Carotenoids from Marine Organisms: Biological Functions and Industrial Applications

Protective effects of Scoparia dulcis L. extract on high glucose-induced injury in human retinal pigment epithelial cells

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major cause of vision loss in diabetic patients. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and the accumulation of inflammatory factors result in blood-retinal barrier dysfunction and the pathogenesis of DR. Scoparia dulcis L. extract (SDE), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been recently recognized for its various pharmacological effects, including anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative activities. However, there is no relevant research on the protective effect of SDE in DR. In this study, we treated high glucose (50 mM) in human retinal epithelial cells (ARPE-19) with different concentrations of SDE and analyzed cell viability, apoptosis, and ROS production. Moreover, we analyzed the expression of Akt, Nrf2, catalase, and HO-1, which showed that SDE dose-dependently reduced ROS production and attenuated ARPE-19 cell apoptosis in a high-glucose environment. Briefly, we demonstrated that SDE exhibited an anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory ability in protecting retinal cells from high-glucose (HG) treatment. Moreover, we also investigated the involvement of the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in SDE-mediated protective effects. The results suggest SDE as a nutritional supplement that could benefit patients with DR.

Cryptochrome-mediated blue-light signal contributes to carotenoids biosynthesis in microalgae

Microalgae are considered as ideal cell factories for producing natural carotenoids which display favorable biological activities. As the most important abiotic factor, light not only provides energy for photosynthetic metabolism, but also regulates numerous biological processes. Blue light is the main wavelength of light that can travel through water. Previous studies have shown that blue light triggered carotenoid accumulation in several microalgae species, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Cryptochromes were blue-light-absorbing photoreceptors that have been found in all studied algal genomes. In this study, several different types of cryptochrome genes were cloned from Haematococcus pluvialis and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Among them, cryptochrome genes HpCRY4 from H. pluvialis and PtCPF1 from P. tricornutum were upregulated under blue light treatment, in correlation with the increase of astaxanthin and fucoxanthin contents. Besides, heterologous expression and gene knockout was performed to verify the function of HpCRY4 and PtCPF1 in regulating carotenoid biosynthesis in microalgae. These results indicate that carotenoid biosynthesis in microalgae promoted by blue light was mediated by cryptochromes as photoreceptors.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Marine Bioactive Compounds and Their Potential as Functional Food Ingredients in the Prevention and Treatment of Neuroinflammatory Disorders

Functional foods include enhanced, enriched, fortified, or whole foods that impart health benefits beyond their nutritional value, particularly when consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis at effective levels. Marine sources can serve as the sources of various healthy foods and numerous functional food ingredients with biological effects can be derived from these sources. Microalgae, macroalgae, crustaceans, fungi, bacteria fish, and fish by-products are the most common marine sources that can provide many potential functional food ingredients including phenolic compounds, proteins and peptides, and polysaccharides. Neuroinflammation is closely linked with the initiation and progression of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Activation of astrocytes and microglia is a defense mechanism of the brain to counter damaged tissues and detrimental pathogens, wherein their chronic activation triggers neuroinflammation that can further exacerbate or induce neurodegeneration. Currently, available therapeutic agents only provide symptomatic relief from these disorders and no therapies are available to stop or slow down the advancement of neurodegeneration. Thereffore, natural compounds that can exert a protective effect against these disorders have therapeutic potential. Numerous chemical compounds, including bioactive peptides, fatty acids, pigments, alkaloids, and polysaccharides, have already been isolated from marine sources that show anti-inflammatory properties, which can be effective in the treatment and prevention of neuroinflammatory disorders. The anti-inflammatory potential of marine-derived compounds as functional food ingredients in the prevention and treatment of neurological disorders is covered in this review.

Astaxanthin Reduces the Severity of Intestinal Damage in a Neonatal Rat Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to ascertain the effects of astaxanthin (ASX) in an experimental necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) model using rat pups.

STUDY DESIGN

Forty-two pups born from five Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups as the control group, NEC + placebo (saline), and NEC + ASX. Pups in the NEC + ASX group were given 100 mg/kg/day oral ASX from day 1 to day 4 of the study. Saline of 2 mL/kg was given to the NEC + placebo group. Histopathological, immunohistochemical (caspase-3), and biochemical evaluations including the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), lipid hydroperoxide (LPO), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nfr-2) activities were all performed.

RESULTS

A better survival rate and weight gain were demonstrated in the NEC + ASX group (p < 0.05). In the histopathological evaluation, the severity of intestinal damage was significantly reduced in the NEC + ASX group, as well as decreased apoptosis (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] for caspase-3; p = 0.001). The biochemical analyses of intestinal tissue TOS, oxidative stress index (OSI; TOS/TAS), IL-1β, LPO, 8-OHdG, AOPP, caspase-3 (p < 0.001 for all), and TNF-α and MPO (p = 0.001 for both parameters) levels were lower in the NEC + ASX group than in the NEC + placebo group. Nrf-2, TAS, GSH, and SOD levels were higher in the NEC + ASX group than in the NEC + placebo group (p = 0.001, 0.001, <0.001, and 0.01, respectively).

CONCLUSION

ASX treatment has been shown to effectively reduce the severity of intestinal damage in NEC due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties.

KEY POINTS

· NEC causes extremely high morbidity and mortality, as well as many complications.. · We investigated the effectiveness of ASX in the experimental NEC model created in rat pups.. · First study examining the effect of ASX on the experimental NEC rat model..

Lycopene: Sojourn from kitchen to an effective therapy in Alzheimer's disease

Reports on a significant positive correlation between consumption of carotenoid-rich food and prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD) led to the investigation of carotenoids for the treatment and prevention of AD. More than 1100 types of carotenoids are found naturally, out of which only around 50 are absorbed and metabolized in human body. Lycopene is one of the most commonly ingested members of fat-soluble carotenoid family that gives vegetables and fruits their red, yellow, or orange color. Lycopene has established itself as a promising therapy for AD owing to its neuroprotective activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiamyloidogenic properties. In this review, we highlight the various in vitro and preclinical studies demonstrating the neuroprotective effect of lycopene. Also, some epidemiological and interventional studies investigating the protective effect of lycopene in AD have been discussed. Diving deeper, we also discuss various significant mechanisms, through which lycopene exerts its remissive effects in AD. Finally, to overcome the issue of poor chemical stability and bioavailability of lycopene, some of the novel delivery systems developed for lycopene have also been briefly highlighted.

β-Cyclocitral: Emerging Bioactive Compound in Plants

β-cyclocitral (βCC), a main apocarotenoid of β-carotene, increases plants’ resistance against stresses. It has recently appeared as a novel bioactive composite in a variety of organisms from plants to animals. In plants, βCC marked as stress signals that accrue under adverse ecological conditions. βCC regulates nuclear gene expression through several signaling pathways, leading to stress tolerance. In this review, an attempt has been made to summarize the recent findings of the potential role of βCC. We emphasize the βCC biosynthesis, signaling, and involvement in the regulation of abiotic stresses. From this review, it is clear that discussing compound has great potential against abiotic stress tolerance and be used as photosynthetic rate enhancer. In conclusion, this review establishes a significant reference base for future research.

Multifunctional role of natural products for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: At a glance

Natural substances originating from plants have long been used to treat neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). Parkinson's disease (PD) is a ND. The deterioration and subsequent cognitive impairments of the midbrain nigral dopaminergic neurons distinguish by this characteristic. Various pathogenic mechanisms and critical components have been reported, despite the fact that the origin is unknown, such as protein aggregation, iron buildup, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Anti-Parkinson drugs like dopamine (DA) agonists, levodopa, carbidopa, monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors and anticholinergics are used to replace DA in the current treatment model. Surgery is advised in cases where drug therapy is ineffective. Unfortunately, the current conventional treatments for PD have a number of harmful side effects and are expensive. As a result, new therapeutic strategies that control the mechanisms that contribute to neuronal death and dysfunction must be addressed. Natural resources have long been a useful source of possible treatments. PD can be treated with a variety of natural therapies made from medicinal herbs, fruits, and vegetables. In addition to their well-known anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory capabilities, these natural products also play inhibitory roles in iron buildup, protein misfolding, the maintenance of proteasomal breakdown, mitochondrial homeostasis, and other neuroprotective processes. The goal of this research is to systematically characterize the currently available medications for Parkinson's and their therapeutic effects, which target diverse pathways. Overall, this analysis looks at the kinds of natural things that could be used in the future to treat PD in new ways or as supplements to existing treatments. We looked at the medicinal plants that can be used to treat PD. The use of natural remedies, especially those derived from plants, to treat PD has been on the rise. This article examines the fundamental characteristics of medicinal plants and the bioactive substances found in them that may be utilized to treat PD.

Algal biorefinery culminating multiple value-added products: recent advances, emerging trends, opportunities, and challenges

Algal biorefinery is rising as a prominent solution to economically fulfill the escalating global requirement for nutrition, feed, fuel, and medicines. In recent years, scientific productiveness associated with microalgae-based studies has elaborated in multiplied aspects, while translation to the commercial level continues to be missing. The present microalgal biorefinery has a challenge in long-term viability due to escalated market price of algal-mediated biofuels and bioproducts. Advancements are required in a few aspects like improvement in algae processing, energy investment, and cost analysis of microalgae biorefinery. Therefore, it is essential to recognize the modern work by understanding the knowledge gaps and hotspots driving business scale up. The microalgae biorefinery integrated with energy-based products, bioactive and green compounds, focusing on a circular bioeconomy, is urgently needed. A detailed investigation of techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) is important to increase the market value of algal products. This review discusses the valorization of algal biomass for the value-added application that holds a sustainable approach and cost-competitive algal biorefinery. The current industries, policies, technology transfer trends, challenges, and future economic outlook are discussed. This study is an overview through scientometric investigation attempt to describe the research development contributing to this rising field.

Green diatom mutants reveal an intricate biosynthetic pathway of fucoxanthin

Fucoxanthin is a major light-harvesting pigment in ecologically important algae such as diatoms, haptophytes, and brown algae (Phaeophyceae). Therefore, it is a major driver of global primary productivity. Species of these algal groups are brown colored because the high amounts of fucoxanthin bound to the proteins of their photosynthetic machineries enable efficient absorption of green light. While the structure of these fucoxanthin-chlorophyll proteins has recently been resolved, the biosynthetic pathway of fucoxanthin is still unknown. Here, we identified two enzymes central to this pathway by generating corresponding knockout mutants of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum that are green due to the lack of fucoxanthin. Complementation of the mutants with the native genes or orthologs from haptophytes restored fucoxanthin biosynthesis. We propose a complete biosynthetic path to fucoxanthin in diatoms and haptophytes based on the carotenoid intermediates identified in the mutants and in vitro biochemical assays. It is substantially more complex than anticipated and reveals diadinoxanthin metabolism as the central regulatory hub connecting the photoprotective xanthophyll cycle and the formation of fucoxanthin. Moreover, our data show that the pathway evolved by repeated duplication and neofunctionalization of genes for the xanthophyll cycle enzymes violaxanthin de-epoxidase and zeaxanthin epoxidase. Brown algae lack diadinoxanthin and the genes described here and instead use an alternative pathway predicted to involve fewer enzymes. Our work represents a major step forward in elucidating the biosynthesis of fucoxanthin and understanding the evolution, biogenesis, and regulation of the photosynthetic machinery in algae.

Carotenoids in Drug Discovery and Medicine: Pathways and Molecular Targets Implicated in Human Diseases

Carotenoids are isoprenoid-derived natural products produced in plants, algae, fungi, and photosynthetic bacteria. Most animals cannot synthesize carotenoids because the biosynthetic machinery to create carotenoids de novo is absent in animals, except arthropods. Carotenoids are biosynthesized from two C20 geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) molecules made from isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) via the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) route. Carotenoids can be extracted by a variety of methods, including maceration, Soxhlet extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted extraction, and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE). Carotenoids have been reported to exert various biochemical actions, including the inhibition of the Akt/mTOR, Bcl-2, SAPK/JNK, JAK/STAT, MAPK, Nrf2/Keap1, and NF-κB signaling pathways and the ability to increase cholesterol efflux to HDL. Carotenoids are absorbed in the intestine. A handful of carotenoids and carotenoid-based compounds are in clinical trials, while some are currently used as medicines. The application of metabolic engineering techniques for carotenoid production, whole-genome sequencing, and the use of plants as cell factories to produce specialty carotenoids presents a promising future for carotenoid research. In this review, we discussed the biosynthesis and extraction of carotenoids, the roles of carotenoids in human health, the metabolism of carotenoids, and carotenoids as a source of drugs and supplements.

Marine Compounds for Melanoma Treatment and Prevention

Melanoma is considered a multifactorial disease etiologically divided into melanomas related to sun exposure and those that are not, but also based on their mutational signatures, anatomic site, and epidemiology. The incidence of melanoma skin cancer has been increasing over the past decades with 132,000 cases occurring globally each year. Marine organisms have been shown to be an excellent source of natural compounds with possible bioactivities for human health applications. In this review, we report marine compounds from micro- and macro-organisms with activities in vitro and in vivo against melanoma, including the compound Marizomib, isolated from a marine bacterium, currently in phase III clinical trials for melanoma. When available, we also report active concentrations, cellular targets and mechanisms of action of the mentioned molecules. In addition, compounds used for UV protection and melanoma prevention from marine sources are discussed. This paper gives an overview of promising marine molecules which can be studied more deeply before clinical trials in the near future.

Fucoxanthin: A Promising Phytochemical on Diverse Pharmacological Targets

Fucoxanthin (FX) is a special carotenoid having an allenic bond in its structure. FX is extracted from a variety of algae and edible seaweeds. It has been proved to contain numerous health benefits and preventive effects against diseases like diabetes, obesity, liver cirrhosis, malignant cancer, etc. Thus, FX can be used as a potent source of both pharmacological and nutritional ingredient to prevent infectious diseases. In this review, we gathered the information regarding the current findings on antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, skin protective, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and other properties of FX including its bioavailability and stability characteristics. This review aims to assist further biochemical studies in order to develop further pharmaceutical assets and nutritional products in combination with FX and its various metabolites.

Fucoxanthin Inactivates the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway to Mediate Malignant Biological Behaviors of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Although lung cancer treatment strategies have improved in recent years, the 5-year overall survival of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains less than 15%. Chemotherapy is considered the most promising option in the comprehensive treatment of NSCLC. Fucoxanthin (FX) is a natural product derived from brown algae and has extensive applications in medicine. Previous studies reported that FX effectively inhibits the growth of NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanism underlying the anti-NSCLC effect of FX remains unknown. In this study, NSCLC cell lines and a xenograft nude mouse model were used to examine the anti-NSCLC activities of FX in vitro and in vivo. Network pharmacology analysis and inhibitors or activators of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were used to explore the anti-NSCLC mechanisms of FX. The results indicated that FX could inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion, arrest cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, and induce apoptosis of NSCLC cells in vitro. Additionally, FX suppressed tumor growth in vivo. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was found to be involved in the anti-NSCLC activity of FX. In conclusion, FX inhibits malignant biological behaviors of NSCLC by suppressing the phosphorylation of both PI3K and AKT, and subsequently inactivating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential of natural bioactive pigment: astaxanthin

Astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione) is an orange-red, lipophilic keto-carotenoid pigment. It is majorly found in marine ecosystems particularly in aquatic animals such as salmon, shrimp, trout, krill, crayfish, and so on. It is also synthesized in microalgae Heamatococcus pluvialis, Chlorococcum, Chlorella zofingiensis, red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma and bacterium Paracoccus carotinifaciens. Some aquatic and terrestrial creatures regarded as a primary and secondary sources of the astaxanthin producing and accumulating it through their metabolic pathways. Astaxanthin is the powerful antioxidant, nutritional supplement as well as promising therapeutic compound, observed to have activities against different ravaging diseases and disorders. Researchers have reported remarkable bioactivities of astaxanthin against major non-communicable chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative, and immune disorders. The current review discusses some structural aspects of astaxanthin. It further elaborates its multiple potencies such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-cancer, anti-obese, anti-diabetic, anti-ageing, anti-TB, anti-viral, anti-COVID 19, neuro-protective, nephro-protective, and fertility-enhancing properties. These potencies make it a more precious entity in the preventions as well as treatments of prevalent systematic diseases and/or disorders. Also, the review is acknowledging and documenting its powerful bioactivities in relation with the pharmaceutical as well as nutraceutical applicability.

Production of Carotenoids and Phospholipids by Thraustochytrium sp. in Batch and Repeated-Batch Culture

The carotenogenic thraustochytrid Thraustochytrium sp. RT2316-16 was grown in batch and repeated-batch cultures using different feeds containing glucose, or glycerol, and yeast extract, for the production of lipids, phospholipids and carotenoids. RT2316-16 produced canthaxanthin, astaxanthin and β-carotene. The effects of biotin, ascorbic acid, light and temperature were evaluated in some of the experiments. In 2-day-old batch cultures, the combined mass percentage of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in total lipids was between 16.5% (glycerol-based medium in the dark; biomass concentration = 4.2 ± 1.1 g L⁻¹) and 42.6% (glucose-based medium under light; biomass concentration = 3.3 ± 0.1 g L⁻¹), decreasing to 3.8% and 6.1%, respectively, after day 4. In repeated-batch cultures, the total lipids in the biomass increased after glucose or glycerol was fed alone, whereas the total carotenoids (168 ± 7 μg g⁻¹ dry weight (DW)) and phospholipids in the biomass increased after feeding with yeast extract. The biomass with the highest content of phospholipids (28.7 ± 4.3 mg g⁻¹ DW) was obtained using a feed medium formulated with glycerol, yeast extract and ascorbic acid. Glycerol was the best carbon source for the production of a biomass enriched with total lipids (467 ± 45 mg g⁻¹ DW). The composition of carotenoids depended strongly on the composition of the feed. Repeated-batch cultures fed with yeast extract contained canthaxanthin as the main carotenoid, whereas in the cultures fed only with glucose, the biomass contained mainly β-carotene.

Carotenoid binding in Gloeobacteria rhodopsin provides insights into divergent evolution of xanthorhodopsin types

The position of carotenoid in xanthorhodopsin has been elucidated. However, a challenging expression of this opsin and a complex biosynthesis carotenoid in the laboratory hold back the insightful study of this rhodopsin. Here, we demonstrated co-expression of the xanthorhodopsin type isolated from Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421-Gloeobacter rhodopsin (GR) with a biosynthesized keto-carotenoid (canthaxanthin) targeting the carotenoid binding site. Direct mutation-induced changes in carotenoid-rhodopsin interaction revealed three crucial features: (1) carotenoid locked motif (CLM), (2) carotenoid aligned motif (CAM), and color tuning serines (CTS). Our single mutation results at 178 position (G178W) confirmed inhibition of carotenoid binding; however, the mutants showed better stability and proton pumping, which was also observed in the case of carotenoid binding characteristics. These effects demonstrated an adaptation of microbial rhodopsin that diverges from carotenoid harboring, along with expression in the dinoflagellate Pyrocystis lunula rhodopsin and the evolutionary substitution model. The study highlights a critical position of the carotenoid binding site, which significantly allows another protein engineering approach in the microbial rhodopsin family.

Application of Marine Microbial Natural Products in Cosmetics

As the market size of the cosmetics industry increases, the safety and effectiveness of new products face higher requirements. The marine environment selects for species of micro-organisms with metabolic pathways and adaptation mechanisms different from those of terrestrial organisms, resulting in their natural products exhibiting unique structures, high diversity, and significant biological activities. Natural products are usually safe and non-polluting. Therefore, considerable effort has been devoted to searching for cosmetic ingredients that are effective, safe, and natural for marine micro-organisms. However, marine micro-organisms can be difficult, or impossible, to culture because of their special environmental requirements. Metagenomics technology can help to solve this problem. Moreover, using marine species to produce more green and environmentally friendly products through biotransformation has become a new choice for cosmetic manufacturers. In this study, the natural products of marine micro-organisms are reviewed and evaluated with respect to various cosmetic applications.

Marine Microbial-Derived Resource Exploration: Uncovering the Hidden Potential of Marine Carotenoids

Microbes in marine ecosystems are known to produce secondary metabolites. One of which are carotenoids, which have numerous industrial applications, hence their demand will continue to grow. This review highlights the recent research on natural carotenoids produced by marine microorganisms. We discuss the most recent screening approaches for discovering carotenoids, using in vitro methods such as culture-dependent and culture-independent screening, as well as in silico methods, using secondary metabolite Biosynthetic Gene Clusters (smBGCs), which involves the use of various rule-based and machine-learning-based bioinformatics tools. Following that, various carotenoids are addressed, along with their biological activities and metabolic processes involved in carotenoids biosynthesis. Finally, we cover the application of carotenoids in health and pharmaceutical industries, current carotenoids production system, and potential use of synthetic biology in carotenoids production.

The pharmaco-therapy potential of astaxanthin: human and animal targeting roles

The recent pandemic stress and the impacts of climatic changes on humans’ and animals’ health status and well-being resulted in severe drawbacks. Initially, stress-induced oxidation resulting from the generation of free radicals leading to the impairment of cellular function and a high possibility of attack with infection. Astaxanthin is a bioactive material derived from fish, crustaceans, and algae with high antioxidative potential. Astaxanthin is a lipid-soluble carotenoid that can easily cross through the cellular membrane layers to catch the reactive oxygen metabolites. Astaxanthin also has pigmentation properties making it suitable for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, nutraceutical, agriculture, and aquaculture sectors. Recently, astaxanthin is suggested as a natural scavenger for free radicals induced by COVID-19. Besides, using astaxanthin as antioxidative and immunostimulant agents is well-reported in several clinical studies. The output of these investigations should be simplified and presented to the scientific community to utilize the available information and fill the gap of knowledge. Also, it is necessary to update the researchers with the recent recommendations of applying astaxanthin in vivo and in vitro to help in proposing new horizons for engaging natural antioxidative agents to protect human and animal health. Herein, this review article tackled the nature, sources, potential roles, applicable sides, and availability of astaxanthin to fortify the scientific community with the required knowledge for further research efforts.

Jeotgalibacillus aurantiacus sp. nov., a novel orange-pigmented species with a carotenoid biosynthetic gene cluster, isolated from wetland soil

A Gram-stain-positive, orange-pigmented, rod-shaped and flagellated bacterial strain T12^T was isolated from wetland soil in Kunyu Mountain Wetland in Yantai, China. The strain was able to grow at 15-40 °C (optimum 37 °C), at 0.0-9.0% NaCl (optimum 2%, w/v) and at pH 5.5-9.0 (optimum 8.5). A phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain T12^T is a member of the family Planococcaceae, sharing 97.6% and 97.1% sequence similarity with the type strains of Jeotgalibacillus salarius and Jeotgalibacillus marinus, respectively. Genome-based analyses revealed a genome size of 3,506,682 bp and a DNA G + C content of 43.7%. Besides, the genome sequence led to 55.0-74.6% average amino acid identity values and 67.8-74.7% average nucleotide identity values between strain T12^T and the current closest relatives. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization of strain T12^T with the type strains of Jeotgalibacillus proteolyticus and J. marinus demonstrated 19.0% and 20.3% relatedness, respectively. The chemotaxonomic analysis showed that the sole quinone was MK-7. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_15:0, C_16:1ω7c alcohol and iso-C_14:0. The polar lipids consisted of an unidentified aminolipid, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified phospholipids. Based on the polyphasic characterization, strain T12^T is considered to represent a novel species, for which the name Jeotgalibacillus aurantiacus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T12^T (= KCTC 43296 ^T = MCCC 1K07171^T).

Metabolic Potential of Halophilic Filamentous Fungi—Current Perspective

Salty environments are widely known to be inhospitable to most microorganisms. For centuries salt has been used as a food preservative, while highly saline environments were considered uninhabited by organisms, and if habited, only by prokaryotic ones. Nowadays, we know that filamentous fungi are widespread in many saline habitats very often characterized also by other extremes, for example, very low or high temperature, lack of light, high pressure, or low water activity. However, fungi are still the least understood organisms among halophiles, even though they have been shown to counteract these unfavorable conditions by producing multiple secondary metabolites with interesting properties or unique biomolecules as one of their survival strategies. In this review, we focused on biomolecules obtained from halophilic filamentous fungi such as enzymes, pigments, biosurfactants, and osmoprotectants.

Astaxanthin from Crustaceans and Their Byproducts: A Bioactive Metabolite Candidate for Therapeutic Application

In recent years, the food, pharma, and cosmetic industries have shown considerable interest in bioactive molecules of marine origin that show high potential for application as nutraceuticals and therapeutic agents. Astaxanthin, a lipid-soluble and orange-reddish-colored carotenoid pigment, is one of the most investigated pigments. Natural astaxanthin is mainly produced from microalgae, and it shows much stronger antioxidant properties than its synthetic counterpart. This paper aims to summarize and discuss the important aspects and recent findings associated with the possible use of crustacean byproducts as a source of astaxanthin. In the last five years of research on the crustaceans and their byproducts as a source of natural astaxanthin, there are many new findings regarding the astaxanthin content in different species and new green extraction protocols for its extraction. However, there is a lack of information on the amounts of astaxanthin currently obtained from the byproducts as well as on the cost-effectiveness of the astaxanthin production from the byproducts. Improvement in these areas would most certainly contribute to the reduction of waste and reuse in the crustacean processing industry. Successful exploitation of byproducts for recovery of this valuable compound would have both environmental and social benefits. Finally, astaxanthin’s strong biological activity and prominent health benefits have been discussed in the paper.

Fate of carotenoids in yeasts: synthesis and cleavage

Carotenoids and their cleavage products (norisoprenoids) have excellent functional properties with diverse applications in foods, medicaments, cosmetics, etc. Carotenoids can be oxidatively cleaved through nonspecific reactions or by carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs), the product of which could further modify food flavor. This review provides comprehensive information on both carotenoid synthesis and cleavage processes with emphasis on enzyme characterization and biosynthetic pathway optimization. The use of interdisciplinary approaches of bioengineering and computer-aided experimental technology for key enzyme modification and systematic pathway design is beneficial to monitor metabolic pathways and assess pathway bottlenecks, which could efficiently lead to accumulation of carotenoids in microorganisms. The identification of CCOs spatial structures isolated from different species has made a significant contribution to the current state of knowledge. Current trends in carotenoid-related flavor modification are also discussed. In particular, we propose the carotenoid-synthesizing yeast Rhodotorula spp. for the production of food bioactive compounds. Understanding the behavior underlying the formation of norisoprenoids from carotenoids using interdisciplinary approaches may point toward other areas of investigation that could lead to better exploiting the potential use of autochthonous yeast in flavor enhancement.

Recent Progress in Antioxidant Active Substances from Marine Biota

Background: The well-recognized but not fully explored antioxidant activity of marine-biota-derived, biologically active substances has led to interest in their study as substitutes of antibiotics, antiaging agents, anticancer and antiviral drugs, and others. The aim of this review is to present the current state of the art of marine-biota-derived antioxidants to give some ideas for potential industrial applications. Methods: This review is an update for the last 5 years on the marine sources of natural antioxidants, different classes antioxidant compounds, and current derivation biotechnologies. Results: New marine sources of antioxidants, including byproducts and wastes, are presented, along with new antioxidant substances and derivation approaches. Conclusions: The interest in high-value antioxidants from marine biota continues. Natural substances combining antioxidant and antimicrobial action are of particular interest because of the increasing microbial resistance to antibiotic treatments. New antioxidant substances are discovered, along with those extracted from marine biota collected in other locations. Byproducts and wastes provide a valuable source of antioxidant substances. The application of optimized non-conventional derivation approaches is expected to allow the intensification of the production and improvement in the quality of the derived substances. The ability to obtain safe, high-value products is of key importance for potential industrialization.

Carotenoids from Marine Sources as a New Approach in Neuroplasticity Enhancement

An increasing number of people experience disorders related to the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, new forms of therapy, which may be helpful in repairing processes' enhancement and restoring declined brain functions, are constantly being sought. One of the most relevant physiological processes occurring in the brain for its entire life is neuroplasticity. It has tremendous significance concerning CNS disorders since neurological recovery mainly depends on restoring its structural and functional organization. The main factors contributing to nerve tissue damage are oxidative stress and inflammation. Hence, marine carotenoids, abundantly occurring in the aquatic environment, being potent antioxidant compounds, may play a pivotal role in nerve cell protection. Furthermore, recent results revealed another valuable characteristic of these compounds in CNS therapy. By inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, carotenoids promote synaptogenesis and neurogenesis, consequently presenting neuroprotective activity. Therefore, this paper focuses on the carotenoids obtained from marine sources and their impact on neuroplasticity enhancement.

Therapeutic promise of carotenoids as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents in neurodegenerative disorders

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis have various disease-specific causal factors and pathological features. A very common characteristic of NDs is oxidative stress (OS), which takes place due to the elevated generation of reactive oxygen species during the progression of NDs. Furthermore, the pathological condition of NDs including an increased level of protein aggregates can further lead to chronic inflammation because of the microglial activation. Carotenoids (CTs) are naturally occurring pigments that play a significant role in averting brain disorders. More than 750 CTs are present in nature, and they are widely available in plants, microorganisms, and animals. CTs are accountable for the red, yellow, and orange pigments in several animals and plants, and these colors usually indicate various types of CTs. CTs exert various bioactive properties because of its characteristic structure, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Due to the protective properties of CTs, levels of CTs in the human body have been markedly linked with the prevention and treatment of multiple diseases including NDs. In this review, we have summarized the relationship between OS, neuroinflammation, and NDs. In addition, we have also particularly focused on the antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties of CTs in the management of NDs.

The Beneficial Effects of Cyanobacterial Co-Culture on Plant Growth

Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous phototrophic prokaryotes that find a wide range of applications in industry due to their broad product spectrum. In this context, the application of cyanobacteria as biofertilizers and thus as an alternative to artificial fertilizers has emerged in recent decades. The benefit is mostly based on the ability of cyanobacteria to fix elemental nitrogen and make it available to the plants in a usable form. However, the positive effects of co-cultivating plants with cyanobacteria are not limited to the provision of nitrogen. Cyanobacteria produce numerous secondary metabolites that can be useful for plants, for example, they can have growth-promoting effects or increase resistance to plant diseases. The effects of biotic and abiotic stress can as well be reduced by many secondary metabolites. Furthermore, the biofilms formed by the cyanobacteria can lead to improved soil conditions, such as increased water retention capacity. To exchange the substances mentioned, cyanobacteria form symbioses with plants, whereby the strength of the symbiosis depends on both partners, and not every plant can form symbiosis with every cyanobacterium. Not only the plants in symbiosis benefit from the cyanobacteria, but also vice versa. This review summarizes the beneficial effects of cyanobacterial co-cultivation on plants, highlighting the substances exchanged and the strength of cyanobacterial symbioses with plants. A detailed explanation of the mechanism of nitrogen fixation in cyanobacterial heterocysts is given. Finally, a summary of possible applications of co-cultivation in the (agrar-)industry is given.

Isolation and Characterization of a Yellow Xanthophyll Pigment-Producing Marine Bacterium, Erythrobacter sp. SDW2 Strain, in Coastal Seawater

Xanthophylls, a yellow pigment belonging to the carotenoid family, have attracted much attention for industrial applications due to their versatile nature. We report the isolation of a homo xanthophyll pigment-producing marine bacterium, identified as the Erythrobacter sp. SDW2 strain, from coastal seawater. The isolated Erythrobacter sp. SDW2 strain can produce 263 ± 12.9 mg/L (89.7 ± 5.4 mg/g dry cell weight) of yellow xanthophyll pigment from 5 g/L of glucose. Moreover, the xanthophyll pigment produced by the SDW2 strain exhibits remarkable antioxidative activities, confirmed by the DPPH (73.4 ± 1.4%) and ABTS (84.9 ± 0.7%) assays. These results suggest that the yellow xanthophyll pigment-producing Erythrobacter sp. SDW2 strain could be a promising industrial microorganism for producing marine-derived bioactive compounds with potential for foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Anti-lung Cancer Marine Compounds: A Review

Lung cancer is one of the most common and lethal cancers in human beings. Lung cancer has been divided into two major types: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Current drugs suffer from various side effects, and the insufficient efficacy of present treatments creates a desire for better more efficient new drugs. This review compares the diversity of marine-derived bioactive compounds from different marine species. Some of the natural products from marine resources are in different stages of clinical trials. By the way, most of them have been studied in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, in this review, the mechanisms of action of marine-derived anti-lung cancer components on lung cancer cell lines have been reviewed. In addition, considering growing rate and the high costs of cancer research, attention must be paid to some aspects of targeting and developing anti-lung cancer drug. In better words, like the other therapeutic strategies that have their particular challenges and weak points, several challenges about marine-derived anti-lung cancer components which exist for scientists for doing research are explained. Moreover, as the attentions in the field of cancer therapy are focused on designing and developing new anticancer strategies for the treatment of cancer in the future, the application of marine-derived anti-lung cancer components in the field of future cancer therapy and their role in future anticancer strategies are briefly discussed.

Canthaxanthin Biofabrication, Loading in Green Phospholipid Vesicles and Evaluation of In Vitro Protection of Cells and Promotion of Their Monolayer Regeneration

In the present study, canthaxanthin was produced by biofermentation from Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1 (D. natronolimnaea) and was loaded in phospholipid vesicles prepared with natural component using an easy and low dissipative method. Indeed, glycerosomes, hyalurosomes, and glycerohyalurosomes were prepared by direct hydration of both phosphatidylcholine and the biotechnological canthaxanthin, avoiding the use of organic solvents. Vesicles were sized from 63 nm to 87 nm and highly negatively charged. They entrapped a high number of the biomolecules and were stable on storage. Canthaxanthin-loaded vesicles incubated with fibroblasts did not affect their viability, proving to be highly biocompatible and capable of inhibiting the death of fibroblasts stressed with hydrogen peroxide. They reduced the nitric oxide expression in macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharides. Moreover, they favoured the cell migration in an in vitro lesion model. Results confirmed the health-promoting potential of canthaxanthin in skin cells, which is potentiated by its suitable loading in phospholipid vesicles, thus suggesting the possible use of these natural bioformulations in both skin protection and regeneration, thanks to the potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiageing effects of canthaxanthin.

Erythrobacter rubeus sp. nov., a carotenoid-producing alphaproteobacterium isolated from coastal seawater

A study based on a polyphasic taxonomic approach was carried out to identify and classify a novel marine alphaproteobacterium, designated as KMU-140^T, isolated from coastal seawater collected at Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain KMU-140^T were spherical, Gram-stain-negative, reddish-orange colored, strictly aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-motile, and chemoorganoheterotrophic. The novel isolate was able to grow at NaCl concentrations of 0-5%, pH 6.0-9.5, and 10-45 °C. A phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain KMU-140^T belongs to the family Erythrobacteraceae and was most closely related to Erythrobacter longus OCh101^T (98.7%). Strain KMU-140^T contained ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) as the only respiratory quinone and C18:1 ω7c, iso-C18:0, and C16:0 as the main (> 10%) cellular fatty acids. Strain KMU-140^T produced carotenoid compounds that rendered the cell biomass a reddish-orange color. The assembled draft genome size of strain KMU-140^T was 3.04 Mbp with G + C content of 60.6 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI), digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), and average amino acid identity (AAI) values of KMU-140^T and the species of the genus Erythrobacter were found to be 76.6-78.4%, 14.0-18.7%, and 69.6-77.8%, respectively. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified phospholipid, and two unidentified lipids were identified as major polar lipids. On the basis of the polyphasic taxonomic features presented, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Erythrobacter for which the name Erythrobacter rubeus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of E. rubeus sp. nov. is KMU-140^T (= KCCM 90479^T = NBRC 115159^T).

Photochemical (UV-vis/H2O2) degradation of carotenoids: Kinetics and molecular end products

Constraining the formation mechanisms of organic matter that persists in aquatic reservoirs is important for determining the reactivity and fate of carbon and nutrients in these environments. Recent studies have linked dissolved organic matter (DOM) accumulating in the ocean to linear terpenoid structures, and carotenoid degradation products have been proposed as potential precursors. The prevalence of reactive oxygen species in aquatic environments and their potential to be quenched by carotenoids led us to examine radical-assisted photochemical degradation of carotenoids as a potential mechanism for DOM formation and transformation. Experiments were conducted with aggregates of β-carotene, astaxanthin, fucoxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin in THF:H₂O under solar light irradiation assisted by hydrogen peroxide (UV-Vis/H₂O₂). Based on the fine structure of UV-Vis spectra, it was determined that β-carotene and meso-zeaxanthin formed J-type aggregates in experimental solutions, while astaxanthin and fucoxanthin formed H2-type aggregates, consistent with their structural characteristics. All carotenoids degraded under the combined influence of photolysis and OH scavenging, with fucoxanthin exhibiting the fastest degradation kinetics (k_PO = 3.69 10^-3 s^-1) and meso-zeaxanthin the slowest (k_PO = 4.37 10^-4 s^-1). The major degradation products detected by electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) were apo-aldehydes and apo-ketones, with the latter tending to accumulate, but epoxidation of the carotenoids also took place, and longer irradiation times resulted in lower molecular weight products. Reaction kinetics and accumulating carotenoid oxidation products identified in this study provide potential formation mechanisms and biomarkers for examining DOM cycling.

Formulation of New Media from Dairy and Brewery Wastes for a Sustainable Production of DHA-Rich Oil by Aurantiochytrium mangrovei

Mozzarella stretching water (MSW) is a dairy effluent generated from mozzarella cheese production that does not have a real use and is destined to disposal, causing environmental problems and representing a high disposal cost for dairy producers. Spent brewery yeast (SBY) is another promising food waste produced after brewery manufacturing that could be recycled in new biotechnological processes. Aurantiochytrium mangrovei is an aquatic protist known as producer of bioactive lipids such as omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In this work MSW and SBY have been used to formulate new sustainable growth media for A. mangrovei cultivation and production of DHA in an attempt to valorize these effluents. MSW required an enzymatic hydrolysis to enhance the biomass production. The new media obtained from hydrolysed MSW was also optimized using response surface methodologies, obtaining 10.14 g L^-1 of biomass in optimized medium, with a DHA content of 1.21 g L^-1.

Comparative genome characterization of Echinicola marina sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea sediment provide insight into carotenoid biosynthetic gene cluster evolution

Echinicola, carotenoid-pigmented bacteria, are isolated from various hypersaline environments. Carotenoid accumulation in response to salt stress can stabilize the cell membrane in order to survive. A pink-colored strain SCS 3-6 was isolated from the deep-sea sediment of the South China Sea. Growth was found to occur at 10-45 °C. The strain could tolerate 10% (w/v) NaCl concentration and grow at pH 5-9. The complete genome of SCS 3-6 comprises 5053 putative genes with a total 5,693,670 bp and an average G + C content of 40.11 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain SCS 3-6 was affiliated with the genus Echinicola, with the closely strains were Echinicola arenosa CAU 1574^T (98.29%)and Echinicola shivajiensis AK12^T (97.98%). For Echinicola species with available genome sequences, pairwise comparisons for average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) revealed ANIb values from 70.77 to 74.71%, ANIm values from 82.72 to 88.88%, and DDH values from 18.00 to 23.40%. To identify their genomic features, we compared their genomes with those of other Echinicola species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain SCS 3-6 formed a monophyletic clade. Genomic analysis revealed that strain SCS 3-6 possessed a complete synthetic pathway of carotenoid and speculated that the production was astaxanthin. Based on phenotypic and genotypic analyses in this study, strain SCS 3-6 is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Echinicola for which the name Echinicola marina sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SCS 3-6^T (= GDMCC 1.2220^T = JCM 34403^T).

Exploring the Biotechnological Value of Marine Invertebrates: A Closer Look at the Biochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Sabella spallanzanii and Microcosmus squamiger

Sabella spallanzanii and Microcosmus squamiger were profiled for proximate composition, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids (FA), carotenoids, radical scavenging activity on the 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and iron and copper chelating properties. Microcosmus squamiger had the highest level of moisture and crude protein, S. spallanzanii was enriched in crude fat and ash. Both species had similar levels of carbohydrates and energy. There was a prevalence of arginine and glycine in S. spallanzanii, and of taurine in M. squamiger. The most abundant minerals in both species were Na, Ca, and K. The methanol extract of S. spallanzanii had metal chelating properties towards copper and iron, while the methanol extract of M. squamiger was able to chelate copper. M. squamiger extracts had similar ORAC values. Fucoxanthinol and fucoxanthin were the major carotenoids in the M. squamiger dichloromethane extract. Saturated FA were more abundant than unsaturated ones in methanol extracts, and unsaturated FA prevailed in the dichloromethane extracts. Palmitic acid was the predominant FA in methanol extracts, whereas eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids were the major compounds in dichloromethane extracts. Low n-6/n-3 ratios were obtained. Our results suggests that both species could be explored as sources of bioactive ingredients with multiple applications.

Carotenoid Cocktail Produced by An Antarctic Soil Flavobacterium with Biotechnological Potential

Carotenoids are highly important in pigmentation, and its content in farmed crustaceans and fish correlates to their market value. These pigments also have a nutritional role in aquaculture where they are routinely added as a marine animal food supplement to ensure fish development and health. However, there is little information about carotenoids obtained from Antarctic bacteria and its use for pigmentation improvement and flesh quality in aquaculture. This study identified carotenoids produced by Antarctic soil bacteria. The pigmented strain (CN7) was isolated on modified Luria–Bertani (LB) media and incubated at 4 °C. This Gram-negative bacillus was identified by 16S rRNA analysis as Flavobacterium segetis. Pigment extract characterization was performed through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identification with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). HPLC analyses revealed that this bacterium produces several pigments in the carotenoid absorption range (six peaks). LC–MS confirms the presence of one main peak corresponding to lutein or zeaxanthin (an isomer of lutein) and several other carotenoid pigments and intermediaries in a lower quantity. Therefore, we propose CN7 strain as an alternative model to produce beneficial carotenoid pigments with potential nutritional applications in aquaculture.

Microalgae Xanthophylls: From Biosynthesis Pathway and Production Techniques to Encapsulation Development

In the last 20 years, xanthophylls from microalgae have gained increased scientific and industrial interests. This review highlights the essential issues that concern this class of high value compounds. Firstly, their chemical diversity as the producer microorganisms was detailed. Then, the use of conventional and innovative extraction techniques was discussed. Upgraded knowledge on the biosynthetic pathway of the main xanthophylls produced by photosynthetic microorganisms was reviewed in depth, providing new insightful ideas, clarifying the function of these active biomolecules. In addition, the recent advances in encapsulation techniques of astaxanthin and fucoxanthin, such as spray and freeze drying, gelation, emulsification and coacervation were updated. Providing information about these topics and their applications and advances could be a help to students and young researchers who are interested in chemical and metabolic engineering, chemistry and natural products communities to approach the complex thematic of xanthophylls.

Haematococcus pluvialis as a Potential Source of Astaxanthin with Diverse Applications in Industrial Sectors: Current Research and Future Directions

Haematococcus pluvialis, a green microalga, appears to be a rich source of valuable bioactive compounds, such as astaxanthin, carotenoids, proteins, lutein, and fatty acids (FAs). Astaxanthin has a variety of health benefits and is used in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. Astaxanthin, for example, preserves the redox state and functional integrity of mitochondria and shows advantages despite a low dietary intake. Because of its antioxidant capacity, astaxanthin has recently piqued the interest of researchers due to its potential pharmacological effects, which include anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, as well as neuro-, cardiovascular-, ocular, and skin-protective properties. Astaxanthin is a popular nutritional ingredient and a significant component in animal and aquaculture feed. Extensive studies over the last two decades have established the mechanism by which persistent oxidative stress leads to chronic inflammation, which then mediates the majority of serious diseases. This mini-review provides an overview of contemporary research that makes use of the astaxanthin pigment. This mini-review provides insight into the potential of H. pluvialis as a potent antioxidant in the industry, as well as the broad range of applications for astaxanthin molecules as a potent antioxidant in the industrial sector.

Ecological and Pharmacological Activities of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) from the Indonesian Marine Sponge Lamellodysidea herbacea

Two known Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs), 3,4,5-tribromo-2-(2′,4′-dibromophenoxy)phenol (1d) and 3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-2-(2′,4′-dibromophenoxy)phenol (2b), were isolated from the Indonesian marine sponge Lamellodysidea herbacea. The structure was confirmed using ¹³C chemical shift average deviation and was compared to the predicted structures and recorded chemical shifts in previous studies. We found a wide range of bioactivities from the organic crude extract, such as (1) a strong deterrence against the generalist pufferfish Canthigaster solandri, (2) potent inhibition against environmental and human pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains, and (3) the inhibition of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). The addition of a bromine atom into the A-ring of compound 2b resulted in higher fish feeding deterrence compared to compound 1d. On the contrary, compound 2b showed only more potent inhibition against the Gram-negative bacteria Rhodotorula glutinis (MIC 2.1 μg/mL), while compound 1d showed more powerful inhibition against the other human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The first report of a chemical defense by compounds 1d and 2b against fish feeding and environmental relevant bacteria, especially pathogenic bacteria, might be one reason for the widespread occurrence of the shallow water sponge Lamellodysidea herbacea in Indonesia and the Indo-Pacific.

The neuroprotective potential of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo

BACKGROUND

Despite advances in research on neurodegenerative diseases, the pathogenesis and treatment response of neurodegenerative diseases remain unclear. Recent studies revealed a significant role of carotenoids to treat neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to systematically review the neuroprotective potential of carotenoids in vivo and in vitro and the molecular mechanisms and pathological factors contributing to major neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and stroke).

HYPOTHESIS

Carotenoids as therapeutic molecules to target neurodegenerative diseases.

RESULTS

Aggregation of toxic proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, the excitotoxic pathway, and neuroinflammation were the major pathological factors contributing to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies supported the beneficiary role of carotenoids, namely lycopene, β-carotene, crocin, crocetin, lutein, fucoxanthin and astaxanthin in alleviating disease progression. These carotenoids provide neuroprotection by inhibition of neuro-inflammation, microglial activation, excitotoxic pathway, modulation of autophagy, attenuation of oxidative damage and activation of defensive antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, studies conducted on humans also demonstrated that dietary intake of carotenoids lowers the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

CONCLUSION

Carotenoids may be used as drugs to prevent and treat neurodegenerative diseases. Although, the in vitro and in vivo results are encouraging, further well conducted clinical studies on humans are required to conclude about the full potential of neurodegenerative diseases.

Green Extraction Strategies for Sea Urchin Waste Valorization

Commonly known as “purple sea urchin,” Paracentrotus lividus occurs in the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern Atlantic Ocean. This species is a highly appreciated food resource and Italy is the main consumer among the European countries. Gonads are the edible part of the animal but they represent only a small fraction (10–30%) of the entire sea urchin mass, therefore, the majority ends up as waste. Recently, an innovative methodology was successfully developed to obtain high-value collagen from sea urchin by-products to be used for tissue engineering. However, tissues used for the collagen extraction are still a small portion of the sea urchin waste (<20%) and the remaining part, mainly the carbonate-rich test and spines, are discarded. Residual cell tissues, tests, and spines contain polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, and a class of small polyphenols, called polyhydroxynaphthoquinones (PHNQ). PHNQ, due to their polyhydroxylated quinonoid nature, show remarkable pharmacologic effects, and have high economic significance and widespread application in several cosmetic and pharmaceuticals applications. A green extraction strategy aimed to obtain compounds of interest from the wastes of sea urchins was developed. The core strategy was the supercritical CO₂ technique, characterized by low environmental impacts. Fatty acids and carotenoids were successfully and selectively extracted and identified depending on the physical parameters of the supercritical CO₂ extraction. Finally, the exhausted powder was extracted by solvent-based procedures to yield PHNQ. The presence of Spinochrome A and Spinochrome B was confirmed and extracts were characterized by a remarkably high antioxidant activity, measured through the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. Overall, the selective and successive extraction methods were validated for the valorization of waste from sea urchins, demonstrating the feasibility of the techniques targeting added-value compounds.

C50 carotenoids extracted from Haloterrigena thermotolerans strain K15: antioxidant potential and identification

Halophilic archaea are one of the microorganism groups that have adapted to living in high saline environments and are important in terms of their potential use in biotechnology industry. One of the most important compounds they have, carotenoid, is used in food, cosmetics, and medical industries. The selected strain was identified as an extremely halophilic and thermophilic archaeon, Haloterrigena thermotolerans K15, based on morphological, biochemical, and physiological evidence as well as 16S rRNA analysis and screened by a scanning electron microscope and an atomic force microscope for the first time. The carotenoid contents of H. thermotolerans K15 isolated from Salt Lake (Tuz Gölü, Turkey) were determined by RP-HPLC-DAD and their isomers were characterized according to UV-Vis spectra by cis peak intensity and spectral fine structure. In addition to all-trans bacterioruberin as a major carotenoid, many isomers of the bacterioruberin such as monoanhydrobacterioruberin and bisanhydrobacterioruberin were also found. The antioxidant activity of carotenoid extract from H. thermotolerans was analyzed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method. The carotenoid extract showed antioxidant activity statistically significantly higher than ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene as reference compounds (p < 0.05). This is the first study about carotenoid characterization and antioxidant activity of H. thermotolerans K15. The obtained results suggest the potential use of H. thermotolerans K15 products as a substitute for synthesized chemical carotenoids and antioxidants.

24(R, S)-Saringosterol - From artefact to a biological medical agent

Enhancing the cholesterol turnover in the brain via activation of liver x receptors can restore memory in a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. The edible Asian brown alga Sargassum fusiforme (Hijiki) contains high amounts of oxysterols such as (3β, 24ξ)-stigmasta-5, 28-dien-3, 24-diol (24[R, S]-saringosterol) that are a potent liver x receptor agonists. We aimed to find native European seaweed species with contents of 24(R, S)-saringosterol that are comparable to those found in Sargassum fusiforme. Additionally, we hypothesize that seasonal variations modify the amount of 24(R, S)-saringosterol in seaweeds. Sterols and oxysterols were extracted with chloroform/methanol from various seaweed species harvested in the Eastern Scheldt in different seasons between October 2016 and September 2017. Identification and quantification of the lipids was performed by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry and gas chromatography- flame ionization detection. We confirmed that brown algae Undaria pinnatifida harvested in February and Sargassum muticum harvested in October contained the highest amounts of 24(R, S)-saringosterol (32.4 ± 15.25 μg/g, mean ± S.D. and 32.95 ± 2.91 μg/g, respectively) and its precursor fucosterol (1.48 ± 0.11 mg/g), higher than Sargassum fusiforme (20.94 ± 3.00 μg/g, mean ± S.D.), while Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus contained amounts of 24(R, S)-saringosterol (22.09 ± 3.45 μg/g, 18.04 ± 0.52 μg/g and 19.47 ± 9.01 μg/g, mean ± S.D., respectively) comparable to Sargassum fusiforme. In other algae only minor amounts of these sterols were observed. The green algae Ulva lactuca contained only 0.29 mg/g fucosterol and 10.3 μg/g 24 (R, S)-saringosterol, while all investigated red algae did not contain any 24(R, S)-saringosterol or fucosterol. In the Eastern Scheldt algae harvested in September/October delivered the highest yield for 24(R, S)-saringosterol, with the exception of Undaria pinnatifida that showed the highest levels in February. We showed that exposure of lipid extracts of Ulva lactuca to sunlight at room temperature or in the presence of oxygen to UV-C light lead to the quantitative conversion of fucosterol into 24(R, S)-saringosterol. Exposing pure fucosterol to UV-light did not convert any fucosterol into 24(R, S)-saringosterol underscoring the requirement of seaweed constituents in the conversion of fucosterol into 24(R, S)-saringosterol. In conclusion, we showed that brown seaweeds harvested from the Eastern Scheldt contain amounts of 24(R, S)-saringosterol comparable to Sargassum fusiforme, varying per season and showing the highest amounts in spring. In accordance with these observations the amount of 24(R, S)-saringosterol in the brown seaweeds can be modulated by light.

Microbial pigments as an alternative to synthetic dyes and food additives: a brief review of recent studies

Synthetic coloring agents have been broadly utilized in several industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetic and textile. Recent surveys on the potential of teratogenicity and carcinogenicity of synthetic dyes have expressed concerns regarding their use in foods. Worldwide, food industries have need for safe, natural and new colorings to add variety to foods and make them appealing to consumers. Natural colorings not only expand the marketability of the food product, but also add further healthful features such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer and antiviral properties. Novel microbial strains should be explored to meet the increasing global search of natural pigments and suitable techniques must be developed for the marketable production of new pigments, using microbial cultures, viz., fungi, and bacteria. To address the issue of the natural coloring agents, this review presents the recent trends in several studies of microbial pigments, their biological properties and industrial applications.

Marine Natural Products as Anticancer Agents

Cancer remains one of the major threats to human health and one of the deadliest diseases worldwide [...].