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Bedtime Routine Characteristics and Activities in Families with Young Children in the North of England. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18178983. [PMID: 34501576 PMCID: PMC8431293 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18178983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bedtime routines have been shown to have significant associations with health, wellbeing and development outcomes for children and parents. Despite the importance of bedtime routines, most research has been carried out in the United States, with little information on bedtime routine characteristics and activities for families in other countries such as the United Kingdom and England in particular. Additionally, little is known about the possible effects of weekends vs. weekdays on the quality of bedtime routines. Finally, traditional, retrospective approaches have been most used in capturing data on bedtime routines, limiting our understanding of a dynamic and complex behaviour. The aim of this study was to explore bedtime routine characteristics and activities in families in the North of England with a real-time, dynamic data collection approach and to examine possible effects of weekend nights on the quality of bedtime routines. In total, 185 parents with children ages 3 to 7 years old provided data around their bedtime routine activities using an automated text-survey assessment over a 7-night period. Information on socio-economic and demographic characteristics were also gathered during recruitment. A small majority of parents managed to achieve all crucial elements of an optimal bedtime routine every night, with 53% reporting brushing their children’s teeth every night, 25% reading to their children every night and 30% consistently putting their children to bed at the same time each night. Results showed significant differences between weekend (especially Saturday) and weekday routines (F(1, 100) = 97.584, p < 0.001), with an additional effect for parental employment (F(1, 175) = 7.151, p < 0.05). Results highlight variability in bedtime routine activities and characteristics between families. Many families undertook, in a consistent manner, activities that are closely aligned with good practices and recommendations on what constitutes an optimal bedtime routine, while others struggled. Routines remained relatively stable during weekdays but showed signs of change over the weekend. Additional studies on mechanisms and elements affecting the formation, development and maintenance of bedtime routines are needed alongside studies on supporting and assisting families to achieve optimal routines.
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Stynes H, Lane C, Pearson B, Wright T, Ranieri V, Masic U, Kennedy E. Gender identity development in children and young people: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 26:706-719. [PMID: 33827265 DOI: 10.1177/13591045211002620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children are presenting in greater numbers to gender clinics around the world. Prospective longitudinal research is important to better understand outcomes and trajectories for these children. This systematic review aims to identify, describe and critically evaluate longitudinal studies in the field. METHOD Five electronic databases were systematically searched from January 2000 to February 2020. Peer-reviewed articles assessing gender identity and psychosocial outcomes for children and young people (<18 years) with gender diverse identification were included. RESULTS Nine articles from seven longitudinal studies were identified. The majority were assessed as being of moderate quality. Four studies were undertaken in the Netherlands, two in North America and one in the UK. The majority of studies had small samples, with only two studies including more than 100 participants and attrition was moderate to high, due to participants lost to follow-up. Outcomes of interest focused predominantly on gender identity over time and emotional and behavioural functioning. CONCLUSIONS Larger scale and higher quality longitudinal research on gender identity development in children is needed. Some externally funded longitudinal studies are currently in progress internationally. Findings from these studies will enhance understanding of outcomes over time in relation to gender identity development in children and young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Stynes
- Research and Development Unit, Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Chloe Lane
- Research and Development Unit, Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Beth Pearson
- Gender Identity Development Service, Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Talen Wright
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, UK
| | - Veronica Ranieri
- Research and Development Unit, Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UK
| | - Una Masic
- Gender Identity Development Service, Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Eilis Kennedy
- Research and Development Unit, Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UK
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Idriss-Wheeler D, El-Mowafi IM, Coen-Sanchez K, Yalahow A, Yaya S. Looking through the lens of reproductive justice: the need for a paradigm shift in sexual and reproductive health and rights research in Canada. Reprod Health 2021; 18:129. [PMID: 34162395 PMCID: PMC8220359 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-021-01169-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Idriss-Wheeler
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | - Abdiasis Yalahow
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sanni Yaya
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. .,The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,School of International Development and Global Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, 120 University Private, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Etti M, Fofie H, Razai M, Crawshaw AF, Hargreaves S, Goldsmith LP. Ethnic minority and migrant underrepresentation in Covid-19 research: Causes and solutions. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 36:100903. [PMID: 34095791 PMCID: PMC8164390 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hazel Fofie
- St George's University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Alison F. Crawshaw
- Migrant Health and Participatory Research, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Lucy P. Goldsmith
- Global Health, St George's University of London, London, UK
- Corresponding author.
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GPs' and patients' views on the value of diagnosing anxiety disorders in primary care: a qualitative interview study. Br J Gen Pract 2021; 71:e450-e457. [PMID: 33824158 PMCID: PMC8049220 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp.2020.0959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the UK between 1998 and 2008, GPs’ recording of anxiety symptoms increased, but their recording of anxiety disorders decreased. The reason for this decline is not clear, nor are the treatment implications for primary care patients. Aim To understand GPs’ and patients’ views on the value of diagnosing anxiety disorders in primary care. Design and setting In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 GPs and 20 patients, purposively sampled from GP practices in Bristol and the surrounding areas. Method Interviews were held either in person or by telephone. A topic guide was used to ensure consistency across the interviews. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed thematically. Results GPs reported preferring to use symptom rather than diagnostic codes in order to avoid assigning potentially stigmatising labels, and because they felt diagnostic codes could encourage some patients to adopt a ‘sick role’. In addition, their decision to use a diagnostic code depended on symptom severity and chronicity, and these were hard to establish in a time-limited clinical consultation. In contrast, patients commented that receiving a diagnosis helped them to understand their symptoms, and encouraged them to engage with treatment. Conclusion GPs may be reluctant to diagnose an anxiety disorder, but patients can find a diagnosis helpful in terms of understanding their symptoms and the need for treatment. As limited consultation time can discourage discussions between GPs and patients, followup appointments and continuity of care may be particularly important for the management of anxiety in primary care.
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Daniels H, Hollinghurst J, Fry R, Clegg A, Hillcoat-Nallétamby S, Nikolova S, Rodgers SE, Williams N, Akbari A. The Value of Routinely Collected Data in Evaluating Home Assessment and Modification Interventions to Prevent Falls in Older People: Systematic Literature Review. JMIR Aging 2021; 4:e24728. [PMID: 33890864 PMCID: PMC8105762 DOI: 10.2196/24728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Falls in older people commonly occur at home. Home assessment and modification (HAM) interventions can be effective in reducing falls; however, there are some concerns over the validity of evaluation findings. Routinely collected data could improve the quality of HAM evaluations and strengthen their evidence base. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the evidence of the use of routinely collected data in the evaluations of HAM interventions. METHODS We searched the following databases from inception until January 31, 2020: PubMed, Ovid, CINAHL, OpenGrey, CENTRAL, LILACS, and Web of Knowledge. Eligible studies were those evaluating HAMs designed to reduce falls involving participants aged 60 years or more. We included study protocols and full reports. Bias was assessed using the Risk Of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool. RESULTS A total of 7 eligible studies were identified in 8 papers. Government organizations provided the majority of data across studies, with health care providers and third-sector organizations also providing data. Studies used a range of demographic, clinical and health, and administrative data. The purpose of using routinely collected data spanned recruiting and creating a sample, stratification, generating independent variables or covariates, and measuring key study-related outcomes. Nonhome-based modification interventions (eg, in nursing homes) using routinely collected data were not included in this study. We included two protocols, which meant that the results of those studies were not available. MeSH headings were excluded from the PubMed search because of a reduction in specificity. This means that some studies that met the inclusion criteria may not have been identified. CONCLUSIONS Routine data can be used successfully in many aspects of HAM evaluations and can reduce biases and improve other important design considerations. However, the use of these data in these studies is currently not widespread. There are a number of governance barriers to be overcome to allow these types of linkage and to ensure that the use of routinely collected data in evaluations of HAM interventions is exploited to its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Daniels
- Population Data Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Hollinghurst
- Population Data Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Fry
- Population Data Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Clegg
- Academic Unit of Elderly Care and Rehabilitation, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Silviya Nikolova
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, Swansea University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Rodgers
- Public Health, Policy & Systems, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ashley Akbari
- Population Data Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Hoverd E, Staniszewska S, Dale J. The informed consent process in health research with under-served populations: a realist review protocol. Syst Rev 2021; 10:103. [PMID: 33836834 PMCID: PMC8034278 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-021-01652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The informed consent process aims to provide potential participants with information about health research that enables them to make an informed decision as to whether they choose to participate, or not. However, it remains unclear as to whether the process is effective for those who are under-served in health research. It is a pivotal issue within health research that the diversity of people who participate is broadened. The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) pledges to support equality, diversity and inclusion, actively creating opportunities for all citizens whom are eligible, to take part in health research. METHODS In order to understand how the informed consent process for under-served populations in health research works, under what circumstances and in what respects, a realist review approach will be undertaken. Searches will be carried out using electronic databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science and PsycINFO), along with selected websites and grey literature. Development of initial rough programme theory(ies) will lead to a more refined programme theory that will provide an explanation of context, mechanism and outcomes. Stakeholder involvement by NIHR (Public) Research Champions, health professionals and clinical academics will provide expert opinion about concepts and programme theory. DISCUSSION Findings of this realist review will highlight how the informed consent process in health research affects the experience and decision-making process of potential participants from under-served populations. They will be written up in accordance with RAMESES guidelines and disseminated to patients and the public, health researchers, health professionals and policymakers through peer-reviewed publication, presentations and discussions. The review will contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms that cause both positive and negative outcomes in the informed consent process for those whom are often under-represented in health research to inform policy, study design and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Hoverd
- CRN West Midlands Primary Care/Unit of Academic Primary Care, Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Gibbet Hill Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL England
| | - Sophie Staniszewska
- Warwick Research in Nursing, Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Coventry, England
| | - Jeremy Dale
- Unit of Academic Primary Care, Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Coventry, England
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Ibrahim H, Liu X, Zariffa N, Morris AD, Denniston AK. Health data poverty: an assailable barrier to equitable digital health care. LANCET DIGITAL HEALTH 2021; 3:e260-e265. [DOI: 10.1016/s2589-7500(20)30317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Gardiner T, Cooke G, Fidler S, Cooper N, Young L. The under-representation of BAME patients in the COVID-19 Recovery trial at a major London NHS Trust. J Infect 2021; 82:84-123. [PMID: 33189774 PMCID: PMC7658557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gardiner
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
| | - Graham Cooke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nichola Cooper
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Young
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
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Roura M, Dias S, LeMaster JW, MacFarlane A. Participatory health research with migrants: Opportunities, challenges, and way forwards. Health Expect 2021; 24:188-197. [PMID: 33528082 PMCID: PMC8077110 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Migration is one of the most politically pressing issues of the 21st century but migrant health remains an under-researched area. The International Collaboration for Participatory Health Research (ICPHR) working group on migration developed this position statement to address opportunities and challenges in relation to migrant health. It aims to contribute to a shift from a deficit model that sees migrants as passively affected by policies to their reconceptualization as citizens who are engaged in the co-creation of solutions. METHODS This paper examines the opportunities and challenges posed by the use of PHR with migrants. It draws on a broad literature to provide examples of successful PHR with migrants and highlights critical issues for consideration. FINDINGS Successful initiatives illustrate the value of engaging migrants in the definition of the research agenda, the design and implementation of health interventions, the identification of health-protective factors and the operationalization and validation of indicators to monitor progress. Within increasingly super diverse contexts, fragmented community landscapes that are not necessarily constructed along ethnicity traits, inadequate structures of representation, local tensions and operational barriers can hamper meaningful PHR with migrants. CONCLUSION For each research context, it is essential to gauge the 'optimal' level and type of participation that is more likely to leverage migrants' empowerment. The development of Monitoring and Evaluation tools and methodological strategies to manage inter-stakeholder discrepancies and knowledge translation gaps are steps in this direction. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION This paper draws from contributions of migrant populations and other stakeholders to policymaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roura
- School of Public HealthUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | - Sonia Dias
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research CenterUniversidade NOVA de Lisboa & Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC)LisboaPortugal
| | | | - Anne MacFarlane
- School of Medicine LimerickLimerickIreland
- Health Research InstituteUniversity of LimerickLimerickIreland
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Blake H, Gupta A, Javed M, Wood B, Knowles S, Coyne E, Cooper J. COVID-Well Study: Qualitative Evaluation of Supported Wellbeing Centres and Psychological First Aid for Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3626. [PMID: 33807306 PMCID: PMC8036934 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Supported wellbeing centres were set up in UK hospital trusts as an early intervention aimed at mitigating the psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. These provided high quality rest spaces with peer-to-peer psychological support provided by National Health Service (NHS) staff volunteers called 'wellbeing buddies', trained in psychological first aid. The aim of the study was to explore the views of centre visitors and operational staff towards this COVID-19 workforce wellbeing provision. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were undertaken with twenty-four (20F, 4M) employees from an acute hospital trust in the UK. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed, data were handled and analysed using thematic analysis. Interviews generated 3 over-arching themes, and 13 sub-themes covering 'exposure and job roles', 'emotional impacts of COVID-19 and 'the wellbeing centres'. Supported wellbeing centres were viewed as critical for the wellbeing of hospital employees during the first surge of COVID-19 in the UK. Wellbeing initiatives require managerial advocacy and must be inclusive. Job-related barriers to work breaks and accessing staff wellbeing provisions should be addressed. High quality rest spaces and access to peer-to-peer support are seen to benefit individuals, teams, organisations and care quality. Training NHS staff in psychological first aid is a useful approach to supporting the wellbeing of the NHS workforce during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Blake
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2HA, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alisha Gupta
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (A.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Mahnoor Javed
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (A.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Ben Wood
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (B.W.); (S.K.); (E.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Steph Knowles
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (B.W.); (S.K.); (E.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Emma Coyne
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (B.W.); (S.K.); (E.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Joanne Cooper
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (B.W.); (S.K.); (E.C.); (J.C.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramjit S Gill
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Shoba Poduval
- UCL eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jarnail S Thakur
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Romaina Iqbal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University. Karachi, Pakistan
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Abstract
It is widely accepted that race and related social factors largely underpin patients' access to healthcare, and even have a direct impact on patients' care. The reality that racism is the source of these health inequalities, and that racism within health organisations compounds the issue, undeniably means that racism is a public health issue. The ongoing pandemic has not only shone a light on underlying issues that have silently plagued the Black, Asian and minority ethnic community but has helped us understand the devastating impact of racism. Closing the gap in these populations is required to ensuring equitable access. This article aims to highlight how racism impacts people of colour within the healthcare system and beyond and calls for dismantling of the structural racism that exists within the NHS and other UK organisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adwoa Danso
- Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust.,joint first authors
| | - Yaa Danso
- Pennine Acute NHS Trust, Bury, UK.,joint first authors
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Burgess J, Wenborn J, Di Bona L, Orrell M, Poland F. Taking part in the community occupational therapy in dementia UK intervention from the perspective of people with dementia, family carers and occupational therapists: A qualitative study. DEMENTIA 2020; 20:2057-2076. [PMID: 33371738 DOI: 10.1177/1471301220981240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Community Occupational Therapy in Dementia (COTiD-UK) is a manualised intervention delivered to the person with dementia and their identified family carer primarily in their own home. The focus is on enabling both the person with dementia and their family carer to engage in personally meaningful activities. This qualitative study examines the experiences of people with mild to moderate dementia, their family carers and occupational therapists, of taking part in the COTiD-UK intervention. METHOD A purposive sample of 22 pairs of people with dementia and a family carer and seven occupational therapists took part in semi-structured interviews that were audio recorded, transcribed and inductively analysed using thematic analysis. FINDINGS Themes from the occupational therapist interviews relate to the COTiD-UK intervention philosophy and content, aspects of delivering it in practice and thinking ahead to it becoming usual practice. Themes from the pair interviews relate to the focus of COTiD-UK sessions on meaningful occupation and working together and a sense of being able to plan to live well with dementia in the short- and longer-term as a result of the intervention. CONCLUSION This person-centred occupation-focussed intervention was highly valued by people with dementia and their family carers and the occupational therapists delivering it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Burgess
- Research & Development Department, 171995North East London NHS Foundation Trust (NELFT), London, UK; Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Wenborn
- Research & Development Department, 171995North East London NHS Foundation Trust (NELFT), London, UK; Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Di Bona
- School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), 15574The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Engagement and Experience Team, Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Martin Orrell
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Fiona Poland
- School of Health Sciences (HSC), University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Peiffer-Smadja N, Allison R, Jones LF, Holmes A, Patel P, Lecky DM, Ahmad R, McNulty CAM. Preventing and Managing Urinary Tract Infections: Enhancing the Role of Community Pharmacists-A Mixed Methods Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E583. [PMID: 32906824 PMCID: PMC7559416 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community pharmacists are involved in antimicrobial stewardship through self-care advice and delivering medications for uncomplicated infections. OBJECTIVES This mixed methods study aimed to identify opportunities to enhance the role of community pharmacists in the management of service users with suspected or confirmed urinary tract infection (UTI). METHODS Data collection was through a service user survey (n = 51) and pharmacist surveys and semi-structured interviews before (16 interviews, 22 questionnaires) and after (15 interviews, 16 questionnaires) trialing UTI leaflets designed to be shared with service users. Data were analysed inductively using thematic analysis and descriptive tabulation of quantitative data. RESULTS Twenty-five percent (n = 13/51) of service users with urinary symptoms sought help from a pharmacist first and 65% (n = 33/51) were comfortable discussing their urinary symptoms with a pharmacist in a private space. Community pharmacists were confident as the first professional contact for service users with uncomplicated UTI (n = 13/16, 81%), but indicated the lack of a specific patient referral pathway (n = 16/16, 100%), the need for additional funding and staff (n = 10/16, 62%), and the importance of developing prescription options for pharmacists (5/16, 31%). All community pharmacists reported playing a daily role in controlling antimicrobial resistance by educating service users about viral and bacterial infections and promoting a healthy lifestyle. Enhancing their role will need greater integrated working with general practices and more prescribers based in community pharmacy. CONCLUSION This study suggests that community pharmacists could play a greater role in the management of uncomplicated UTI. The current reconfiguration of primary care in England with primary care networks and integrated care systems could provide a real opportunity for this collaborative working with potential learning for international initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Peiffer-Smadja
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, The Hammersmith Hospital, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK;
- IAME, Université de Paris, INSERM, F-75018 Paris, France
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Rosalie Allison
- Primary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester GL1 1DQ, UK; (R.A.); (L.F.J.); (D.M.L.); (C.A.M.M.)
| | - Leah F. Jones
- Primary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester GL1 1DQ, UK; (R.A.); (L.F.J.); (D.M.L.); (C.A.M.M.)
| | - Alison Holmes
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, The Hammersmith Hospital, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK;
| | - Parvesh Patel
- Local Pharmaceutical Committee, Newham, London E7 8BA, UK;
| | - Donna M. Lecky
- Primary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester GL1 1DQ, UK; (R.A.); (L.F.J.); (D.M.L.); (C.A.M.M.)
| | - Raheelah Ahmad
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, The Hammersmith Hospital, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK;
- School of Health Sciences, City University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - Cliodna A. M. McNulty
- Primary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester GL1 1DQ, UK; (R.A.); (L.F.J.); (D.M.L.); (C.A.M.M.)
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O'Sullivan L, Crowley R, McAuliffe É, Doran P. Contributory factors to the evolution of the concept and practice of informed consent in clinical research: A narrative review. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2020; 19:100634. [PMID: 33024880 PMCID: PMC7528065 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Informed consent can be defined as a freely-given decision or agreement following disclosure of relevant information. This review explores how legislation surrounding informed consent has impacted upon clinical research practices, with a focus on clinical trials involving individuals with the capacity to give consent in the non-emergency setting. We also highlight the challenges which remain with the informed consent process, including those which exist in the era of data protection legislation and genetic research. Modern ethicists agree that informed consent encompasses three principal factors: disclosure of information, capacity for decision making, and voluntariness. In the context of clinical research, informed consent is now required by regulatory and ethical frameworks as well as by law, and various guidelines govern the practice of informed consent, including the Declaration of Helsinki and the Good Clinical Practice Guidelines. Historically, however, researchers acted paternalistically and included participants in research without their knowledge or consent. Following societal and political revolution, an autonomy model of consent became prevalent, and individuals became free to make individual choices about whether to participate. Despite this, it is also recognized that an individual's community has a role in supporting their decision making, and this may be a strong influence, particularly within some societies. Research scandals and controversies and whistle-blowers which exposed unethical practices in the area of informed consent also contributed to changes in societal attitudes and legislation changed as a result. Medical journals also have an established, although indirect, role in strengthening good practices surrounding informed consent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia O'Sullivan
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Health Research Board-Trials Methodology Research Network, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Rachel Crowley
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Endocrinology, Saint Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Éilish McAuliffe
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Peter Doran
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Health Research Board-Trials Methodology Research Network, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Treweek S, Forouhi NG, Narayan KMV, Khunti K. COVID-19 and ethnicity: who will research results apply to? Lancet 2020; 395:1955-1957. [PMID: 32539937 PMCID: PMC7292594 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31380-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Treweek
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Centre for Black and Minority Ethnic Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Perinatal mental health in Ireland: A scoping review. Midwifery 2020; 89:102763. [PMID: 32570092 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2020.102763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The international literature clearly indicates that perinatal mental health issues affect many women, and can have profound negative consequences for both the mother, infant and family, and that the causes of perinatal mental health issues are multifaceted and complex. AIM This scoping review explores the existing research on perinatal mental health in Ireland to provide a baseline and to guide further research as well as inform the implementation of the recent policy strategies. DESIGN Scoping Review METHODS: We conducted a structured literature search on Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, PsychInfo and Scopus, using key words to search for publications up to December 2018. All publications based on empirical studies on perinatal mental health in Ireland (regardless of research design, sample size, and methods used) were included. Exclusion criteria were: study location not the Republic of Ireland; not relating to the perinatal period (pregnancy up to the first 12 months after birth); not relating to mental health; and not relating to maternal mental health, not relating to human subjects; not an empirical study; international study with generalised results. Data were mapped onto a charting form, allowing us to a) conduct a basic numerical analysis of prevalent research questions and designs, and b) to identify key themes within the data, utilising Braun and Clarke's (2006) thematic analysis. RESULTS The search resulted in 623 unique references. 29 publications were included in this review. Our analysis resulted in three main findings. (1) A significant number of women in Ireland are affected by perinatal mental health problems, but prevalence rates vary significantly between studies. (2) A history of mental health problems and lack of social support were identified as key risk factors. (3) The existing perinatal mental health services in Ireland are generally inadequate. We further noted a focus on quantitative approaches and a medicalisation of perinatal mental health, resulting in an absence of women's voices and their lived experiences, particularly those of women of colour, migrant women and ethnic minorities. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE We conclude that in order to further the vision of woman-centred maternity care, we need to conduct woman-centred research that puts women's subjective experiences of perinatal mental health and well-being at the centre, including those of marginalised women in an increasingly diverse Irish society.
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Akanuwe JNA, Black S, Owen S, Siriwardena AN. Communicating cancer risk in the primary care consultation when using a cancer risk assessment tool: Qualitative study with service users and practitioners. Health Expect 2020; 23:509-518. [PMID: 31967704 PMCID: PMC7104630 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer risk assessment tools are designed to help detect cancer risk in symptomatic individuals presenting to primary care. An early detection of cancer risk could mean early referral for investigations, diagnosis and treatment, helping to address late diagnosis of cancer. It is not clear how best cancer risk may be communicated to patients when using a cancer risk assessment tool to assess their risk of developing cancer. Objective We aimed to explore the perspectives of service users and primary care practitioners on communicating cancer risk information to patients, when using QCancer, a cancer risk assessment tool. Design A qualitative study involving the use of individual interviews and focus groups. Setting and participants Conducted in primary care settings in Lincolnshire with a convenience sample of 36 participants (19 service users who were members of the public) and 17 primary care practitioners (general practitioners and practice nurses). Results Participants suggested ways to improve communication of cancer risk information: personalizing risk information; involving patients in use of the tool; sharing risk information openly; and providing sufficient time when using the tool during consultations. Conclusion Communication of cancer risk information is complex and difficult. We identified strategies for improving communication with patients involving cancer risk estimations in primary care consultations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N A Akanuwe
- Community and Health Research Unit, School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Sharon Black
- Community and Health Research Unit, School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Sara Owen
- Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
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Woo J, Giurgescu C, Wagner CL. Evidence of an Association Between Vitamin D Deficiency and Preterm Birth and Preeclampsia: A Critical Review. J Midwifery Womens Health 2019; 64:613-629. [PMID: 31411387 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes such as increased risk for preterm birth and preeclampsia. This state of the science review analyzed recently published meta-analyses and relevant studies that have evaluated the association between vitamin D deficiency and preeclampsia or preterm birth. The results suggest that a positive association between vitamin D deficiency and preterm birth exists. However, the findings of the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and preeclampsia were inconclusive, possibly because of the need for supplementation to occur prior to placentation. This may be because of a lack of studies with ethnic minority populations, who are more likely to experience vitamin D deficiency, and inadequate supplementation doses used for treatment of vitamin D deficiency. Health care providers should screen pregnant women at risk for vitamin D deficiency and supplement women accordingly based on their vitamin D status. Lastly, well-designed and standardized clinical trials need to include large cohorts of minority pregnant women to establish the impact of vitamin D supplementation on improving preterm birth and preeclampsia risk in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Woo
- Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas.,Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Carol L Wagner
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Perceptions and Factors Influencing Eating Behaviours and Physical Function in Community-Dwelling Ethnically Diverse Older Adults: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061224. [PMID: 31146443 PMCID: PMC6627566 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethnic minorities have a high prevalence of non-communicable diseases relating to unhealthy lifestyle practices. Several factors have been identified as influencing unhealthy lifestyle practices among this population; however, there is little evidence about how these factors differ among a heterogeneous sample living in a super-diverse city. This study aimed to: (1) identify and compare factors influencing eating behaviours and physical function among ethnic older minorities living in Birmingham, United Kingdom; and (2) understand how these factors and their association with healthy eating and physical function changed over 8-months. An in-depth interviewing approach was used at baseline (n = 92) and after 8-months (n = 81). Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using directed content analysis. Healthy eating was viewed as more important than, and unrelated to, physical function. Personal, social and cultural/environmental factors were identified as the main factors influencing eating behaviours and physical function, which differed by ethnicity, age, and sex. At 8-month interviews, more men than women reported adverse changes. The study provides unique and useful insights regarding perceived eating behaviours and physical function in a relatively large and diverse sample of older adults that can be used to design new, and adapt existing, culturally-tailored community interventions to support healthy ageing.
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Phillimore JA, Bradby H, Brand T. Superdiversity, population health and health care: opportunities and challenges in a changing world. Public Health 2019; 172:93-98. [PMID: 30827580 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ethno-national approaches to research public health and migrant outcomes have dominated for decades but lack efficacy in a globalised world and in view of the intractable nature of health outcome inequalities for migrant and minority groups. This article highlights some of the challenges and opportunities associated with a superdiversity perspective in public health research. SUPERDIVERSITY AND ETHNO-NATIONAL APPROACHES Migration patterns have changed with more people arriving from more places and the diversification of diversity meaning that the ethno-national categories utilised in public health research have reduced explanatory potential. THE EXAMPLE OF MATERNAL AND PERINATAL MORTALITY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: Adjusting UK perinatal mortality rates by five ethnic groups based on assumptions of relationships between high levels of risk and ethnic groups masks the scale of inequality faced by groups wherein mortality rates are increasing and highlights some of the difficulties associated with using ethno-national classifications. A SUPERDIVERSITY PERSPECTIVE A superdiversity approach moves beyond ethno-nationalism to socially locate groups focussing on commonalities and differences across spaces and characteristics and employing intracategorical or anticategorical approaches. CONCLUSIONS Superdiversity brings new levels of demographic complexity and fluidity. Greater reflexivity is needed in diversity research with justification of classifications used for analysis necessary when research questions are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Phillimore
- Institute for Research into Superdiversity, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, England, United Kingdom.
| | - H Bradby
- Uppsala University, Department of Sociology, Uppsala University, Box 624, Se-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Brand
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Achterstraße 30, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
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Samkange-Zeeb F, Foraita R, Rach S, Brand T. Feasibility of using respondent-driven sampling to recruit participants in superdiverse neighbourhoods for a general health survey. Int J Public Health 2019; 64:451-459. [PMID: 30662996 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-018-1191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Respondent-driven sampling (RDS), a modified chain-referral system, has been proposed as a strategy for reaching 'hidden' populations. We applied RDS to assess its feasibility to recruit 'hard-to-reach' populations such as migrants and the unemployed in a general health survey and compared it to register-based sampling (RBS). METHODS RDS was applied parallel to standard population RBS in two superdiverse neighbourhoods in Bremen, Germany. Prevalences of sample characteristics of interest were estimated in RDS Analyst using the successive sampling estimator. These were then compared between the samples. RESULTS Only 115 persons were recruited via RDS compared to 779 via RBS. The prevalence of (1) migrant background, (2) unemployment and (3) poverty risk was significantly higher in the RDS than in the RBS sample. The respective estimates were (1) 51.6 versus 32.5% (95% CIRDS 40.4-62.7), (2) 18.1 versus 7.5% (95% CIRDS 8.4-27.9) and (3) 55.0 versus 30.4% (95% CIRDS 41.3-68.7). CONCLUSIONS Although recruitment was difficult and the number of participants was small, RDS proved to be a feasible method for reaching migrants and other disadvantaged persons in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronja Foraita
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Rach
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Tilman Brand
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
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Tiemensma J, Depaoli S, Winter SD, Felt JM, Rus HM, Arroyo AC. The performance of the IES-R for Latinos and non-Latinos: Assessing measurement invariance. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195229. [PMID: 29614117 PMCID: PMC5882119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Violent acts on university campuses are becoming more frequent. Enrollment rates of Latinos at universities is increasing. Research has indicated that youths are more susceptible to trauma, particularly Latinos. Thus, it is imperative to evaluate the validity of commonly used posttraumatic stress measures among Latino college students. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) is one of the most commonly used metrics of posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. However, it is largely unknown if the IES-R is measuring the same construct across different sub-samples (e.g. Latino versus non-Latino). The current study aimed to assess measurement invariance for the IES-R between Latino and non-Latino participants. A total of 545 participants completed the IES-R. One- and three-factor scoring solutions were compared using confirmatory factor analyses. Measurement invariance was then evaluated by estimating several multiple-group confirmatory factor analytic models. Four models with an increasing degree of invariance across groups were compared. A significant χ2 difference test was used to indicate a significant change in model fit between nested models within the measurement invariance testing process. The three-factor scoring solution could not be used for the measurement invariance process because the subscale correlations were too high for estimation (rs 0.92-1.00). Therefore, the one-factor model was used for the invariance testing process. Invariance was met for each level of invariance: configural, metric, scalar, and strict. All measurement invariance testing results indicated that the one-factor solution for the IES-R was equivalent for the Latino and non-Latino participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitske Tiemensma
- Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, United States of America
| | - Sarah Depaoli
- Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sonja D. Winter
- Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, United States of America
| | - John M. Felt
- Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, United States of America
| | - Holly M. Rus
- Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, United States of America
| | - Amber C. Arroyo
- Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, United States of America
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Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Frailty in Older Migrant Women From Ethnically Diverse Backgrounds: A Mixed-Methods Study. J Aging Phys Act 2018; 26:194-203. [PMID: 28605284 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2016-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is limited evidence examining the association between physical activity (PA), sedentary time (ST), frailty, and factors influencing PA behaviors in migrant older women from ethnically diverse backgrounds. The aims of this mixed-methods study were to: 1) examine PA levels and ST across frailty status; 2) identify any differences in PA/ST between ethnic and religious groups; and 3) qualitatively explore factors influencing PA among older (≥60 years) migrant women (n = 60). PA/ST were assessed using accelerometry and frailty status using the frailty phenotype. Key factors influencing PA were explored via semi-structured interviews (n = 36) and analyzed using thematic analysis. Participants were highly sedentary irrespective of frailty status. Moderate-to-vigorous-physical activity (MVPA) was independently associated with frailty. Participants spent 69% of waking time in ST, with only 15% meeting current weekly PA recommendations. Health-related and socio-cultural factors were reported as common barriers to achieving PA recommendations. Maintaining independence, preventing physical decline and depression were key factors promoting PA. Understanding the challenges and needs of this population can help to inform strategies to promote PA and thus optimize physical function.
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76
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has a reported greater prevalence and poorer treatment outcomes in people living with HIV (PLWH) than comparable HIV-uninfected cohorts. We conducted a cross-sectional study to delineate the factors driving T2D in PLWH in an ethnically diverse cohort, and additionally observed how these have changed over time. SETTING We studied a diverse HIV cohort in London to determine the prevalence and risk factors for T2D, and compared them to a cohort studied 10 years previously. METHODS Patients were classified as normoglycaemic (fasting glucose <6.0 mmol/l) or dysglycaemic (≥6.0 mmol/l). The relative contribution to dysglycaemia of modifiable and fixed factors, including demographics, anthropometrics, comorbidities, immune status, and HIV therapy, were analysed using univariate and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS T2D prevalence was 15.1% in 2015 with a relative risk of 2.4 compared to the general population. The prevalence compared to 6.8% ten years earlier. The 2015 versus the 2005 cohort was significantly older (median age 49 (42-57) years versus 41 (IQR 35-47), p<0.001), had a higher BMI (27.4 (23.3-29.9) versus 24.9 (22.4-28.0) kg/m2 respectively, p = 0.019) and hypertensive (37.9% versus 19.6 respectively, p<0.001). The strongest predictors of dysglycaemia in the 2015 cohort were hepatic steatosis and hypertension, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) 6.74 (3.48-13.03) and 2.92 (1.66-5.16) respectively, and also HIV-related factors of weight gain following antiretroviral initiation and longer known duration of HIV infection (OR 1.07 (1.04-1.11) and 1.06 (1.02-1.10) respectively). CONCLUSIONS The alarmingly high prevalence of T2D in HIV requires improved screening, targeted to older patients and those with a longer duration of exposure to antiretrovirals. Effective diabetes prevention and management strategies are needed urgently to reduce this risk; such interventions should target both conventional risk factors, such as abdominal obesity, and HIV-specific risk factors such as weight gain following initiation of antiretrovirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair D. Duncan
- HIV Medicine, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
- Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Louise M. Goff
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barry S. Peters
- HIV Medicine, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
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Morris RL, Stocks SJ, Alam R, Taylor S, Rolfe C, Glover SW, Whitcombe J, Campbell SM. Identifying primary care patient safety research priorities in the UK: a James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020870. [PMID: 29490970 PMCID: PMC5855454 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the top 10 unanswered research questions for primary care patient safety research. DESIGN A modified nominal group technique. SETTING UK. PARTICIPANTS Anyone with experience of primary care including: patients, carers and healthcare professionals. 341 patients and 86 healthcare professionals submitted questions. MAIN OUTCOMES A top 10, and top 30, future research questions for primary care patient safety. RESULTS 443 research questions were submitted by 341 patients and 86 healthcare professionals, through a national survey. After checking for relevance and rephrasing, a total of 173 questions were collated into themes. The themes were largely focused on communication, team and system working, interfaces across primary and secondary care, medication, self-management support and technology. The questions were then prioritised through a national survey, the top 30 questions were taken forward to the final prioritisation workshop. The top 10 research questions focused on the most vulnerable in society, holistic whole-person care, safer communication and coordination between care providers, work intensity, continuity of care, suicide risk, complex care at home and confidentiality. CONCLUSIONS This study was the first national prioritisation exercise to identify patient and healthcare professional priorities for primary care patient safety research. The research priorities identified a range of important gaps in the existing evidence to inform everyday practice to address primary care patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lauren Morris
- NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Susan Jill Stocks
- NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rahul Alam
- NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sian Taylor
- NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Carly Rolfe
- NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Joanne Whitcombe
- Trust Library Service, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen M Campbell
- NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Castaneda-Gameros D, Redwood S, Thompson JL. Nutrient Intake and Factors Influencing Eating Behaviors in Older Migrant Women Living in the United Kingdom. Ecol Food Nutr 2017; 57:50-68. [PMID: 29199859 DOI: 10.1080/03670244.2017.1406855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examines nutrient intake and factors influencing eating behaviors in a sample of 76 migrant older women (≥ 60 years) living in the UK. Nutrient intake was assessed using a 24-hr recall enhanced by an in-depth probing dietary interview. Median energy intake was significantly lower than the UK RNIs (5,125.4 v. 7,301.1 kJ/d, p < .001). Main nutrients of concern were retinol, vitamin D, magnesium, potassium, copper, selenium, and monounsaturated fatty acids. Semistructured interviews were conducted with a subsample (n = 46) and analyzed using thematic analysis. Although women were knowledgeable about what constitutes a healthy diet, factors such as the presence and awareness of obesity and noncommunicable diseases, changes to household roles, and dietary restrictions related to religious beliefs were identified key influences on participants' dietary intake. Strategies targeting this population need to promote not only a healthy energy balance, but also dietary adequacy to optimize nutrient intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Castaneda-Gameros
- a School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Sabi Redwood
- b School of Social and Community Medicine , University of Bristol , Bristol , UK.,c NIHR CLAHRC West , Bristol , UK
| | - Janice L Thompson
- a School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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Malik M, Kumari S, Manalai P, Hipolito M. Illustrating and analyzing the processes of multi-institutional collaboration: Lessons learnt at Howard University Hospital. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3. [PMID: 28966991 DOI: 10.18103/imr.v3i5.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multi-institutional collaboration offers a promising approach to the dissemination of resources for capacity building and the improvement of the training of new investigators and residents, especially in areas of novel curricular content. Physicians should keep pace with the rapid growth of curricular content in an era of restricted resources. Such collaborations, in which educational entities work together and share resources and infrastructure, have been employed in health care to improve quality of care, capacity building, disparity reduction, and resident training. This paper examines a federally funded multi-institutional collaboration for the project STRIDE (Seek, Treat, Reach to Identify Pretrial Defendants Enhancement) between Yale University, George Mason University (GMU), and Howard University, a Historically Black University. The STRIDE study collaboration focused on mental health, opioid addiction, and infectious disease/HIV among Africans Americans involved in CJS (Criminal Justice System). We discuss some of the challenges and benefits of collaborative research projects conducted at Historically Black Colleges and University (HBCUs) and highlight the educational opportunities created by such collaborations for residents and other trainees, leading to the development of independent investigators through multi-institutional, structured collaborative research. We identify some unique challenges such as substance use, race, stigma, incarceration among participants, and the cultural and power difference between participating institutions, and thereby address these issues and how it impacted the course of the multi-institutional collaborative effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Malik
- Howard University Hospital Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Sciences Washington DC
| | - Suneeta Kumari
- Howard University Hospital Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Sciences Washington DC
| | - Partam Manalai
- Howard University Hospital Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Sciences Washington DC
| | - Maria Hipolito
- Howard University Hospital Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Sciences Washington DC
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Quay TAW, Frimer L, Janssen PA, Lamers Y. Barriers and facilitators to recruitment of South Asians to health research: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e014889. [PMID: 28576896 PMCID: PMC5541387 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES People of South Asian ethnicity are under-represented in health research studies. The objectives of this scoping review were to examine the barriers and facilitators to recruitment of South Asians to health research studies and to describe strategies for improving recruitment. DESIGN Scoping review METHODS: Using the Arksey and O'Malley framework for scoping reviews, we comprehensively searched electronic databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and PsycINFO). Studies that identified barriers and facilitators to recruitment, or recruitment strategies for South Asian populations were included. Recruitment barriers, facilitators and strategies were grouped thematically and summarised narratively. SYNTHESIS Of 1846 potentially relevant articles, 15 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the thematic synthesis. Multiple facilitators and barriers to enrolment of South Asians in health research studies were identified; these most commonly related to logistical challenges, language and cultural barriers, concerns about adverse consequences of participating and mistrust of research. Several actionable strategies were discussed, the most common being engagement of South Asian communities, demonstration of cultural competency, provision of incentives and benefits, language sensitivity through the use of translators and translated materials and the development of trust and personal relationships. CONCLUSION There is a growing awareness of the barriers and facilitators to recruitment of South Asian participants to health research studies. Knowledge of effective recruitment strategies and implementation during the grant funding stages may reduce the risk of poor recruitment and representation of South Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teo AW Quay
- The Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Food Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Leora Frimer
- Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Patricia A Janssen
- School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Women’s Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yvonne Lamers
- Food Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Women’s Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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81
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Simons G, Belcher J, Morton C, Kumar K, Falahee M, Mallen CD, Stack RJ, Raza K. Symptom Recognition and Perceived Urgency of Help-Seeking for Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Diseases in the General Public: A Mixed Method Approach. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2017; 69:633-641. [PMID: 27389847 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are improved if the disease is treated early. However, treatment is often significantly delayed as a result of delayed help-seeking by patients who fail to recognize its symptoms or the need for rapid medical attention. Two studies were conducted to investigate the role of symptom recognition in help-seeking for the symptoms of RA, and compared this to symptom recognition and help-seeking in angina and bowel cancer. METHODS A qualitative interview study with 31 individuals and a survey of 1,088 members of the general public (all without RA) were conducted. Both studies used vignettes describing the symptoms of RA, bowel cancer, and angina. Participants made causal attributions and rated the perceived seriousness of the symptoms and the urgency with which they would seek medical help if confronted with these symptoms. RESULTS Only a small proportion of participants in both studies recognized the symptoms of RA, whereas the symptoms of bowel cancer and angina were readily recognized by many participants and considered to be more serious and to require more rapid medical attention (Z = 14.7-34.2, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Accurate symptom attribution and the perception that symptoms are indicative of a serious underlying condition are both important drivers for rapid help-seeking. In the case of angina and bowel cancer, recent campaigns have promoted not only recognition of symptoms and their seriousness, but also emphasized the consequences of not seeking timely help. Our results suggest that these consequences should also be addressed in any public health campaign for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kanta Kumar
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Rebecca J Stack
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, and Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Karim Raza
- University of Birmingham, and Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Castaneda-Gameros D, Redwood S, Thompson JL. Low Nutrient Intake and Frailty Among Overweight and Obese Migrant Women From Ethnically Diverse Backgrounds Ages 60 Years and Older: A Mixed-Methods Study. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 49:3-10.e1. [PMID: 27720601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations between energy/nutrient intakes and frailty in older migrant women, and to explore perceptions of body weight, dietary intake, and physical function. DESIGN Cross-sectional, mixed-methods study. SETTING Birmingham, United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-six first-generation migrant women ≥ 60 years of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Energy/nutrient intakes (assessed by 24-hour dietary recall), frailty (using the frailty phenotype), and links between perceptions of body weight, dietary intake, and physical function (via semi-structured interviews). ANALYSIS Bivariate and logistic regression analyses examined associations between frailty and low energy/nutrient intakes. Interviews were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS Seventy-six women completed a 24-hour dietary recall; 46 participated in a semi-structured interview. Low energy intake was associated with frailty (odds ratio [OR], 11.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.36-57.97). After adjusting for energy and other confounders, a low intake of > 3 nutrients was associated with frailty (OR, 6.58; 95% CI, 1.01-43.08). Qualitative data suggest that dietary intake was influenced by concerns about body weight and perceptions that unhealthy foods reduce mobility. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Among older migrant women with high prevalence of overweight/obesity, an inadequate dietary intake may be a stronger predictor of frailty than weight loss. Dietary interventions should focus on healthy weight maintenance and optimization of nutritional adequacy and physical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Castaneda-Gameros
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Sabi Redwood
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; NIHR CLAHRC West, Whitefriars, United Kingdom
| | - Janice L Thompson
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Kayrouz R, Dear BF, Karin E, Titov N. Facebook as an effective recruitment strategy for mental health research of hard to reach populations. Internet Interv 2016; 4:1-10. [PMID: 30135786 PMCID: PMC6096235 DOI: 10.1016/j.invent.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports indicate that Facebook (FB) may facilitate recruitment of hard to reach participants into mental health research. The present study aimed to contribute to this emerging literature by exploring recruitment data from a recently completed trial of online treatment for symptoms of anxiety and depression that targeted Arab people. The present study compared traditional recruitment strategies such as media releases, emails, and print advertisements with Facebook strategies including boosting posts, promoting websites, events and FB public fan pages. The main outcomes of interest were the number of started applications and the time and cost per application associated with the FB and traditional recruitment strategies. A target sample of 350 was sought and a total of 81 participants applied to participate over the 42-week recruitment period. Overall, 86% of the resultant applications occurred via FB recruitment and a Poisson regression analysis indicated the FB strategies were more time-effective, recruiting participants 2.5 times faster than the traditional strategies. However, there were no differences in cost-effectiveness for FB ($US37 per participant) and traditional strategies ($US40 per participant). The findings of the current study add to existing literature detailing the value of FB recruitment strategies, alongside more traditional strategies, as a way of recruiting hard-to-reach populations for research. However, more research is needed to explore alternative and optimal strategies for the successful recruitment of hard to reach populations via FB and other online social media platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Kayrouz
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Cohn EG, Husamudeen M, Larson EL, Williams JK. Increasing participation in genomic research and biobanking through community-based capacity building. J Genet Couns 2015; 24:491-502. [PMID: 25228357 PMCID: PMC4815899 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-014-9768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Achieving equitable minority representation in genomic biobanking is one of the most difficult challenges faced by researchers today. Capacity building--a framework for research that includes collaborations and on-going engagement--can be used to help researchers, clinicians and communities better understand the process, utility, and clinical application of genomic science. The purpose of this exploratory descriptive study was to examine factors that influence the decision to participate in genomic research, and identify essential components of capacity building with a community at risk of being under-represented in biobanks. Results of focus groups conducted in Central Harlem with 46 participants were analyzed by a collaborative team of community and academic investigators using content analysis and AtlisTi. Key themes identified were: (1) the potential contribution of biobanking to individual and community health, for example the effect of the environment on health, (2) the societal context of the science, such as DNA criminal databases and paternity testing, that may affect the decision to participate, and (3) the researchers' commitment to community health as an outcome of capacity building. These key factors can contribute to achieving equity in biobank participation, and guide genetic specialists in biobank planning and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Gross Cohn
- Columbia University, School of Nursing, 617 W. 168 Street Room 244, New York, NY, USA,
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Clinical perspective: Linking psychosocial care to the disease continuum in patients with multiple myeloma. Palliat Support Care 2014; 13:829-38. [PMID: 24959656 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951514000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A model of psychosocial care specific for patients with multiple myeloma and their caregivers has not yet been proposed. We sought to develop a model of care that considers the specific profile of this disease. METHOD The authors, representing a multidisciplinary care team, met in December of 2012 to identify a model of psychosocial care for patients with multiple myeloma and their caregivers. This model was determined by consensus during the meeting and via total agreement following the meeting. The meeting was sponsored by Onyx Pharmaceuticals. RESULTS The need for targeted psychosocial care for the multiple myeloma patient and caregiver throughout the disease process is essential to ensure quality of life and optimal treatment outcomes. We propose herein the first known model of care for the treatment of multiple myeloma that engages both the patient and their caregivers. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS Innovative partnerships between psychosocial providers and other entities such as pharmaceutical companies can maximize resources for comprehensive program development. This manuscript proposes a model of care that promotes active engagement in therapies for multiple myeloma while engaging the individual patient and their family caregivers. This treatment approach must be evidence based in terms of distress screening tools, comprehensive psychosocial assessments, and, most importantly, in the interventions and measurements of response that clinicians apply to this population.
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