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Yamaga S, Aziz M, Murao A, Brenner M, Wang P. DAMPs and radiation injury. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1353990. [PMID: 38333215 PMCID: PMC10850293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1353990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The heightened risk of ionizing radiation exposure, stemming from radiation accidents and potential acts of terrorism, has spurred growing interests in devising effective countermeasures against radiation injury. High-dose ionizing radiation exposure triggers acute radiation syndrome (ARS), manifesting as hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, and neurovascular ARS. Hematopoietic ARS typically presents with neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, while gastrointestinal ARS results in intestinal mucosal injury, often culminating in lethal sepsis and gastrointestinal bleeding. This deleterious impact can be attributed to radiation-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress, leading to various forms of cell death, such as apoptosis, necrosis and ferroptosis. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are intrinsic molecules released by cells undergoing injury or in the process of dying, either through passive or active pathways. These molecules then interact with pattern recognition receptors, triggering inflammatory responses. Such a cascade of events ultimately results in further tissue and organ damage, contributing to the elevated mortality rate. Notably, infection and sepsis often develop in ARS cases, further increasing the release of DAMPs. Given that lethal sepsis stands as a major contributor to the mortality in ARS, DAMPs hold the potential to function as mediators, exacerbating radiation-induced organ injury and consequently worsening overall survival. This review describes the intricate mechanisms underlying radiation-induced release of DAMPs. Furthermore, it discusses the detrimental effects of DAMPs on the immune system and explores potential DAMP-targeting therapeutic strategies to alleviate radiation-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamaga
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Atsushi Murao
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Max Brenner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
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Lindsay-Mosher N, Lusk S, Pearson BJ. Planarians require ced-12/elmo-1 to clear dead cells by excretion through the gut. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113621. [PMID: 38165802 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell corpse removal is a critical component of both development and homeostasis throughout the animal kingdom. Extensive research has revealed many of the mechanisms involved in corpse removal, typically involving engulfment and digestion by another cell; however, the dynamics of cell corpse clearance in adult tissues remain unclear. Here, we track cell death in the adult planarian Schmidtea mediterranea and find that, following light-induced cell death, pigment cell corpses transit to the gut and are excreted from the animal. Gut phagocytes, previously only known to phagocytose food, are required for pigment cells to enter the gut lumen. Finally, we show that the planarian ortholog of ced-12/engulfment and cell motility (ELMO) is required for corpse phagocytosis and removal through the gut. In total, we present a mechanism of cell clearance in an adult organism involving transit of dead cells to the gut, transport into the gut by phagocytes, and physical excretion of debris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lindsay-Mosher
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Lusk
- Papé Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Bret J Pearson
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; University of Toronto, Department of Molecular Genetics, Toronto, ON, Canada; Papé Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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53
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Li S, Xu B, Luo Y, Luo J, Huang S, Guo X. Autophagy and Apoptosis in Rabies Virus Replication. Cells 2024; 13:183. [PMID: 38247875 PMCID: PMC10814280 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family and Lyssavirus genus, which is highly neurotropic and can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans. Autophagy and apoptosis are two evolutionarily conserved and genetically regulated processes that maintain cellular and organismal homeostasis, respectively. Autophagy recycles unnecessary or dysfunctional intracellular organelles and molecules in a cell, whereas apoptosis eliminates damaged or unwanted cells in an organism. Studies have shown that RABV can induce both autophagy and apoptosis in target cells. To advance our understanding of pathogenesis of rabies, this paper reviews the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis induced by RABV and the effects of the two cellular events on RABV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bowen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
| | - Yongwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA;
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (S.L.); (Y.L.)
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Bhattacharya B, Nag S, Mukherjee S, Kulkarni M, Chandane P, Mandal D, Mukerjee N, Mirgh D, Anand K, Adhikari MD, Gorai S, Thorat N. Role of Exosomes in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:44-58. [PMID: 38108852 PMCID: PMC10792609 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental process driving cancer metastasis, transforming non-motile cells into a motile population that migrates to distant organs and forms secondary tumors. In recent years, cancer research has revealed a strong connection between exosomes and the EMT. Exosomes, a subpopulation of extracellular vesicles, facilitate cellular communication and dynamically regulate various aspects of cancer metastasis, including immune cell suppression, extracellular matrix remodeling, metastasis initiation, EMT initiation, and organ-specific metastasis. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) and their molecular cargo, comprising proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, are essential components that promote EMT in cancer. TEXs miRNAs play a crucial role in reprogramming the tumor microenvironment, while TEX surface integrins contribute to organ-specific metastasis. Exosome-based cancer metastasis research offers a deeper understanding about cancer and an effective theranostic platform development. Additionally, various therapeutic sources of exosomes are paving the way for innovative cancer treatment development. In this Review, we spotlight the role of exosomes in EMT and their theranostic impact, aiming to inspire cancer researchers worldwide to explore this fascinating field in more innovative ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikramjit Bhattacharya
- Department
of Applied Microbiology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Sagnik Nag
- Department
of Bio-Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Tiruvalam Road, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Sayantanee Mukherjee
- Amrita
School of NanoSciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Mrunal Kulkarni
- Department
of Pharmacy, BITS Pilani, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Priti Chandane
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
| | - Debashmita Mandal
- Department
of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
University of Technology (MAKAUT), Haringhata, Nadia, West Bengal 741249, India
| | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- Center
for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India
- Department
of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community
and Educational Foundation, Hebersham, New South Wales 2770, Australia
| | - Divya Mirgh
- Vaccine
and Immunotherapy Canter, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Department
of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Manab Deb Adhikari
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal
Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013, India
| | - Sukhamoy Gorai
- Rush University Medical
Center, 1620 W. Harrison St., Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Nanasaheb Thorat
- Limerick
Digital Cancer Research Centre and Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland
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Zhang Y, Jia Z, Gao X, Zhao J, Zhang H. Polystyrene nanoparticles induced mammalian intestine damage caused by blockage of BNIP3/NIX-mediated mitophagy and gut microbiota alteration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:168064. [PMID: 37884137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics possess the capacity for cellular internalization, and consequentially disrupt mitochondrial functionality, precipitating aberrations in energy metabolism. Given this, the potential accumulation of nanoplastics in alimentary sources presents a considerable hazard to the mammalian gastrointestinal system. While mitophagy serves as a cytoprotective mechanism that sustains redox homeostasis through the targeted removal of compromised mitochondria, the regulatory implications of mitophagy in nanoplastic-induced toxicity remain an underexplored domain. In the present investigation, polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles, with a diameter of 80 nm employed as a representative model to assess their toxicological impact and propensity to instigate mitophagy in intestinal cells both in vitro and in vivo. Data indicated that PS nanoparticles elicited BNIP3/NIX-mediated mitophagy within the intestinal milieu. Strikingly, the impediment of this degradation process at elevated concentrations was correlated with exacerbated pathological ramifications. In vitro assays corroborated that high-dosage cellular uptake of PS nanoparticles obstructed the mitophagy pathway. Furthermore, treatment with PS nanoparticles engendered alterations in gut microbiota composition and manifested a proclivity to modulate nutritional metabolism. Collectively, these findings elucidate that oral exposure to PS nanoparticles culminates in the inhibition of mitophagy and induces perturbations in the intestinal microbiota. This contributes valuable insights into the toxicological repercussions of nanoplastics on mammalian gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Zhenzhen Jia
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Xianlei Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China.
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Huber RJ, Kim WD, Wilson-Smillie MLDM. Mechanisms regulating the intracellular trafficking and release of CLN5 and CTSD. Traffic 2024; 25:e12925. [PMID: 38272448 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Ceroid lipofuscinosis neuronal 5 (CLN5) and cathepsin D (CTSD) are soluble lysosomal enzymes that also localize extracellularly. In humans, homozygous mutations in CLN5 and CTSD cause CLN5 disease and CLN10 disease, respectively, which are two subtypes of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (commonly known as Batten disease). The mechanisms regulating the intracellular trafficking of CLN5 and CTSD and their release from cells are not well understood. Here, we used the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum as a model system to examine the pathways and cellular components that regulate the intracellular trafficking and release of the D. discoideum homologs of human CLN5 (Cln5) and CTSD (CtsD). We show that both Cln5 and CtsD contain signal peptides for secretion that facilitate their release from cells. Like Cln5, extracellular CtsD is glycosylated. In addition, Cln5 release is regulated by the amount of extracellular CtsD. Autophagy induction promotes the release of Cln5, and to a lesser extent CtsD. Release of Cln5 requires the autophagy proteins Atg1, Atg5, and Atg9, as well as autophagosomal-lysosomal fusion. Atg1 and Atg5 are required for the release of CtsD. Together, these data support a model where Cln5 and CtsD are actively released from cells via their signal peptides for secretion and pathways linked to autophagy. The release of Cln5 and CtsD from cells also requires microfilaments and the D. discoideum homologs of human AP-3 complex mu subunit, the lysosomal-trafficking regulator LYST, mucopilin-1, and the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome-associated protein WASH, which all regulate lysosomal exocytosis in this model organism. These findings suggest that lysosomal exocytosis also facilitates the release of Cln5 and CtsD from cells. In addition, we report the roles of ABC transporters, microtubules, osmotic stress, and the putative D. discoideum homologs of human sortilin and cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor in regulating the intracellular/extracellular distribution of Cln5 and CtsD. In total, this study identifies the cellular mechanisms regulating the release of Cln5 and CtsD from D. discoideum cells and provides insight into how altered trafficking of CLN5 and CTSD causes disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - William D Kim
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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Yadav A, Nandy A, Sharma A, Ghatak S. Exosome Mediated Cell-Cell Crosstalk in Tissue Injury and Repair. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 73:249-297. [PMID: 39242383 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
The landscape of exosome research has undergone a significant paradigm shift, with a departure from early conceptions of exosomes as vehicles for cellular waste disposal towards their recognition as integral components of cellular communication with therapeutic potential. This chapter presents an exhaustive elucidation of exosome biology, detailing the processes of exosome biogenesis, release, and uptake, and their pivotal roles in signal transduction, tissue repair, regeneration, and intercellular communication. Additionally, the chapter highlights recent innovations and anticipates future directions in exosome research, emphasizing their applicability in clinical settings. Exosomes have the unique ability to navigate through tissue spaces to enter the circulatory system, positioning them as key players in tissue repair. Their contributory role in various processes of tissue repair, although in the nascent stages of investigation, stands out as a promising area of research. These vesicles function as a complex signaling network for intracellular and organ-level communication, critical in both pathological and physiological contexts. The chapter further explores the tissue-specific functionality of exosomes and underscores the advancements in methodologies for their isolation and purification, which have been instrumental in expanding the scope of exosome research. The differential cargo profiles of exosomes, dependent on their cellular origin, position them as prospective diagnostic biomarkers for tissue damage and regenerative processes. Looking ahead, the trajectory of exosome research is anticipated to bring transformative changes to biomedical fields. This includes advancing diagnostic and prognostic techniques that utilize exosomes as non-invasive biomarkers for a plethora of diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular conditions. Additionally, engineering exosomes through alterations of their native content or surface properties presents a novel frontier, including the synthesis of artificial or hybrid variants with enhanced functional properties. Concurrently, the ethical and regulatory frameworks surrounding exosome research, particularly in clinical translation, will require thorough deliberation. In conclusion, the diverse aspects of exosome research are coalescing to redefine the frontiers of diagnostic and therapeutic methodologies, cementing its importance as a discipline of considerable consequence in the biomedical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Yadav
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aparajita Nandy
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anu Sharma
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Subhadip Ghatak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Hussen BM, Abdullah ST, Abdullah SR, Younis YM, Hidayat HJ, Rasul MF, Mohamadtahr S. Exosomal non-coding RNAs: Blueprint in colorectal cancer metastasis and therapeutic targets. Noncoding RNA Res 2023; 8:615-632. [PMID: 37767111 PMCID: PMC10520679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is ranked as the world's third-most prevalent cancer, and metastatic CRC considerably increases cancer-related fatalities globally. A number of complex mechanisms that are strictly controlled at the molecular level are involved in metastasis, which is the primary reason for death in people with CRC. Recently, it has become clear that exosomes, which are small extracellular vesicles released by non-tumorous and tumorigenic cells, play a critical role as communication mediators among tumor microenvironment (TME). To facilitate communication between the TME and cancer cells, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a crucial role and are recognized as potent regulators of gene expression and cellular processes, such as metastasis and drug resistance. NcRNAs are now recognized as potent regulators of gene expression and many hallmarks of cancer, including metastasis. Exosomal ncRNAs, like miRNAs, circRNAs, and lncRNAs, have been demonstrated to influence a number of cellular mechanisms that contribute to CRC metastasis. However, the molecular mechanisms that link exosomal ncRNAs with CRC metastasis are not well understood. This review highlights the essential roles that exosomal ncRNAs play in the progression of CRC metastatic disease and explores the therapeutic choices that are open to patients who have CRC metastases. However, exosomal ncRNA treatment strategy development is still in its early phases; consequently, additional investigation is required to improve delivery methods and find novel therapeutic targets as well as confirm the effectiveness and safety of these therapies in preclinical and clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, 44001, Iraq
- Department of Clinical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Sara Tharwat Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Snur Rasool Abdullah
- Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Lebanese French University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Yousif Mohammed Younis
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Lebanese French University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Hazha Jamal Hidayat
- Department of Biology, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Fatih Rasul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Sayran Mohamadtahr
- Department of Clinical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
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Koksal AR, Ekmen N, Aydin Y, Nunez K, Sandow T, Delk M, Moehlen M, Thevenot P, Cohen A, Dash S. A Single-Step Immunocapture Assay to Quantify HCC Exosomes Using the Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Nanoparticle-Tracking Analysis. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2023; 10:1935-1954. [PMID: 37936599 PMCID: PMC10627088 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s423043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular vesicles could serve as a non-invasive biomarker for early cancer detection. However, limited methods to quantitate cancer-derived vesicles in the native state remain a significant barrier to clinical translation. Aim This research aims to develop a rapid, one-step immunoaffinity approach to quantify HCC exosomes directly from a small serum volume. Methods HCC-derived exosomes in the serum were captured using fluorescent phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated antibodies targeted to GPC3 and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Total and HCC-specific exosomes were then quantified in culture supernatant or patient-derived serums using fluorescence nanoparticle tracking analysis (F-NTA). The performance of HCC exosome quantification in the serum was compared with the tumor size determined by MRI. Results Initially we tested the detection limits of the F-NTA using synthetic fluorescent and non-fluorescent beads. The assay showed an acceptable sensitivity with a detection range of 104-108 particles/mL. Additionally, the combination of immunocapture followed by size-exclusion column purification allows the isolation of smaller-size EVs and quantification by F-NTA. Our assay demonstrated that HCC cell culture releases a significantly higher quantity of GPC3 or GPC3+AFP positive EVs (100-200 particles/cell) compared to non-HCC culture (10-40 particles/cell) (p<0.01 and p<0.05 respectively). The F-NTA enables absolute counting of HCC-specific exosomes in the clinical samples with preserved biological immunoreactivity. The performance of F-NTA was clinically validated in serum from patients ± cirrhosis and with confirmed HCC. F-NTA quantification data show selective enrichment of AFP and GPC3 positive EVs in HCC serum compared to malignancy-free cirrhosis (AUC values for GPC3, AFP, and GPC3/AFP were found 0.79, 0.71, and 0.72 respectively). The MRI-confirmed patient cohort indicated that there was a positive correlation between total tumor size and GPC3-positive exosome concentration (r:0.78 and p<0.001). Conclusion We developed an immunocapture assay that can be used for simultaneous isolation and quantification of HCC-derived exosomes from a small serum volume with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Riza Koksal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Nergiz Ekmen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yucel Aydin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kelley Nunez
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Tyler Sandow
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Molly Delk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Martin Moehlen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Paul Thevenot
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ari Cohen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Srikanta Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Singh N, Mudassir M, Ansari S, Chosdol K, Sinha S, Chattopadhyay P. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles localize in vesicles after diffusing into cells and are retained by intracellular traffic modulators. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:1907-1919. [PMID: 38078434 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We investigated our previous finding of increased retention of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles (PLGA-NPs) with metabolic inhibitors (MI) and studied the effect of some small molecule inhibitors on PLGA-NP assimilation. Materials & methods: Intracellular PLGA-NP colocalization in the presence of MI was investigated by confocal microscopy. Intracellular retention of PLGA-NPs by some small molecules was estimated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry after Pulse/Chase experiments. Results: MI caused PLGA-NP colocalization in intracellular membranous structures, mainly endosomes and lysosomes. Some small molecule inhibitors demonstrated increased intracellular PLGA-NP accumulation. Conclusion: This study elucidates the movement of PLGA-NP in cells and suggests that clinically used small molecules can reduce their extrusion by enhancing their stay within intracellular vesicles, with possible clinically beneficial consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Madeeha Mudassir
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College of Medical Sciences, GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Shiba Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences, GTB Hospital, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Kunzang Chosdol
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
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DeVallance ER, Schmidt HM, Seman M, Lewis SE, Wood KC, Vickers SD, Hahn SA, Velayutham M, Hileman EA, Vitturi DA, Leonardi R, Straub AC, Kelley EE. Hemin and iron increase synthesis and trigger export of xanthine oxidoreductase from hepatocytes to the circulation. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102866. [PMID: 37703667 PMCID: PMC10506059 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported a previously unknown salutary role for xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) in intravascular heme overload whereby hepatocellular export of XOR to the circulation was identified as a seminal step in affording protection. However, the cellular signaling and export mechanisms underpinning this process were not identified. Here, we present novel data showing hepatocytes upregulate XOR expression/protein abundance and actively release it to the extracellular compartment following exposure to hemopexin-bound hemin, hemin or free iron. For example, murine (AML-12 cells) hepatocytes treated with hemin (10 μM) exported XOR to the medium in the absence of cell death or loss of membrane integrity (2.0 ± 1.0 vs 16 ± 9 μU/mL p < 0.0001). The path of exocytosis was found to be noncanonical as pretreatment of the hepatocytes with Vaculin-1, a lysosomal trafficking inhibitor, and not Brefeldin A inhibited XOR release and promoted intracellular XOR accumulation (84 ± 17 vs 24 ± 8 hemin vs 5 ± 3 control μU/mg). Interestingly, free iron (Fe2+ and Fe3+) induced similar upregulation and release of XOR compared to hemin. Conversely, concomitant treatment with hemin and the classic transition metal chelator DTPA (20 μM) or uric acid completely blocked XOR release (p < 0.01). Our previously published time course showed XOR release from hepatocytes likely required transcriptional upregulation. As such, we determined that both Sp1 and NF-kB were acutely activated by hemin treatment (∼2-fold > controls for both, p < 0.05) and that silencing either or TLR4 with siRNA prevented hemin-induced XOR upregulation (p < 0.01). Finally, to confirm direct action of these transcription factors on the Xdh gene, chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed indicating that hemin significantly enriched (∼5-fold) both Sp1 and NF-kB near the transcription start site. In summary, our study identified a previously unknown pathway by which XOR is upregulated via SP1/NF-kB and subsequently exported to the extracellular environment. This is, to our knowledge, the very first study to demonstrate mechanistically that XOR can be specifically targeted for export as the seminal step in a compensatory response to heme/Fe overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan R DeVallance
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Heidi M Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Madison Seman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sara E Lewis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Katherine C Wood
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Schuyler D Vickers
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Scott A Hahn
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Murugesan Velayutham
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Emily A Hileman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Dario A Vitturi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Roberta Leonardi
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Adam C Straub
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Eric E Kelley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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Onodera A, Shimomura T, Ochi H, Sunada R, Fukutomi E, Hidaka K, Kawai Y. The Cellular Accumulation of Vehicle Exhaust Particulates Changes the Acidic pH Environment of Lysosomes in BEAS-2B Airway Epithelial Cells. J Xenobiot 2023; 13:653-661. [PMID: 37987443 PMCID: PMC10660702 DOI: 10.3390/jox13040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Many people are exposed every day to vehicle exhaust particulates (VEPs), which are thought to be taken up by epithelial cells that are the first barrier in our biological defense. The study aim was to investigate how VEPs are processed in the lysosomal degradation system. BEAS-2B airway epithelial cells easily ingest VEPs and have been shown to accumulate in cells for several days, but no elevated cytotoxicity was observed over that time period. An analysis of 3D images confirmed the presence of VEPs in or near lysosomes, and an accumulation of VEPs resulted in an increase in the normal acidic pH in lysosomes and the extracellular release of the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase. Epithelial cells were thought to activate the lysosome-mediated secretion of extracellular vesicles to avoid damage caused by non-degradable foreign substances, such as VEPs, and as a side reaction, the acidic pH environment of the lysosomes could not be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Onodera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan; (T.S.); (H.O.); (R.S.); (E.F.); (Y.K.)
| | - Takuya Shimomura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan; (T.S.); (H.O.); (R.S.); (E.F.); (Y.K.)
| | - Hirohisa Ochi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan; (T.S.); (H.O.); (R.S.); (E.F.); (Y.K.)
| | - Ryuto Sunada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan; (T.S.); (H.O.); (R.S.); (E.F.); (Y.K.)
| | - Eiko Fukutomi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan; (T.S.); (H.O.); (R.S.); (E.F.); (Y.K.)
| | - Koushi Hidaka
- Research Facility Center for Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;
| | - Yuichi Kawai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan; (T.S.); (H.O.); (R.S.); (E.F.); (Y.K.)
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63
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Waisner H, Lasnier S, Suma SM, Kalamvoki M. Effects on exocytosis by two HSV-1 mutants unable to block autophagy. J Virol 2023; 97:e0075723. [PMID: 37712703 PMCID: PMC10617559 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00757-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pathogens often hijack extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis pathways for assembly, egress, and cell-to-cell spread. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection stimulated EV biogenesis through a CD63 tetraspanin biogenesis pathway and these EVs activated antiviral responses in recipient cells restricting the infection. HSV-1 inhibits autophagy to evade the host, and increased CD63 exocytosis could be a coping mechanism, as CD63 is involved in both cargo delivery to lysosomes during autophagy and exocytosis. We analyzed exocytosis after infection with two HSV-1 mutants, a ΔICP34.5 and a ΔICP0, that could not inhibit autophagy. Unlike HSV-1(F), neither of these viruses stimulated increased EV biogenesis through the CD63 pathway. ΔICP34.5 stimulated production of microvesicles and apoptotic bodies that were CD63-negative, while ΔICP0 displayed an overall reduced production of EVs. These EVs activated innate immunity gene expression in recipient cells. Given the potential use of these mutants for therapeutic purposes, the immunomodulatory properties of EVs associated with them may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Waisner
- Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Sarah Lasnier
- Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Sreenath Muraleedharan Suma
- Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Maria Kalamvoki
- Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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64
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Rachubik P, Rogacka D, Audzeyenka I, Typiak M, Wysocka M, Szrejder M, Lesner A, Piwkowska A. Role of lysosomes in insulin signaling and glucose uptake in cultured rat podocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 679:145-159. [PMID: 37696068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Podocytes are sensitive to insulin, which governs the functional and structural integrity of podocytes that are essential for proper function of the glomerular filtration barrier. Lysosomes are acidic organelles that are implicated in regulation of the insulin signaling pathway. Cathepsin D (CTPD) and lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) are major lysosomal proteins that reflect the functional state of lysosomes. However, the effect of insulin on lysosome activity and role of lysosomes in the regulation of insulin-dependent glucose uptake in podocytes are unknown. Our studies showed that the short-term incubation of podocytes with insulin decreased LAMP1 and CTPD mRNA levels. Insulin and bafilomycin A1 reduced both the amounts of LAMP1 and CTPD proteins and activity of CTPD, which were associated with a decrease in the fluorescence intensity of lysosomes that were labeled with LysoTracker. Bafilomycin A1 inhibited insulin-dependent endocytosis of the insulin receptor and increased the amounts of the insulin receptor and glucose transporter 4 on the cell surface of podocytes. Bafilomycin A1 also inhibited insulin-dependent glucose uptake despite an increase in the amount of glucose transporter 4 in the plasma membrane of podocytes. These results suggest that lysosomes are signaling hubs that may be involved in the coupling of insulin signaling with the regulation of glucose uptake in podocytes. The dysregulation of this mechanism can lead to the dysfunction of podocytes and development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Rachubik
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza 63 St, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland.
| | - Dorota Rogacka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza 63 St, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63 St, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland.
| | - Irena Audzeyenka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza 63 St, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63 St, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland.
| | - Marlena Typiak
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59 St, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Wysocka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63 St, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland.
| | - Maria Szrejder
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza 63 St, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland.
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63 St, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Piwkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wita Stwosza 63 St, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63 St, Gdansk, 80-308, Poland.
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65
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Yu X, Xiao Z, Xie J, Xu H. Ferritin Is Secreted from Primary Cultured Astrocyte in Response to Iron Treatment via TRPML1-Mediated Exocytosis. Cells 2023; 12:2519. [PMID: 37947597 PMCID: PMC10650167 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired iron homeostasis has been proven to be one of the critical contributors to the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Ferritin is considered an intracellular protein responsible for storing cytosolic iron. Recent studies have found that ferritin can be secreted from cells independent of the classical endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi system. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the secretion of ferritin in the brain were not elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrated that the primary cultured astrocytes do have the ability to secrete ferritin, which is enhanced by iron treatment. Increased ferritin secretion was accompanied by increased protein expression of ferritin response to iron stimulation. Further study showed that iron-induced expression and secretion of ferritin could be inhibited by CQ or 3-MA pretreatment. In addition, the knockdown of transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) antagonized iron-induced ferritin secretion, accompanied by further increased intracellular protein levels of ferritin. Further study demonstrated that ferritin colocalized with LAMP1 in iron-treated astrocytes. On the contrary, ras-associated protein 27a (Rab27a) knockdown further enhanced iron-induced ferritin secretion and decreased intracellular protein levels of ferritin. Furthermore, we also showed that the secretory autophagy protein tripartite motif containing 16 (TRIM16) and sec22b decreased in iron-treated astrocytes. These results suggested that astrocytes might secrete ferritin via TRPML1-mediated exocytosis. This provides new evidence for the mechanisms underlying the secretion of ferritin in primary cultured astrocytes under a high iron environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhixin Xiao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Huamin Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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66
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Trifylli EM, Kriebardis AG, Koustas E, Papadopoulos N, Vasileiadi S, Fortis SP, Tzounakas VL, Anastasiadi AT, Sarantis P, Papageorgiou EG, Tsagarakis A, Aloizos G, Manolakopoulos S, Deutsch M. The Arising Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Cholangiocarcinoma: A Rundown of the Current Knowledge Regarding Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15563. [PMID: 37958547 PMCID: PMC10649642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) constitute a heterogeneous group of highly malignant epithelial tumors arising from the biliary tree. This cluster of malignant tumors includes three distinct entities, the intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal CCAs, which are characterized by different epidemiological and molecular backgrounds, as well as prognosis and therapeutic approaches. The higher incidence of CCA over the last decades, the late diagnostic time that contributes to a high mortality and poor prognosis, as well as its chemoresistance, intensified the efforts of the scientific community for the development of novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) comprise highly heterogenic, multi-sized, membrane-enclosed nanostructures that are secreted by a large variety of cells via different routes of biogenesis. Their role in intercellular communication via their cargo that potentially contributes to disease development and progression, as well as their prospect as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic tools, has become the focus of interest of several current studies for several diseases, including CCA. The aim of this review is to give a rundown of the current knowledge regarding the emerging role of EVs in cholangiocarcinogenesis and their future perspectives as diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni-Myrto Trifylli
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Medical Laboratories, School of Health & Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (E.-M.T.); (S.P.F.); (E.G.P.)
- First Department of Internal Medicine, 417 Army Share Fund Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece;
- 2nd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Vasilissis Sofias Avenue Str., 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.V.); (S.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Anastasios G. Kriebardis
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Medical Laboratories, School of Health & Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (E.-M.T.); (S.P.F.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Evangelos Koustas
- Oncology Department, General Hospital Evangelismos, 10676 Athens, Greece;
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, 401 General Military Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - Sofia Vasileiadi
- 2nd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Vasilissis Sofias Avenue Str., 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.V.); (S.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Sotirios P. Fortis
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Medical Laboratories, School of Health & Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (E.-M.T.); (S.P.F.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Vassilis L. Tzounakas
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (V.L.T.); (A.T.A.)
| | - Alkmini T. Anastasiadi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (V.L.T.); (A.T.A.)
| | - Panagiotis Sarantis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Effie G. Papageorgiou
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Medical Laboratories, School of Health & Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (E.-M.T.); (S.P.F.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Ariadne Tsagarakis
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Georgios Aloizos
- First Department of Internal Medicine, 417 Army Share Fund Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Spilios Manolakopoulos
- 2nd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Vasilissis Sofias Avenue Str., 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.V.); (S.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Melanie Deutsch
- 2nd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Vasilissis Sofias Avenue Str., 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.V.); (S.M.); (M.D.)
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Li J, Krause GJ, Gui Q, Kaushik S, Rona G, Zhang Q, Liang FX, Dhabaria A, Anerillas C, Martindale JL, Vasilyev N, Askenazi M, Ueberheide B, Nudler E, Gorospe M, Cuervo AM, Pagano M. A noncanonical function of SKP1 regulates the switch between autophagy and unconventional secretion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh1134. [PMID: 37831778 PMCID: PMC10575587 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular degradation of proteins and organelles by the autophagy-lysosome system is essential for cellular quality control and energy homeostasis. Besides degradation, endolysosomal organelles can fuse with the plasma membrane and contribute to unconventional secretion. Here, we identify a function for mammalian SKP1 in endolysosomes that is independent of its established role as an essential component of the family of SCF/CRL1 ubiquitin ligases. We found that, under nutrient-poor conditions, SKP1 is phosphorylated on Thr131, allowing its interaction with V1 subunits of the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase). This event, in turn, promotes V-ATPase assembly to acidify late endosomes and enhance endolysosomal degradation. Under nutrient-rich conditions, SUMOylation of phosphorylated SKP1 allows its binding to and dephosphorylation by the PPM1B phosphatase. Dephosphorylated SKP1 interacts with SEC22B to promote unconventional secretion of the content of less acidified hybrid endosomal/autophagic compartments. Collectively, our study implicates SKP1 phosphorylation as a switch between autophagy and unconventional secretion in a manner dependent on cellular nutrient status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gregory J. Krause
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Qi Gui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Susmita Kaushik
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gergely Rona
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Qingyue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- Microscopy Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Avantika Dhabaria
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Carlos Anerillas
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Martindale
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Nikita Vasilyev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Manor Askenazi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Biomedical Hosting LLC, 33 Lewis Avenue, Arlington, MA 02474, USA
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Evgeny Nudler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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68
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Wandrey M, Jablonska J, Stauber RH, Gül D. Exosomes in Cancer Progression and Therapy Resistance: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2033. [PMID: 37895415 PMCID: PMC10608050 DOI: 10.3390/life13102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of therapy resistance still represents a major hurdle in treating cancers, leading to impaired treatment success and increased patient morbidity. The establishment of minimally invasive liquid biopsies is a promising approach to improving the early diagnosis, as well as therapy monitoring, of solid tumors. Because of their manifold functions in the tumor microenvironment, tumor-associated small extracellular vesicles, referred to as exosomes, have become a subject of intense research. Besides their important roles in cancer progression, metastasis, and the immune response, it has been proposed that exosomes also contribute to the acquisition and transfer of therapy resistance, mainly by delivering functional proteins and RNAs, as well as facilitating the export of active drugs or functioning as extracellular decoys. Extensive research has focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence of resistance and translating these into strategies for early detection. With this review, we want to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the (patho-)biology of exosomes, as well as state-of-the-art methods of isolation and analysis. Furthermore, we highlight the role of exosomes in tumorigenesis and cancer treatment, where they can function as therapeutic agents, biomarkers, and/or targets. By focusing on their roles in therapy resistance, we will reveal new paths of exploiting exosomes for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madita Wandrey
- Nanobiomedicine/ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.W.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Jadwiga Jablonska
- Translational Oncology/ENT Department, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany;
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Düsseldorf/Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Roland H. Stauber
- Nanobiomedicine/ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.W.); (R.H.S.)
| | - Désirée Gül
- Nanobiomedicine/ENT Department, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.W.); (R.H.S.)
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Zhou Z, Zhang D, Wang Y, Liu C, Wang L, Yuan Y, Xu X, Jiang Y. Urinary exosomes: a promising biomarker of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1251839. [PMID: 37809338 PMCID: PMC10556478 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1251839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced nephrotoxicity (DIN) is a big concern for clinical medication, but the clinical use of certain nephrotoxic drugs is still inevitable. Current testing methods make it hard to detect early renal injury accurately. In addition to understanding the pathogenesis and risk factors of drug-induced nephrotoxicity, it is crucial to identify specific renal injury biomarkers for early detection of DIN. Urine is an ideal sample source for biomarkers related to kidney disease, and urinary exosomes have great potential as biomarkers for predicting DIN, which has attracted the attention of many scholars. In the present paper, we will first introduce the mechanism of DIN and the biogenesis of urinary exosomes. Finally, we will discuss the changes in urinary exosomes in DIN and compare them with other predictive indicators to enrich and boost the development of biomarkers of DIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunzhen Zhou
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dailiang Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongjing Wang
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chongzhi Liu
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Orthopedic Department, Dazhou Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital, Dazhou Second People’s Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Xu
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Clinical Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Ran Q, Tian H, Lin J, Wang H, Wang B, Chen Z, Song D, Gong C. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: A Novel Approach to Diabetes-Associated Cognitive Impairment. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4213-4228. [PMID: 37753267 PMCID: PMC10519429 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s429532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The progression of diabetes frequently results in a myriad of neurological disorders, including ischemic stroke, depression, blood-brain barrier impairment, and cognitive dysfunction. Notably, diabetes-associated cognitive impairment, a prevalent comorbidity during the course of diabetes, progressively affects patients' cognitive abilities and may reciprocally influence diabetes management, thereby severely impacting patients' quality of life. Extracellular vesicles, particularly nanoscale exosomes, have garnered considerable attention in recent years. These exosomes carry and transfer various functional molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and diverse non-coding RNAs, serving as novel regulators and communicators in intercellular interactions. Of particular interest, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) have been reported to traverse the blood-brain barrier and ameliorate intracerebral pathologies. This review elucidates the role of MSC-Exos in diabetes-related cognitive impairment, with a focus on their applications as biomarkers, modulation of neuronal regeneration and synaptic plasticity, anti-inflammatory properties, antioxidative effects, and their involvement in regulating the functionality of β-amyloid proteins during the course of cognitive impairment. The immense therapeutic potential of MSC-Exos in the treatment of diabetes-induced cognitive dysfunction is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsen Ran
- Department of Science and Education, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital (Shenzhen Pingshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangzhou Province, 518118, People’s Republic of China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Science and Education, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital (Shenzhen Pingshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangzhou Province, 518118, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Science and Education, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital (Shenzhen Pingshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangzhou Province, 518118, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Science and Education, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital (Shenzhen Pingshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangzhou Province, 518118, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- Department of Science and Education, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital (Shenzhen Pingshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangzhou Province, 518118, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da Song
- Department of Science and Education, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital (Shenzhen Pingshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangzhou Province, 518118, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunzhu Gong
- Department of Science and Education, Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital (Shenzhen Pingshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Shenzhen, Guangzhou Province, 518118, People’s Republic of China
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Li Y, Shi W, Zhang W. Vibrio splendidus AJ01 Promotes Pathogenicity via L-Glutamic Acid. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2333. [PMID: 37764177 PMCID: PMC10535082 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio splendidus is a pathogen that infects a wide range of hosts, especially the sea cucumber species Apostichopus japonicus. Previous studies showed that the level of L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) significantly increased under heat stress, and it was found to be one of the best carbon sources used by V. splendidus AJ01. In this study, the effects of exogenous L-Glu on the coelomocyte viability, tissue status, and individual mortality of sea cucumbers were analyzed. The results showed that 10 mM of L-Glu decreased coelomocyte viability and increased individual mortality, with tissue rupture and pyknosis, while 0.1 mM of L-Glu slightly affected the survival of sea cucumbers without obvious damage at the cellular and tissue levels. Transcriptomic analysis showed that exogenous L-Glu upregulated 343 and downregulated 206 genes. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in signaling and membrane formation, while a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in the upregulated endocytosis and downregulated lysosomal pathways. The coelomocyte viability further decreased by 20% in the simultaneous presence of exogenous L-Glu and V. splendidus AJ01 compared with that in the presence of V. splendidus AJ01 infection alone. Consequently, a higher sea cucumber mortality was also observed in the presence of exogenous L-Glu challenged by V. splendidus AJ01. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR showed that L-Glu specifically upregulated the expression of the fliC gene coding the subunit protein of the flagellar filament, promoting the swimming motility activity of V. splendidus. Our results indicate that L-Glu should be kept in a state of equilibrium, and excess L-Glu at the host-pathogen interface prompts the virulence of V. splendidus via the increase of bacterial motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Weibo Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315832, China
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72
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Wang SS, Zhai GQ, Huang ZG, Luo JY, He J, Huang JZ, Yang L, Xiao CN, Li SL, Chen KR, Chen YY, Ji HC, Ding JP, Li SH, Cheng JW, Chen G. Nitidine chloride regulates cell function of bladder cancer in vitro through downregulating Lymphocyte antigen 75. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:2071-2085. [PMID: 36914902 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitidine chloride (NC) is effective on cancer in many tumors, but its effect on bladder cancer (BC) is unknown. We conducted cell function experiments to verify the antineoplastic effect of NC on BC cell lines (5637, T24, and UM-UC-3) in vitro. Then, mRNAs of NC-treated and NC-untreated BC cells were extracted for mRNA sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), expression analysis, and drug molecular docking were conducted to discover the target gene of NC. Finally, functional enrichment was analyzed to explore the underlying mechanisms. NC dramatically inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion, and it induced apoptosis and arrested the S and G2/M phases of BC cell lines. Lymphocyte antigen 75 (LY75) appeared to be the target of NC. LY75 was highly expressed and had the ability to distinguish BC tissue from non-cancerous tissue. Then, drug molecular docking confirmed the targeting relationship between NC and LY75. Gene enrichment analysis showed that the downregulated genes, after being treated with NC, were mainly enriched in pathways relevant to cell pathophysiological processes. NC inhibits BC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, induces apoptosis, and arrests cell cycles by downregulating the expression of LY75. This study provides molecular and theoretical bases for NC treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Shuo Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Gao-Qiang Zhai
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Guang Huang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Yuan Luo
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan He
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Zhuang Huang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu-Nan Xiao
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Li Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Rong Chen
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yu Chen
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Chu Ji
- Department of Urology, Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Guigang City People's Hospital), Guigang, 537100, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ping Ding
- Department of Urology, Liuzhou Municipal Liutie Central Hospital, Liuzhou, 545007, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Hua Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Wen Cheng
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, 530021, People's Republic of China.
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Shukla S, Currim F, Singh J, Goyani S, Saranga MV, Shinde A, Mane M, Chandak N, Kishore S, Singh R. hsa-miR-320a mediated exosome release under PD stress conditions rescue mitochondrial ROS and cell death in the recipient neuronal and glial cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 162:106439. [PMID: 37429353 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2023.106439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neuronal cell death. Emerging evidence suggest exosomes as a crucial player in the progression and pathogenesis of PD via intercellular communication between different cell types in brain. Exosome release is enhanced from dysfunctional neurons/glia (source cells) under PD stress and mediates the transfer of biomolecules between different cell types (recipient) in brain leading to unique functional outcomes. Exosome release is modulated by alterations in the autophagy and lysosomal pathways; however, the molecular factors regulating these pathways remain elusive. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are class of non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by binding target mRNA and modulate its turnover and translation; however their role in modulating exosome release is not understood. Here, we analyzed the miRNAs-mRNAs network which target cellular processes regulating exosome release. hsa-miR-320a showed the maximum mRNA targets of autophagy, lysosome, mitochondria and exosome release pathways. hsa-miR-320a regulate ATG5 levels and modulate exosome release under PD stress conditions in neuronal SH-SY5Y and glial U-87 MG cells. hsa-miR-320a modulates autophagic flux, lysosomal functions, and mitochondrial ROS in neuronal SH-SY5Y and glial U-87 MG cells. Exosomes derived from hsa-miR-320a expressing source cells under PD stress conditions were actively internalized in the recipient cells and rescued cell death and mitochondrial ROS. These results suggest that hsa-miR-320a regulates autophagy and lysosomal pathways and modulates exosome release in the source cells and derived exosomes under PD stress conditions rescue cell death and mitochondrial ROS in the recipient neuronal and glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatakshi Shukla
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Fatema Currim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Shanikumar Goyani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - M V Saranga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Anjali Shinde
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Minal Mane
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Nisha Chandak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Shyam Kishore
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi UP 221005, India
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi UP 221005, India.
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Riitano G, Recalchi S, Capozzi A, Manganelli V, Misasi R, Garofalo T, Sorice M, Longo A. The Role of Autophagy as a Trigger of Post-Translational Modifications of Proteins and Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12764. [PMID: 37628944 PMCID: PMC10454292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease, characterized by persistent joint inflammation, leading to cartilage and bone destruction. Autoantibody production is directed to post-translational modified (PTM) proteins, i.e., citrullinated or carbamylated. Autophagy may be the common feature in several types of stress (smoking, joint injury, and infections) and may be involved in post-translational modifications (PTMs) in proteins and the generation of citrullinated and carbamylated peptides recognized by the immune system in RA patients, with a consequent breakage of tolerance. Interestingly, autophagy actively provides information to neighboring cells via a process called secretory autophagy. Secretory autophagy combines the autophagy machinery with the secretion of cellular content via extracellular vesicles (EVs). A role for exosomes in RA pathogenesis has been recently demonstrated. Exosomes are involved in intercellular communications, and upregulated proteins and RNAs may contribute to the development of inflammatory arthritis and the progression of RA. In RA, most of the exosomes are produced by leukocytes and synoviocytes, which are loaded with PTM proteins, mainly citrullinated proteins, inflammatory molecules, and enzymes that are implicated in RA pathogenesis. Microvesicles derived from cell plasma membrane may also be loaded with PTM proteins, playing a role in the immunopathogenesis of RA. An analysis of changes in EV profiles, including PTM proteins, could be a useful tool for the prevention of inflammation in RA patients and help in the discovery of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (S.R.); (A.C.); (V.M.); (R.M.); (T.G.); (A.L.)
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Skotland T, Llorente A, Sandvig K. Lipids in Extracellular Vesicles: What Can Be Learned about Membrane Structure and Function? Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041415. [PMID: 37277192 PMCID: PMC10411865 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, can be used as interesting models to study the structure and function of biological membranes as these vesicles contain only one membrane (i.e., one lipid bilayer). In addition to lipids, they contain proteins, nucleic acids, and various other molecules. The lipid composition of exosomes is here compared to HIV particles and detergent-resistant membranes, which also have a high content of sphingolipids, cholesterol, and phosphatidylserine (PS). We discuss interactions between the lipids in the two bilayers, and especially those between PS 18:0/18:1 in the inner leaflet and the very-long-chain sphingolipids in the outer leaflet, and the importance of cholesterol for these interactions. We also briefly discuss the involvement of ether-linked phospholipids (PLs) in such lipid raft-like structures, and the possible involvement of these and other lipid classes in the formation of exosomes. The urgent need to improve the quality of quantitative lipidomic studies is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Skotland
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Abokyi S, Ghartey-Kwansah G, Tse DYY. TFEB is a central regulator of the aging process and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 89:101985. [PMID: 37321382 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Old age is associated with a greater burden of disease, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, as well as other chronic diseases. Coincidentally, popular lifestyle interventions, such as caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, and regular exercise, in addition to pharmacological interventions intended to protect against age-related diseases, induce transcription factor EB (TFEB) and autophagy. In this review, we summarize emerging discoveries that point to TFEB activity affecting the hallmarks of aging, including inhibiting DNA damage and epigenetic modifications, inducing autophagy and cell clearance to promote proteostasis, regulating mitochondrial quality control, linking nutrient-sensing to energy metabolism, regulating pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways, inhibiting senescence and promoting cell regenerative capacity. Furthermore, the therapeutic impact of TFEB activation on normal aging and tissue-specific disease development is assessed in the contexts of neurodegeneration and neuroplasticity, stem cell differentiation, immune responses, muscle energy adaptation, adipose tissue browning, hepatic functions, bone remodeling, and cancer. Safe and effective strategies of activating TFEB hold promise as a therapeutic strategy for multiple age-associated diseases and for extending lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Abokyi
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR of China; Research Centre for SHARP Vision, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR of China.
| | - George Ghartey-Kwansah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Dennis Yan-Yin Tse
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR of China; Research Centre for SHARP Vision, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR of China; Centre for Eye and Vision Research, 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR of China.
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77
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Yabata H, Riku Y, Miyahara H, Akagi A, Sone J, Urushitani M, Yoshida M, Iwasaki Y. Nuclear Expression of TDP-43 Is Linked with Morphology and Ubiquitylation of Cytoplasmic Aggregates in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12176. [PMID: 37569549 PMCID: PMC10418808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) is a pathological protein of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). TDP-43 pathology is characterized by a combination of the cytoplasmic aggregation and nuclear clearance of this protein. However, the mechanisms underlying TDP-43 pathology have not been fully clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between the expression level of nuclear TDP-43 and the pathological properties of cytoplasmic aggregates in autopsied ALS cases. We included 22 consecutively autopsied cases with sporadic TDP-43-related ALS. The motor neuron systems were neuropathologically assessed. We identified 790 neurons with cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions from the lower motor neuron system of included cases. Nuclear TDP-43 disappeared in 84% (n = 660) and expressed in 16% (n = 130) of neurons with cytoplasmic inclusions; the former was defined as TDP-43 cytoplasmic immunoreactivity (c-ir), and the latter was defined as nuclear and cytoplasmic immunoreactivity (n/c-ir). Morphologically, diffuse cytoplasmic inclusions were significantly more prevalent in TDP-43 n/c-ir neurons than in c-ir neurons, while skein-like and round inclusions were less prevalent in n/c-ir neurons. The cytoplasmic inclusions of TDP-43 n/c-ir neurons were phosphorylated but poorly ubiquitylated when compared with those of c-ir neurons. TDP-43 n/c-ir neurons became less dominant than the c-ir neurons among cases with a prolonged disease duration. The expression level of nuclear TDP-43 was significantly lower in n/c-ir neurons than in normal neurons without cytoplasmic inclusions. Our results indicate that the maturation of cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions correlates with the depletion of nuclear TDP-43 in each affected neuron. This finding supports the view that an imbalance between nuclear and cytoplasmic TDP-43 may be an essential pathway to TDP-43 pathology.
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Grants
- JP20K16586, JP22K07359, JP23K06935 JSPS KAKENHI
- JP20ek0109392, JP20ek0109391 AMED
- (30-8) Intramural Research Grant for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders of NCNP
- not applicable Grants-in-Aid from the Research Committee of CNS Degenerative Diseases, Research on Policy Planning and Evaluation for Rare and Intractable Diseases, Health, Labour, and Welfare Sciences Research Grants, the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yabata
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan; (H.Y.); (H.M.); (A.A.); (J.S.); (M.Y.); (Y.I.)
- Department of Neurology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Shiga, Japan;
| | - Yuichi Riku
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan; (H.Y.); (H.M.); (A.A.); (J.S.); (M.Y.); (Y.I.)
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyahara
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan; (H.Y.); (H.M.); (A.A.); (J.S.); (M.Y.); (Y.I.)
| | - Akio Akagi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan; (H.Y.); (H.M.); (A.A.); (J.S.); (M.Y.); (Y.I.)
| | - Jun Sone
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan; (H.Y.); (H.M.); (A.A.); (J.S.); (M.Y.); (Y.I.)
| | - Makoto Urushitani
- Department of Neurology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu 520-2192, Shiga, Japan;
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan; (H.Y.); (H.M.); (A.A.); (J.S.); (M.Y.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan; (H.Y.); (H.M.); (A.A.); (J.S.); (M.Y.); (Y.I.)
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Palanisamy CP, Pei J, Alugoju P, Anthikapalli NVA, Jayaraman S, Veeraraghavan VP, Gopathy S, Roy JR, Janaki CS, Thalamati D, Mironescu M, Luo Q, Miao Y, Chai Y, Long Q. New strategies of neurodegenerative disease treatment with extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Theranostics 2023; 13:4138-4165. [PMID: 37554286 PMCID: PMC10405853 DOI: 10.7150/thno.83066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive loss of neurons and intricate interactions between different cell types within the affected regions. Reliable biomarkers that can accurately reflect disease activity, diagnose, and monitor the progression of neurodegenerative diseases are crucial for the development of effective therapies. However, identifying suitable biomarkers has been challenging due to the heterogeneous nature of these diseases, affecting specific subsets of neurons in different brain regions. One promising approach for promoting brain regeneration and recovery involves the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs have demonstrated the ability to modulate the immune system, promote neurite outgrowth, stimulate angiogenesis, and repair damaged tissues, partially through the release of their extracellular vesicles (EVs). MSC-derived EVs retain some of the therapeutic characteristics of their parent MSCs, including their ability to regulate neurite outgrowth, promote angiogenesis, and facilitate tissue repair. This review aims to explore the potential of MSC-derived EVs as an emerging therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting their role in modulating disease progression and promoting neuronal recovery. By elucidating the mechanisms by which MSC-derived EVs exert their therapeutic effects, we can advance our understanding and leverage their potential for the development of novel treatment approaches in the field of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chella Perumal Palanisamy
- Mini-invasive Neurosurgery and Translational Medical Center, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 161, West 5th Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710003, PR China
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - JinJin Pei
- Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment, 2011 QinLing-Bashan Mountains Bioresources Comprehensive Development C. I. C, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Phaniendra Alugoju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Sridevi Gopathy
- Department of Physiology, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600089, India
| | - Jeane Rebecca Roy
- Department of Anatomy, Bhaarath Medical College and hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600073, India
| | - Coimbatore Sadagopan Janaki
- Department of Anatomy, Bhaarath Medical College and hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600073, India
| | | | - Monica Mironescu
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Food Industry and Environmental Protection, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Bv. Victoriei 10, 550024 Sibiu, Romania
| | - Qiang Luo
- Mini-invasive Neurosurgery and Translational Medical Center, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 161, West 5th Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710003, PR China
| | - Yu Miao
- Mini-invasive Neurosurgery and Translational Medical Center, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 161, West 5th Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710003, PR China
| | - Yuan Chai
- Mini-invasive Neurosurgery and Translational Medical Center, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 161, West 5th Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710003, PR China
| | - Qianfa Long
- Mini-invasive Neurosurgery and Translational Medical Center, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 161, West 5th Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710003, PR China
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Luo X, Feng W, Huang S, Miao S, Jiang T, Lei Q, Yin J, Zhang S, Bai X, Hao C, Li W, Ma D. Odontoblasts release exosomes to regulate the odontoblastic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:176. [PMID: 37422687 PMCID: PMC10329399 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) play a crucial role in dentin-pulp complex regeneration. Further understanding of the mechanism by which DPSCs remain in a quiescent state could contribute to improvements in the dentin-pulp complex and dentinogenesis. METHODS TSC1 conditional knockout (DMP1-Cre+; TSC1f/f, hereafter CKO) mice were generated to increase the activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). H&E staining, immunofluorescence and micro-CT analysis were performed with these CKO mice and littermate controls. In vitro, exosomes were collected from the supernatants of MDPC23 cells with different levels of mTORC1 activity and then characterized by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. DPSCs were cocultured with MDPC23 cells and MDPC23 cell-derived exosomes. Alizarin Red S staining, ALP staining, qRT‒PCR, western blotting analysis and micro-RNA sequencing were performed. RESULTS Our study showed that mTORC1 activation in odontoblasts resulted in thicker dentin and higher dentin volume/tooth volume of molars, and it increased the expression levels of the exosome markers CD63 and Alix. In vitro, when DPSCs were cocultured with MDPC23 cells, odontoblastic differentiation was inhibited. However, the inhibition of odontoblastic differentiation was reversed when DPSCs were cocultured with MDPC23 cells with mTORC1 overactivation. To further study the effects of mTORC1 on exosome release from odontoblasts, MDPC23 cells were treated with rapamycin or shRNA-TSC1 to inactivate or activate mTORC1, respectively. The results revealed that exosome release from odontoblasts was negatively correlated with mTORC1 activity. Moreover, exosomes derived from MDPC23 cells with active or inactive mTORC1 inhibited the odontoblastic differentiation of DPSCs at the same concentration. miRNA sequencing analysis of exosomes that were derived from shTSC1-transfected MDPC23 cells, rapamycin-treated MDPC23 cells or nontreated MDPC23 cells revealed that the majority of the miRNAs were similar among these groups. In addition, exosomes derived from odontoblasts inhibited the odontoblastic differentiation of DPSCs, and the inhibitory effect was positively correlated with exosome concentration. CONCLUSION mTORC1 regulates exosome release from odontoblasts to inhibit the odontoblastic differentiation of DPSCs, but it does not alter exosomal contents. These findings might provide a new understanding of dental pulp complex regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghong Luo
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiqing Feng
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijiang Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenghong Miao
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Lei
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingyao Yin
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunbo Hao
- Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Weizhong Li
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No.1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dandan Ma
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China.
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Pérez CN, Falcón CR, Mons JD, Orlandi FC, Sangiacomo M, Fernandez-Muñoz JM, Guerrero M, Benito PG, Colombo MI, Zoppino FCM, Alvarez SE. Melanoma cells with acquired resistance to vemurafenib have decreased autophagic flux and display enhanced ability to transfer resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023:166801. [PMID: 37419396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, the incidence of melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, has risen significantly. Nearly half of the melanoma patients exhibit the BRAFV600E mutation. Although the use of BRAF and MEK inhibitors (BRAFi and MEKi) showed an impressive success rate in melanoma patients, durability of response remains an issue because tumor quickly becomes resistant. Here, we generated and characterized Lu1205 and A375 melanoma cells resistant to vemurafenib (BRAFi). Resistant cells (Lu1205R and A375R) exhibit higher IC50 (5-6 fold increase) and phospho-ERK levels and 2-3 times reduced apoptosis than their sensitive parents (Lu1205S and A375S). Moreover, resistant cells are 2-3 times bigger, display a more elongated morphology and have a modulation the migration capacity. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition of sphingosine kinases, that prevents sphingosine-1-phosphate production, reduces migration of Lu1205R cells by 50 %. In addition, although Lu1205R cells showed increased basal levels of the autophagy markers LC3II and p62, they have decreased autophagosome degradation and autophagy flux. Remarkably, expression of Rab27A and Rab27B, which are involved in the release of extracellular vesicles are dramatically augmented in resistant cells (i.e. 5-7 fold increase). Indeed, conditioned media obtained from Lu1205R cells increased the resistance to vemurafenib of sensitive cells. Hence, these results support that resistance to vemurafenib modulates migration and the autophagic flux and may be transferred to nearby sensitive melanoma cells by factors that are released to the extracellular milieu by resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia N Pérez
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Ejército de los Andes 950, 5700 San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL), CONICET, Argentina
| | - Cristian R Falcón
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Ejército de los Andes 950, 5700 San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL), CONICET, Argentina
| | - Johinna Delgado Mons
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Ejército de los Andes 950, 5700 San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL), CONICET, Argentina
| | - Federico Cuello Orlandi
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Ejército de los Andes 950, 5700 San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL), CONICET, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Sangiacomo
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Ejército de los Andes 950, 5700 San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL), CONICET, Argentina
| | | | - Martín Guerrero
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, Argentina
| | - Paula G Benito
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-CONICET, Argentina
| | - María I Colombo
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Felipe C M Zoppino
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, Argentina
| | - Sergio E Alvarez
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), Ejército de los Andes 950, 5700 San Luis, Argentina; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL), CONICET, Argentina.
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81
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Osna NA, Poluektova LY. Elucidating the role of extracellular vesicles in liver injury induced by HIV. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:701-708. [PMID: 37378531 PMCID: PMC10528210 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2230867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver disease is known as one of the leading co-morbidities in HIV infection, with 18% of non-AIDS-related mortality. There is constant crosstalk between liver parenchymal (hepatocytes) and non-parenchymal cells (macrophages, hepatic stellate cells, endothelial cells), and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are one of the most important ways of cell-to-cell communication. AREAS COVERED We briefly cover the role of EVs in liver disease as well as what is known about the role of small EVs, exosomes, in HIV-induced liver disease potentiated by alcohol as one of the second hits. We also touch large EVs, apoptotic bodies (ABs), in HIV-induced liver injury, the mechanisms of their formation and potentiation by second hits, and their role in the progression of liver disease. EXPERT OPINION/COMMENTARY Liver cells are an important source of EVs, which may provide the connection between different organs via secretion into the circulating blood (exosomes) or serve for the communication between the cells within the organ (ABs). Understanding the role of liver EVs in HIV infection and the involvement of second hits in EV generation would provide a new angle for the analysis of HIV-related liver disease pathogenesis and progression to end-stage liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Larisa Y. Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
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Surappa S, Multani P, Parlatan U, Sinawang PD, Kaifi J, Akin D, Demirci U. Integrated "lab-on-a-chip" microfluidic systems for isolation, enrichment, and analysis of cancer biomarkers. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2942-2958. [PMID: 37314731 PMCID: PMC10834032 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01076c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The liquid biopsy has garnered considerable attention as a complementary clinical tool for the early detection, molecular characterization and monitoring of cancer over the past decade. In contrast to traditional solid biopsy techniques, liquid biopsy offers a less invasive and safer alternative for routine cancer screening. Recent advances in microfluidic technologies have enabled handling of liquid biopsy-derived biomarkers with high sensitivity, throughput, and convenience. The integration of these multi-functional microfluidic technologies into a 'lab-on-a-chip' offers a powerful solution for processing and analyzing samples on a single platform, thereby reducing the complexity, bio-analyte loss and cross-contamination associated with multiple handling and transfer steps in more conventional benchtop workflows. This review critically addresses recent developments in integrated microfluidic technologies for cancer detection, highlighting isolation, enrichment, and analysis strategies for three important sub-types of cancer biomarkers: circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA and exosomes. We first discuss the unique characteristics and advantages of the various lab-on-a-chip technologies developed to operate on each biomarker subtype. This is then followed by a discussion on the challenges and opportunities in the field of integrated systems for cancer detection. Ultimately, integrated microfluidic platforms form the core of a new class of point-of-care diagnostic tools by virtue of their ease-of-operation, portability and high sensitivity. Widespread availability of such tools could potentially result in more frequent and convenient screening for early signs of cancer at clinical labs or primary care offices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta Surappa
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Priyanka Multani
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Ugur Parlatan
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Prima Dewi Sinawang
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jussuf Kaifi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Demir Akin
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
- Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence for Translational Diagnostics (CCNE-TD), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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83
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Isidoro C. Pathophysiology of Lysosomes in a Nutshell. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10688. [PMID: 37445864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic organelles present in all nucleated mammalian cells [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and NanoBioImaging, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
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84
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Crewe C. Energetic Stress-Induced Metabolic Regulation by Extracellular Vesicles. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:5051-5068. [PMID: 37358503 PMCID: PMC10414774 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c230001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve powerful and complex functions in metabolic regulation and metabolic-associated disease, although this field of research is still in its infancy. EVs are released into the extracellular space from all cells and carry a wide range of cargo including miRNAs, mRNA, DNA, proteins, and metabolites that have robust signaling effects in receiving cells. EV production is stimulated by all major stress pathways and, as such, has a role in both restoring homeostasis during stress and perpetuating disease. In metabolic regulation, the dominant stress signal is a lack of energy due to either nutrient deficits or damaged mitochondria from nutrient excess. This stress signal is termed "energetic stress," which triggers a robust and evolutionarily conserved response that engages major cellular stress pathways, the ER unfolded protein response, the hypoxia response, the antioxidant response, and autophagy. This article proposes the model that energetic stress is the dominant stimulator of EV release with a focus on metabolically important cells such as hepatocytes, adipocytes, myocytes, and pancreatic β-cells. Furthermore, this article will discuss how the cargo in stress-stimulated EVs regulates metabolism in receiving cells in both beneficial and detrimental ways. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:5051-5068, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair Crewe
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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85
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Li J, Wu Y, Dong S, Yu Y, Wu Y, Xiang B, Li Q. Research Progress on Neuroprotective Effects of Isoquinoline Alkaloids. Molecules 2023; 28:4797. [PMID: 37375352 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal injury and apoptosis are important causes of the occurrence and development of many neurodegenerative diseases, such as cerebral ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Although the detailed mechanism of some diseases is unknown, the loss of neurons in the brain is still the main pathological feature. By exerting the neuroprotective effects of drugs, it is of great significance to alleviate the symptoms and improve the prognosis of these diseases. Isoquinoline alkaloids are important active ingredients in many traditional Chinese medicines. These substances have a wide range of pharmacological effects and significant activity. Although some studies have suggested that isoquinoline alkaloids may have pharmacological activities for treating neurodegenerative diseases, there is currently a lack of a comprehensive summary regarding their mechanisms and characteristics in neuroprotection. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the active components found in isoquinoline alkaloids that have neuroprotective effects. It thoroughly explains the various mechanisms behind the neuroprotective effects of isoquinoline alkaloids and summarizes their common characteristics. This information can serve as a reference for further research on the neuroprotective effects of isoquinoline alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Yarong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Shuze Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Ye Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Yuhao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Benhan Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Qin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310013, China
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Kim E, Ra K, Lee MS, Kim GA. Porcine Follicular Fluid-Derived Exosome: The Pivotal Material for Porcine Oocyte Maturation in Lipid Antioxidant Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9807. [PMID: 37372955 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have examined exosomes derived from porcine follicular fluid (FF), but few have reported their application in controlled experiments. The main concern in the field of embryology may be that controlled conditions, such as using a defined medium intermittently, cause poor results in mammalian oocyte maturation and embryo development. The first reason is the absence of the FF, which copes with the majority of the processes emerging in oocytes and embryos. Therefore, we added exosomes derived from porcine FF to the maturation medium of porcine oocytes. For morphological assessment, cumulus cell expansion and subsequent embryonic development were evaluated. Moreover, several stainings, such as glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), fatty acid, ATP, and mitochondrial activity, as well as evaluations of gene expression and protein analysis, were used for the functional verification of exosomes. When the oocytes were treated with exosomes, the lipid metabolism and cell survival of the oocytes were fully recovered, as well as morphological evaluations compared to the porcine FF-excluded defined medium. Therefore, controlled experiments may produce reliable data if the exosomes are treated with the desired amounts, and we suggest applying FF-derived exosomes to promote experimental data when performing controlled experiments in embryology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euihyun Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihae Ra
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 35233, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon A Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, School of Healthcare Science, Eulji University, Uijeongbu 34824, Republic of Korea
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Ralhan I, Chang J, Moulton MJ, Goodman LD, Lee NY, Plummer G, Pasolli HA, Matthies D, Bellen HJ, Ioannou MS. Autolysosomal exocytosis of lipids protect neurons from ferroptosis. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202207130. [PMID: 37036445 PMCID: PMC10098143 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202207130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During oxidative stress neurons release lipids that are internalized by glia. Defects in this coordinated process play an important role in several neurodegenerative diseases. Yet, the mechanisms of lipid release and its consequences on neuronal health are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that lipid-protein particle release by autolysosome exocytosis protects neurons from ferroptosis, a form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation. We show that during oxidative stress, peroxidated lipids and iron are released from neurons by autolysosomal exocytosis which requires the exocytic machinery VAMP7 and syntaxin 4. We observe membrane-bound lipid-protein particles by TEM and demonstrate that these particles are released from neurons using cryoEM. Failure to release these lipid-protein particles causes lipid hydroperoxide and iron accumulation and sensitizes neurons to ferroptosis. Our results reveal how neurons protect themselves from peroxidated lipids. Given the number of brain pathologies that involve ferroptosis, defects in this pathway likely play a key role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Ralhan
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jinlan Chang
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Moulton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lindsey D. Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathanael Y.J. Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Greg Plummer
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry Cell Imaging Core, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - H. Amalia Pasolli
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Doreen Matthies
- Unit on Structural Biology, Division of Basic and Translational Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria S. Ioannou
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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88
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Benicky J, Sanda M, Panigrahi A, Liu J, Wang Z, Pagadala V, Su G, Goldman R. A 6-O-endosulfatase activity assay based on synthetic heparan sulfate oligomers. Glycobiology 2023; 33:384-395. [PMID: 37052463 PMCID: PMC10243761 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulf-2 is an extracellular heparan 6-O-endosulfatase involved in the postsynthetic editing of heparan sulfate (HS), which regulates many important biological processes. The activity of the Sulf-2 and its substrate specificity remain insufficiently characterized in spite of more than two decades of studies of this enzyme. This is due, in part, to the difficulties in the production and isolation of this highly modified protein and due to the lack of well-characterized synthetic substrates for the probing of its catalytic activity. We introduce synthetic HS oligosaccharides to fill this gap, and we use our recombinant Sulf-2 protein to show that a paranitrophenol (pNP)-labeled synthetic oligosaccharide allows a reliable quantification of its enzymatic activity. The substrate and products of the desulfation reaction are separated by ion exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography and quantified by UV absorbance. This simple assay allows the detection of the Sulf-2 activity at high sensitivity (nanograms of the enzyme) and specificity. The method also allowed us to measure the heparan 6-O-endosulfatase activity in biological samples as complex as the secretome of cancer cell lines. Our in vitro measurements show that the N-glycosylation of the Sulf-2 enzyme affects the activity of the enzyme and that phosphate ions substantially decrease the Sulf-2 enzymatic activity. This assay offers an efficient, sensitive, and specific measurement of the heparan 6-O-endosulfatase activity that could open avenues to in vivo activity measurements and improve our understanding of the enzymatic editing of the sulfation of heparan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Benicky
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Miloslav Sanda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Max-Planck-Institut fuer Herz- und Lungenforschung, Ludwigstrasse 43, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Aswini Panigrahi
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | | | - Guowei Su
- Glycan Therapeutics, LLC, 617 Hutton Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, United States
| | - Radoslav Goldman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Clinical and Translational Glycoscience Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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89
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Srivastava V, Singh V, Kumar Khatri D, Kumar Mehra N. Recent trends and updates on ultradeformable and elastic vesicles in ocular drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2023:103647. [PMID: 37263389 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ocular drug delivery is enigmatic on account of various physiological precorneal barriers that ultimately hinder efficient drug penetration and corneal absorption. Ultradeformable vesicles embody non-ionic surfactants, edge activators and vesicular builders that provide enormous elasticity and deformability. The elastic vesicles can cross the ocular barriers owing to their peculiar squeezability and distorting ability and, thus, establish an infallible shot for ocular delivery. This review provides an overview of the recent advancements and updates of elastic vesicles as effective ocular drug delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhavi Srivastava
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Vivek Singh
- LV Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hill, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Neelesh Kumar Mehra
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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90
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Salimi L, Seyedaghamiri F, Karimipour M, Mobarak H, Mardi N, Taghavi M, Rahbarghazi R. Physiological and pathological consequences of exosomes at the blood-brain-barrier interface. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:118. [PMID: 37208741 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) interface with multicellular structure controls strictly the entry of varied circulating macromolecules from the blood-facing surface into the brain parenchyma. Under several pathological conditions within the central nervous system, the integrity of the BBB interface is disrupted due to the abnormal crosstalk between the cellular constituents and the recruitment of inflammatory cells. Exosomes (Exos) are nano-sized extracellular vesicles with diverse therapeutic outcomes. These particles transfer a plethora of signaling molecules with the potential to modulate target cell behavior in a paracrine manner. Here, in the current review article, the therapeutic properties of Exos and their potential in the alleviation of compromised BBB structure were discussed. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Salimi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemehsadat Seyedaghamiri
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Halimeh Mobarak
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Mardi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Taghavi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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91
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Hentschel A, Meyer N, Kohlschmidt N, Groß C, Sickmann A, Schara-Schmidt U, Förster F, Töpf A, Christiansen J, Horvath R, Vorgerd M, Thompson R, Polavarapu K, Lochmüller H, Preusse C, Hannappel L, Schänzer A, Grüneboom A, Gangfuß A, Roos A. A Homozygous PPP1R21 Splice Variant Associated with Severe Developmental Delay, Absence of Speech, and Muscle Weakness Leads to Activated Proteasome Function. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2602-2618. [PMID: 36692708 PMCID: PMC10039818 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PPP1R21 acts as a co-factor for protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), an important serine/threonine phosphatase known to be essential for cell division, control of glycogen metabolism, protein synthesis, and muscle contractility. Bi-allelic pathogenic variants in PPP1R21 were linked to a neurodevelopmental disorder with hypotonia, facial dysmorphism, and brain abnormalities (NEDHFBA) with pediatric onset. Functional studies unraveled impaired vesicular transport as being part of PPP1R21-related pathomechanism. To decipher further the pathophysiological processes leading to the clinical manifestation of NEDHFBA, we investigated the proteomic signature of fibroblasts derived from the first NEDHFBA patient harboring a splice-site mutation in PPP1R21 and presenting with a milder phenotype. Proteomic findings and further functional studies demonstrate a profound activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system with presence of protein aggregates and impact on cellular fitness and moreover suggest a cross-link between activation of the proteolytic system and cytoskeletal architecture (including filopodia) as exemplified on paradigmatic proteins including actin, thus extending the pathophysiological spectrum of the disease. In addition, the proteomic signature of PPP1R21-mutant fibroblasts displayed a dysregulation of a variety of proteins of neurological relevance. This includes increase proteins which might act toward antagonization of cellular stress burden in terms of pro-survival, a molecular finding which might accord with the presentation of a milder phenotype of our NEDHFBA patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hentschel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nancy Meyer
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Groß
- Institute of Clinical Genetics and Tumor Genetics, Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schara-Schmidt
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Fabian Förster
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ana Töpf
- The John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jon Christiansen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthias Vorgerd
- Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rachel Thompson
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital; and Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kiran Polavarapu
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital; and Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital; and Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Corinna Preusse
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis Hannappel
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anne Schänzer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Anika Grüneboom
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Gangfuß
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Roos
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders, Centre for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital; and Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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92
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Verma R, Aggarwal P, Bischoff ME, Reigle J, Secic D, Wetzel C, VandenHeuvel K, Biesiada J, Ehmer B, Landero Figueroa JA, Plas DR, Medvedovic M, Meller J, Czyzyk-Krzeska MF. Microtubule-associated protein MAP1LC3C regulates lysosomal exocytosis and induces zinc reprogramming in renal cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104663. [PMID: 37003503 PMCID: PMC10173779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 gamma (MAP1LC3C or LC3C) is a member of the microtubule-associated family of proteins that are essential in the formation of autophagosomes and lysosomal degradation of cargo. LC3C has tumor-suppressing activity, and its expression is dependent on kidney cancer tumor suppressors, such as von Hippel-Lindau protein and folliculin. Recently, we demonstrated that LC3C autophagy is regulated by noncanonical upstream regulatory complexes and targets for degradation postdivision midbody rings associated with cancer cell stemness. Here, we show that loss of LC3C leads to peripheral positioning of the lysosomes and lysosomal exocytosis (LE). This process is independent of the autophagic activity of LC3C. Analysis of isogenic cells with low and high LE shows substantial transcriptomic reprogramming with altered expression of zinc (Zn)-related genes and activity of polycomb repressor complex 2, accompanied by a robust decrease in intracellular Zn. In addition, metabolomic analysis revealed alterations in amino acid steady-state levels. Cells with augmented LE show increased tumor initiation properties and form aggressive tumors in xenograft models. Immunocytochemistry identified high levels of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 on the plasma membrane of cancer cells in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma and reduced levels of Zn, suggesting that LE occurs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, potentially contributing to the loss of Zn. These data indicate that the reprogramming of lysosomal localization and Zn metabolism with implication for epigenetic remodeling in a subpopulation of tumor-propagating cancer cells is an important aspect of tumor-suppressing activity of LC3C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Verma
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Parul Aggarwal
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Megan E Bischoff
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - James Reigle
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Dina Secic
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Collin Wetzel
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Katherine VandenHeuvel
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jacek Biesiada
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Birgit Ehmer
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Julio A Landero Figueroa
- Department of Chemistry, Agilent Metallomics Center of the Americas, University of Cincinnati College of Arts and Science, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Department of Pharmacology and System Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - David R Plas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jarek Meller
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Department of Pharmacology and System Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Maria F Czyzyk-Krzeska
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Department of Pharmacology and System Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Department of Veterans Affairss, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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93
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Qiu Y, Wang X, Sun Y, Du YE, Yin G, Luo H, Wen S, Lang L, Liu M, Tang X. TCF12 regulates exosome release from epirubicin-treated CAFs to promote ER+ breast cancer cell chemoresistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166727. [PMID: 37137433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the predominant stromal cells in the microenvironment and play important roles in tumor progression, including chemoresistance. However, the response of CAFs to chemotherapeutics and their effects on chemotherapeutic outcomes are largely unknown. In this study, we showed that epirubicin (EPI) treatment triggered ROS which initiated autophagy in CAFs, TCF12 inhibited autophagy flux and further promoted exosome secretion. Inhibition of EPI-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or suppression of autophagic initiation with short interfering RNA (siRNA) against ATG5 blunted exosome release from CAFs. Furthermore, exosome secreted from EPI-treated CAFs not only prevented ROS accumulation in CAFs but also upregulated the CXCR4 and c-Myc protein levels in recipient ER+ breast cancer cells, thus promoting EPI resistance of tumor cells. Together, the current study provides novel insights into the role of stressed CAFs in promoting tumor chemoresistance and reveal a new function of TCF12 in regulating autophagy impairment and exosome release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Genetics, Basic Medical School, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yan-E Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Guobing Yin
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haojun Luo
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Siyang Wen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Lei Lang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Manran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xi Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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94
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Tena Pérez V, Apaza Ticona L, H Cabanillas A, Maderuelo Corral S, Rosero Valencia DF, Martel Quintana A, Ortega Domenech M, Rumbero Sánchez Á. Isolation of Nocuolin A and Synthesis of New Oxadiazine Derivatives. Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking, Apoptotic Evaluation, and Cathepsin B Inhibition. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21050284. [PMID: 37233478 DOI: 10.3390/md21050284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nocuolin A (1), an oxadiazine, was isolated from the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. Its chemical structure was elucidated using NMR and mass spectroscopic data. From this compound, two new oxadiazines, 3-[(6R)-5,6-dihydro-4,6-dipentyl-2H-1,2,3-oxadiazin-2-yl]-3-oxopropyl acetate (2) and 4-{3-[(6R)-5,6-dihydro-4,6-dipentyl-2H-1,2,3-oxadiazin-2-yl]-3-oxopropoxy}-4-oxobutanoic acid (3), were synthesised. The chemical structures of these two compounds were elucidated by a combination of NMR and MS analysis. Compound 3 showed cytotoxicity against the ACHN (0.73 ± 0.10 μM) and Hepa-1c1c7 (0.91 ± 0.08 μM) tumour cell lines. Similarly, compound 3 significantly decreased cathepsin B activity in ACHN and Hepa-1c1c7 tumour cell lines at concentrations of 1.52 ± 0.13 nM and 1.76 ± 0.24 nM, respectively. In addition, compound 3 showed no in vivo toxicity in a murine model treated with a dose of 4 mg/kg body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Tena Pérez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Autónoma of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Apaza Ticona
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Autónoma of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Organic Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Plza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo H Cabanillas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Autónoma of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Antera Martel Quintana
- Spanish Bank of Algas, Institute of Oceanography and Global Change (IOCAG) University of Las Palmas de Gran Canarias, Muelle de Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | - Ángel Rumbero Sánchez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Autónoma of Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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95
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Hu Z, Chen G, Yan C, Li Z, Wu T, Li L, Zhang S. Autophagy affects hepatic fibrosis progression by regulating macrophage polarization and exosome secretion. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37186334 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the role of autophagy in hepatic fibrosis and its effects on macrophage polarization and exosomes (EVs) were verified by establishing hepatic fibrosis model and co-culture model, providing evidence for treatment. METHODS In this study, CCL4 was used to establish hepatic fibrosis model. The morphology and purity of exosomes (EVs) were verified by transmission electron microscopy, western blotting (WB), and nanoparticle tracing analysis (NTA). Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), WB and enzyme-linked immunoadsorption (ELISA) were used to detect hepatic fibrosis markers, macrophage polarization markers and liver injury markers. Histopathological assays were used to verify the liver injury morphology in different groups. The cell co-culture model and hepatic fibrosis model were constructed to verify the expression of miR-423-5p. RESULTS Hepatic fibrosis model showed that CCL4 promoted early autophagy increase but inhibited autophagy flux in liver. mRFP-GFP-LC3 detection showed that both LPS group and Baf group inhibited autophagy flux. This inhibitory effect was reversed by Rap combination therapy. The M1/M2 markers of macrophage polarization were further tested, and it was found that LPS and Baf could promote M1 polarization and inhibit M2 polarization. Rap processing reverses this phenomenon. These data suggest that autophagy can regulate the polarization process of liver macrophages. WB and NTA showed that LPS induced EVs generation. In addition, LPS-induced EVs could promote HSC proliferation, cell cycle, migration, and the expression of fibrosis markers. Macrophage-EVs could affect the fibrosis process of stellate cells through the secretion of miR-423a-5p expression. The hepatic fibrosis model was further established to verify the regulation of autophagy and EVs on the fibrosis process. CONCLUSION This study was showed that autophagy could regulate fibrosis by promoting HSC activation by regulating macrophage polarization and exosome secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongqiang Hu
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, First People's Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, The Calmette Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, First People's Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, The Calmette Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chuntao Yan
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, First People's Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, The Calmette Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, First People's Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, The Calmette Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First People's Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Calmette Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, First People's Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, The Calmette Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shengning Zhang
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, First People's Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery, The Calmette Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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96
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Zhang Q, Zheng H, Yang S, Feng T, Jie M, Chen H, Jiang H. Bub1 and Bub3 regulate metabolic adaptation via macrolipophagy in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112343. [PMID: 37027296 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipophagy, the process of selective catabolism of lipid droplets (LDs) by autophagy, maintains lipid homeostasis and provides cellular energy under metabolic adaptation, yet its underlying mechanism remains largely ambiguous. Here, we show that the Bub1-Bub3 complex, the crucial regulator involved in the whole process of chromosome alignment and separation during mitosis, controls the fasting-induced lipid catabolism in the fat body (FB) of Drosophila. Bidirectional deviations of the Bub1 or Bub3 level affect the consumption of triacylglycerol (TAG) of fat bodies and the survival rate of adult flies under starving. Moreover, Bub1 and Bub3 work together to attenuate lipid degradation via macrolipophagy upon fasting. Thus, we uncover physiological roles of the Bub1-Bub3 complex on metabolic adaptation and lipid metabolism beyond their canonical mitotic functions, providing insights into the in vivo functions and molecular mechanisms of macrolipophagy during nutrient deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Shengye Yang
- Laboratory for Aging and Cancer Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Minwen Jie
- Laboratory for Aging and Cancer Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Laboratory for Aging and Cancer Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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97
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Piekarska K, Bonowicz K, Grzanka A, Jaworski ŁM, Reiter RJ, Slominski AT, Steinbrink K, Kleszczyński K, Gagat M. Melatonin and TGF-β-Mediated Release of Extracellular Vesicles. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040575. [PMID: 37110233 PMCID: PMC10142249 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system, unlike other systems, must be flexible and able to "adapt" to fully cope with lurking dangers. The transition from intracorporeal balance to homeostasis disruption is associated with activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, which causes modulation of the immunology response. Chemotactic cytokines, signaling molecules, and extracellular vesicles act as critical mediators of inflammation and participate in intercellular communication, conditioning the immune system's proper response. Among the well-known cytokines allowing for the development and proper functioning of the immune system by mediating cell survival and cell-death-inducing signaling, the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) are noteworthy. The high bloodstream concentration of those pleiotropic cytokines can be characterized by anti- and pro-inflammatory activity, considering the powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress capabilities of TGF-β known from the literature. Together with the chemokines, the immune system response is also influenced by biologically active chemicals, such as melatonin. The enhanced cellular communication shows the relationship between the TGF-β signaling pathway and the extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted under the influence of melatonin. This review outlines the findings on melatonin activity on TGF-β-dependent inflammatory response regulation in cell-to-cell communication leading to secretion of the different EV populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Piekarska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Klaudia Bonowicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alina Grzanka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Łukasz M Jaworski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kerstin Steinbrink
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Konrad Kleszczyński
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maciej Gagat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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98
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Oshchepkova A, Zenkova M, Vlassov V. Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Nucleic Acid Delivery: Loading Strategies and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087287. [PMID: 37108446 PMCID: PMC10139028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles released into the extracellular milieu by cells of various origins. They contain different biological cargoes, protecting them from degradation by environmental factors. There is an opinion that EVs have a number of advantages over synthetic carriers, creating new opportunities for drug delivery. In this review, we discuss the ability of EVs to function as carriers for therapeutic nucleic acids (tNAs), challenges associated with the use of such carriers in vivo, and various strategies for tNA loading into EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Oshchepkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentin Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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99
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Kouroumalis E, Tsomidis I, Voumvouraki A. Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Interplay of Apoptosis and Autophagy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041166. [PMID: 37189787 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a multifactorial process that has not yet been fully investigated. Autophagy and apoptosis are two important cellular pathways that are critical for cell survival or death. The balance between apoptosis and autophagy regulates liver cell turnover and maintains intracellular homeostasis. However, the balance is often dysregulated in many cancers, including HCC. Autophagy and apoptosis pathways may be either independent or parallel or one may influence the other. Autophagy may either inhibit or promote apoptosis, thus regulating the fate of the liver cancer cells. In this review, a concise overview of the pathogenesis of HCC is presented, with emphasis on new developments, including the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress, the implication of microRNAs and the role of gut microbiota. The characteristics of HCC associated with a specific liver disease are also described and a brief description of autophagy and apoptosis is provided. The role of autophagy and apoptosis in the initiation, progress and metastatic potential is reviewed and the experimental evidence indicating an interplay between the two is extensively analyzed. The role of ferroptosis, a recently described specific pathway of regulated cell death, is presented. Finally, the potential therapeutic implications of autophagy and apoptosis in drug resistance are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kouroumalis
- Department of Gastroenterology, PAGNI University Hospital, University of Crete School of Medicine, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Crete Medical School, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsomidis
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Crete Medical School, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
| | - Argyro Voumvouraki
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
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100
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Wu SY, Wu HT, Wang YC, Chang CJ, Shan YS, Wu SR, Chiu YC, Hsu CL, Juan HF, Lan KY, Chu CW, Lee YR, Lan SH, Liu HS. Secretory autophagy promotes RAB37-mediated insulin secretion under glucose stimulation both in vitro and in vivo. Autophagy 2023; 19:1239-1257. [PMID: 36109708 PMCID: PMC10012902 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2123098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
High blood glucose is one of the risk factors for metabolic disease and INS (insulin) is the key regulatory hormone for glucose homeostasis. Hypoinsulinemia accompanied with hyperglycemia was diagnosed in mice with pancreatic β-cells exhibiting autophagy deficiency; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. The role of secretory autophagy in the regulation of metabolic syndrome is gaining more attention. Our data demonstrated that increased macroautophagic/autophagic activity leads to induction of insulin secretion in β-cells both in vivo and in vitro under high-glucose conditions. Moreover, proteomic analysis of purified autophagosomes from β-cells identified a group of vesicular transport proteins participating in insulin secretion, implying that secretory autophagy regulates insulin exocytosis. RAB37, a small GTPase, regulates vesicle biogenesis, trafficking, and cargo release. We demonstrated that the active form of RAB37 increased MAP1LC3/LC3 lipidation (LC3-II) and is essential for the promotion of insulin secretion by autophagy, but these phenomena were not observed in rab37 knockout (rab37-/-) cells and mice. Unbalanced insulin and glucose concentration in the blood was improved by manipulating autophagic activity using a novel autophagy inducer niclosamide (an antihelminthic drug) in a high-fat diet (HFD)-obesity mouse model. In summary, we reveal that secretory autophagy promotes RAB37-mediated insulin secretion to maintain the homeostasis of insulin and glucose both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ying Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Tsung Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Rung Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chi Chiu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Hsu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Fen Juan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ying Lan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wen Chu
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University
| | - Ying-Ray Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hui Lan
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University.,Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Sheng Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,M.Sc. Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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