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Antidepressant-like Effects of Renin Inhibitor Aliskiren in an Inflammatory Mouse Model of Depression. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050655. [PMID: 35625041 PMCID: PMC9139539 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is considered a neuropsychic disease that has global prevalence and is associated with disability. The pathophysiology of depression is not well understood; however, emerging evidence has indicated that neuroinflammation could contribute to developing depression symptoms. One of the factors that have a role in the development of neuroinflammation is the renin–angiotensin system. Therefore, the goal of the current study is to determine the antidepressant-like effects of Aliskiren, a renin inhibitor, against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behavior in mice, glial cell activation, and the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in the prefrontal cortex. For behavioral studies, the open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST), forced swim test (FST), and sucrose preference test (SPT) were used. Inflammatory markers were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). LPS administration (0.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection (i.p.)) sufficiently reduced the number of crossings in OFT, whereas Aliskiren pretreatment (10 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated the LPS effect for two hours after LPS injection. The treatments did not show effects on locomotor activity in OFT 24 h after LPS administration. LPS increased the immobility time in TST and FST or reduced sucrose consumption in SPT after 24 h. Aliskiren reversed the effects induced by LPS in TST, FST, and SPT. CD11 b mRNA, a microglial marker, GFAP mRNA, an astroglial marker, and proinflammatory cytokines genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) were upregulated in the prefrontal cortex in LPS exposed animals. However, Aliskiren reduced LPS-induced inflammatory genes in the prefrontal cortex. Hence, the outcomes conclude that Aliskiren prevents depressive illness associated with neuroinflammation in humans.
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Renz-Polster H, Tremblay ME, Bienzle D, Fischer JE. The Pathobiology of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: The Case for Neuroglial Failure. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:888232. [PMID: 35614970 PMCID: PMC9124899 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.888232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) has a specific and distinctive profile of clinical features, the disease remains an enigma because causal explanation of the pathobiological matrix is lacking. Several potential disease mechanisms have been identified, including immune abnormalities, inflammatory activation, mitochondrial alterations, endothelial and muscular disturbances, cardiovascular anomalies, and dysfunction of the peripheral and central nervous systems. Yet, it remains unclear whether and how these pathways may be related and orchestrated. Here we explore the hypothesis that a common denominator of the pathobiological processes in ME/CFS may be central nervous system dysfunction due to impaired or pathologically reactive neuroglia (astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes). We will test this hypothesis by reviewing, in reference to the current literature, the two most salient and widely accepted features of ME/CFS, and by investigating how these might be linked to dysfunctional neuroglia. From this review we conclude that the multifaceted pathobiology of ME/CFS may be attributable in a unifying manner to neuroglial dysfunction. Because the two key features - post exertional malaise and decreased cerebral blood flow - are also recognized in a subset of patients with post-acute sequelae COVID, we suggest that our findings may also be pertinent to this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Renz-Polster
- Division of General Medicine, Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health Baden-Württemberg (CPD-BW), University Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Joachim E. Fischer
- Division of General Medicine, Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health Baden-Württemberg (CPD-BW), University Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Gouveia F, Camins A, Ettcheto M, Bicker J, Falcão A, Cruz MT, Fortuna A. Targeting brain Renin-Angiotensin System for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Past, present and future. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 77:101612. [PMID: 35346852 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a well-known neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of two main hallmarks - Tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ deposits. Notwithstanding, in the last few years the scientific evidence about the drivers of AD have been changing and nowadays age-related vascular alterations and several cardiovascular risk factors have been shown to trigger the development of AD. In this context, drugs targeting the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS), commonly used for the treatment of hypertension, are evidencing a high potential to delay AD development due to their action on brain RAS. Indeed, the ACE 1/Ang II/AT1R axis is believed to be upregulated in AD and to be responsible for deleterious effects such as increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability, astrocytes dysfunction and a decrease in cerebral blood flow. In contrast, the alternative axis - ACE 1/Ang II/AT2R; ACE 2/Ang (1-7)/MasR; Ang IV/ AT4R(IRAP) - seems to counterbalance the deleterious effects of the principal axis and to exert beneficial effects on memory and cognition. Accordingly, retrospective studies demonstrate a reduced risk of developing AD among people taking RAS medication as well as several in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical studies as it is herein critically reviewed. In this review, we first revise, at a glance, the pathophysiology of AD focused on its classic hallmarks. Secondly, an overview about the impact of the RAS on the pathophysiology of AD is also provided, focused on their four essential axes ACE 1/Ang II/AT2R; ACE 2/Ang (1-7)/MasR; Ang IV/ AT4R(IRAP) and ACE 1/Ang II/AT1R. Finally, the therapeutic potential of available drugs targeting RAS on AD, namely angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), is highlighted and data supporting this hope will be presented, from in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical to clinical studies.
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Tabikh M, Chahla C, Okdeh N, Kovacic H, Sabatier JM, Fajloun Z. Parkinson disease: Protective role and function of neuropeptides. Peptides 2022; 151:170713. [PMID: 34929264 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are bioactive molecules, made up of small chains of amino acids, with many neuromodulatory properties. Several lines of evidence suggest that neuropeptides, mainly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), play an important role in the onset of Parkinson's Disease (PD) pathology. The wide spread disruption of neuropeptides has been excessively demonstrated to be related to the pathophysiological symptoms in PD where impairment in motor function per example was correlated with neuropeptides dysregulation in the substantia niagra (SN). Moreover, the levels of different neuropeptides have been found modified in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood of PD patients, indicating their potential role in the manifestation of PD symptoms and dysfunctions. In this review, we outlined the neuroprotective effects of neuropeptides on dopaminergic neuronal loss, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in several models and tissues of PD. Our main focus was to elaborate the role of orexin, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), opioids, angiotensin, carnosine and many others in the protection and/or involvement in the neurodegeneration of striatal dopaminergic cells. Further studies are required to better assess the mode of action and cellular mechanisms of neuropeptides in order to shift the focus from the in vitro and in vivo testing to applicable clinical testing. This review, allows a support for future use of neuropeptides as therapeutic solution for PA pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Tabikh
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, 1352, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Charbel Chahla
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, 1352, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nathalie Okdeh
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, 1352, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Herve Kovacic
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Aix-Marseille, Institut de Neuro-Physiopathologie, UMR 7051, Boulevard Pierre Dramard-CS80011, 13344, Marseille Cedex 15, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Aix-Marseille, Institut de Neuro-Physiopathologie, UMR 7051, Boulevard Pierre Dramard-CS80011, 13344, Marseille Cedex 15, France.
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, 1352, Tripoli, Lebanon; Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, 1300, Tripoli, Lebanon.
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Sharma D, Tomar DS, Gupta S. Non-hypertension-associated Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in COVID-19. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022; 26:641-642. [PMID: 35719457 PMCID: PMC9160627 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection-related neurological events are not uncommon but presenting as posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) without hypertension is a very rare presentation and requires a high index of suspicion. Case summary We report a case of a middle-aged female who presented with severe COVID-19 disease with no neurological symptoms. She complained of diminished vision on day 7 of the illness and underwent an MRI brain to rule out an ischemic stroke but the findings were suggestive of PRES. She had no episode of hypertension during the hospital stay. Probably severe COVID-related inflammation was the reason for such a presentation. Conservative management resolved the issue and her symptoms weaned off. Conclusion Severe COVID disease can lead to PRES-like symptoms and requires neuroimaging to validate it. Conservative management is the best treatment for such patients. How to cite this article Sharma D, Tomar DS, Gupta S. Non-hypertension-associated Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in COVID-19. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022;26(5):641–642.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruva Sharma
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Narayana Super-speciality Hospital, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Deeksha S Tomar
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Narayana Super-speciality Hospital, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Sachin Gupta
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Narayana Super-speciality Hospital, Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Sachin Gupta, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Narayana Super-speciality Hospital, Gurugram, Haryana, India, Phone: +91 9873240734, e-mail:
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Xue X, Duan R, Zheng G, Chen H, Zhang W, Shi L. Translocator protein (18 kDa) regulates the microglial phenotype in Parkinson's disease through P47. Bioengineered 2022; 13:11061-11071. [PMID: 35475466 PMCID: PMC9208449 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2068754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have suggested that the phenotypic transformation of microglia plays a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Translocator protein (TSPO) is an 18 kDa translocator membrane protein that acts as a marker of neuroinflammation and suppresses neuroinflammation; however, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Although TSPO ligands were found to be protective in several neurodegenerative paradigms, few studies have evaluated their effects on microglial polarization, and underlying mechanisms need to be explored. In the present study, we examined the effects of TSPO and PK11195, a TSPO ligand, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)+interferon (IFN)-γ-induced inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in microglia using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effect of TSPO and PK11195 on LPS+IFN-γ-induced microglial cell apoptosis was examined using immunofluorescence (IF), flow cytometry, and western blotting. The interaction between TSPO and P47 was investigated using IF and co-immunoprecipitation analysis. In vivo experiments confirmed the influence of TSPO and its ligand on motility, a-Syn, and dopaminergic neuronal damage. Our findings indicate that TSPO may regulate the microglial phenotype in PD via P47, suggesting a potential role in anti-PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Duan
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoyan Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hucheng Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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57
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Inflammation: A New Look at an Old Problem. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094596. [PMID: 35562986 PMCID: PMC9100490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory stress is inherent in any cells that are subject to damage or threat of damage. It is defined by a number of universal components, including oxidative stress, cellular response to DNA damage, unfolded protein response to mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress, changes in autophagy, inflammasome formation, non-coding RNA response, formation of an inducible network of signaling pathways, and epigenetic changes. The presence of an inducible receptor and secretory phenotype in many cells is the cause of tissue pro-inflammatory stress. The key phenomenon determining the occurrence of a classical inflammatory focus is the microvascular inflammatory response (exudation, leukocyte migration to the alteration zone). This same reaction at the systemic level leads to the development of life-critical systemic inflammation. From this standpoint, we can characterize the common mechanisms of pathologies that differ in their clinical appearance. The division of inflammation into alternative variants has deep evolutionary roots. Evolutionary aspects of inflammation are also described in the review. The aim of the review is to provide theoretical arguments for the need for an up-to-date theory of the relationship between key human pathological processes based on the integrative role of the molecular mechanisms of cellular and tissue pro-inflammatory stress.
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Annoni F, Moro F, Caruso E, Zoerle T, Taccone FS, Zanier ER. Angiotensin-(1-7) as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841692. [PMID: 35355989 PMCID: PMC8959484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a substantial cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Moreover, survivors after the initial bleeding are often subject to secondary brain injuries and delayed cerebral ischemia, further increasing the risk of a poor outcome. In recent years, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been proposed as a target pathway for therapeutic interventions after brain injury. The RAS is a complex system of biochemical reactions critical for several systemic functions, namely, inflammation, vascular tone, endothelial activation, water balance, fibrosis, and apoptosis. The RAS system is classically divided into a pro-inflammatory axis, mediated by angiotensin (Ang)-II and its specific receptor AT1R, and a counterbalancing system, presented in humans as Ang-(1-7) and its receptor, MasR. Experimental data suggest that upregulation of the Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis might be neuroprotective in numerous pathological conditions, namely, ischemic stroke, cognitive disorders, Parkinson's disease, and depression. In the presence of SAH, Ang-(1-7)/MasR neuroprotective and modulating properties could help reduce brain damage by acting on neuroinflammation, and through direct vascular and anti-thrombotic effects. Here we review the role of RAS in brain ischemia, with specific focus on SAH and the therapeutic potential of Ang-(1-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Annoni
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Anderlecht, Belgium
| | - Federico Moro
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Zoerle
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Anderlecht, Belgium
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Labandeira-Garcia JL, Labandeira CM, Valenzuela R, Pedrosa MA, Quijano A, Rodriguez-Perez AI. Drugs Modulating Renin-Angiotensin System in COVID-19 Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:502. [PMID: 35203711 PMCID: PMC8962306 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A massive worldwide vaccination campaign constitutes the main tool against the COVID-19 pandemic. However, drug treatments are also necessary. Antivirals are the most frequently considered treatments. However, strategies targeting mechanisms involved in disease aggravation may also be effective. A major role of the tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathophysiology and severity of COVID-19 has been suggested. The main link between RAS and COVID-19 is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a central RAS component and the primary binding site for SARS-CoV-2 that facilitates the virus entry into host cells. An initial suggestion that the susceptibility to infection and disease severity may be enhanced by angiotensin type-1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) because they increase ACE2 levels, led to the consideration of discontinuing treatments in thousands of patients. More recent experimental and clinical data indicate that ACEIs and, particularly, ARBs can be beneficial for COVID-19 outcome, both by reducing inflammatory responses and by triggering mechanisms (such as ADAM17 inhibition) counteracting viral entry. Strategies directly activating RAS anti-inflammatory components such as soluble ACE2, Angiotensin 1-7 analogues, and Mas or AT2 receptor agonists may also be beneficial. However, while ACEIs and ARBs are cheap and widely used, the second type of strategies are currently under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. Labandeira-Garcia
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen M. Labandeira
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Neurology Service, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, University Hospital Complex, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Rita Valenzuela
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A. Pedrosa
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aloia Quijano
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
| | - Ana I. Rodriguez-Perez
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.M.L.); (R.V.); (M.A.P.); (A.Q.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
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Guo S, Wang H, Yin Y. Microglia Polarization From M1 to M2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:815347. [PMID: 35250543 PMCID: PMC8888930 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.815347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Microglia can be categorized into two opposite types: classical (M1) or alternative (M2), though there’s a continuum of different intermediate phenotypes between M1 and M2, and microglia can transit from one phenotype to another. M1 microglia release inflammatory mediators and induce inflammation and neurotoxicity, while M2 microglia release anti-inflammatory mediators and induce anti-inflammatory and neuroprotectivity. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is considered as a double-edged sword, performing both harmful and helpful effects in neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies showed that balancing microglia M1/M2 polarization had a promising therapeutic prospect in neurodegenerative diseases. We suggest that shifting microglia from M1 to M2 may be significant and we focus on the modulation of microglia polarization from M1 to M2, especially by important signal pathways, in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Strogulski NR, Stefani MA, Böhmer AE, Hansel G, Rodolphi MS, Kopczynski A, de Oliveira VG, Stefani ET, Portela JV, Schmidt AP, Oses JP, Smith DH, Portela LV. Cerebrospinal fluid purinomics as a biomarker approach to predict outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2022; 161:173-186. [PMID: 35157328 PMCID: PMC9035090 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with high rates of mortality and long-term disability linked to neurochemical abnormalities. Although purine-derivatives play important roles in TBI pathogenesis in preclinical models, little is known about potential changes in purine levels and their implications in human TBI. We assessed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of purines in severe TBI patients as potential biomarkers that predict mortality and long-term dysfunction. This was a cross-sectional study performed in 17 severe TBI patients (Glasgow Coma Scale < 8) and 51 controls. Two to four hours after admission to ICU, patients were submitted to ventricular drainage and CSF collection for quantification of adenine and guanine purine-derivatives by HPLC. TBI patients survival was followed up to 3 days from admission. A neurofunctional assessment was performed through the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) two years after ICU admission. Purine levels were compared between control and TBI patients, and between surviving and non-surviving patients. Relative to controls, TBI patients presented increased CSF levels of GDP, guanosine, adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine. Further, GTP, GDP, IMP, and xanthine levels were different between surviving and non-surviving patients. Among the purines, guanosine was associated with improved mRS (p=0.042; r= -0.506). Remarkably, GTP displayed predictive value (AUC=0.841, p=0.024) for discriminating survival vs. non-survival patients up to three days from admission. These results support TBI-specific purine signatures, suggesting GTP as a promising biomarker of mortality, and guanosine as an indicator of long-term functional disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Strogulski
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma e Biomarkers, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Stefani
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Böhmer
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma e Biomarkers, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gisele Hansel
- Neuroinflammation and Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S Rodolphi
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma e Biomarkers, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Afonso Kopczynski
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma e Biomarkers, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitória G de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma e Biomarkers, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduarda T Stefani
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana V Portela
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma e Biomarkers, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André P Schmidt
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma e Biomarkers, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Department of Anesthesia, Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Ciências Médicas de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jean Pierre Oses
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Douglas H Smith
- Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair and Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Luis V Portela
- Laboratory of Neurotrauma e Biomarkers, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Quarleri J, Delpino MV. SARS-CoV-2 interacts with renin-angiotensin system: impact on the central nervous system in elderly patients. GeroScience 2022; 44:547-565. [PMID: 35157210 PMCID: PMC8853071 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a recently identified coronavirus that causes the current pandemic disease known as COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor, suggesting that the initial steps of SARS-CoV-2 infection may have an impact on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Several processes are influenced by RAS in the brain. The neurological symptoms observed in COVID-19 patients, including reduced olfaction, meningitis, ischemic stroke, cerebral thrombosis, and delirium, could be associated with RAS imbalance. In this review, we focus on the potential role of disturbances in the RAS as a cause for central nervous system sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Quarleri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus Y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Paraguay 2155-Piso 11 (1121), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus Y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Paraguay 2155-Piso 11 (1121), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Szczepanska-Sadowska E, Wsol A, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A, Czarzasta K, Żera T. Multiple Aspects of Inappropriate Action of Renin-Angiotensin, Vasopressin, and Oxytocin Systems in Neuropsychiatric and Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Clin Med 2022; 11:908. [PMID: 35207180 PMCID: PMC8877782 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11040908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular system and the central nervous system (CNS) closely cooperate in the regulation of primary vital functions. The autonomic nervous system and several compounds known as cardiovascular factors, especially those targeting the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), the vasopressin system (VPS), and the oxytocin system (OTS), are also efficient modulators of several other processes in the CNS. The components of the RAS, VPS, and OTS, regulating pain, emotions, learning, memory, and other cognitive processes, are present in the neurons, glial cells, and blood vessels of the CNS. Increasing evidence shows that the combined function of the RAS, VPS, and OTS is altered in neuropsychiatric/neurodegenerative diseases, and in particular in patients with depression, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, autism, and schizophrenia. The altered function of the RAS may also contribute to CNS disorders in COVID-19. In this review, we present evidence that there are multiple causes for altered combined function of the RAS, VPS, and OTS in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as genetic predispositions and the engagement of the RAS, VAS, and OTS in the processes underlying emotions, memory, and cognition. The neuroactive pharmaceuticals interfering with the synthesis or the action of angiotensins, vasopressin, and oxytocin can improve or worsen the effectiveness of treatment for neuropsychiatric/neurodegenerative diseases. Better knowledge of the multiple actions of the RAS, VPS, and OTS may facilitate programming the most efficient treatment for patients suffering from the comorbidity of neuropsychiatric/neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczepanska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (A.C.-J.); (K.C.); (T.Ż.)
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64
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Quijano A, Diaz-Ruiz C, Lopez-Lopez A, Villar-Cheda B, Muñoz A, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Angiotensin Type-1 Receptor Inhibition Reduces NLRP3 Inflammasome Upregulation Induced by Aging and Neurodegeneration in the Substantia Nigra of Male Rodents and Primary Mesencephalic Cultures. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020329. [PMID: 35204211 PMCID: PMC8868290 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has been shown to be involved in prooxidative and proinflammatory changes observed in aging and aging-related diseases such as dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD). We studied the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the substantia nigra with aging and early stages of dopaminergic degeneration in PD models and, particularly, if the brain RAS, via its prooxidative proinflammatory angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 (AT1) receptors, mediates the inflammasome activation. Nigras from aged rats and mice and 6-hydroxydopamine PD models showed upregulation in transcription of inflammasome-related components (NLRP3, pro-IL1β and pro-IL18) and IL1β and IL18 protein levels, which was inhibited by the AT1 receptor antagonist candesartan. The role of the AngII/AT1 axis in inflammasome activation was further confirmed in rats intraventricularly injected with AngII, and in primary mesencephalic cultures treated with 6-hydroxydopamine, which showed inflammasome activation that was blocked by candesartan. Observations in the nigra of young and aged AT1 and AT2 knockout mice confirmed the major role of AT1 receptors in nigral inflammasome activation. In conclusion, the inflammasome is upregulated by aging and dopaminergic degeneration in the substantia nigra, possibly related with a decrease in dopamine levels, and it is mediated by the AngII/AT1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloia Quijano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.Q.); (C.D.-R.); (A.L.-L.); (B.V.-C.); (A.M.); (A.I.R.-P.)
| | - Carmen Diaz-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.Q.); (C.D.-R.); (A.L.-L.); (B.V.-C.); (A.M.); (A.I.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Lopez-Lopez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.Q.); (C.D.-R.); (A.L.-L.); (B.V.-C.); (A.M.); (A.I.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Villar-Cheda
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.Q.); (C.D.-R.); (A.L.-L.); (B.V.-C.); (A.M.); (A.I.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Muñoz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.Q.); (C.D.-R.); (A.L.-L.); (B.V.-C.); (A.M.); (A.I.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Rodriguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.Q.); (C.D.-R.); (A.L.-L.); (B.V.-C.); (A.M.); (A.I.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L. Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.Q.); (C.D.-R.); (A.L.-L.); (B.V.-C.); (A.M.); (A.I.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-881-812223
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Xue B, Yu Y, Beltz TG, Guo F, Wei SG, Johnson AK. Loss of the Protective Effect of Estrogen Contributes to Maternal Gestational Hypertension-Induced Hypertensive Response Sensitization Elicited by Postweaning High-Fat Diet in Female Offspring. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e023685. [PMID: 35014859 PMCID: PMC9238517 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.023685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background A recent study conducted in male offspring demonstrated that maternal gestational hypertension (MHT) induces hypertensive response sensitization (HTRS) elicited by postweaning high‐fat diet (HFD). In this study, we investigated the sensitizing effect of MHT on postweaning HFD‐induced hypertensive response in female rat offspring and assessed the protective role of estrogen in HTRS. Methods and Results The results showed that MHT also induced a sensitized HFD‐elicited hypertensive response in intact female offspring. However, compared with male offspring, this MHT‐induced HTRS was sex specific in that intact female offspring exhibited an attenuated increase in blood pressure. Ovariectomy significantly enhanced the HFD‐induced increase in blood pressure and the pressor response to centrally administered angiotensin II or tumor necrosis factor‐α in offspring of normotensive dams, which was accompanied by elevated centrally driven sympathetic activity, upregulated mRNA expression of prohypertensive components, and downregulated expression of antihypertensive components in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. However, when compared with HFD‐fed ovariectomized offspring of normotensive dams, the MHT‐induced HTRS and pressor responses to centrally administered angiotensin II or tumor necrosis factor‐α in HFD‐fed intact offspring of MHT dams were not potentiated by ovariectomy, but the blood pressure and elicited pressor responses as well as central sympathetic tone remained higher. Conclusions The results indicate that in adult female offspring MHT induced HTRS elicited by HFD. Estrogen normally plays a protective role in antagonizing HFD prohypertensive effects, and MHT compromises this normal protective action of estrogen by augmenting brain reactivity and centrally driven sympathetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Xue
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Terry G Beltz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Fang Guo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Shun-Guang Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City IA.,François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Alan Kim Johnson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Iowa Iowa City IA.,Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology University of Iowa Iowa City IA.,Department of Health and Human Physiology University of Iowa Iowa City IA.,François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center University of Iowa Iowa City IA
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66
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Baron DH, Skrobot OA, Palmer JC, Sharma K, Kehoe P. The Renin Angiotensin System as a potential treatment target for Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:473-486. [PMID: 35029131 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health concern and leading cause of death and disability in young adults in the UK and worldwide, however, there is a paucity of disease modifying therapies for the treatment of TBI. This review investigates the potential of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) as a treatment pathway for traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adults. Relevant electronic databases were searched on 18 December 2019, updated 16 May 2021. All English language articles with adult human or animal populations investigating RAS drugs as an intervention for TBI or reporting genetic evidence relevant to the RAS and TBI were screened. Eighteen preclinical RCTs (n=2269) and 2 clinical cohort studies (n=771) were included. Meta-analyses of 6 preclinical randomised-controlled trials (n=99) indicated candesartan improved neurological function short-term (<7 days: standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19 - 1.03, I2=0%) and long-term (≥7 days: SMD 1.06, 95% CI 0.38; 1.73, I2=0%) post-TBI. Findings were similar for most secondary outcomes. There was a suggestion of benefit from other RAS-targeting drugs, although evidence was limited due to few small studies. There was insufficient evidence to enable strong assessment of these drugs on mortality post-TBI. We conclude that angiotensin-receptor blockers, especially candesartan, show positive outcomes post-TBI in preclinical studies with moderate quality of evidence (GRADE). More research into the effect of regulatory-RAS targeting drugs is needed. Clinical trials of candesartan following TBI are recommended, due to strong and consistent evidence of neuroprotection shown by these preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hendrik Baron
- University of Bristol, 1980, Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Olivia A Skrobot
- University of Bristol, 1980, Translational Health Sciences, Dementia Research Group, Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Jennifer C Palmer
- University of Bristol, 1980, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,University of Bristol, 1980, MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Kanchan Sharma
- University of Bristol, 1980, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,North Bristol NHS Trust, 1982, Neurology, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Patrick Kehoe
- University of Bristol, 1980, Translational Health Sciences, Dementia Research Group,, Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Sciences, Bristol, - None -, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, BS10 5NB.,University of Bristol;
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67
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Recent Advances in the Endogenous Brain Renin-Angiotensin System and Drugs Acting on It. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2021; 2021:9293553. [PMID: 34925551 PMCID: PMC8651430 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9293553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS (renin-angiotensin system) is the part of the endocrine system that plays a prime role in the control of essential hypertension. Since the discovery of brain RAS in the seventies, continuous efforts have been put by the scientific committee to explore it more. The brain has shown the presence of various components of brain RAS such as angiotensinogen (AGT), converting enzymes, angiotensin (Ang), and specific receptors (ATR). AGT acts as the precursor molecule for Ang peptides—I, II, III, and IV—while the enzymes such as prorenin, ACE, and aminopeptidases A and N synthesize it. AT1, AT2, AT4, and mitochondrial assembly receptor (MasR) are found to be plentiful in the brain. The brain RAS system exhibits pleiotropic properties such as neuroprotection and cognition along with regulation of blood pressure, CVS homeostasis, thirst and salt appetite, stress, depression, alcohol addiction, and pain modulation. The molecules acting through RAS predominantly ARBs and ACEI are found to be effective in various ongoing and completed clinical trials related to cognition, memory, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and pain. The review summarizes the recent advances in the brain RAS system highlighting its significance in pathophysiology and treatment of the central nervous system-related disorders.
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Vasconcelos GS, Dos Santos Júnior MA, Monte AS, da Silva FER, Lima CNDC, Moreira Lima Neto AB, Medeiros IDS, Teixeira AL, de Lucena DF, Vasconcelos SMM, Macedo DS. Low-dose candesartan prevents schizophrenia-like behavioral alterations in a neurodevelopmental two-hit model of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110348. [PMID: 33984421 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder with complex etiopathogenesis. Based on its neurodevelopmental features, an animal model induced by "two-hit" based on perinatal immune activation followed by peripubertal unpredictable stress was proposed. Sex influences the immune response, and concerning schizophrenia, it impacts the age of onset and symptoms severity. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the influence of sex in schizophrenia is poorly understood. Our study aimed to evaluate sex influence on proinflammatory and oxidant alterations in male and female mice exposed to the two-hit model of schizophrenia, and its prevention by candesartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker with neuroprotective properties. The two-hit model induced schizophrenia-like behavioral changes in animals of both sexes. Hippocampal microglial activation alongside the increased expression of NF-κB, and proinflammatory cytokines, namely interleukin (IL)-1β and TNF-α, were observed in male animals. Conversely, females presented increased hippocampal and plasma levels of nitrite and plasma lipid peroxidation. Peripubertal administration of low-dose candesartan (0.3 mg/kg PO) prevented behavioral, hippocampal, and systemic changes in male and female mice. While these results indicate the influence of sex on inflammatory and oxidative changes induced by the two-hit model, candesartan was effective in both males and females. The present study advances the neurobiological mechanisms underlying sex influence in schizophrenia and opens new avenues to prevent this devasting mental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Silva Vasconcelos
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Manuel Alves Dos Santos Júnior
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Aline Santos Monte
- University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusophony (Unilab-CE), Brazil
| | - Francisco Eliclécio Rodrigues da Silva
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Camila Nayane de Carvalho Lima
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Ingridy da Silva Medeiros
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Antonio Lucio Teixeira
- Institute of Education and Research, Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth Houston, United States of America
| | - David Freitas de Lucena
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Silvânia Maria Mendes Vasconcelos
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Danielle S Macedo
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Li T, Huang HY, Wang H, Gao CC, Liang H, Deng CL, Zhao X, Han YL, Zhou ML. Restoration of Brain Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Alleviates Neurological Deficits after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury via Mitigation of Pyroptosis and Apoptosis. J Neurotrauma 2021; 39:423-434. [PMID: 34861788 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is intensely activated in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Increased angiotensin II in circulatory blood after TBI can enter the brain through the disrupted blood-brain barrier. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an enzyme that metabolizes angiotensin II into angiotensin (1-7), which has been shown to have neuroprotective results. However, the expression and role of ACE2 in the brain after TBI remains elusive. We found that ACE2 protein abundance was downregulated around the contusional area in the brains of both humans and mice. Endogenous ACE2 was expressed in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in the cortex of the mouse brain. Administration of recombinant human ACE2 intracerebroventricularly alleviated neurological defects after TBI in mice. Treatment of recombinant human ACE2 suppressed TBI-induced increase of angiotensin II and the decrease of angiotensin (1-7) in the brain, mitigated neural cell death, reduced the activation of NLRP3 and Caspase3, decreased phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, and nuclear factor kappa B, and reduced inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. Administration of ACE2 enzyme activator diminazene aceturate intraperitoneally rescued downregulation of ACE2 enzymatic activity and protein abundance in the brain. Diminazene aceturate treatment once per day in the acute stage after TBI alleviated long-term cognitive defects and neuronal loss in mice. Collectively, these results indicated that restoration of ACE2 alleviated neurological deficits after TBI by mitigation of pyroptosis and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling School of Clinical Medicine,, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Han-Yu Huang
- Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling School of Clinical Medicine,, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Handong Wang
- Nanjing Medical University, 12461, neurosurgery of jinling hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Chao-Chao Gao
- Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling School of Clinical Medicine,, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Hui Liang
- Nanjing University, 12581, Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Chu-Lei Deng
- Nanjing Jinling Hospital, 144990, Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Xin Zhao
- Nanjing University, 12581, Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Yan-Lin Han
- Nanjing University, 12581, Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Meng-Liang Zhou
- Nanjing University, 12581, Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China;
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Rengasamy M, Marsland A, Spada M, Hsiung K, Kovats T, Price RB. A chicken and egg scenario in psychoneuroimmunology: Bidirectional mechanisms linking cytokines and depression. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021; 6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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71
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Sunanda T, Ray B, Mahalakshmi AM, Bhat A, Rashan L, Rungratanawanich W, Song BJ, Essa MM, Sakharkar MK, Chidambaram SB. Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Crosstalk in Parkinson's Disease: The Role of Brain Renin Angiotensin System Components. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1669. [PMID: 34827667 PMCID: PMC8615717 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The past few decades have seen an increased emphasis on the involvement of the mitochondrial-associated membrane (MAM) in various neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In PD, alterations in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and MAM functions affect the secretion and metabolism of proteins, causing an imbalance in calcium homeostasis and oxidative stress. These changes lead to alterations in the translocation of the MAM components, such as IP3R, VDAC, and MFN1 and 2, and consequently disrupt calcium homeostasis and cause misfolded proteins with impaired autophagy, distorted mitochondrial dynamics, and cell death. Various reports indicate the detrimental involvement of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis in various neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we attempted to update the reports (using various search engines, such as PubMed, SCOPUS, Elsevier, and Springer Nature) demonstrating the pathogenic interactions between the various proteins present in mitochondria, ER, and MAM with respect to Parkinson's disease. We also made an attempt to speculate the possible involvement of RAS and its components, i.e., AT1 and AT2 receptors, angiotensinogen, in this crosstalk and PD pathology. The review also collates and provides updated information on the role of MAM in calcium signaling, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuladhar Sunanda
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (T.S.); (B.R.); (A.M.M.); (A.B.)
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Bipul Ray
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (T.S.); (B.R.); (A.M.M.); (A.B.)
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Arehally M. Mahalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (T.S.); (B.R.); (A.M.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Abid Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (T.S.); (B.R.); (A.M.M.); (A.B.)
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Luay Rashan
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Dohfar University, Salalah 2059, Oman;
| | - Wiramon Rungratanawanich
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (W.R.); (B.-J.S.)
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (W.R.); (B.-J.S.)
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, CAMS, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman;
- Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India; (T.S.); (B.R.); (A.M.M.); (A.B.)
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
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The Expression of RAAS Key Receptors, Agtr2 and Bdkrb1, Is Downregulated at an Early Stage in a Rat Model of Wolfram Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111717. [PMID: 34828323 PMCID: PMC8621801 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolfram syndrome (WS) 1 is a rare monogenic neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding WFS1. Knowledge of the pathophysiology of WS is incomplete and to date, there is no treatment available. Here, we describe early deviations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and bradykinin pathway (kallikrein kinin system, KKS) observed in a rat model of WS (Wfs1 KO) and the modulative effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide (LIR) and anti-epileptic drug valproate (VPA), which have been proven effective in delaying WS progression in WS animal models. We found that the expression of key receptors of the RAAS and KKS, Agtr2 and Bdkrb1, were drastically downregulated both in vitro and in vivo at an early stage in a rat model of WS. Moreover, in Wfs1, KO serum aldosterone levels were substantially decreased and bradykinin levels increased compared to WT animals. Neither treatment nor their combination affected the gene expression levels seen in the Wfs1 KO animals. However, all the treatments elevated serum aldosterone and decreased bradykinin in the Wfs1 KO rats, as well as increasing angiotensin II levels independent of genotype. Altogether, our results indicate that Wfs1 deficiency might disturb the normal functioning of RAAS and KKS and that LIR and VPA have the ability to modulate these systems.
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Parga JA, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Garcia-Garrote M, Rodriguez-Pallares J, Labandeira-Garcia JL. NRF2 Activation and Downstream Effects: Focus on Parkinson's Disease and Brain Angiotensin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111649. [PMID: 34829520 PMCID: PMC8614768 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signalling molecules used to regulate cellular metabolism and homeostasis. However, excessive ROS production causes oxidative stress, one of the main mechanisms associated with the origin and progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. NRF2 (Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2 Like 2) is a transcription factor that orchestrates the cellular response to oxidative stress. The regulation of NRF2 signalling has been shown to be a promising strategy to modulate the progression of the neurodegeneration associated to Parkinson's disease. The NRF2 pathway has been shown to be affected in patients with this disease, and activation of NRF2 has neuroprotective effects in preclinical models, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of this pathway. In this review, we highlight recent advances regarding the regulation of NRF2, including the effect of Angiotensin II as an endogenous signalling molecule able to regulate ROS production and oxidative stress in dopaminergic neurons. The genes regulated and the downstream effects of activation, with special focus on Kruppel Like Factor 9 (KLF9) transcription factor, provide clues about the mechanisms involved in the neurodegenerative process as well as future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Parga
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.P.); (J.L.L.-G.)
| | - Ana I. Rodriguez-Perez
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Garcia-Garrote
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jannette Rodriguez-Pallares
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose L. Labandeira-Garcia
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (A.I.R.-P.); (M.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.)
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson’s Disease, CIMUS, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, R/ San Francisco s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.P.); (J.L.L.-G.)
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Li J, Shui X, Sun R, Wan L, Zhang B, Xiao B, Luo Z. Microglial Phenotypic Transition: Signaling Pathways and Influencing Modulators Involved in Regulation in Central Nervous System Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:736310. [PMID: 34594188 PMCID: PMC8476879 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.736310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are macrophages that reside in the central nervous system (CNS) and belong to the innate immune system. Moreover, they are crucially involved in CNS development, maturation, and aging; further, they are closely associated with neurons. In normal conditions, microglia remain in a static state. Upon trauma or lesion occurrence, microglia can be activated and subsequently polarized into the pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory phenotype. The phenotypic transition is regulated by numerous modulators. This review focus on the literature regarding the modulators and signaling pathways involved in regulating the microglial phenotypic transition, which are rarely mentioned in other reviews. Hence, this review provides molecular insights into the microglial phenotypic transition, which could be a potential therapeutic target for neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyu Shui
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruizheng Sun
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lily Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Boxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaohui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Lu Y, Hao R, Hu Y, Wei Y, Xie Y, Shen Y, Rui Q, Yu G. Harpagide alleviate neuronal apoptosis and blood-brain barrier leakage by inhibiting TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in Angiotensin II-induced microglial activation in vitro. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 348:109653. [PMID: 34516974 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II, the effector peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, is not only a pivotal peptide implicated in the regulation of blood pressure but also a key mediator of the inflammatory processes that play an important role in the pathology of hypertension-related cSVD. Harpagide is the major bioactive constituent of Scrophulariae Radix widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for numerous diseases including hypertension. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of harpagide on Ang II-induced neuroinflammation and the potential mechanism. Pretreated with harpagide or resatorvid (the TLR4 pathway inhibitor), BV2 cells were treated with Ang II or LPS (the TLR4 activator). NO, pro-inflammatory cytokines, the proteins on TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and the expression of CD86, CD206, TREM2 in BV2 cells were detected respectively. Subsequently, the effects of harpagide on neurotoxicity and BBB destruction triggered by Ang II-induced neuroinflammation were investigated in the co-cultures of BV2 microglia/HT22 hippocampal neurons, BV2 microglia/bEnd.3 endotheliocyte and BV2 microglia/BBB monolayer model. We found that Ang II converted microglia into M1 state and resulted in neuroinflammation through activating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. It also triggered the imbalance of TLR4/TREM2 in microglia. Ang II-mediated inflammation microglia further led to neuronal apoptosis and BBB damage. Harpagide showed the effect of alleviating Ang II-mediated neuroinflammation as well as the resulting neurotoxicity and BBB destruction through inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. The anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect of harpagide suggested that it might be a potential therapeutic strategy in hypertensive cSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwei Lu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210001, China
| | - Renjuan Hao
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210001, China
| | - Yingchao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210001, China
| | - Yuyan Wei
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210001, China
| | - Yuyan Xie
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210001, China
| | - Yu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210001, China
| | - Qinglin Rui
- Department of Emergency, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210001, China.
| | - Guran Yu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210001, China.
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76
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Otero-Losada M, Wandosell FG, Capani F. Editorial: Neuroprotection in Synaptic Signalling During Neurological Disorders. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:746487. [PMID: 34539374 PMCID: PMC8446195 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.746487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Otero-Losada
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CAECIHS.UAI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco G Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CSIC-UAM y Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Capani
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CAECIHS.UAI-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Psicología y Psicopedagogía (CIPP), Facultad de Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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77
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NADPH-Oxidase, Rho-Kinase and Autophagy Mediate the (Pro)renin-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Microglial Response and Enhancement of Dopaminergic Neuron Death. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091340. [PMID: 34572972 PMCID: PMC8472832 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the tissue renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in tissue oxidative and inflammatory responses. Among RAS components, renin, its precursor (pro)renin and its specific receptor (PRR) have been less investigated, particularly in the brain. We previously showed the presence of PRR in neurons and glial cells in the nigrostriatal system of rodents and primates, including humans. Now, we used rat and mouse models and cultures of BV2 and primary microglial cells to study the role of PRR in microglial pro-inflammatory responses. PRR was upregulated in the nigral region, particularly in microglia during the neuroinflammatory response. In the presence of the angiotensin type-1 receptor blocker losartan, to exclude angiotensin-related effects, treatment of microglial cells with (pro)renin induces the expression of microglial pro-inflammatory markers, which is mediated by upregulation of NADPH-oxidase and Rho-kinase activities, downregulation of autophagy and upregulation of inflammasome activity. Conditioned medium from (pro)renin-treated microglia increased dopaminergic cell death relative to medium from non-treated microglia. However, these effects were blocked by pre-treatment of microglia with the Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil. Activation of microglial PRR enhances the microglial pro-inflammatory response and deleterious effects of microglia on dopaminergic cells, and microglial NADPH-oxidase, Rho-Kinase and autophagy are involved in this process.
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78
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The Renin-Angiotensin System in the Tumor Microenvironment of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164004. [PMID: 34439159 PMCID: PMC8392691 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive brain cancer in humans. Patient survival outcomes have remained dismal despite intensive research over the past 50 years, with a median overall survival of only 14.6 months. We highlight the critical role of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) on GB cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment which, in turn, influences cancer stem cells in driving tumorigenesis and treatment resistance. We present recent developments and underscore the need for further research into the GB tumor microenvironment. We discuss the novel therapeutic targeting of the RAS using existing commonly available medications and utilizing model systems to further this critical investigation. Abstract Glioblastoma (GB) is an aggressive primary brain tumor. Despite intensive research over the past 50 years, little advance has been made to improve the poor outcome, with an overall median survival of 14.6 months following standard treatment. Local recurrence is inevitable due to the quiescent cancer stem cells (CSCs) in GB that co-express stemness-associated markers and components of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). The dynamic and heterogeneous tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a fundamental role in tumor development, progression, invasiveness, and therapy resistance. There is increasing evidence showing the critical role of the RAS in the TME influencing CSCs via its upstream and downstream pathways. Drugs that alter the hallmarks of cancer by modulating the RAS present a potential new therapeutic alternative or adjunct to conventional treatment of GB. Cerebral and GB organoids may offer a cost-effective method for evaluating the efficacy of RAS-modulating drugs on GB. We review the nexus between the GB TME, CSC niche, and the RAS, and propose re-purposed RAS-modulating drugs as a potential therapeutic alternative or adjunct to current standard therapy for GB.
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79
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Cuddy LK, Prokopenko D, Cunningham EP, Brimberry R, Song P, Kirchner R, Chapman BA, Hofmann O, Hide W, Procissi D, Hanania T, Leiser SC, Tanzi RE, Vassar R. Aβ-accelerated neurodegeneration caused by Alzheimer's-associated ACE variant R1279Q is rescued by angiotensin system inhibition in mice. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/563/eaaz2541. [PMID: 32998969 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies identified the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) as an Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk locus. However, the pathogenic mechanism by which ACE causes AD is unknown. Using whole-genome sequencing, we identified rare ACE coding variants in AD families and investigated one, ACE1 R1279Q, in knockin (KI) mice. Similar to AD, ACE1 was increased in neurons, but not microglia or astrocytes, of KI brains, which became elevated further with age. Angiotensin II (angII) and angII receptor AT1R signaling were also increased in KI brains. Autosomal dominant neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation occurred with aging in KI hippocampus, which were absent in the cortex and cerebellum. Female KI mice exhibited greater hippocampal electroencephalograph disruption and memory impairment compared to males. ACE variant effects were more pronounced in female KI mice, suggesting a mechanism for higher AD risk in women. Hippocampal neurodegeneration was completely rescued by treatment with brain-penetrant drugs that inhibit ACE1 and AT1R. Although ACE variant-induced neurodegeneration did not depend on β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology, amyloidosis in 5XFAD mice crossed to KI mice accelerated neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, whereas Aβ deposition was unchanged. KI mice had normal blood pressure and cerebrovascular functions. Our findings strongly suggest that increased ACE1/angII signaling causes aging-dependent, Aβ-accelerated selective hippocampal neuron vulnerability and female susceptibility, hallmarks of AD that have hitherto been enigmatic. We conclude that repurposed brain-penetrant ACE inhibitors and AT1R blockers may protect against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah K Cuddy
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dmitry Prokopenko
- Genetics and Aging Unit and McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eric P Cunningham
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ross Brimberry
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peter Song
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rory Kirchner
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brad A Chapman
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Oliver Hofmann
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Winston Hide
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniele Procissi
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Unit and McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Robert Vassar
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. .,Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Sindona C, Schepici G, Contestabile V, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. NOX2 Activation in COVID-19: Possible Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57060604. [PMID: 34208136 PMCID: PMC8230853 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly spreading contagious infectious disease caused by the pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that primarily affects the respiratory tract as well as the central nervous system (CNS). SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs through the interaction of the viral protein Spike with the angiotensin II receptor (ACE 2), leading to an increase of angiotensin II and activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase2 (NOX2), resulting in the release of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory molecules. The purpose of the review is to explain that SARS-CoV-2 infection can determine neuroinflammation that induces NOX2 activation in microglia. To better understand the role of NOX2 in inflammation, an overview of its involvement in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is provided. To write this manuscript, we performed a PubMed search to evaluate the possible relationship of SARS-CoV-2 infection in NOX2 activation in microglia, as well as the role of NOX2 in NDs. Several studies highlighted that NOX2 activation in microglia amplifies neuroinflammation. To date, there is no clinical treatment capable of counteracting its activation, however, NOX2 could be a promising pharmaceutical target useful for both the treatment and prevention of NDs and COVID-19 treatment.
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81
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Basmadjian OM, Occhieppo VB, Marchese NA, Silvero C MJ, Becerra MC, Baiardi G, Bregonzio C. Amphetamine Induces Oxidative Stress, Glial Activation and Transient Angiogenesis in Prefrontal Cortex via AT 1-R. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:647747. [PMID: 34012397 PMCID: PMC8126693 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.647747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Amphetamine (AMPH) alters neurons, glia and microvessels, which affects neurovascular unit coupling, leading to disruption in brain functions such as attention and working memory. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in these alterations. The angiotensin type I receptors (AT1-R) mediate deleterious effects, such as oxidative/inflammatory responses, endothelial dysfunction, neuronal oxidative damage, alterations that overlap with those observed from AMPH exposure. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the AT1-R role in AMPH-induced oxidative stress and glial and vascular alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate the involvement of AT1-R in the AMPH-induced short-term memory and working memory deficit. Methods: Male Wistar rats were repeatedly administered with the AT1-R blocker candesartan (CAND) and AMPH. Acute oxidative stress in the PFC was evaluated immediately after the last AMPH administration by determining lipid and protein peroxidation. After 21 off-drug days, long-lasting alterations in the glia, microvessel architecture and to cognitive tasks were evaluated by GFAP, CD11b and von Willebrand immunostaining and by short-term and working memory assessment. Results: AMPH induced acute oxidative stress, long-lasting glial reactivity in the PFC and a working memory deficit that were prevented by AT1-R blockade pretreatment. Moreover, AMPH induces transient angiogenesis in PFC via AT1-R. AMPH did not affect short-term memory. Conclusion: Our results support the protective role of AT1-R blockade in AMPH-induced oxidative stress, transient angiogenesis and long-lasting glial activation, preserving working memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo M Basmadjian
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victoria B Occhieppo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia A Marchese
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Jazmin Silvero C
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET) Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Becerra
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET) Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Baiardi
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, (IIBYT-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Bregonzio
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto de Farmacología Experimental Córdoba (IFEC-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Kobiec T, Otero-Losada M, Chevalier G, Udovin L, Bordet S, Menéndez-Maissonave C, Capani F, Pérez-Lloret S. The Renin-Angiotensin System Modulates Dopaminergic Neurotransmission: A New Player on the Scene. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:638519. [PMID: 33967734 PMCID: PMC8100578 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.638519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an extrapyramidal disorder characterized by neuronal degeneration in several regions of the peripheral and central nervous systems. It is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's. It has become a major health problem, affecting 1% of the world population over 60 years old and 3% of people beyond 80 years. The main histological findings are intracellular Lewy bodies composed of misfolded α-synuclein protein aggregates and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system. Neuroinflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, altered calcium homeostasis, abnormal protein degradation, and synaptic pathobiology have been put forward as mechanisms leading to cell death, α-synuclein deposition, or both. A progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra late in the neurodegeneration leads to developing motor symptoms like bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which is involved in regulating blood pressure and body fluid balance, also plays other important functions in the brain. The RAS is involved in the autocrine and paracrine regulation of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic synapses. Dopamine depletion, as in PD, increases angiotensin II expression, which stimulates or inhibits dopamine synthesis and is released via AT1 or AT2 receptors. Furthermore, angiotensin II AT1 receptors inhibit D1 receptor activation allosterically. Therefore, the RAS may have an important modulating role in the flow of information from the brain cortex to the basal ganglia. High angiotensin II levels might even aggravate neurodegeneration, activating the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex, which leads to increased reactive oxygen species production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Kobiec
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Facultad de Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matilde Otero-Losada
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guenson Chevalier
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Udovin
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofía Bordet
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Facultad de Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Menéndez-Maissonave
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Facultad de Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco Capani
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Facultad de Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Psicología y Psicopedagogía, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Argentina John F. Kennedy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Santiago Pérez-Lloret
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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83
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Angiotensin-II Modulates GABAergic Neurotransmission in the Mouse Substantia Nigra. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0090-21.2021. [PMID: 33771900 PMCID: PMC8174047 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0090-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic projections neurons of the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr), through an extensive network of dendritic arbors and axon collaterals, provide robust inhibitory input to neighboring dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compacta (SNc). Angiotensin-II (Ang-II) receptor signaling increases SNc dopaminergic neuronal sensitivity to insult, thus rendering these cells susceptible to dysfunction and destruction. However, the mechanisms by which Ang-II regulates SNc dopaminergic neuronal activity are unclear. Given the complex relationship between SN dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons, we hypothesized that Ang-II could regulate SNc dopaminergic neuronal activity directly and indirectly by modulating SNr GABAergic neurotransmission. Here, using transgenic mice, slice electrophysiology, and optogenetics, we provide evidence of an AT1 receptor-mediated signaling mechanism in SNr GABAergic neurons where Ang-II suppresses electrically-evoked neuronal output by facilitating postsynaptic GABAA receptors (GABAARs) and prolonging the action potential (AP) duration. Unexpectedly, Ang-II had no discernable effects on the electrical properties of SNc dopaminergic neurons. Also, and indicating a nonlinear relationship between electrical activity and neuronal output, following phasic photoactivation of SNr GABAergic neurons, Ang-II paradoxically enhanced the feedforward inhibitory input to SNc dopaminergic neurons. In sum, our observations describe an increasingly complex and heterogeneous response of the SN to Ang-II by revealing cell-specific responses and nonlinear effects on intranigral GABAergic neurotransmission. Our data further implicate the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) as a functionally relevant neuromodulator in the substantia nigra, thus underscoring a need for additional inquiry.
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84
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Rivas-Santisteban R, Lillo J, Muñoz A, Rodríguez-Pérez AI, Labandeira-García JL, Navarro G, Franco R. Novel Interactions Involving the Mas Receptor Show Potential of the Renin-Angiotensin system in the Regulation of Microglia Activation: Altered Expression in Parkinsonism and Dyskinesia. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:998-1016. [PMID: 33474655 PMCID: PMC7817140 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) not only plays an important role in controlling blood pressure but also participates in almost every process to maintain homeostasis in mammals. Interest has recently increased because SARS viruses use one RAS component (ACE2) as a target-cell receptor. The occurrence of RAS in the basal ganglia suggests that the system may be targeted to improve the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. RAS-related data led to the hypothesis that RAS receptors may interact with each other. The aim of this paper was to find heteromers formed by Mas and angiotensin receptors and to address their functionality in neurons and microglia. Novel interactions were discovered by using resonance energy transfer techniques. The functionality of individual and interacting receptors was assayed by measuring levels of the second messengers cAMP and Ca2+ in transfected human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T) and primary cultures of striatal cells. Receptor complex expression was assayed by in situ proximity ligation assay. Functionality and expression were assayed in parallel in primary cultures of microglia treated or not with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The proximity ligation assay was used to assess heteromer expression in parkinsonian and dyskinetic conditions. Complexes formed by Mas and the angiotensin AT1 or AT2 receptors were identified in both a heterologous expression system and in neural primary cultures. In the heterologous system, we showed that the three receptors-MasR, AT1R, and AT2R-can interact to form heterotrimers. The expression of receptor dimers (AT1R-MasR or AT2R-MasR) was higher in microglia than in neurons and was differentially affected upon microglial activation with lipopolysaccharide and IFN-γ. In all cases, agonist-induced signaling was reduced upon coactivation, and in some cases just by coexpression. Also, the blockade of signaling of two receptors in a complex by the action of a given (selective) receptor antagonist (cross-antagonism) was often observed. Differential expression of the complexes was observed in the striatum under parkinsonian conditions and especially in animals rendered dyskinetic by levodopa treatment. The negative modulation of calcium mobilization (mediated by AT1R activation), the multiplicity of possibilities on RAS affecting the MAPK pathway, and the disbalanced expression of heteromers in dyskinesia yield new insight into the operation of the RAS system, how it becomes unbalanced, and how a disbalanced RAS can be rebalanced. Furthermore, RAS components in activated microglia warrant attention in drug-development approaches to address neurodegeneration.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Animals
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/metabolism
- Oxidopamine/toxicity
- Parkinsonian Disorders/chemically induced
- Parkinsonian Disorders/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Mas/agonists
- Proto-Oncogene Mas/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
- Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rivas-Santisteban
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valderrebollo 5, Madrid, Madrid, 28031, Spain
| | - Jaume Lillo
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valderrebollo 5, Madrid, Madrid, 28031, Spain
| | - Ana Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valderrebollo 5, Madrid, Madrid, 28031, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodríguez-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valderrebollo 5, Madrid, Madrid, 28031, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - José Luís Labandeira-García
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valderrebollo 5, Madrid, Madrid, 28031, Spain
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Department of Morphological Sciences, IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valderrebollo 5, Madrid, Madrid, 28031, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain
| | - Rafael Franco
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain.
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Sánchez C, Franco L, Regal P, Lamas A, Cepeda A, Fente C. Breast Milk: A Source of Functional Compounds with Potential Application in Nutrition and Therapy. Nutrients 2021; 13:1026. [PMID: 33810073 PMCID: PMC8005182 DOI: 10.3390/nu13031026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is an unbeatable food that covers all the nutritional requirements of an infant in its different stages of growth up to six months after birth. In addition, breastfeeding benefits both maternal and child health. Increasing knowledge has been acquired regarding the composition of breast milk. Epidemiological studies and epigenetics allow us to understand the possible lifelong effects of breastfeeding. In this review we have compiled some of the components with clear functional activity that are present in human milk and the processes through which they promote infant development and maturation as well as modulate immunity. Milk fat globule membrane, proteins, oligosaccharides, growth factors, milk exosomes, or microorganisms are functional components to use in infant formulas, any other food products, nutritional supplements, nutraceuticals, or even for the development of new clinical therapies. The clinical evaluation of these compounds and their commercial exploitation are limited by the difficulty of isolating and producing them on an adequate scale. In this work we focus on the compounds produced using milk components from other species such as bovine, transgenic cattle capable of expressing components of human breast milk or microbial culture engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez
- Pharmacy Faculty, San Pablo-CEU University, 28003 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Luis Franco
- Medicine Faculty, Santiago de Compostela University, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Patricia Regal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.R.); (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Alexandre Lamas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.R.); (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Alberto Cepeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.R.); (A.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Cristina Fente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.R.); (A.L.); (A.C.)
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86
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Abstract
Growing evidence implicates the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in multiple facets of neuropathic pain (NP). This narrative review focuses primarily on the major bioactive RAS peptide, Angiotensin II (Ang II), and its receptors, namely type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R). Both receptors are involved in the development of NP and represent potential therapeutic targets. We first discuss the potential role of Ang II receptors in modulation of NP in the central nervous system. Ang II receptor expression is widespread in circuits associated with the perception and modulation of pain, but more studies are required to fully characterize receptor distribution, downstream signaling, and therapeutic potential of targeting the central nervous system RAS in NP. We then describe the peripheral neuronal and nonneuronal distribution of the RAS, and its contribution to NP. Other RAS modulators (such as Ang (1-7)) are briefly reviewed as well. AT1R antagonists are analgesic across different pain models, including NP. Several studies show neuronal protection and outgrowth downstream of AT2R activation, which may lead to the use of AT2R agonists in NP. However, blockade of AT2R results in analgesia. Furthermore, expression of the RAS in the immune system and a growing appreciation of neuroimmune crosstalk in NP add another layer of complexity and therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway. A growing number of human studies also hint at the analgesic potential of targeting Ang II signaling. Altogether, Ang II receptor signaling represents a promising, far-reaching, and novel strategy to treat NP.
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87
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Experimental data using candesartan and captopril indicate no double-edged sword effect in COVID-19. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:465-481. [PMID: 33479758 PMCID: PMC7851407 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The key link between renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and COVID-19 is ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), which acts as a double-edged sword, because ACE2 increases the tissue anti-inflammatory response but it is also the entry receptor for the virus. There is an important controversy on several drugs that regulate RAS activity and possibly ACE2, and are widely used, particularly by patients most vulnerable to severe COVID-19. In the lung of healthy rats, we observed that candesartan (an angiotensin type-1, AT1, receptor blocker; ARB) and captopril (an ACE inhibitor; ACEI) up-regulated expression of tissue ACE2 and RAS anti-inflammatory axis receptors (AT2 and Mas receptors). This effect was particularly pronounced in rats with metabolic syndrome (obesity, increased blood pressure and hyperglycemia) and aged rats. Treatment of cultures of human type-II pneumocytes with candesartan or captopril induced up-regulation of ACE2 expression in cells. Treatment with viral spike protein induced a decrease in full-length (i.e. transmembrane) ACE2, an increase in levels of a short intracellular ACE2 polypeptide and an increase in ADAM17 activity in cells, together with an increase in levels of soluble ACE2 and major proinflammatory cytokines in the culture medium. Spike protein-induced changes and levels of spike protein internalization in cells were inhibited by pretreatment with the above-mentioned drugs. The results suggest that these drugs increase ACE2 levels and promote the anti-inflammatory RAS axis in the lung. Furthermore, possible up-regulation of viral entry by the drug-induced increase in expression of transmembrane ACE2 is counteracted by additional mechanisms, particularly by drug-induced inhibition of ADAM17 activity.
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88
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Lee SYH, Yates NJ, Tye SJ. Inflammatory Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease: From Pathogenesis to Targeted Therapies. Neuroscientist 2021; 28:485-506. [PMID: 33586516 DOI: 10.1177/1073858421992265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a critical factor contributing to the progressive neurodegenerative process observed in Parkinson's disease (PD). Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are activated early in PD pathogenesis and can both trigger and propagate early disease processes via innate and adaptive immune mechanisms such as upregulated immune cells and antibody-mediated inflammation. Downstream cytokines and gene regulators such as microRNA (miRNA) coordinate later disease course and mediate disease progression. Biomarkers signifying the inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes at play within the central nervous system are of increasing interest to clinical teams. To be effective, such biomarkers must achieve the highest sensitivity and specificity for predicting PD risk, confirming diagnosis, or monitoring disease severity. The aim of this review was to summarize the current preclinical and clinical evidence that suggests that inflammatory processes contribute to the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative processes in PD. In this article, we further summarize the data about main inflammatory biomarkers described in PD to date and their potential for regulation as a novel target for disease-modifying pharmacological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stellina Y H Lee
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathanael J Yates
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Susannah J Tye
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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89
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Yuda N, Tanaka M, Tokushima M, Abe F. Safety evaluation of high-dose intake of casein-derived peptide Met-Lys-Pro in healthy adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:662-671. [PMID: 33598151 PMCID: PMC7866589 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Met-Lys-Pro (MKP) is a casein-derived angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide with the potential to cross the blood-brain barrier. It has shown preventive effects against high blood pressure (BP) and cognitive decline in animal models and human studies. MKP shows good water solubility and can be blended into a variety of foods. However, its ease of intake may contribute to the possibility of overdose. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the safety of high-dose intake of MKP in healthy adults by conducting a randomized controlled trial with 30 subjects. Participants were randomly allocated to the MKP (n = 15) or placebo (n = 15) group. Over 4 weeks, the MKP group received test powder containing a daily dose of 1,000 μg of MKP, five times the minimum effective dose for cognitive improvement, whereas the placebo group received dextrin powder containing no detectable MKP. No clinical problems were observed in anthropometric and BP measurements or in blood and urine parameters. No adverse events owing to MKP intake were observed. These findings suggest that consumption of MKP is safe, and that it may be applicable as a safe preventive measure against hypertension and cognitive decline in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yuda
- Food Ingredients and Technology InstituteMorinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd.KanagawaJapan
| | - Miyuki Tanaka
- Food Ingredients and Technology InstituteMorinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd.KanagawaJapan
| | | | - Fumiaki Abe
- Food Ingredients and Technology InstituteMorinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd.KanagawaJapan
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90
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Wijeratne T, Wijeratne C, Karimi L, Sales C, Crewther SG. Case Report: Posterior Reversible Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) as a Biologically Predictable Neurological Association in Severe COVID-19. First Reported Case From Australia and Review of Internationally Published Cases. Front Neurol 2021; 11:600544. [PMID: 33584499 PMCID: PMC7875083 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.600544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of different types of neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are rapidly increasing, including changes of posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Here we describe the first reported case of COVID-19 and PRES in Australia diagnosed on basis of MRI brain imaging and confirmed clinically by presence of confusion, delirium, headaches, also associated with hypertension and blood pressure variability and stable long-term kidney problems. He made full recovery as his blood pressure was controlled and clinical status was supported with appropriate supportive therapy. Although traditionally a rare condition, PRES is likely to be more common among patients with COVID-19 pathobiology there is Renin downregulation of ACE2 receptors, involvement of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system, endotheliitis, cytokine storm, and hyper-immune response. Thus we advocate clinical suspicion and early brain imaging with MRI brain among vulnerable patients with known co-morbidities, and diagnosed with COVID-19 given that hypertension and blood pressure variability are often exacerbated by acute SARS-CoV-2 immune reactions. Such acute hypertensive encephalopathy was able to be reversed with timely supportive therapy ensuring re-hydration and re-establishment of blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tissa Wijeratne
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Western Health & University Melbourne, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Centre for Health Research & Education (WHCRE), Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rajarata, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Chanith Wijeratne
- Department of Neurology, Western Health & University Melbourne, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Centre for Health Research & Education (WHCRE), Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC, Australia.,Monash Medical School, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Leila Karimi
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Western Health & University Melbourne, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Centre for Health Research & Education (WHCRE), Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Carmela Sales
- Department of Neurology, Western Health & University Melbourne, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Centre for Health Research & Education (WHCRE), Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila Gillard Crewther
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Western Health & University Melbourne, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Centre for Health Research & Education (WHCRE), Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC, Australia
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91
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Miners S, Kehoe PG, Love S. Cognitive impact of COVID-19: looking beyond the short term. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:170. [PMID: 33380345 PMCID: PMC7772800 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00744-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory disease but up to two thirds of hospitalised patients show evidence of central nervous system (CNS) damage, predominantly ischaemic, in some cases haemorrhagic and occasionally encephalitic. It is unclear how much of the ischaemic damage is mediated by direct or inflammatory effects of virus on the CNS vasculature and how much is secondary to extracranial cardiorespiratory disease. Limited data suggest that the causative SARS-CoV-2 virus may enter the CNS via the nasal mucosa and olfactory fibres, or by haematogenous spread, and is capable of infecting endothelial cells, pericytes and probably neurons. Extracranially, SARS-CoV-2 targets endothelial cells and pericytes, causing endothelial cell dysfunction, vascular leakage and immune activation, sometimes leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation. It remains to be confirmed whether endothelial cells and pericytes in the cerebral vasculature are similarly targeted. Several aspects of COVID-19 are likely to impact on cognition. Cerebral white matter is particularly vulnerable to ischaemic damage in COVID-19 and is also critically important for cognitive function. There is accumulating evidence that cerebral hypoperfusion accelerates amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation and is linked to tau and TDP-43 pathology, and by inducing phosphorylation of α-synuclein at serine-129, ischaemia may also increase the risk of development of Lewy body disease. Current therapies for COVID-19 are understandably focused on supporting respiratory function, preventing thrombosis and reducing immune activation. Since angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 is a receptor for SARS-CoV-2, and ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are predicted to increase ACE-2 expression, it was initially feared that their use might exacerbate COVID-19. Recent meta-analyses have instead suggested that these medications are protective. This is perhaps because SARS-CoV-2 entry may deplete ACE-2, tipping the balance towards angiotensin II-ACE-1-mediated classical RAS activation: exacerbating hypoperfusion and promoting inflammation. It may be relevant that APOE ε4 individuals, who seem to be at increased risk of COVID-19, also have lowest ACE-2 activity. COVID-19 is likely to leave an unexpected legacy of long-term neurological complications in a significant number of survivors. Cognitive follow-up of COVID-19 patients will be important, especially in patients who develop cerebrovascular and neurological complications during the acute illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Miners
- Dementia Research Group, Bristol Medical School (THS), University of Bristol, Learning & Research level 1, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Patrick G Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, Bristol Medical School (THS), University of Bristol, Learning & Research level 1, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Seth Love
- Dementia Research Group, Bristol Medical School (THS), University of Bristol, Learning & Research level 1, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
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92
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Ribeiro VT, de Souza LC, Simões E Silva AC. Renin-Angiotensin System and Alzheimer's Disease Pathophysiology: From the Potential Interactions to Therapeutic Perspectives. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:484-511. [PMID: 31886744 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666191230103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
New roles of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), apart from fluid homeostasis and Blood Pressure (BP) regulation, are being progressively unveiled, since the discoveries of RAS alternative axes and local RAS in different tissues, including the brain. Brain RAS is reported to interact with pathophysiological mechanisms of many neurological and psychiatric diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Even though AD is the most common cause of dementia worldwide, its pathophysiology is far from elucidated. Currently, no treatment can halt the disease course. Successive failures of amyloid-targeting drugs have challenged the amyloid hypothesis and increased the interest in the inflammatory and vascular aspects of AD. RAS compounds, both centrally and peripherally, potentially interact with neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular regulation. This narrative review discusses the AD pathophysiology and its possible interaction with RAS, looking forward to potential therapeutic approaches. RAS molecules affect BP, cerebral blood flow, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Angiotensin (Ang) II, via angiotensin type 1 receptors may promote brain tissue damage, while Ang-(1-7) seems to elicit neuroprotection. Several studies dosed RAS molecules in AD patients' biological material, with heterogeneous results. The link between AD and clinical conditions related to classical RAS axis overactivation (hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease) supports the hypothesized role of this system in AD. Additionally, RAStargeting drugs as Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) seem to exert beneficial effects on AD. Results of randomized controlled trials testing ACEi or ARBs in AD are awaited to elucidate whether AD-RAS interaction has implications on AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Teatini Ribeiro
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Cruz de Souza
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Service of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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93
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Haghighi MM, Kakhki EG, Sato C, Ghani M, Rogaeva E. The Intersection between COVID-19, the Gene Family of ACE2 and Alzheimer's Disease. Neurosci Insights 2020; 15:2633105520975743. [PMID: 33283188 PMCID: PMC7686598 DOI: 10.1177/2633105520975743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We reviewed factors that might influence COVID-19 outcomes (eg, neurological symptoms), including the link to Alzheimer's disease. Since the virus triggers COVID-19 infection through binding to ACE2, we focused on the ACE2 gene family, including ACE. Both ACE2 and ACE are involved in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In general, ACE causes inflammation and vasoconstriction, while ACE2 leads to anti-inflammation activity and vasodilation. The disturbed balance between these counter-regulatory pathways could influence susceptibility to COVID-19. Notably, dysregulation of the RAS-equilibrium contributes to Alzheimer's disease. Differences in the incidence and symptoms of COVID-19 in diverse populations could be attributed to variability in the human genome. For example, ACE and ACE2 variations could modify the outcome of COVID-19 in different populations. It would be important to conduct genome-wide studies to detect variants influencing COVID-19 presentation, with a special focus on variants affecting immune-related pathways and expression of RAS-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Montazer Haghighi
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erfan Ghani Kakhki
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,DisorDATA Analytics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christine Sato
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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94
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Panariello F, Cellini L, Speciani M, De Ronchi D, Atti AR. How Does SARS-CoV-2 Affect the Central Nervous System? A Working Hypothesis. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:582345. [PMID: 33304284 PMCID: PMC7701095 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.582345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial pneumonia was the first manifestation to be recognized as caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); however, in just a few weeks, it became clear that the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) overrun tissues and more body organs than just the lungs, so much so that it could be considered a systemic pathology. Several studies reported the involvement of the conjunctiva, the gut, the heart and its pace, and vascular injuries such as thromboembolic complications and Kawasaki disease in children and toddlers were also described. More recently, it was reported that in a sample of 214 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, 36.4% complained of neurological symptoms ranging from non-specific manifestations (dizziness, headache, and seizures), to more specific symptoms such hyposmia or hypogeusia, and stroke. Older individuals, especially males with comorbidities, appear to be at the highest risk of developing such severe complications related to the Central Nervous System (CNS) involvement. Neuropsychiatric manifestations in COVID-19 appear to develop in patients with and without pre-existing neurological disorders. Growing evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 binds to the human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) for the attachment and entrance inside host cells. By describing ACE2 and the whole Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) we may better understand whether specific cell types may be affected by SARS-CoV-2 and whether their functioning can be disrupted in case of an infection. Since clear evidences of neurological interest have already been shown, by clarifying the topographical distribution and density of ACE2, we will be able to speculate how SARS-CoV-2 may affect the CNS and what is the pathogenetic mechanism by which it contributes to the specific clinical manifestations of the disease. Based on such evidences, we finally hypothesize the process of SARS-CoV-2 invasion of the CNS and provide a possible explanation for the onset or the exacerbation of some common neuropsychiatric disorders in the elderly including cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Panariello
- Department of Mental Health, Local Health Authorities, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cellini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Psychiatry, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Speciani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Psychiatry, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diana De Ronchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Psychiatry, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Atti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Psychiatry, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
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95
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Li X, Xuan W, Chen D, Gao H, Wang G, Guo Q, Wang Y, Song H, Cai B. Research Progress of Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutic Drugs: Based on Renin-Angiotensin System Axis. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 78:1315-1338. [PMID: 33164932 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a complicate link to renin-angiotensin system (RAS). It is known that cerebrovascular disease has some connections with AD, but most of the studies are still conducted in parallel or independently. Although previous research came up with large number of hypotheses about the pathogenesis of AD, it does not include the mechanism of RAS-related regulation of AD. It has been found that many components of RAS have been changed in AD. For example, the multifunctional and high-efficiency vasoconstrictor Ang II and Ang III with similar effects are changed under the action of other RAS signal peptides; these signal peptides are believed to help improve nerve injury and cognitive function. These changes may lead to neuropathological changes of AD, and progressive defects of cognitive function, which are association with some hypotheses of AD. The role of RAS in AD gradually attracts our attention, and RAS deserved to be considered carefully in the pathogenesis of AD. This review discusses the mechanisms of RAS participating in the three current hypotheses of AD: neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and amyloid-β protein (Aβ) hypothesis, as well as the drugs that regulate RAS systems already in clinical or in clinical trials. It further demonstrates the importance of RAS in the pathogenesis of AD, not only because of its multiple aspects of participation, which may be accidental, but also because of the availability of RAS drugs, which can be reused as therapies of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Li
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Weiting Xuan
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Dabao Chen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Huawu Gao
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Guangyun Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Qiaoru Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Biao Cai
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
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96
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Bouças AP, Rheinheimer J, Lagopoulos J. Why Severe COVID-19 Patients Are at Greater Risk of Developing Depression: A Molecular Perspective. Neuroscientist 2020; 28:11-19. [PMID: 33135582 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420967892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prevailing evidence suggests that patients with severe COVID-19 seem to have an overreaction of the immune system demonstrating exacerbated levels of inflammation caused by a "cytokine storm." At this early stage, the mechanisms underpinning COVID-19 are still subject to intense scrutiny and the long-term mental health consequences as a result of the disease are unknown. Here we discuss the hypothesis that patients who survive severe COVID-19 and who experience significant activation of the immune system, are at greater risk of developing depression. We posit that a phenomenon known as cytokine storm dramatically activates the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1), resulting in the increase in kynurenine metabolites. Kynurenine is metabolized by IDO-1 in the brain, producing chemokines, in which a prolonged exposure may result long-term brain impairment. In this article, we also propose the possibility that a SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion increases the local levels of angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 down-regulation. Thereby, angiotensin II could increase kynurenine metabolites producing pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects, resulting in impairment of cognitive function, enhanced oxidative stress and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor. It is our premise that patients who experience such a cytokine storm may be at increased risk of long-term mental illness, such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Bouças
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jakeline Rheinheimer
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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97
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Linial M, Stern A, Weinstock M. Effect of ladostigil treatment of aging rats on gene expression in four brain areas associated with regulation of memory. Neuropharmacology 2020; 177:108229. [PMID: 32738309 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Episodic and spatial memory decline in aging and are controlled by the hippocampus, perirhinal, frontal and parietal cortices and the connections between them. Ladostigil, a drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, was shown to prevent the loss of episodic and spatial memory in aging rats. To better understand the molecular effects of aging and ladostigil on these brain regions we characterized the changes in gene expression using RNA-sequencing technology in rats aged 6 and 22 months. We found that the changes induced by aging and chronic ladostigil treatment were brain region specific. In the hippocampus, frontal and perirhinal cortex, ladostigil decreased the overexpression of genes regulating calcium homeostasis, ion channels and those adversely affecting synaptic function. In the parietal cortex, ladostigil increased the expression of several genes that provide neurotrophic support, while reducing that of pro-apoptotic genes and those encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines and their receptors. Ladostigil also decreased the expression of axonal growth inhibitors and those impairing mitochondrial function. Together, these actions could explain the protection by ladostigil against age-related memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Linial
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Life Science Institute, Israel; The Rachel and Selim Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, Israel
| | - Amos Stern
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Life Science Institute, Israel
| | - Marta Weinstock
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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98
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Labandeira-Garcia JL, Valenzuela R, Costa-Besada MA, Villar-Cheda B, Rodriguez-Perez AI. The intracellular renin-angiotensin system: Friend or foe. Some light from the dopaminergic neurons. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101919. [PMID: 33039415 PMCID: PMC7543790 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the oldest hormone systems in vertebrate phylogeny. RAS was initially related to regulation of blood pressure and sodium and water homeostasis. However, local or paracrine RAS were later identified in many tissues, including brain, and play a major role in their physiology and pathophysiology. In addition, a major component, ACE2, is the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Overactivation of tissue RAS leads several oxidative stress and inflammatory processes involved in aging-related degenerative changes. In addition, a third level of RAS, the intracellular or intracrine RAS (iRAS), with still unclear functions, has been observed. The possible interaction between the intracellular and extracellular RAS, and particularly the possible deleterious or beneficial effects of the iRAS activation are controversial. The dopaminergic system is particularly interesting to investigate the RAS as important functional interactions between dopamine and RAS have been observed in the brain and several peripheral tissues. Our recent observations in mitochondria and nucleus of dopaminergic neurons may clarify the role of the iRAS. This may be important for the developing of new therapeutic strategies, since the effects on both extracellular and intracellular RAS must be taken into account, and perhaps better understanding of COVID-19 cell mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rita Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A Costa-Besada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Villar-Cheda
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
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99
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Cosarderelioglu C, Nidadavolu LS, George CJ, Oh ES, Bennett DA, Walston JD, Abadir PM. Brain Renin-Angiotensin System at the Intersect of Physical and Cognitive Frailty. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:586314. [PMID: 33117127 PMCID: PMC7561440 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.586314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) was initially considered to be part of the endocrine system regulating water and electrolyte balance, systemic vascular resistance, blood pressure, and cardiovascular homeostasis. It was later discovered that intracrine and local forms of RAS exist in the brain apart from the endocrine RAS. This brain-specific RAS plays essential roles in brain homeostasis by acting mainly through four angiotensin receptor subtypes; AT1R, AT2R, MasR, and AT4R. These receptors have opposing effects; AT1R promotes vasoconstriction, proliferation, inflammation, and oxidative stress while AT2R and MasR counteract the effects of AT1R. AT4R is critical for dopamine and acetylcholine release and mediates learning and memory consolidation. Consequently, aging-associated dysregulation of the angiotensin receptor subtypes may lead to adverse clinical outcomes such as Alzheimer’s disease and frailty via excessive oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, endothelial dysfunction, microglial polarization, and alterations in neurotransmitter secretion. In this article, we review the brain RAS from this standpoint. After discussing the functions of individual brain RAS components and their intracellular and intracranial locations, we focus on the relationships among brain RAS, aging, frailty, and specific neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and vascular cognitive impairment, through oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and vascular dysfunction. Finally, we discuss the effects of RAS-modulating drugs on the brain RAS and their use in novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cosarderelioglu
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lolita S Nidadavolu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Claudene J George
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Esther S Oh
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeremy D Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter M Abadir
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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100
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Campos J, Pacheco R. Involvement of dopaminergic signaling in the cross talk between the renin-angiotensin system and inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:681-696. [PMID: 32997225 PMCID: PMC7526080 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a fundamental regulator of blood pressure and has emerged as an important player in the control of inflammatory processes. Accordingly, imbalance on RAS components either systemically or locally might trigger the development of inflammatory disorders by affecting immune cells. At the same time, alterations in the dopaminergic system have been consistently involved in the physiopathology of inflammatory disorders. Accordingly, the interaction between the RAS and the dopaminergic system has been studied in the context of inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS), kidney, and intestine, where they exert antagonistic actions in the regulation of the immune system. In this review, we summarized, integrated, and discussed the cross talk of the dopaminergic system and the RAS in the regulation of inflammatory pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease. We analyzed the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between both systems in the CNS and in systemic pathologies. Moreover, we also analyzed the impact of the commensal microbiota in the regulation of RAS and dopaminergic system and how it is involved in inflammatory disorders. Furthermore, we summarized the therapeutic approaches that have yielded positive results in preclinical or clinical studies regarding the use of drugs targeting the RAS and dopaminergic system for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Further understanding of the molecular and cellular regulation of the RAS-dopaminergic cross talk should allow the formulation of new therapies consisting of novel drugs and/or repurposing already existing drugs, alone or in combination, for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Campos
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, 7780272 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Av. Zañartu 1482, 7780272 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile. .,Universidad San Sebastián, 7510156 Providencia, Santiago, Chile.
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