fungiculture are a consequence of host susceptibility, rather than the effect of a single microbial agent. By addressing the host susceptibility as a major modulator of Escovopsis pathogenesis, our findings expand the understanding of disease dynamics within attine colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Jiménez-Gómez
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil.,Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Mariana O Barcoto
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Quimi V Montoya
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Aryel C Goes
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Lana S V E Monteiro
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Odair C Bueno
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Andre Rodrigues
- Department of General and Applied Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
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64
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Microbial dysbiosis reflects disease resistance in diverse coral species. Commun Biol 2021; 4:679. [PMID: 34083722 PMCID: PMC8175568 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease outbreaks have caused significant declines of keystone coral species. While forecasting disease outbreaks based on environmental factors has progressed, we still lack a comparative understanding of susceptibility among coral species that would help predict disease impacts on coral communities. The present study compared the phenotypic and microbial responses of seven Caribbean coral species with diverse life-history strategies after exposure to white plague disease. Disease incidence and lesion progression rates were evaluated over a seven-day exposure. Coral microbiomes were sampled after lesion appearance or at the end of the experiment if no disease signs appeared. A spectrum of disease susceptibility was observed among the coral species that corresponded to microbial dysbiosis. This dysbiosis promotes greater disease susceptiblity in coral perhaps through different tolerant thresholds for change in the microbiome. The different disease susceptibility can affect coral’s ecological function and ultimately shape reef ecosystems. MacKnight et al. compared the phenotypic and microbial responses of seven Caribbean coral species with diverse life-history strategies after exposure to white plague disease. The different species exhibited a spectrum of disease susceptibility and associated mortality that corresponded with their tolerances to microbial change, indicating that coral disease and microbial dysbiosis may ultimately shape reef ecosystems.
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65
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Characterization of oral and cloacal microbial communities in cold-stunned Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) during the time course of rehabilitation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252086. [PMID: 34043685 PMCID: PMC8159006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities of animals play a role in health and disease, including immunocompromised conditions. In the northeastern United States, cold-stunning events often cause endangered Kemp's ridley turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) to become stranded on beaches in autumn. These sea turtles are admitted to rehabilitation facilities when rescued alive and are presumed immunocompromised secondary to hypothermia. To better understand the role that microbes play in the health of cold-stunned sea turtles, we characterized the oral and cloacal microbiome from Kemp's ridley turtles at multiple timepoints during rehabilitation, from admission to pre-release, by using Illumina sequencing to analyze the 16S rRNA gene. Microbial communities were distinct between body sites and among turtles that survived and those that died. We found that clinical parameters such as presence of pneumonia or values for various blood analytes did not correlate with oral or cloacal microbial community composition. We also investigated the effect of antibiotics on the microbiome during rehabilitation and prior to release and found that the type of antibiotic altered the microbial community composition, yet overall taxonomic diversity remained the same. The microbiome of cold-stunned Kemp's ridley turtles gradually changed through the course of rehabilitation with environment, antibiotics, and disease status all playing a role in those changes and ultimately the release status of the turtles.
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66
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Slinger J, Adams MB, Stratford CN, Rigby M, Wynne JW. The Effect of Antimicrobial Treatment upon the Gill Bacteriome of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar L.) and Progression of Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD) In Vivo. Microorganisms 2021; 9:987. [PMID: 34063289 PMCID: PMC8147422 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Branchial surfaces of finfish species contain a microbial layer rich in commensal bacteria which can provide protection through competitive colonization and production of antimicrobial products. Upon disturbance or compromise, pathogenic microbiota may opportunistically infiltrate this protective barrier and initiate disease. Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a globally significant health condition affecting salmonid mariculture. The current study examined whether altering the diversity and/or abundance of branchial bacteria could influence the development of experimentally induced AGD. Here, we challenged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with Neoparamoeba perurans in a number of scenarios where the bacterial community on the gill was altered or in a state of instability. Administration of oxytetracycline (in-feed) and chloramine-T (immersion bath) significantly altered the bacterial load and diversity of bacterial taxa upon the gill surface, and shifted the community profile appreciably. AGD severity was marginally higher in fish previously subjected to chloramine-T treatment following 21 days post-challenge. This research suggests that AGD progression and severity was not clearly linked to specific bacterial taxa present in these systems. However, we identified AGD associated taxa including known pathogenic genus (Aliivibrio, Tenacibaculum and Pseudomonas) which increased in abundance as AGD progressed. Elucidation of a potential role for these bacterial taxa in AGD development is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Slinger
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Bribie Island Research Centre, Woorim, QLD 4507, Australia;
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia;
| | - Mark B. Adams
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia;
| | - Chris N. Stratford
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Bribie Island Research Centre, Woorim, QLD 4507, Australia;
| | - Megan Rigby
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia; (M.R.); (J.W.W.)
| | - James W. Wynne
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia; (M.R.); (J.W.W.)
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67
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Davis KM, Mazel F, Parfrey LW. The microbiota of intertidal macroalgae Fucus distichus is site-specific and resistant to change following transplant. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2617-2631. [PMID: 33817918 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear how host-associated microbial communities will be affected by future environmental change. Characterizing how microbiota differ across sites with varying environmental conditions and assessing the stability of the microbiota in response to abiotic variation are critical steps towards predicting outcomes of environmental change. Intertidal organisms are valuable study systems because they experience extreme variation in environmental conditions on tractable timescales such as tide cycles and across small spatial gradients in the intertidal zone. Here we show a widespread intertidal macroalgae, Fucus distichus, hosts site-specific microbiota over small (meters to kilometres) spatial scales. We demonstrate stability of site-specific microbial associations by manipulating the host environment and microbial species pool with common garden and reciprocal transplant experiments. We hypothesized that F. distichus microbiota would readily shift to reflect the contemporary environment due to selective filtering by abiotic conditions and/or colonization by microbes from the new environment or nearby hosts. Instead, F. distichus microbiota was stable for days after transplantation in both the laboratory and field. Our findings expand the current understanding of microbiota dynamics on an intertidal foundation species. These results may also point to adaptations for withstanding short-term environmental variation, in hosts and/or microbes, facilitating stable host-microbial associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Davis
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Florent Mazel
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Laura Wegener Parfrey
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, V0P 1H0, Canada
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68
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Hewson I, Sewell MA. Surveillance of densoviruses and mesomycetozoans inhabiting grossly normal tissues of three Aotearoa New Zealand asteroid species. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0241026. [PMID: 33886557 PMCID: PMC8061988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asteroid wasting events and mass mortality have occurred for over a century. We currently lack a fundamental understanding of the microbial ecology of asteroid disease, with disease investigations hindered by sparse information about the microorganisms associated with grossly normal specimens. We surveilled viruses and protists associated with grossly normal specimens of three asteroid species (Patiriella regularis, Stichaster australis, Coscinasterias muricata) on the North Island / Te Ika-a-Māui, Aotearoa New Zealand, using metagenomes prepared from virus and ribosome-sized material. We discovered several densovirus-like genome fragments in our RNA and DNA metagenomic libraries. Subsequent survey of their prevalence within populations by quantitative PCR (qPCR) demonstrated their occurrence in only a few (13%) specimens (n = 36). Survey of large and small subunit rRNAs in metagenomes revealed the presence of a mesomycete (most closely matching Ichthyosporea sp.). Survey of large subunit prevalence and load by qPCR revealed that it is widely detectable (80%) and present predominately in body wall tissues across all 3 species of asteroid. Our results raise interesting questions about the roles of these microbiome constituents in host ecology and pathogenesis under changing ocean conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Hewson
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mary A. Sewell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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69
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Nowlan JP, Britney SR, Lumsden JS, Russell S. Application of Quantitative-PCR to Monitor Netpen Sites in British Columbia (Canada) for Tenacibaculum Species. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040414. [PMID: 33915806 PMCID: PMC8066307 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculum are frequently detected from fish with tenacibaculosis at aquaculture sites; however, information on the ecology of these bacteria is sparse. Quantitative-PCR assays were used to detect T. maritimum and T. dicentrarchi at commercial Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) netpen sites throughout several tenacibaculosis outbreaks. T. dicentrarchi and T. maritimum were identified in live fish, dead fish, other organisms associated with netpens, water samples and on inanimate substrates, which indicates a ubiquitous distribution around stocked netpen sites. Before an outbreak, T. dicentrarchi was found throughout the environment and from fish, and T. maritimum was infrequently identified. During an outbreak, increases in the bacterial load in were recorded and no differences were recorded after an outbreak supporting the observed recrudescence of mouthrot. More bacteria were recorded in the summer months, with more mortality events and antibiotic treatments, indicating that seasonality may influence tenacibaculosis; however, outbreaks occurred in both seasons. Relationships were identified between fish mortalities and antimicrobial use to water quality parameters (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen) (p < 0.05), but with low R2 values (<0.25), other variables are also involved. Furthermore, Tenacibaculum species appear to have a ubiquitous spatial and temporal distribution around stocked netpen sites, and with the potential to induce disease in Atlantic salmon, continued research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Nowlan
- Center of Innovation for Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (S.R.B.); (S.R.)
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Scott R. Britney
- Center of Innovation for Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (S.R.B.); (S.R.)
| | - John S. Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Spencer Russell
- Center of Innovation for Fish Health, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; (S.R.B.); (S.R.)
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70
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Dittami SM, Arboleda E, Auguet JC, Bigalke A, Briand E, Cárdenas P, Cardini U, Decelle J, Engelen AH, Eveillard D, Gachon CMM, Griffiths SM, Harder T, Kayal E, Kazamia E, Lallier FH, Medina M, Marzinelli EM, Morganti TM, Núñez Pons L, Prado S, Pintado J, Saha M, Selosse MA, Skillings D, Stock W, Sunagawa S, Toulza E, Vorobev A, Leblanc C, Not F. A community perspective on the concept of marine holobionts: current status, challenges, and future directions. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10911. [PMID: 33665032 PMCID: PMC7916533 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-microbe interactions play crucial roles in marine ecosystems. However, we still have very little understanding of the mechanisms that govern these relationships, the evolutionary processes that shape them, and their ecological consequences. The holobiont concept is a renewed paradigm in biology that can help to describe and understand these complex systems. It posits that a host and its associated microbiota with which it interacts, form a holobiont, and have to be studied together as a coherent biological and functional unit to understand its biology, ecology, and evolution. Here we discuss critical concepts and opportunities in marine holobiont research and identify key challenges in the field. We highlight the potential economic, sociological, and environmental impacts of the holobiont concept in marine biological, evolutionary, and environmental sciences. Given the connectivity and the unexplored biodiversity specific to marine ecosystems, a deeper understanding of such complex systems requires further technological and conceptual advances, e.g., the development of controlled experimental model systems for holobionts from all major lineages and the modeling of (info)chemical-mediated interactions between organisms. Here we propose that one significant challenge is to bridge cross-disciplinary research on tractable model systems in order to address key ecological and evolutionary questions. This first step is crucial to decipher the main drivers of the dynamics and evolution of holobionts and to account for the holobiont concept in applied areas, such as the conservation, management, and exploitation of marine ecosystems and resources, where practical solutions to predict and mitigate the impact of human activities are more important than ever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Dittami
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Roscoff, France
| | - Enrique Arboleda
- FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Arite Bigalke
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Enora Briand
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Ifremer, Nantes, France
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulisse Cardini
- Integrative Marine Ecology Dept, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
| | - Johan Decelle
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Damien Eveillard
- Laboratoire des Sciences Numériques de Nantes (LS2N), Université de Nantes, CNRS, Nantes, France
| | - Claire M M Gachon
- Scottish Marine Institute, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah M Griffiths
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ehsan Kayal
- FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Roscoff, France
| | | | - François H Lallier
- Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Roscoff, France
| | - Mónica Medina
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States of America
| | - Ezequiel M Marzinelli
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, Australia
| | | | - Laura Núñez Pons
- Section Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
| | - Soizic Prado
- Molecules of Communication and Adaptation of Microorganisms (UMR 7245), National Museum of Natural History, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - José Pintado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Vigo, Spain
| | - Mahasweta Saha
- Benthic Ecology, Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany.,Marine Ecology and Biodiversity, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- National Museum of Natural History, Département Systématique et Evolution, Paris, France.,Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Derek Skillings
- Philosophy Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Willem Stock
- Laboratory of Protistology & Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shinichi Sunagawa
- Dept. of Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, Univ. de Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, UPDV, Perpignan, France
| | - Alexey Vorobev
- CEA - Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Genoscope, Evry, France
| | - Catherine Leblanc
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Roscoff, France
| | - Fabrice Not
- Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Roscoff, France
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71
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Thome PE, Rivera-Ortega J, Rodríguez-Villalobos JC, Cerqueda-García D, Guzmán-Urieta EO, García-Maldonado JQ, Carabantes N, Jordán-Dahlgren E. Local dynamics of a white syndrome outbreak and changes in the microbial community associated with colonies of the scleractinian brain coral Pseudodiploria strigosa. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10695. [PMID: 33604172 PMCID: PMC7863780 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reef corals in the Mexican Reef System have been severely affected by the emergence of a white syndrome that resembles both White Plague II and SCTLD descriptions. Meandroid scleractinian coral species are among the most severely affected. To gain insight into this affliction we conducted a broad study in the brain coral Pseudodiploria strigosa at a rear reef site in the NE Mexican Caribbean. We describe macro and microscopical signals of the disease, characterize the outbreak dynamics, the tissue histopathology, explore immunological responses in the individuals, and compare microbial assemblages associated with the surface mucus layer of healthy and unhealthy colonies. At the study site, the white syndrome outbreak on P. strigosa showed a high incidence rate in summer-fall and a low one in winter, as well as low survival expectation of diseased colonies at the end of the study. After 306 days of observation, out of 96 tracked colonies, eight remained apparently healthy and seven were diseased. No effective resistance to colony disease progression was observed once white syndrome signs developed. Tissue loss rate during the study varied among colonies (mean = 10.8 cm2, s.d. = 7.8 cm2) suggesting a complex relation between causal agents and colony resistance. The deterioration of tissues was evidenced from the basal to the surface body wall of polyps (up to 66% hypertrophy and liquefactive necrosis in unhealthy colonies), implying that microscopic alterations begin before macroscopic signals develop, suggesting this may be a systemic disease. We measured high levels of phenoloxidase (two orders of magnitude higher PO activity than P. strigosa affected by BBD) and antibacterial activity without significant reduction in unhealthy samples from the mucus layer, indicative of an enhanced immunological response. Results showed that opportunistic bacteria dominated damaged colonies, where six genera of the Bacteroidia class were found with significant changes in unhealthy colonies after DeSeq2 analysis. Nevertheless, histological observations did not support infection of the tissues. The opportunistic overload seems to be contained within the mucus layer but may be associated with the mortality of tissues in a yet unclear way. Future research should focus on experimental infections, the tracking of natural infections, and the immunocompetence of corals in the face of environmental pressures due to local, regional, and global impacts. If environmental deterioration is the primary cause of the continuing emergence and re-emergence of lethal coral diseases, as has been proposed by many authors, the only true option to effectively help preserve the coral reef biodiversity and services, is to restore the environmental quality of reef waters at the local scale and reduce greenhouse gases at the global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Thome
- Instituto de Ciencias Del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Jacqueline Rivera-Ortega
- Instituto de Ciencias Del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Jenny C Rodríguez-Villalobos
- Departamento de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.,Ecosistemas y Conservación, ProAzul Terrestre A.C., La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cerqueda-García
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Mérida, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Edgar O Guzmán-Urieta
- Instituto de Ciencias Del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - José Q García-Maldonado
- CONACyT, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Natalia Carabantes
- Instituto de Ciencias Del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Eric Jordán-Dahlgren
- Instituto de Ciencias Del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
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72
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Duffin P, Martin DL, Furman BT, Ross C. Spatial Patterns of Thalassia testudinum Immune Status and Labyrinthula spp. Load Implicate Environmental Quality and History as Modulators of Defense Strategies and Wasting Disease in Florida Bay, United States. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:612947. [PMID: 33613601 PMCID: PMC7892610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.612947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seagrass wasting disease, caused by protists of the genus Labyrinthula, is an important stressor of the dominant macrophyte in Florida Bay (FB), United States, Thalassia testudinum. FB exhibits countervailing gradients in plant morphology and resource availability. A synoptic picture of the Thalassia-Labyrinthula relationship was obtained by assessing the activity of four immune biomarkers in conjunction with pathogen prevalence and load [via quantitative PCR (qPCR)] at 15 sites across FB. We found downregulated immune status paired with moderate pathogen load among larger-bodied host phenotypes in western FB and upregulated immunity for smaller-bodied phenotypes in eastern FB. Among the highest immune response sites, a distinct inshore-offshore loading pattern was observed, where coastal basins exposed to freshwater runoff and riverine inputs had the highest pathogen loads, while adjacent offshore locations had the lowest. To explain this, we propose a simple, conceptual model that defines a framework for testable hypotheses based on recent advances in resistance-tolerance theory. We suggest that resource availability has the potential to drive not only plant size, but also tolerance to pathogen load by reducing investment in immunity. Where resources are more scarce, plants may adopt a resistance strategy, upregulating immunity; however, when physiologically challenged, this strategy appears to fail, resulting in high pathogen load. While evidence remains correlative, we argue that hyposalinity stress, at one or more temporal scales, may represent one of many potential drivers of disease dynamics in FB. Together, these data highlight the complexity of the wasting disease pathosystem and raise questions about how climate change and ongoing Everglades restoration might impact this foundational seagrass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Duffin
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Daniel L. Martin
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Bradley T. Furman
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Cliff Ross
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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73
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The Seagrass Holobiont: What We Know and What We Still Need to Disclose for Its Possible Use as an Ecological Indicator. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microbes and seagrass establish symbiotic relationships constituting a functional unit called the holobiont that reacts as a whole to environmental changes. Recent studies have shown that the seagrass microbial associated community varies according to host species, environmental conditions and the host’s health status, suggesting that the microbial communities respond rapidly to environmental disturbances and changes. These changes, dynamics of which are still far from being clear, could represent a sensitive monitoring tool and ecological indicator to detect early stages of seagrass stress. In this review, the state of art on seagrass holobiont is discussed in this perspective, with the aim of disentangling the influence of different factors in shaping it. As an example, we expand on the widely studied Halophila stipulacea’s associated microbial community, highlighting the changing and the constant components of the associated microbes, in different environmental conditions. These studies represent a pivotal contribution to understanding the holobiont’s dynamics and variability pattern, and to the potential development of ecological/ecotoxicological indices. The influences of the host’s physiological and environmental status in changing the seagrass holobiont, alongside the bioinformatic tools for data analysis, are key topics that need to be deepened, in order to use the seagrass-microbial interactions as a source of ecological information.
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74
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Howells J, Jaramillo D, Brosnahan CL, Pande A, Lane HS. Intracellular bacteria in New Zealand shellfish are identified as Endozoicomonas species. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 143:27-37. [PMID: 33506813 DOI: 10.3354/dao03547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kaimoana (shellfish, seafood) is an important food source and a significant social and cultural component of many New Zealand communities, especially the indigenous Māori. Over the past decade a decline has been detected in shellfish health and an increase in mortality events around New Zealand. Intracellular bacteria termed Rickettsia-like organisms (RLOs) have been observed in New Zealand bivalve molluscs during shellfish mortality events. Affected bivalves include cockles Austrovenus stutchburyi, ringed dosinia Dosinia anus, green-lipped mussels Perna canaliculus, pipi Paphies australis, toheroa Paphies ventricosa, tuatua Paphies subtriangulata, deepwater tuatua Paphies donacina and scallops Pecten novaezelandiae. RLOs are an informal morphology-based classification of intracellular bacteria, with the exact identification often unknown. Using shellfish collected during mortality events from 2014 to 2019 and apparently healthy samples collected in 2018 and 2019, we aimed to identify RLOs in New Zealand shellfish. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences from RLO-infected shellfish showed >95% identity to published Endozoicomonas species. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of the sequenced gene in the gill epithelium and digestive epithelium of all study species. A genus-specific quantitative PCR, targeting the 16S rRNA gene was developed to detect Endozoicomonas spp. in shellfish tissue. Prevalence of Endozoicomonas spp. in samples from mortality events and healthy shellfish analysed by quantitative PCR was high. Samples collected from mortality events, however, had a significantly higher load of Endozoicomonas spp. than the healthy samples. These results give us a greater understanding of these intracellular bacteria and their presence in populations of New Zealand shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Howells
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt, 5140, New Zealand
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Effect of sample type and the use of high or low fishmeal diets on bacterial communities in the gastrointestinal tract of Penaeus monodon. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1301-1313. [PMID: 33427931 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In shrimp aquaculture, manufactured diets that include various supplements and alternative fishmeal ingredients are increasingly being used and their effect on the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota studied. However, dietary effects on different shrimp GI samples are not known. We investigated how a high (HFM) or low (LFM) fishmeal diet affects bacterial communities from different sample types collected from Penaeus monodon gastrointestinal tract. Bacterial communities of the stomach, intestine tissue and intestine digesta were assessed using 16s rRNA gene sequencing. The feed pellets were also assessed as a potential source of bacteria in the GI tract. Results showed substantial differences in bacterial communities between the two diets as well as between the different sample types. Within the shrimp GI samples, stomach and digesta communities were most impacted by diet, while the community observed in the intestine tissue was less affected. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the main phyla observed in shrimp samples, with enrichment of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in the LFM fed shrimp. The feed pellets were dominated by Firmicutes and were largely dissimilar to the shrimp samples. Several key taxa were shared however between the feed pellets and shrimp GI samples, particularly in the LFM fed shrimp, indicating the pellets may be a significant source of bacteria observed in shrimp GI samples. In summary, both diet and sample type influenced the bacterial communities characterised from the shrimp GI tract. Thus, it is important to consider the sample type collected from the GI tract when investigating dietary impacts on gut bacterial communities in shrimp. KEY POINTS: • Shrimp gastrointestinal communities are influenced by diet and sample type. • The low fishmeal diet enriched bacteria that aid in polysaccharide metabolism. • Feed pellets can be a source of bacteria-detected gastrointestinal tract of shrimp.
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76
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Abstract
Host-associated microbiomes contribute in many ways to the homeostasis of the metaorganism. The microbiome's contributions range from helping to provide nutrition and aiding growth, development, and behavior to protecting against pathogens and toxic compounds. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the diversity and importance of the microbiome to animals, using representative examples of wild and domesticated species. We demonstrate how the beneficial ecological roles of animal-associated microbiomes can be generally grouped into well-defined main categories and how microbe-based alternative treatments can be applied to mitigate problems for both economic and conservation purposes and to provide crucial knowledge about host-microbiota symbiotic interactions. We suggest a Customized Combination of Microbial-Based Therapies to promote animal health and contribute to the practice of sustainable husbandry. We also discuss the ecological connections and threats associated with animal biodiversity loss, microorganism extinction, and emerging diseases, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Peixoto
- Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; .,Current affiliation: Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudia Arabia;
| | - Derek M Harkins
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA; ,
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA; ,
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Vega Thurber R, Mydlarz LD, Brandt M, Harvell D, Weil E, Raymundo L, Willis BL, Langevin S, Tracy AM, Littman R, Kemp KM, Dawkins P, Prager KC, Garren M, Lamb J. Deciphering Coral Disease Dynamics: Integrating Host, Microbiome, and the Changing Environment. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.575927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases of tropical reef organisms is an intensive area of study, but despite significant advances in methodology and the global knowledge base, identifying the proximate causes of disease outbreaks remains difficult. The dynamics of infectious wildlife diseases are known to be influenced by shifting interactions among the host, pathogen, and other members of the microbiome, and a collective body of work clearly demonstrates that this is also the case for the main foundation species on reefs, corals. Yet, among wildlife, outbreaks of coral diseases stand out as being driven largely by a changing environment. These outbreaks contributed not only to significant losses of coral species but also to whole ecosystem regime shifts. Here we suggest that to better decipher the disease dynamics of corals, we must integrate more holistic and modern paradigms that consider multiple and variable interactions among the three major players in epizootics: the host, its associated microbiome, and the environment. In this perspective, we discuss how expanding the pathogen component of the classic host-pathogen-environment disease triad to incorporate shifts in the microbiome leading to dysbiosis provides a better model for understanding coral disease dynamics. We outline and discuss issues arising when evaluating each component of this trio and make suggestions for bridging gaps between them. We further suggest that to best tackle these challenges, researchers must adjust standard paradigms, like the classic one pathogen-one disease model, that, to date, have been ineffectual at uncovering many of the emergent properties of coral reef disease dynamics. Lastly, we make recommendations for ways forward in the fields of marine disease ecology and the future of coral reef conservation and restoration given these observations.
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Energy depletion and opportunistic microbial colonisation in white syndrome lesions from corals across the Indo-Pacific. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19990. [PMID: 33203914 PMCID: PMC7672225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Corals are dependent upon lipids as energy reserves to mount a metabolic response to biotic and abiotic challenges. This study profiled lipids, fatty acids, and microbial communities of healthy and white syndrome (WS) diseased colonies of Acropora hyacinthus sampled from reefs in Western Australia, the Great Barrier Reef, and Palmyra Atoll. Total lipid levels varied significantly among locations, though a consistent stepwise decrease from healthy tissues from healthy colonies (HH) to healthy tissue on WS-diseased colonies (HD; i.e. preceding the lesion boundary) to diseased tissue on diseased colonies (DD; i.e. lesion front) was observed, demonstrating a reduction in energy reserves. Lipids in HH tissues were comprised of high energy lipid classes, while HD and DD tissues contained greater proportions of structural lipids. Bacterial profiling through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and histology showed no bacterial taxa linked to WS causation. However, the relative abundance of Rhodobacteraceae-affiliated sequences increased in DD tissues, suggesting opportunistic proliferation of these taxa. While the cause of WS remains inconclusive, this study demonstrates that the lipid profiles of HD tissues was more similar to DD tissues than to HH tissues, reflecting a colony-wide systemic effect and provides insight into the metabolic immune response of WS-infected Indo-Pacific corals.
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González R, Gonçalves AT, Rojas R, Brokordt K, Rosa RD, Schmitt P. Host Defense Effectors Expressed by Hemocytes Shape the Bacterial Microbiota From the Scallop Hemolymph. Front Immunol 2020; 11:599625. [PMID: 33281827 PMCID: PMC7689009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.599625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between host immune response and the associated microbiota has recently become a fundamental aspect of vertebrate and invertebrate animal health. This interaction allows the specific association of microbial communities, which participate in a variety of processes in the host including protection against pathogens. Marine aquatic invertebrates such as scallops are also colonized by diverse microbial communities. Scallops remain healthy most of the time, and in general, only a few species are fatally affected on adult stage by viral and bacterial pathogens. Still, high mortalities at larval stages are widely reported and they are associated with pathogenic Vibrio. Thus, to give new insights into the interaction between scallop immune response and its associated microbiota, we assessed the involvement of two host antimicrobial effectors in shaping the abundances of bacterial communities present in the scallop Argopecten purpuratus hemolymph. To do this, we first characterized the microbiota composition in the hemolymph from non-stimulated scallops, finding both common and distinct bacterial communities dominated by the Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes and Bacteroidetes phyla. Next, we identified dynamic shifts of certain bacterial communities in the scallop hemolymph along immune response progression, where host antimicrobial effectors were expressed at basal level and early induced after a bacterial challenge. Finally, the transcript silencing of the antimicrobial peptide big defensin ApBD1 and the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein ApLBP/BPI1 by RNA interference led to an imbalance of target bacterial groups from scallop hemolymph. Specifically, a significant increase in the class Gammaproteobacteria and the proliferation of Vibrio spp. was observed in scallops silenced for each antimicrobial. Overall, our results strongly suggest that scallop antimicrobial peptides and proteins are implicated in the maintenance of microbial homeostasis and are key molecules in orchestrating host-microbiota interactions. This new evidence depicts the delicate balance that exists between the immune response of A. purpuratus and the hemolymph microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana González
- Doctorado en Acuicultura. Programa Cooperativo Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | | | - Rodrigo Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Katherina Brokordt
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Rafael Diego Rosa
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Wynne JW, Thakur KK, Slinger J, Samsing F, Milligan B, Powell JFF, McKinnon A, Nekouei O, New D, Richmond Z, Gardner I, Siah A. Microbiome Profiling Reveals a Microbial Dysbiosis During a Natural Outbreak of Tenacibaculosis (Yellow Mouth) in Atlantic Salmon. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:586387. [PMID: 33193237 PMCID: PMC7642216 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.586387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tenacibaculosis remains a major health issue for a number of important aquaculture species globally. On the west coast of Canada, yellow mouth (YM) disease is responsible for significant economic loss to the Atlantic salmon industry. While Tenacibaculum maritimum is considered to be the primary agent of clinical YM, the impact of YM on the resident microbial community and their influence on the oral cavity is poorly understood. Using a 16s rRNA amplicon sequencing analysis, the present study demonstrates a significant dysbiosis and a reduction in diversity of the microbial community in the YM affected Atlantic salmon. The microbial community of YM affected fish was dominated by two amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) of T. maritimum, although other less abundant ASVs were also found. Interestingly clinically unaffected (healthy) and YM surviving fish also had a high relative abundance of T. maritimum, suggesting that the presence of T. maritimum is not solely responsible for YM. A statistically significant association was observed between the abundance of T. maritimum and increased abundance of Vibrio spp. within fish displaying clinical signs of YM. Findings from our study provide further evidence that YM is a complex multifactorial disease, characterized by a profound dysbiosis of the microbial community which is dominated by distinct ASVs of T. maritimum. Opportunistic taxa, including Vibrio spp., may also play a role in clinical disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishna K Thakur
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Joel Slinger
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | | | | | - James F F Powell
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC, Canada
| | | | - Omid Nekouei
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Animal Health Service, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Zina Richmond
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC, Canada
| | - Ian Gardner
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Ahmed Siah
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC, Canada
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82
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Baquiran JIP, Nada MAL, Campos CLD, Sayco SLG, Cabaitan PC, Rosenberg Y, Ayalon I, Levy O, Conaco C. The Prokaryotic Microbiome of Acropora digitifera is Stable under Short-Term Artificial Light Pollution. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1566. [PMID: 33053643 PMCID: PMC7601249 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Corals harbor a great diversity of symbiotic microorganisms that play pivotal roles in host nutrition, reproduction, and development. Changes in the ocean environment, such as increasing exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN), may alter these relationships and result in a decline in coral health. In this study, we examined the microbiome associated with gravid specimens of the reef-building coral Acropora digitifera. We also assessed the temporal effects of ALAN on the coral-associated microbial community using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V4 hypervariable region. The A. digitifera microbial community was dominated by phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. Exposure to ALAN had no large-scale effect on the coral microbiome, although taxa affiliated with Rhodobacteraceae, Caulobacteraceae, Burkholderiaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae were significantly enriched in corals subjected to ALAN. We further noted an increase in the relative abundance of the family Endozoicomonadaceae (Endozoicomonas) as the spawning period approached, regardless of light treatment. These findings highlight the stability of the A. digitifera microbial community under short-term artificial light pollution and provide initial insights into the response of the collective holobiont to ALAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Ivan P. Baquiran
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines; (J.I.P.B.); (M.A.L.N.); (C.L.D.C.); (S.L.G.S.); (P.C.C.)
| | - Michael Angelou L. Nada
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines; (J.I.P.B.); (M.A.L.N.); (C.L.D.C.); (S.L.G.S.); (P.C.C.)
| | - Celine Luisa D. Campos
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines; (J.I.P.B.); (M.A.L.N.); (C.L.D.C.); (S.L.G.S.); (P.C.C.)
| | - Sherry Lyn G. Sayco
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines; (J.I.P.B.); (M.A.L.N.); (C.L.D.C.); (S.L.G.S.); (P.C.C.)
| | - Patrick C. Cabaitan
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines; (J.I.P.B.); (M.A.L.N.); (C.L.D.C.); (S.L.G.S.); (P.C.C.)
| | - Yaeli Rosenberg
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; (Y.R.); (I.A.); (O.L.)
| | - Inbal Ayalon
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; (Y.R.); (I.A.); (O.L.)
- Israel The H. Steinitz Marine Biology Laboratory, The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences of Eilat, P.O. Box 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
- Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 39040, Israel
| | - Oren Levy
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; (Y.R.); (I.A.); (O.L.)
| | - Cecilia Conaco
- Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines; (J.I.P.B.); (M.A.L.N.); (C.L.D.C.); (S.L.G.S.); (P.C.C.)
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83
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Ooi MC, Goulden EF, Trotter AJ, Smith GG, Bridle AR. Aquimarina sp. Associated With a Cuticular Disease of Cultured Larval Palinurid and Scyllarid Lobsters. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:573588. [PMID: 33162955 PMCID: PMC7581904 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.573588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Shell (cuticular) disease manifests in various forms and affects many crustaceans, including lobsters. Outbreaks of white leg disease (WLD) with distinct signs of pereiopod tissue whitening and death have been observed in cultured larvae (phyllosomas) of ornate spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus, eastern rock lobster Sagmariasus verreauxi, and slipper lobster Thenus australiensis. This study aimed to characterise and identify the causative agent of WLD through morphological and molecular (16S rRNA gene and whole genome sequencing) analysis, experimental infection of damaged/undamaged P. ornatus and T. australiensis phyllosomas, and bacterial community analysis (16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) of P. ornatus phyllosomas presenting with WLD during an outbreak. Bacterial communities of WLD-affected pereiopods showed low bacterial diversity and dominant abundance of Aquimarina spp. compared to healthy pereiopods, which were more diverse and enriched with Sulfitobacter spp. 16S rRNA gene Sanger sequencing of cultures from disease outbreaks identified the dominant bacterial isolate (TRL1) as a Gram-negative, long non-flagellated rod with 100% sequence identity to Aquimarina hainanensis. Aquimarina sp. TRL1 was demonstrated through comparative genome analysis (99.99% OrthoANIu) as the bacterium reisolated from experimentally infected phyllosomas presenting with typical signs of WLD. Pereiopod damage was a major predisposing factor to WLD. Histopathological examination of WLD-affected pereiopods showed masses of internalised bacteria and loss of structural integrity, suggesting that Aquimarina sp. TRL1 could enter the circulatory system and cause death by septicaemia. Aquimarina sp. TRL1 appears to have important genomic traits (e.g., tissue-degrading enzymes, gliding motility, and aggregate-promoting factors) implicated in the pathogenicity of this bacterium. We have shown that Aquimarina sp. TRL1 is the aetiological agent of WLD in cultured Palinurid and Scyllarid phyllosomas and that damaged pereiopods are a predisposing factor to WLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei C Ooi
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Evan F Goulden
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Bribie Island Research Centre, Woorim, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew J Trotter
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Gregory G Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Andrew R Bridle
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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84
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Cerqueda-García D, Améndola-Pimenta M, Zamora-Briseño JA, González-Penagos CE, Árcega-Cabrera F, Ceja-Moreno V, Rodríguez-Canul R. Effects of chronic exposure to water accommodated fraction (WAF) of light crude oil on gut microbiota composition of the lined sole (Achirus lineatus). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 161:105116. [PMID: 32861142 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of marine fish to hydrocarbon compounds from crude oil can cause physiological and ecological alterations that can result in several cytotoxic, genotoxic, and teratogenic damages. One consequence of this exposure is the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, where the normal bacterial composition is modified. Herein, we assessed the effect of the exposure to water accommodated fraction (WAF) of a light crude oil into the gut microbiota of a native species, the lined sole Achirus lineatus, a benthonic fish widely distributed in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). We performed a chronic bioassay using two WAF concentrations (5 and 10% v/v), collecting lined sole entire gastrointestinal tracts for microbiota analyses at two timepoints, 14 and 28 days. Changes in the gut microbiota composition were determined by high throughput amplicon sequencing of the gene 16S rRNA. Diversity analyses showed that WAF exposure produced similar changes in the microbiota composition at both concentrations. Metagenomic functional prediction showed that these alterations could result in a shift in the gut redox status, towards a more anoxygenic environment. Enrichment of bacteria capable of use hydrocarbon as carbon source seems to be fast regardless time of exposure or WAF concentrations. Our results suggest that chronic WAF exposure can cause a dysbiosis in this benthic native species from the GoM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cerqueda-García
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN)-Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua a Progreso Km. 6, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Monica Améndola-Pimenta
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN)-Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua a Progreso Km. 6, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Jesús Alejandro Zamora-Briseño
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN)-Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua a Progreso Km. 6, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Carlos Eduardo González-Penagos
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN)-Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua a Progreso Km. 6, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Flor Árcega-Cabrera
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal Yucatán, 97356, Mexico
| | - Víctor Ceja-Moreno
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal Yucatán, 97356, Mexico
| | - Rossanna Rodríguez-Canul
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN)-Unidad Mérida, Carretera Antigua a Progreso Km. 6, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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85
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Coral Disease Causes, Consequences, and Risk within Coral Restoration. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:793-807. [PMID: 32739101 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As a result of increased reef degradation, restoration efforts are now being widely applied on coral reefs. However, outplanted coral survival in restoration zones varies substantially, and coral mortality can be a significant limitation to the success of restoration efforts. With reef restoration now occurring within, and adjacent to, nationally preserved and managed marine parks, the potential risks of mortality events and disease spread to adjacent marine populations need to be considered, particularly as these ecosystems continue to decline. We review the causes and consequences of coral mortality and disease outbreaks within the context of coral restoration, highlighting knowledge gaps in our understanding of the restored coral microbiome and discussing management practices for assessing coral disease. We identify the need for research efforts into monitoring and diagnostics of disease within coral restoration, as well as practices to mitigate and manage coral disease risks in restoration.
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86
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Egan S, Fukatsu T, Francino MP. Opportunities and Challenges to Microbial Symbiosis Research in the Microbiome Era. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1150. [PMID: 32612581 PMCID: PMC7308722 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suhelen Egan
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation (CMSI), School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences (BEES), UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Takema Fukatsu
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - M Pilar Francino
- Joint Research Unit in Genomics and Health, Fundació per al Foment de la Investigació Sanitária i Biomèdica de la Comunitat Valenciana (FISABIO)/Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes (Universitat de València i Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), València, Spain.,CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
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87
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Ng JCY, Chiu JMY. Changes in biofilm bacterial communities in response to combined effects of hypoxia, ocean acidification and nutrients from aquaculture activity in Three Fathoms Cove. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 156:111256. [PMID: 32510398 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment results in hypoxia, ocean acidification and elevated nutrients (HOAN) in coastal environments throughout the world. Here, we examined the composition of biofilm bacterial communities from a nutrient-excessive fish farm with low dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH levels using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. HOAN was accompanied by higher bacterial diversity and richness, and resulted in an altered community composition than the control site. HOAN resulted in more Flavobacteriales, Rhizobiales, Epsilonproteobacteria and Vibrionales, but less Oceanospirillales and Alteromonadales. Photobacterium sp. and Vibrio sp. were mostly found to be exclusive to HOAN conditions, suggesting that HOAN could possibly proliferate the presence of these potential pathogens. Our study suggests the complexity of bacterial communities to hypoxia and acidification in response to increased nutrient loads, along with identities of nutrient, oxygen and pH-susceptible bacterial groups that are most likely affected under this ocean trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C Y Ng
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jill M Y Chiu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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88
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Rasmussen L, Barnes C, Mak SST, Kjartansdóttir KR, Hansen TA, Doan-Nhu H, Nguyen-Ngoc L, Guldberg Frøslev T, Hellström M, Hansen AJ. Increased Bacterial Richness Associated With Lesions Within the Porites spp. of Vietnam. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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89
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Zhou J, Lin ZJ, Cai ZH, Zeng YH, Zhu JM, Du XP. Opportunistic bacteria use quorum sensing to disturb coral symbiotic communities and mediate the occurrence of coral bleaching. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1944-1962. [PMID: 32249540 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coral associated microorganisms, especially some opportunistic pathogens can utilize quorum-sensing (QS) signals to affect population structure and host health. However, direct evidence about the link between coral bleaching and dysbiotic microbiomes under QS regulation was lacking. Here, using 11 opportunistic bacteria and their QS products (AHLs, acyl-homoserine-lactones), we exposed Pocillopora damicornis to three different treatments: test groups (A and B: mixture of AHLs-producing bacteria and cocktail of AHLs signals respectively); control groups (C and D: group A and B with furanone added respectively); and a blank control (group E: only seawater) for 21 days. The results showed that remarkable bleaching phenomenon was observed in groups A and B. The operational taxonomic units-sequencing analysis shown that the bacterial network interactions and communities composition were significantly changed, becoming especially enhanced in the relative abundances of Vibrio, Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Aeromonas. Interestingly, the control groups (C and D) were found to have a limited influence upon host microbial composition and reduced bleaching susceptibility of P. damicornis. These results indicate bleaching's initiation and progression may be caused by opportunistic bacteria of resident microbes in a process under regulation by AHLs. These findings add a new dimension to our understanding of the complexity of bleaching mechanisms from a chemoecological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Jun Lin
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.,Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Hua Cai
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Hua Zeng
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ming Zhu
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.,School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Peng Du
- Shenzhen Public Platform for Screening & Application of Marine Microbial Resources, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
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90
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Vanwonterghem I, Webster NS. Coral Reef Microorganisms in a Changing Climate. iScience 2020; 23:100972. [PMID: 32208346 PMCID: PMC7096749 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are one of the most diverse and productive ecosystems on the planet, yet they have suffered tremendous losses due to anthropogenic disturbances and are predicted to be one of the most adversely affected habitats under future climate change conditions. Coral reefs can be viewed as microbially driven ecosystems that rely on the efficient capture, retention, and recycling of nutrients in order to thrive in oligotrophic waters. Microorganisms play vital roles in maintaining holobiont health and ecosystem resilience under environmental stress; however, they are also key players in positive feedback loops that intensify coral reef decline, with cascading effects on biogeochemical cycles and marine food webs. There is an urgent need to develop a fundamental understanding of the complex microbial interactions within coral reefs and their role in ecosystem acclimatization, and it is important to include microorganisms in reef conservation in order to secure a future for these unique environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka Vanwonterghem
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Nicole S Webster
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
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91
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Hewson I. Technical pitfalls that bias comparative microbial community analyses of aquatic disease Ian Hewson. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 137:109-124. [PMID: 31854329 DOI: 10.3354/dao03432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The accessibility of high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies has attracted the application of comparative microbial analyses to study diseases. These studies present a window into host microbiome diversity and composition that can be used to address ecological theory in the context of host biology and behavior. Recently, comparative microbiome studies have been used to study non-vertebrate aquatic diseases to elucidate microorganisms potentially involved in disease processes or in disease prevention. These investigations suffer from many well-described biases, especially prior to sequence analyses, that could lead to misleading conclusions. Microbiome-focused studies of aquatic metazoan diseases provide valuable documentation of microbial ecology, although, they are only a starting point for establishing disease etiology, which demands quantitative validation through targeted approaches. The microbiome approach to understanding disease is most useful after laboratory diagnostics guided by pathology have failed to identify a causative agent. This opinion piece presents several technical pitfalls which may affect wider interpretation of microbe-host interactions through comparative microbial community analyses and provides recommendations, based on studies in non-aquatic systems, for incorporation into future aquatic disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Hewson
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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92
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Ricci F, Rossetto Marcelino V, Blackall LL, Kühl M, Medina M, Verbruggen H. Beneath the surface: community assembly and functions of the coral skeleton microbiome. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:159. [PMID: 31831078 PMCID: PMC6909473 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0762-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Coral microbial ecology is a burgeoning field, driven by the urgency of understanding coral health and slowing reef loss due to climate change. Coral resilience depends on its microbiota, and both the tissue and the underlying skeleton are home to a rich biodiversity of eukaryotic, bacterial and archaeal species that form an integral part of the coral holobiont. New techniques now enable detailed studies of the endolithic habitat, and our knowledge of the skeletal microbial community and its eco-physiology is increasing rapidly, with multiple lines of evidence for the importance of the skeletal microbiota in coral health and functioning. Here, we review the roles these organisms play in the holobiont, including nutritional exchanges with the coral host and decalcification of the host skeleton. Microbial metabolism causes steep physico-chemical gradients in the skeleton, creating micro-niches that, along with dispersal limitation and priority effects, define the fine-scale microbial community assembly. Coral bleaching causes drastic changes in the skeletal microbiome, which can mitigate bleaching effects and promote coral survival during stress periods, but may also have detrimental effects. Finally, we discuss the idea that the skeleton may function as a microbial reservoir that can promote recolonization of the tissue microbiome following dysbiosis and help the coral holobiont return to homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ricci
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Australia
| | - Vanessa Rossetto Marcelino
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Linda L. Blackall
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Australia
| | - Michael Kühl
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Mónica Medina
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Heroen Verbruggen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 Australia
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93
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Damjanovic K, Menéndez P, Blackall LL, Oppen MJH. Mixed‐mode bacterial transmission in the common brooding coral
Pocillopora acuta. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:397-412. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Damjanovic
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic 3010 Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PMB No 3, Townsville, MC 4810 Qld Australia
| | - Patricia Menéndez
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PMB No 3, Townsville, MC 4810 Qld Australia
- Department of Econometrics and Business Statistics Monash University Vic 3800 Australia
| | - Linda L. Blackall
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic 3010 Australia
| | - Madeleine J. H. Oppen
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic 3010 Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PMB No 3, Townsville, MC 4810 Qld Australia
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94
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Meyer JL, Castellanos-Gell J, Aeby GS, Häse CC, Ushijima B, Paul VJ. Microbial Community Shifts Associated With the Ongoing Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease Outbreak on the Florida Reef Tract. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2244. [PMID: 31608047 PMCID: PMC6769089 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As many as 22 of the 45 coral species on the Florida Reef Tract are currently affected by stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD). The ongoing disease outbreak was first observed in 2014 in Southeast Florida near Miami and as of early 2019 has been documented from the northernmost reaches of the reef tract in Martin County down to Key West. We examined the microbiota associated with disease lesions and apparently healthy tissue on diseased colonies of Montastraea cavernosa, Orbicella faveolata, Diploria labyrinthiformis, and Dichocoenia stokesii. Analysis of differentially abundant taxa between disease lesions and apparently healthy tissue identified five unique amplicon sequence variants enriched in the diseased tissue in three of the coral species (all except O. faveolata), namely an unclassified genus of Flavobacteriales and sequences identified as Fusibacter (Clostridiales), Planktotalea (Rhodobacterales), Algicola (Alteromonadales), and Vibrio (Vibrionales). In addition, several groups of likely opportunistic or saprophytic colonizers such as Epsilonbacteraeota, Patescibacteria, Clostridiales, Bacteroidetes, and Rhodobacterales were also enriched in SCTLD disease lesions. This work represents the first microbiological characterization of SCTLD, as an initial step toward identifying the potential pathogen(s) responsible for SCTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L. Meyer
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jessy Castellanos-Gell
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Greta S. Aeby
- Smithsonian Marine Station, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Claudia C. Häse
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Blake Ushijima
- Smithsonian Marine Station, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
- Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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95
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Pogoreutz C, Gore MA, Perna G, Millar C, Nestler R, Ormond RF, Clarke CR, Voolstra CR. Similar bacterial communities on healthy and injured skin of black tip reef sharks. Anim Microbiome 2019; 1:9. [PMID: 33499949 PMCID: PMC7807711 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-019-0011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sharks are in severe global decline due to human exploitation. The additional concern of emerging diseases for this ancient group of fish, however, remains poorly understood. While wild-caught and captive sharks may be susceptible to bacterial and transmissible diseases, recent reports suggest that shark skin may harbor properties that prevent infection, such as a specialized ultrastructure or innate immune properties, possibly related to associated microbial assemblages. To assess whether bacterial community composition differs between visibly healthy and insulted (injured) shark skin, we compared bacterial assemblages of skin covering the gills and the back from 44 wild-caught black-tip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) from the Amirante Islands (Seychelles) via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Results Shark skin-associated bacterial communities were diverse (5971 bacterial taxa from 375 families) and dominated by three families of the phylum Proteobacteria typical of marine organisms and environments (Rhodobacteraceae, Alteromonadaceae, Halomonadaceae). Significant differences in bacterial community composition of skin were observed for sharks collected from different sites, but not between healthy or injured skin samples or skin type (gills vs. back). The core microbiome (defined as bacterial taxa present in ≥50% of all samples) consisted of 12 bacterial taxa, which are commonly observed in marine organisms, some of which may be associated with animal host health. Conclusion The conserved bacterial community composition of healthy and injured shark skin samples suggests absence of severe bacterial infections or substantial pathogen propagation upon skin insult. While a mild bacterial infection may have gone undetected, the overall conserved bacterial community implies that bacterial function(s) may be maintained in injured skin. At present, the contribution of bacteria, besides intrinsic animal host factors, to counter skin infection and support rapid wound healing in sharks are unknown. This represents clear knowledge gaps that should be addressed in future work, e.g. by screening for antimicrobial properties of skin-associated bacterial isolates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s42523-019-0011-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pogoreutz
- Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mauvis A Gore
- Marine Conservation International, South Queensferry, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.,Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Gabriela Perna
- Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Catriona Millar
- Marine Conservation International, South Queensferry, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.,Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Robert Nestler
- Veterinär-Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rupert F Ormond
- Marine Conservation International, South Queensferry, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. .,Centre for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. .,Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Christian R Voolstra
- Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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96
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Bass D, Stentiford GD, Wang HC, Koskella B, Tyler CR. The Pathobiome in Animal and Plant Diseases. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:996-1008. [PMID: 31522755 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A growing awareness of the diversity and ubiquity of microbes (eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses) associated with larger 'host' organisms has led to the realisation that many diseases thought to be caused by one primary agent are the result of interactions between multiple taxa and the host. Even where a primary agent can be identified, its effect is often moderated by other symbionts. Therefore, the one pathogen-one disease paradigm is shifting towards the pathobiome concept, integrating the interaction of multiple symbionts, host, and environment in a new understanding of disease aetiology. Taxonomically, pathobiomes are variable across host species, ecology, tissue type, and time. Therefore, a more functionally driven understanding of pathobiotic systems is necessary, based on gene expression, metabolic interactions, and ecological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bass
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK; Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK; Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Grant D Stentiford
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK; Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan; International Center for Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Britt Koskella
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK; Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4HB, UK
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97
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Tourneroche A, Lami R, Hubas C, Blanchet E, Vallet M, Escoubeyrou K, Paris A, Prado S. Bacterial-Fungal Interactions in the Kelp Endomicrobiota Drive Autoinducer-2 Quorum Sensing. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1693. [PMID: 31417510 PMCID: PMC6685064 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown macroalgae are an essential component of temperate coastal ecosystems and a growing economic sector. They harbor diverse microbial communities that regulate algal development and health. This algal holobiont is dynamic and achieves equilibrium via a complex network of microbial and host interactions. We now report that bacterial and fungal endophytes associated with four brown algae (Ascophyllum nodosum, Pelvetia canaliculata, Laminaria digitata, and Saccharina latissima) produce metabolites that interfere with bacterial autoinducer-2 quorum sensing, a signaling system implicated in virulence and host colonization. Additionally, we performed co-culture experiments combined to a metabolomic approach and demonstrated that microbial interactions influence production of metabolites, including metabolites involved in quorum sensing. Collectively, the data highlight autoinducer-2 quorum sensing as a key metabolite in the complex network of interactions within the algal holobiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tourneroche
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CP 54, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Lami
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Cédric Hubas
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR BOREA 7208 MNHN-Sorbonne Université-CNRS-UCN-UA-IRD, Station Marine de Concarneau, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Blanchet
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), USR3579, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Marine Vallet
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CP 54, Paris, France
| | - Karine Escoubeyrou
- CNRS, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, Sorbonne Université, FR3724, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Alain Paris
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CP 54, Paris, France
| | - Soizic Prado
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CP 54, Paris, France
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98
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Yan YW, Yang HC, Tang L, Li J, Mao YX, Mo ZL. Compositional Shifts of Bacterial Communities Associated With Pyropia yezoensis and Surrounding Seawater Co-occurring With Red Rot Disease. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1666. [PMID: 31396184 PMCID: PMC6664831 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyropia yezoensis is commercially the most important edible red alga in China, and red rot disease is viewed as one of the major constraints for its cultivation. Microbes within the oomycetic genus Pythium have been reported as the causative agents for this disease; however, little is known about the interactions between the disease and the epiphytic and planktonic bacterial communities. In the present study, bacterial communities associated with uninfected, locally infected, and seriously infected thalli collected from cultivation farms, and within seawater adjacent to the thalli, were investigated using in-depth 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing in conjunction with assessing multiple environmental factors. For both thalli and seawater, uninfected and infected communities were significantly different though alpha diversity was similar. Phylogenetic differences between epiphytic bacterial communities associated with P. yezoensis were mainly reflected by the relative changes in the dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) assigned as genus Flavirhabdus, genus Sulfitobacter, and family Rhodobacteraceae. The prevalent OTUs in seawater also differed in relative abundance across the communities and were affiliated with diverse taxa, including the phyla Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Bacteroidetes, and the classes Alpha- and Gamma-proteobacteria. The differentiation of bacterial communities associated with P. yezoensis and seawater was primarily shaped by reactive silicate (RS) content and salinity, respectively. In particular, 14 potential indicators (two OTUs on P. yezoensis and twelve OTUs in seawater) were identified that significantly differentiated P. yezoensis health statuses and correlated with environmental changes. Overall, the present study provides insights into the alterations of bacterial communities associated with P. yezoensis and surrounding seawater co-occurring with red rot disease. Observed changes were closely associated with health status of algal host, and highlight the potential of using community differentiation to forecast disease occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Wei Yan
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Chao Yang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Li
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun-Xiang Mao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhao-Lan Mo
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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99
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The Macroalgal Holobiont in a Changing Sea. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:635-650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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100
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Pollock FJ, Lamb JB, van de Water JAJM, Smith HA, Schaffelke B, Willis BL, Bourne DG. Reduced diversity and stability of coral-associated bacterial communities and suppressed immune function precedes disease onset in corals. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190355. [PMID: 31312497 PMCID: PMC6599770 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Disease is an emerging threat to coral reef ecosystems worldwide, highlighting the need to understand how environmental conditions interact with coral immune function and associated microbial communities to affect holobiont health. Increased coral disease incidence on reefs adjacent to permanently moored platforms on Australia's Great Barrier Reef provided a unique case study to investigate environment-host-microbe interactions in situ. Here, we evaluate coral-associated bacterial community (16S rRNA amplicon sequencing), immune function (protein-based prophenoloxidase-activating system), and water quality parameters before, during and after a disease event. Over the course of the study, 31% of tagged colonies adjacent to platforms developed signs of white syndrome (WS), while all control colonies on a platform-free reef remained visually healthy. Corals adjacent to platforms experienced significant reductions in coral immune function. Additionally, the corals at platform sites that remained visually healthy throughout the study had reduced bacterial diversity compared to healthy colonies at the platform-free site. Interestingly, prior to the observation of macroscopic disease, corals that would develop WS had reduced bacterial diversity and significantly greater community heterogeneity between colonies compared to healthy corals at the same location. These results suggest that activities associated with offshore marine infrastructure impacts coral immunocompetence and associated bacterial community, which affects the susceptibility of corals to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Joseph Pollock
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science and James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joleah B. Lamb
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jeroen A. J. M. van de Water
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science and James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Hillary A. Smith
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Britta Schaffelke
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bette L. Willis
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science and James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - David G. Bourne
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science and James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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