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Matinolli HM, Hovi P, Levälahti E, Kaseva N, Silveira PP, Hemiö K, Järvenpää AL, Eriksson JG, Andersson S, Lindström J, Männistö S, Kajantie E. Neonatal Nutrition Predicts Energy Balance in Young Adults Born Preterm at Very Low Birth Weight. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121282. [PMID: 29186804 PMCID: PMC5748733 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies and animal models suggest that early postnatal nutrition and growth can influence adult health. However, few human studies have objective recordings of early nutrient intake. We studied whether nutrient intake and growth during the first 9 weeks after preterm birth with very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g) predict total energy intake, resting energy expenditure (REE), physical activity and food preferences in young adulthood. We collected daily nutritional intakes and weights during the initial hospital stay from hospital records for 127 unimpaired VLBW participants. At an average age 22.5 years, they completed a three-day food record and a physical activity questionnaire and underwent measurements of body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry; n = 115 with adequate data) and REE (n = 92 with adequate data). We used linear regression and path analysis to investigate associations between neonatal nutrient intake and adult outcomes. Higher energy, protein and fat intakes during the first three weeks of life predicted lower relative (=per unit lean body mass) energy intake and relative REE in adulthood, independent of other pre- and neonatal factors. In path analysis, total effects of early nutrition and growth on relative energy intake were mostly explained by direct effects of early life nutrition. A path mediated by early growth reached statistical significance only for protein intake. There were no associations of neonatal intakes with physical activity or food preferences in adulthood. As a conclusion, higher intake of energy and nutrients during first three weeks of life of VLBW infants predicts energy balance after 20 years. This association is partly mediated through postnatal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna-Maria Matinolli
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; (P.H.); (E.L.); (N.K.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (S.M.); (E.K.)
- Institute for Health Sciences, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-29-524-6000
| | - Petteri Hovi
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; (P.H.); (E.L.); (N.K.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (S.M.); (E.K.)
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (A.-L.J.); (S.A.)
| | - Esko Levälahti
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; (P.H.); (E.L.); (N.K.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (S.M.); (E.K.)
| | - Nina Kaseva
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; (P.H.); (E.L.); (N.K.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (S.M.); (E.K.)
| | - Patricia P. Silveira
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada;
| | - Katri Hemiö
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; (P.H.); (E.L.); (N.K.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (S.M.); (E.K.)
| | - Anna-Liisa Järvenpää
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (A.-L.J.); (S.A.)
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;
- Folkhälsan Research Center, FI-00280 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sture Andersson
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (A.-L.J.); (S.A.)
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; (P.H.); (E.L.); (N.K.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (S.M.); (E.K.)
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; (P.H.); (E.L.); (N.K.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (S.M.); (E.K.)
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland; (P.H.); (E.L.); (N.K.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (S.M.); (E.K.)
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland; (A.-L.J.); (S.A.)
- PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
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Hypothalamic ΔFosB prevents age-related metabolic decline and functions via SNS. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:353-369. [PMID: 28121620 PMCID: PMC5361668 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ventral hypothalamus (VHT) integrates several physiological cues to maintain glucose homeostasis and energy balance. Aging is associated with increased glucose intolerance but the underlying mechanisms responsible for age-related metabolic decline, including neuronal signaling in the VHT, remain elusive. We have shown that mice with VHT-targeted overexpression of ∆FosB, a splice variant of the AP1 transcription factor FosB, exhibit increased energy expenditure, leading to decreased adiposity. Here, we show that VHT-targeted overexpression of ∆FosB also improves glucose tolerance, increases insulin sensitivity in target organs and thereby suppresses insulin secretion. These effects are also observed by the overexpression of dominant negative JunD, demonstrating that they occur via AP1 antagonism within the VHT. Furthermore, the improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity persisted in aged animals overexpressing ∆FosB in the VHT. These beneficial effects on glucose metabolism were abolished by peripheral sympathectomy and α-adrenergic, but not β-adrenergic, blockade. Taken together, our results show that antagonizing AP1 transcription activity in the VHT leads to a marked improvement in whole body glucose homeostasis via activation of the SNS, conferring protection against age-related impairment in glucose metabolism. These findings may open novel avenues for therapeutic intervention in diabetes and age-related glucose intolerance.
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53
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Robinson
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre; Southampton UK
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54
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Dalgaard JZ. What is the underlying cause of type II diabetes? – Are cells protecting themselves against the reactivity of glucose? Med Hypotheses 2017; 105:22-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Hue-Beauvais C, Miranda G, Aujean E, Jaffrezic F, Devinoy E, Martin P, Charlier M. Diet-induced modifications to milk composition have long-term effects on offspring growth in rabbits. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:761-770. [PMID: 28380600 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.0847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been clearly demonstrated that the maternal nutritional status during pregnancy and lactation has long-term effects on offspring health. In mammals, milk represents the first maternal support provided to the newborns so that its composition may play a major role in long-term programming. We therefore assessed the effects of maternal high-fat/high-sugar obesogenic (OD) or control (CD) diets on offspring growth and adiposity in the rabbit. Between 7 and 20 wk of age, the BW gain of OD milk-fed rabbits was higher than that of CD milk-fed rabbits ( < 0.05). Body fat mass measurements at 21 wk of age revealed a significant increase in body adiposity as a function of milk ingested during the neonatal period, in both female and male offspring ( < 0.05). A marked weight gain difference was observed according to the milk in both female and male offspring. Moreover, we investigated the composition in major proteins and leptin levels in milk from OD or CD diet-fed dams. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of individual CD skimmed milk samples enabled identification and quantification of the rabbit main milk proteins and of their main phosphorylated isoforms at 2 different stages of lactation (3 and 10 d). Here we show that the OD diet induced a reduction in the whey acidic protein content concomitantly with both an increase in serum albumin and lactoferrin contents and in the phosphorylated isoforms of the main milk proteins. Furthermore, a sharp rise in leptin levels was observed in the milk of OD diet-fed dams on Day 10 of lactation when compared with CD diet animals ( < 0.05). Taken together, these findings provide evidence that lactation is a critical window of development during which exposure to a deleterious diet is highly detrimental to long-term outcomes. Moreover, these insights suggest that it may be possible to prevent at least some of the adverse effects of inadequate maternal nutrition on the long-term metabolic outcomes of the offspring through nutritional interventions applied during the lactation period.
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Khalyfa A, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Circulating exosomes in obstructive sleep apnea as phenotypic biomarkers and mechanistic messengers of end-organ morbidity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 256:143-156. [PMID: 28676332 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the most severe form of sleep disordered breathing, is characterized by intermittent hypoxia during sleep (IH), sleep fragmentation, and episodic hypercapnia. OSA is associated with increased risk for morbidity and mortality affecting cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurocognitive systems, and more recently with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cancer-related deaths. Substantial variability in OSA outcomes suggests that genetically-determined and environmental and lifestyle factors affect the phenotypic susceptibility to OSA. Furthermore, OSA and obesity often co-exist and manifest activation of shared molecular end-organ injury mechanisms that if properly identified may represent potential therapeutic targets. A challenge in the development of non-invasive diagnostic assays in body fluids is the ability to identify clinically relevant biomarkers. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) include a heterogeneous population of vesicular structures including exosomes, prostasomes, microvesicles (MVs), ectosomes and oncosomes, and are classified based on their size, shape and membrane surface composition. Of these, exosomes (30-100nm) are very small membrane vesicles derived from multi-vesicular bodies or from the plasma membrane and play important roles in mediating cell-cell communication via cargo that includes lipids, proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs and DNA. We have recently identified a unique cluster of exosomal miRNAs in both humans and rodents exposed to intermittent hypoxia as well as in patients with OSA with divergent morbid phenotypes. Here we summarize such recent findings, and will focus on exosomal miRNAs in both adult and children which mediate intercellular communication relevant to OSA and endothelial dysfunction, and their potential value as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnaby Khalyfa
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Leila Kheirandish-Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Chen M, Wang X, Hu Z, Zhou H, Xu Y, Qiu L, Qin X, Zhang Y, Ying Z. Programming of mouse obesity by maternal exposure to concentrated ambient fine particles. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:20. [PMID: 28645299 PMCID: PMC5481884 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many diseases including obesity may originate through alterations in the early-life environment that interrupts fetal development. Increasing evidence has shown that exposure to ambient fine particles (PM2.5) is associated with abnormal fetal development. However, its long-term metabolic effects on offspring have not been systematically investigated. RESULTS To determine if maternal exposure to PM2.5 programs offspring obesity, female C57Bl/6j mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or concentrated ambient PM2.5 (CAP) during pre-conception, pregnancy, and lactation, and the developmental and metabolic responses of offspring were assessed. The growth trajectory of offspring revealed that maternal exposure to CAP significantly decreased offspring birth weight but increased body weight of adult male but not female offspring, and the latter was expressed as increased adiposity. These adult male offspring had increased food intake, but were sensitive to exogenous leptin. Their hypothalamic expression of Socs3 and Pomc, two target genes of leptin, was not changed, and the hypothalamic expression of NPY, an orexigenic peptide that is inhibited by leptin, was significantly increased. These decreases in central anorexigenic signaling were accompanied by reduced plasma leptin and its expression in adipose tissues, the primary source of circulating leptin. In contrast, maternal exposure did not significantly change any of these indexes in adult female offspring. Pyrosequencing demonstrated that the leptin promoter methylation of adipocytes was significantly increased in CAP-exposed male but not female offspring. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that maternal exposure to ambient PM2.5 programs obesity in male offspring probably through alterations in the methylation of the promoter region of the leptin gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. HSFII S022, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. HSFII S022, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019 China
| | - Ziying Hu
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. HSFII S022, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
- Department of Endocrinology, the People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Provincial People’s Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450003 China
| | - Huifen Zhou
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. HSFII S022, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Yanyi Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Lianglin Qiu
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. HSFII S022, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019 China
| | - Xiaobo Qin
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. HSFII S022, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Zhekang Ying
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St. HSFII S022, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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Biomarkers of adiposity are elevated in preterm very-low-birth-weight infants at 1, 2, and 3 y of age. Pediatr Res 2017; 81:780-786. [PMID: 28099428 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm, very-low-birth-weight (PT-VLBW) neonates are at-risk for metabolic syndrome later in life. At 1-3 y, they exhibit excessive weight-for-length z-scores (Wt-LZ) and elevated systolic blood pressures (SBP). Serum adipokines are biomarkers of adiposity, but expression in PT-VLBW infants is unclear. We examined the correlation between serum adipokine levels, anthropometric measures and SBP in PT-VLBW neonates at follow-up. METHODS This was a cross-sectional cohort study of PT-VLBW infants at 1, 2, and 3 y of age (40/cohort). We measured SBP, abdominal circumference (AC) and anthropometrics; calculated age/gender-specific z-scores for Wt, L, Wt-L and subscapular skin fold (SSZ), and measured serum adipokines. RESULTS Serum leptin was unaffected by chronologic age and gender, but was positively correlated with weight, Wt-LZ, AC, and SSZ at 1 and 3 y (P < 0.01). Female infants at 1 and 3 y had a more significant relationship than males between serum leptin and SSZ (P < 0.001, R = 0.75 and P < 0.001, R = 0.70, respectively). Adiponectin levels were 16-20% lower at 3 vs. 1-2 y (P = 0.02, ANOVA) and negatively correlated with SBP. CONCLUSION Although serum leptin was unrelated to advancing age, gender, and SBP in PT-VLBW infants, levels correlated with measures of adiposity at 1 and 3 y, females > males, suggesting leptin resistance may occur in early infancy.
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Hypercaloric diet prevents sexual impairment induced by maternal food restriction. Physiol Behav 2017; 173:61-68. [PMID: 28137427 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal undernutrition impairs copulatory behavior and increases the tendency to become obese/overweight, which also reduces sexual behavior. Re-feeding rats prenatally undernourished with a normocaloric diet can restore their physiological conditions and copulatory behavior. Thus, the present study investigated whether a hypercaloric diet that is administered in rats during the juvenile period prevents sexual impairments that are caused by maternal food restriction and the tendency to become overweight/obese. Female rats were prenatally fed a 40% restricted diet from gestational day 2 to 18. The pups received a hypercaloric diet from postnatal day (PND) 23 to PND65 (food restricted hypercaloric [FRH] group) or laboratory chow (food restricted control [FRC] group). Pups from non-food-restricted dams received laboratory chow during the entire experiment (non-food-restricted [NFR] group). During the juvenile period and adulthood, body weight gain was evaluated weekly. The day of balanopreputial separation, sexual behavior, sexual organ weight, hypodermal adiposity, striatal dopamine and serotonin, serum testosterone, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were evaluated. The FRH group exhibited an increase in body weight on PND58 and PND65. The FRC group exhibited an increase in the latency to the first mount and intromission and an increase in serum TNF-α levels but a reduction of dopaminergic activity. The hypercaloric diet reversed all of these effects but increased adiposity. We concluded that the hypercaloric diet administered during the juvenile period attenuated reproductive impairments that were induced by maternal food restriction through increases in the energy expenditure but not the tendency to become overweight/obese.
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Lindsay KL, Buss C, Wadhwa PD, Entringer S. The Interplay between Maternal Nutrition and Stress during Pregnancy: Issues and Considerations. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2017; 70:191-200. [PMID: 28301838 DOI: 10.1159/000457136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies about humans and animals have separately examined the effects of prenatal nutrition and stress on fetal development, pregnancy, and birth outcomes, and subsequent child health and disease risk. Although substantial evidence from non-pregnant literature supports the presence of bidirectional interactions between nutrition and stress at various psychological, behavioral, and physiological levels, such interaction effects have not yet been systematically examined in the context of pregnancy. SUMMARY This paper discusses the multifaceted and multilevel relationship between nutrition and stress. It then reviews the currently available observational and experimental evidence in animals and humans regarding the interplay between maternal psychosocial stress, dietary intake, and nutritional state during pregnancy, and implications for maternal and child health-related outcomes. Key Messages: During pregnancy, maternal psychosocial stress, dietary behavior, and nutritional state likely regulate and counter-regulate one another. Emerging evidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may attenuate maternal psychosocial stress, and that high maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index exacerbates unhealthy dietary behaviors under high-stress conditions. Longitudinal studies are warranted in order to understand the interplay between prenatal psychosocial stress, diet, and stress- and nutrition-related biomarkers to obtain further insight and inform the development and design of future, more effective intervention trials for improved maternal and child health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Lindsay
- UC Irvine Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Milk's Role as an Epigenetic Regulator in Health and Disease. Diseases 2017; 5:diseases5010012. [PMID: 28933365 PMCID: PMC5456335 DOI: 10.3390/diseases5010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is the intention of this review to characterize milk's role as an epigenetic regulator in health and disease. Based on translational research, we identify milk as a major epigenetic modulator of gene expression of the milk recipient. Milk is presented as an epigenetic "doping system" of mammalian development. Milk exosome-derived micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) that target DNA methyltransferases are implicated to play the key role in the upregulation of developmental genes such as FTO, INS, and IGF1. In contrast to miRNA-deficient infant formula, breastfeeding via physiological miRNA transfer provides the appropriate signals for adequate epigenetic programming of the newborn infant. Whereas breastfeeding is restricted to the lactation period, continued consumption of cow's milk results in persistent epigenetic upregulation of genes critically involved in the development of diseases of civilization such as diabesity, neurodegeneration, and cancer. We hypothesize that the same miRNAs that epigenetically increase lactation, upregulate gene expression of the milk recipient via milk-derived miRNAs. It is of critical concern that persistent consumption of pasteurized cow's milk contaminates the human food chain with bovine miRNAs, that are identical to their human analogs. Commercial interest to enhance dairy lactation performance may further increase the epigenetic miRNA burden for the milk consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7a, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Khalyfa A, Cortese R, Qiao Z, Ye H, Bao R, Andrade J, Gozal D. Late gestational intermittent hypoxia induces metabolic and epigenetic changes in male adult offspring mice. J Physiol 2017; 595:2551-2568. [PMID: 28090638 DOI: 10.1113/jp273570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Late gestation during pregnancy has been associated with a relatively high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Intermittent hypoxia, a hallmark of OSA, could impose significant long-term effects on somatic growth, energy homeostasis and metabolic function in offspring. Here we show that late gestation intermittent hypoxia induces metabolic dysfunction as reflected by increased body weight and adiposity index in adult male offspring that is paralleled by epigenomic alterations and inflammation in visceral white adipose tissue. Fetal perturbations by OSA during pregnancy impose long-term detrimental effects manifesting as metabolic dysfunction in adult male offspring. ABSTRACT Pregnancy, particularly late gestation (LG), has been associated with a relatively high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Intermittent hypoxia (IH), a hallmark of OSA, could impose significant long-term effects on somatic growth, energy homeostasis, and metabolic function in offspring. We hypothesized that IH during late pregnancy (LG-IH) may increase the propensity for metabolic dysregulation and obesity in adult offspring via epigenetic modifications. Time-pregnant female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to LG-IH or room air (LG-RA) during days 13-18 of gestation. At 24 weeks, blood samples were collected from offspring mice for lipid profiles and insulin resistance, indirect calorimetry was performed and visceral white adipose tissues (VWAT) were assessed for inflammatory cells as well as for differentially methylated gene regions (DMRs) using a methylated DNA immunoprecipitation on chip (MeDIP-chip). Body weight, food intake, adiposity index, fasting insulin, triglycerides and cholesterol levels were all significantly higher in LG-IH male but not female offspring. LG-IH also altered metabolic expenditure and locomotor activities in male offspring, and increased number of pro-inflammatory macrophages emerged in VWAT along with 1520 DMRs (P < 0.0001), associated with 693 genes. Pathway analyses showed that genes affected by LG-IH were mainly associated with molecular processes related to metabolic regulation and inflammation. LG-IH induces metabolic dysfunction as reflected by increased body weight and adiposity index in adult male offspring that is paralleled by epigenomic alterations and inflammation in VWAT. Thus, perturbations to fetal environment by OSA during pregnancy can have long-term detrimental effects on the fetus, and lead to persistent metabolic dysfunction in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnaby Khalyfa
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rene Cortese
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhuanhong Qiao
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Honggang Ye
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Riyue Bao
- Center for Research Informatics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jorge Andrade
- Center for Research Informatics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Gozal
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Introduction of Complementary Foods in a Cohort of Infants in Northeast Italy: Do Parents Comply with WHO Recommendations? Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9010034. [PMID: 28054972 PMCID: PMC5295078 DOI: 10.3390/nu9010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Timing and type of complementary food in infancy affect nutritional status and health later in life. The objective of this paper was to assess complementary feeding practices, looking at timing, type, and compliance with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. Data were obtained from a birth cohort of 400 infants, enrolled in Trieste (Italy) between July 2007 and July 2008 and followed up for three years, using a “food introduction timing table”. Five WHO recommendations standards were used to assess parental compliance and associated factors. Thirty seven percent of mothers returned the completed “timing table” up until the child was three years of age. Eighty six percent of infants were already receiving complementary foods at six months. The first food type to be introduced was fresh fruit (170 days from birth, median). Overall, infants shared a very similar diet, which was different from the family diet and characterized by delayed introduction of certain food types. Five percent of parents complied with either all five or only one of the WHO recommendations, 34% with three, and 35% with four. The parents’ partial compliance with WHO recommendations is probably due to conflicting information received from different sources. This advocates for national evidence-based guidelines, supported and promoted by health professionals.
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Lucas ES, Watkins AJ. The Long-Term Effects of the Periconceptional Period on Embryo Epigenetic Profile and Phenotype; The Paternal Role and His Contribution, and How Males Can Affect Offspring's Phenotype/Epigenetic Profile. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1014:137-154. [PMID: 28864989 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62414-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The number of adults afflicted with heart disease, obesity and diabetes, central components of metabolic disorder, has grown rapidly in recent decades, affecting up to one quarter of the world's population. Typically, these diseases are attributed to lifestyle factors such as poor diet, lack of exercise and smoking. However, studies have now identified strong associations between patterns of growth during foetal and neonatal life and an increase predisposition towards developing heart disease, obesity and diabetes in adult life. While the connection between a mother's diet and the long-term health of her offspring has been studied in great detail, our understanding of whether offspring health might be affected by a father's diet remains limited. Greater insight into the impact that paternal nutrition has on sperm quality, epigenetic status and potential offspring programming mechanisms is needed to redress this parental-programming knowledge imbalance. Disturbances in paternal reproductive epigenetic status represents one key mechanism linking paternal diet with the programing of offspring development and adult health, as many enzymatic processes involved in epigenetic regulation use metabolic intermediates to modify DNA and histones. Here, poor paternal nutrition could result in perturbed sperm and testicular epigenetic status, impacting on post-fertilisation gene transcriptional regulation and protein expression in offspring tissues, resulting in increased incidences of metabolic disorder in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Lucas
- Division of Reproductive Health, Clinical Science Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Adam J Watkins
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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Fortino MA, Oliva ME, Rodriguez S, Lombardo YB, Chicco A. Could post-weaning dietary chia seed mitigate the development of dyslipidemia, liver steatosis and altered glucose homeostasis in offspring exposed to a sucrose-rich diet from utero to adulthood? Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 116:19-26. [PMID: 28088290 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present work analyzes the effects of dietary chia seeds during postnatal life in offspring exposed to a sucrose-rich diet (SRD) from utero to adulthood. At weaning, chia seed (rich in α-linolenic acid) replaced corn oil (rich in linoleic acid) in the SRD. At 150 days of offspring life, anthropometrical parameters, blood pressure, plasma metabolites, hepatic lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis were analyzed. Results showed that chia was able to prevent the development of hypertension, liver steatosis, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia. Normal triacylglycerol secretion and triacylglycerol clearance were accompanied by an improvement of de novo hepatic lipogenic and carnitine-palmitoyl transferase-1 enzymatic activities, associated with an accretion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the total composition of liver homogenate. Glucose homeostasis and plasma free fatty acid levels were improved while visceral adiposity was slightly decreased. These results confirm that the incorporation of chia seed in the diet in postnatal life may provide a viable therapeutic option for preventing/mitigating adverse outcomes induced by an SRD from utero to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fortino
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, El Pozo, CC 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M E Oliva
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, El Pozo, CC 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - S Rodriguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, El Pozo, CC 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Y B Lombardo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, El Pozo, CC 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A Chicco
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, El Pozo, CC 242, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Growth, metabolic markers, and cognition in 8-year old children born prematurely, follow-up of a randomized controlled trial with essential fatty acids. Eur J Pediatr 2016; 175:1165-1174. [PMID: 27502791 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-016-2755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The study is a follow-up of a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) to 129 very low birth weight (VLBW; birth weight <1500 g) infants fed human milk. The main hypothesis was that supplementation would affect growth, metabolic markers, and cognitive function. The secondary aim was to describe predictors of metabolic markers and cognitive status at follow-up. Ninety-eight children met for 8-year follow-up with anthropometric measures, blood biomarkers, and cognitive testing. The intervention group had significantly lower insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) at 8 years, whereas no differences in growth or intelligence quotient (IQ) were found. For the total cohort, weight gain during first year of life was neither associated with BMI, metabolic markers, nor IQ at follow-up. Blood DHA at 8 years was positively associated with IQ. CONCLUSIONS The study is the first long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial with essential fatty acids investigating growth, metabolic factors, and IQ. IGF-1 levels were significantly lower in the intervention group at 8 years. First-year growth was not associated with BMI, metabolic markers, or IQ at follow-up. Current DHA status was a significant predictor of higher IQ at follow-up. WHAT IS KNOWN • Preterm children have increased risk of lower intelligence quotient (IQ), reduced growth, and abnormal metabolic status. • Early intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA), as well as early growth pattern, may influence both IQ and metabolic status. What is New: • Early intervention with DHA and AA led to reduced insulin-like growth factor-1 in blood at 8 years of age. • Weight gain during first year of life was neither associated with impaired metabolic markers nor improved IQ at follow-up. • Current DHA status was a significant predictor of higher IQ at 8 years, also when maternal education and birth weight were included in the model.
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Brink HS, van der Lely AJ, van der Linden J. The potential role of biomarkers in predicting gestational diabetes. Endocr Connect 2016; 5:R26-34. [PMID: 27492245 PMCID: PMC5045520 DOI: 10.1530/ec-16-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes (GD) is a frequent complication during pregnancy and is associated with maternal and neonatal complications. It is suggested that a disturbing environment for the foetus, such as impaired glucose metabolism during intrauterine life, may result in enduring epigenetic changes leading to increased disease risk in adult life. Hence, early prediction of GD is vital. Current risk prediction models are based on maternal and clinical parameters, lacking a strong predictive value. Adipokines are mainly produced by adipocytes and suggested to be a link between obesity and its cardiovascular complications. Various adipokines, including adiponectin, leptin and TNF&, have shown to be dysregulated in GD. This review aims to outline biomarkers potentially associated with the pathophysiology of GD and discuss the role of integrating predictive biomarkers in current clinical risk prediction models, in order to enhance the identification of those at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huguette S Brink
- Department of EndocrinologyMaasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Conceição EPS, Carvalho JC, Manhães AC, Guarda DS, Figueiredo MS, Quitete FT, Oliveira E, Moura EG, Lisboa PC. Effect of Early Overfeeding on Palatable Food Preference and Brain Dopaminergic Reward System at Adulthood: Role of Calcium Supplementation. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 26929129 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rats raised in small litters (SL) are obese and hyperphagic. In the present study, we evaluated whether obesity is associated with changes in the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic reward system in these animals at adulthood. We also assessed the anti-obesity effects of dietary calcium supplementation. To induce early overfeeding, litters were adjusted to three pups on postnatal day (PN)3 (SL group). Control litters were kept with 10 pups each until weaning (NL group). On PN120, SL animals were subdivided into two groups: SL (standard diet) and SL-Ca [SL with calcium supplementation (10 g calcium carbonate/kg rat chow) for 60 days]. On PN175, animals were subjected to a food challenge: animals could choose between a high-fat (HFD) or a high-sugar diet (HSD). Food intake was recorded after 30 min and 12 h. Euthanasia occurred on PN180. SL rats had higher food intake, body mass and central adiposity. Sixty days of dietary calcium supplementation (SL-Ca) prevented these changes. Only SL animals preferred the HFD at 12 h. Both SL groups had lower tyrosine hydroxylase content in the ventral tegmental area, lower dopaminergic transporter content in the nucleus accumbens, and higher type 2 dopamine receptor (D2R) content in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). They also had higher neuropeptide Y (NPY) and lower pro-opiomelanocortin contents in the ARC. Calcium treatment normalised only D2R and NPY contents. Precocious obesity induces long-term effects in the brain dopaminergic system, which can be associated with an increased preference for fat at adulthood. Calcium treatment prevents this last alteration, partially through its actions on ARC D2R and NPY proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P S Conceição
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J C Carvalho
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A C Manhães
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D S Guarda
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M S Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - F T Quitete
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E Oliveira
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - E G Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P C Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Aiken CE, Tarry-Adkins JL, Ozanne SE. Transgenerational effects of maternal diet on metabolic and reproductive ageing. Mamm Genome 2016; 27:430-9. [PMID: 27114382 PMCID: PMC4935748 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-016-9631-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The early-life environment, in particular maternal diet during pregnancy, influences a wide range of organs and systems in adult offspring. Mounting evidence suggests that developmental programming can also influence health and disease in grand-offspring. Transgenerational effects can be defined as those persisting into an F2 generation, where the F0 mother experiences suboptimal diet during her pregnancy. In this review, we critically examine evidence for transgenerational developmental programming effects in human populations, focusing on metabolic and reproductive outcomes. We discuss evidence from historical cohorts suggesting that grandchildren of women exposed to famine and other dietary alterations during pregnancy may experience increased rates of later health complications than their control counterparts. The methodological difficulties with transgenerational studies in human cohorts are explored. In particular, the problems with assessing reproductive outcomes in human populations are discussed. In light of the relative paucity of evidence available from human cohorts, we consider key insights from transgenerational experimental animal models of developmental programming by maternal diet; data are drawn from a range of rodent models, as well as the guinea-pig and the sheep. The evidence for different potential mechanisms of transgenerational inheritance or re-propagation of developmental programming effects is evaluated. Transgenerational effects could be transmitted through methylation of the gametes via the paternal and maternal lineage, as well as other possible mechanisms via the maternal lineage. Finally, future directions for exploring these underlying mechanisms further are proposed, including utilizing large, well-characterized, prospective pregnancy cohorts that include biobanks, which have been established in various populations during the last few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Aiken
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Rosie Hospital and NIHR Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Box 223, Cambridge, CB2 0SW, UK
| | - Jane L Tarry-Adkins
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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