1
|
McNulty CAM. The first 5 years of Helicobacter pylori research-With an emphasis on the United Kingdom. Helicobacter 2023:e12982. [PMID: 37102496 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
In the 1970s, 1% of the UK population consulted with dyspepsia; fiberoptic gastroscopy allowed biopsy specimens under direct vision enabling systematic histopathology. Steer et al described clusters of flagellated bacteria closely apposed to the gastric epithelium associated with chronic active gastritis. The first UK series of Helicobacter pylori following Marshall's 1983 visit to Worcester confirmed the association of H. pylori with gastritis. UK researchers completed much early helicobacter research as there were many UK campylobacteriologists. Steer and Newell proved the Campylobacter-like organisms grown on culture were the same as those seen in the gastric mucosa using antiserum raised by inoculating rabbits with H. pylori from cultures. Wyatt, Rathbone, and others showed a strong correlation between the number of organisms, type and severity of acute gastritis, immunological response, and bacterial adhesion similar to enteropathogenic E coli. Seroprevalence studies indicated H. pylori increased with age. Histopathologists also showed peptic duodenitis was in effect "gastritis in the duodenum" caused by H. pylori, unifying its role in the pathogenesis of both gastritis and duodenal ulceration. These bacteria were initially called Campylobacter pyloridis and then C. pylori. However, electron microscopy suggested that the bacteria were not campylobacters, and this was supported by differences in fatty acid and polyacrylamide electrophoresis profiles. In-vitro tests indicated that H. pylori was susceptible to penicillins, erythromycin, and quinolones, but not trimethoprim or cefsulodin allowing development of selective media for culture. Monotherapy with erythromycin ethylsuccinate was ineffective, and patients treated with bismuth subsalicylate initially responded with clearance of H. pylori and the associated gastritis, but then many relapsed. Thus, pharmacokinetic and treatment studies were important to direct suitable dual and triple treatments. Work optimized serology, and the rapid biopsy urease and urea breath tests. The link between H.pylori and gastric cancer was established in large seroprevalence studies, and H. pylori test and treat for dyspepsia became routine.
Collapse
|
2
|
Hayes CV, Mahon B, Sides E, Allison R, Lecky DM, McNulty CAM. Empowering Patients to Self-Manage Common Infections: Qualitative Study Informing the Development of an Evidence-Based Patient Information Leaflet. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1113. [PMID: 34572695 PMCID: PMC8464808 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Common self-limiting infections can be self-managed by patients, potentially reducing consultations and unnecessary antibiotic use. This qualitative study informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) aimed to explore healthcare professionals' (HCPs) and patients' needs on provision of self-care and safety-netting advice for common infections. Twenty-seven patients and seven HCPs participated in semi-structured focus groups (FGs) and interviews. An information leaflet was iteratively developed and reviewed by participants in interviews and FGs, and an additional 5 HCPs, and 25 patients (identifying from minority ethnic groups) via online questionnaires. Qualitative data were analysed thematically, double-coded, and mapped to the TDF. Participants required information on symptom duration, safety netting, self-care, and antibiotics. Patients felt confident to self-care and were averse to consulting with HCPs unnecessarily but struggled to assess symptom severity. Patients reported seeking help for children or elderly dependents earlier. HCPs' concerns included patients' attitudes and a lack of available monitoring of advice given to patients. Participants believed community pharmacy should be the first place that patients seek advice on common infections. The patient information leaflet on common infections should be used in primary care and community pharmacy to support patients to self-manage symptoms and determine when further help is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine V. Hayes
- Primary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester GL1 1DQ, UK; (B.M.); (E.S.); (R.A.); (D.M.L.); (C.A.M.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Borek AJ, Anthierens S, Allison R, McNulty CAM, Lecky DM, Costelloe C, Holmes A, Butler CC, Walker AS, Tonkin-Crine S. How did a Quality Premium financial incentive influence antibiotic prescribing in primary care? Views of Clinical Commissioning Group and general practice professionals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 75:2681-2688. [PMID: 32573692 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Quality Premium (QP) was introduced for Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) in England to optimize antibiotic prescribing, but it remains unclear how it was implemented. OBJECTIVES To understand responses to the QP and how it was perceived to influence antibiotic prescribing. METHODS Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with 22 CCG and 19 general practice professionals. Interviews were analysed thematically. RESULTS The findings were organized into four categories. (i) Communication: this was perceived as unstructured and infrequent, and CCG professionals were unsure whether they received QP funding. (ii) Implementation: this was influenced by available local resources and competing priorities, with multifaceted and tailored strategies seen as most helpful for engaging general practices. Many antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) strategies were implemented independently from the QP, motivated by quality improvement. (iii) Mechanisms: the QP raised the priority of AMS nationally and locally, and provided prescribing targets to aim for and benchmark against, but money was not seen as reinvested into AMS. (iv) Impact and sustainability: the QP was perceived as successful, but targets were considered challenging for a minority of CCGs and practices due to contextual factors (e.g. deprivation, understaffing). CCG professionals were concerned with potential discontinuation of the QP and prescribing rates levelling off. CONCLUSIONS CCG and practice professionals expressed positive views of the QP and associated prescribing targets and feedback. The QP helped influence change mainly by raising the priority of AMS and defining change targets rather than providing additional funding. To maximize impact, behavioural mechanisms of financial incentives should be considered pre-implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra J Borek
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Rosalie Allison
- Primary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - Donna M Lecky
- Primary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester, UK
| | - Ceire Costelloe
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alison Holmes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher C Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Sarah Walker
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Tonkin-Crine
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hayes CV, Eley CV, Wood F, Demirjian A, McNulty CAM. Knowledge and attitudes of adolescents towards the human microbiome and antibiotic resistance: a qualitative study. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2021; 3:dlab039. [PMID: 35399743 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic and dietary behaviour affect the human microbiome and influence antibiotic resistance development. Adolescents are a key demographic for influencing knowledge and behaviour change. Objectives To explore adolescents' knowledge and attitudes towards the microbiome and antibiotic resistance, and the capability, motivation and opportunity for educators to integrate microbiome teaching in schools. Methods Qualitative study informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and COM-B model. Six educational establishments were purposively selected by rural/city and socioeconomic status, within Gloucestershire, South West England in 2019. Forty 14-18-year olds participated in focus groups, and eight science or health educators participated in interviews. Data were analysed thematically, double-coded and mapped to the TDF/COM-B. Results Adolescents were aware of 'good microbes' in the body but lacked deeper knowledge. Adolescents' knowledge of, and intentions to use, antibiotics appropriately differed by their levels of scientific study. Adolescents lacked knowledge on the consequences of diet on the microbiome, and therefore lacked capability and motivation to change behaviour. Educators felt capable and motivated to teach microbiome topics but lacked opportunity though absence of topics in the national curriculum and lack of time to teach additional topics. Conclusions A disparity in knowledge of adolescents needs to be addressed through increasing antibiotic and microbiome topics in the national curriculum. Public antibiotic campaigns could include communication about the microbiome to increase awareness. Educational resources could motivate adolescents and improve their knowledge, skills and opportunity to improve diet and antibiotic use; so, supporting the UK antimicrobial resistance (AMR) national action plan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine V Hayes
- Primary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester, UK
| | - Charlotte V Eley
- Primary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester, UK
| | - Fiona Wood
- Division of Population Medicine and PRIME Centre Wales, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alicia Demirjian
- Primary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester, UK.,Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK.,King's College London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Borek AJ, Wanat M, Atkins L, Sallis A, Ashiru-Oredope D, Beech E, Butler CC, Chadborn T, Hopkins S, Jones L, McNulty CAM, Roberts N, Shaw K, Taborn E, Tonkin-Crine S. Optimising antimicrobial stewardship interventions in English primary care: a behavioural analysis of qualitative and intervention studies. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039284. [PMID: 33334829 PMCID: PMC7747536 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While various interventions have helped reduce antibiotic prescribing, further gains can be made. This study aimed to identify ways to optimise antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) interventions by assessing the extent to which important influences on antibiotic prescribing are addressed (or not) by behavioural content of AMS interventions. SETTINGS English primary care. INTERVENTIONS AMS interventions targeting healthcare professionals' antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections. METHODS We conducted two rapid reviews. The first included qualitative studies with healthcare professionals on self-reported influences on antibiotic prescribing. The influences were inductively coded and categorised using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Prespecified criteria were used to identify key TDF domains. The second review included studies of AMS interventions. Data on effectiveness were extracted. Components of effective interventions were extracted and coded using the TDF, Behaviour Change Wheel and Behaviour Change Techniques (BCTs) taxonomy. Using prespecified matrices, we assessed the extent to which BCTs and intervention functions addressed the key TDF domains of influences on prescribing. RESULTS We identified 13 qualitative studies, 41 types of influences on antibiotic prescribing and 6 key TDF domains of influences: 'beliefs about consequences', 'social influences', 'skills', 'environmental context and resources', 'intentions' and 'emotions'. We identified 17 research-tested AMS interventions; nine of them effective and four nationally implemented. Interventions addressed all six key TDF domains of influences. Four of these six key TDF domains were addressed by 50%-67% BCTs that were theoretically congruent with these domains, whereas TDF domain 'skills' was addressed by 24% of congruent BCTs and 'emotions' by none. CONCLUSIONS Further improvement of antibiotic prescribing could be facilitated by: (1) national implementation of effective research-tested AMS interventions (eg, electronic decision support tools, training in interactive use of leaflets, point-of-care testing); (2) targeting important, less-addressed TDF domains (eg, 'skills', 'emotions'); (3) using relevant, under-used BCTs to target key TDF domains (eg, 'forming/reversing habits', 'reducing negative emotions', 'social support'). These could be incorporated into existing, or developed as new, AMS interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra J Borek
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Marta Wanat
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Louise Atkins
- Centre for Behaviour Change, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Sallis
- Behavioural Insights, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Diane Ashiru-Oredope
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship and Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAI), Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | - Christopher C Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Tim Chadborn
- Behavioural Insights, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Susan Hopkins
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship and Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAI), Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Leah Jones
- Primary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - Nia Roberts
- Bodleian Health Care Libraries, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karen Shaw
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship and Healthcare Associated Infections (HCAI), Public Health England, London, UK
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Esther Taborn
- NHS England and NHS Improvement, London, UK
- NHS East Kent Clinical Commissioning Groups, Canterbury, UK
| | - Sarah Tonkin-Crine
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Allison R, Chapman S, Howard P, Thornley T, Ashiru-Oredope D, Walker S, Jones LF, McNulty CAM. Feasibility of a community pharmacy antimicrobial stewardship intervention (PAMSI): an innovative approach to improve patients' understanding of their antibiotics. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2020; 2:dlaa089. [PMID: 34723182 PMCID: PMC8210033 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community pharmacy staff have an opportunity to play a pivotal role in antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) due to their expertise in medicines and accessibility to patients. OBJECTIVES To develop and test the feasibility of a pharmacy AMS intervention (PAMSI) to increase community pharmacy staff's capability, opportunity and motivation to check antibiotic appropriateness and provide self-care and adherence advice when dispensing antibiotics. METHODS The PAMSI was centred around an Antibiotic Checklist, completed by patients and pharmacy staff, to facilitate personalized advice to the patient, based on their reported knowledge. An educational webinar for staff and patient-facing materials were also developed. Staff and patients completing Antibiotic Checklists were invited to provide feedback via questionnaires. RESULTS In February 2019, 12 community pharmacies in England trialled the intervention. Forty-three pharmacy staff evaluated the educational webinar and reported increases in their understanding, confidence, commitment and intention to use the tools provided to give adherence and self-care advice. Over 4 weeks, 931 Antibiotic Checklists were completed. Staff reported being more focused on giving advice and able to address patients' knowledge gaps (mainly: likely symptom duration; alcohol and food consumption advice; possible side effects from antibiotics; returning unused antibiotics to the pharmacy), resulting in increased self-reported effective and meaningful conversations. CONCLUSIONS Implementation of a PAMSI is feasible and effectively promotes AMS. Pharmacy staff and commissioners should consider this within their AMS plans. An optional digital format of the Antibiotic Checklist should be explored, for patients who are not collecting their antibiotic prescriptions themselves, and to save printing costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tracey Thornley
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Boots UK, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Peiffer-Smadja N, Allison R, Jones LF, Holmes A, Patel P, Lecky DM, Ahmad R, McNulty CAM. Preventing and Managing Urinary Tract Infections: Enhancing the Role of Community Pharmacists-A Mixed Methods Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E583. [PMID: 32906824 PMCID: PMC7559416 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community pharmacists are involved in antimicrobial stewardship through self-care advice and delivering medications for uncomplicated infections. OBJECTIVES This mixed methods study aimed to identify opportunities to enhance the role of community pharmacists in the management of service users with suspected or confirmed urinary tract infection (UTI). METHODS Data collection was through a service user survey (n = 51) and pharmacist surveys and semi-structured interviews before (16 interviews, 22 questionnaires) and after (15 interviews, 16 questionnaires) trialing UTI leaflets designed to be shared with service users. Data were analysed inductively using thematic analysis and descriptive tabulation of quantitative data. RESULTS Twenty-five percent (n = 13/51) of service users with urinary symptoms sought help from a pharmacist first and 65% (n = 33/51) were comfortable discussing their urinary symptoms with a pharmacist in a private space. Community pharmacists were confident as the first professional contact for service users with uncomplicated UTI (n = 13/16, 81%), but indicated the lack of a specific patient referral pathway (n = 16/16, 100%), the need for additional funding and staff (n = 10/16, 62%), and the importance of developing prescription options for pharmacists (5/16, 31%). All community pharmacists reported playing a daily role in controlling antimicrobial resistance by educating service users about viral and bacterial infections and promoting a healthy lifestyle. Enhancing their role will need greater integrated working with general practices and more prescribers based in community pharmacy. CONCLUSION This study suggests that community pharmacists could play a greater role in the management of uncomplicated UTI. The current reconfiguration of primary care in England with primary care networks and integrated care systems could provide a real opportunity for this collaborative working with potential learning for international initiatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Peiffer-Smadja
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, The Hammersmith Hospital, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK;
- IAME, Université de Paris, INSERM, F-75018 Paris, France
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Rosalie Allison
- Primary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester GL1 1DQ, UK; (R.A.); (L.F.J.); (D.M.L.); (C.A.M.M.)
| | - Leah F. Jones
- Primary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester GL1 1DQ, UK; (R.A.); (L.F.J.); (D.M.L.); (C.A.M.M.)
| | - Alison Holmes
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, The Hammersmith Hospital, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK;
| | - Parvesh Patel
- Local Pharmaceutical Committee, Newham, London E7 8BA, UK;
| | - Donna M. Lecky
- Primary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester GL1 1DQ, UK; (R.A.); (L.F.J.); (D.M.L.); (C.A.M.M.)
| | - Raheelah Ahmad
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, The Hammersmith Hospital, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK;
- School of Health Sciences, City University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - Cliodna A. M. McNulty
- Primary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester GL1 1DQ, UK; (R.A.); (L.F.J.); (D.M.L.); (C.A.M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wanat M, Borek AJ, Atkins L, Sallis A, Ashiru-Oredope D, Beech E, Butler CC, Chadborn T, Hopkins S, Jones L, McNulty CAM, Roberts N, Shaw K, Taborn E, Tonkin-Crine S. Optimising Interventions for Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI) in Primary, Secondary and Care Home Settings. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E419. [PMID: 32709080 PMCID: PMC7399982 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9070419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are common yet preventable. Healthcare professional behaviours, such as reducing unnecessary catheter use, are key for preventing CAUTI. Previous research has focused on identifying gaps in the national response to CAUTI in multiple settings in England. This study aimed to identify how national interventions could be optimised. We conducted a multi-method study comprising: a rapid review of research on interventions to reduce CAUTI; a behavioural analysis of effective research interventions compared to national interventions; and a stakeholder focus group and survey to identify the most promising options for optimising interventions. We identified 37 effective research interventions, mostly conducted in United States secondary care. A behavioural analysis of these interventions identified 39 intervention components as possible ways to optimise national interventions. Seven intervention components were prioritised by stakeholders. These included: checklists for discharge/admission to wards; information for patients and relatives about the pros/cons of catheters; setting and profession specific guidelines; standardised nationwide computer-based documentation; promotion of alternatives to catheter use; CAUTI champions; and bladder scanners. By combining research evidence, behavioural analysis and stakeholder feedback, we identified how national interventions to reduce CAUTI could be improved. The seven prioritised components should be considered for future implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wanat
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; (A.J.B.); (C.C.B.); (S.T.-C.)
| | - Aleksandra J. Borek
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; (A.J.B.); (C.C.B.); (S.T.-C.)
| | - Lou Atkins
- Centre for Behaviour Change, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Anna Sallis
- Public Health England Behavioural Insights, London SE1 8UG, UK; (A.S.); (T.C.)
| | | | - Elizabeth Beech
- NHS England and NHS Improvement, London SE1 6LH, UK; (E.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Christopher C. Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; (A.J.B.); (C.C.B.); (S.T.-C.)
| | - Tim Chadborn
- Public Health England Behavioural Insights, London SE1 8UG, UK; (A.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Susan Hopkins
- Public Health England, London SE1 8UG, UK; (D.A.-O.); (S.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Leah Jones
- Primary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester GL1 1DQ, UK; (L.J.); (C.A.M.M.)
| | - Cliodna A. M. McNulty
- Primary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester GL1 1DQ, UK; (L.J.); (C.A.M.M.)
| | - Nia Roberts
- Bodleian Health Care Libraries, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK;
| | - Karen Shaw
- Public Health England, London SE1 8UG, UK; (D.A.-O.); (S.H.); (K.S.)
- University College London Hospitals, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Esther Taborn
- NHS England and NHS Improvement, London SE1 6LH, UK; (E.B.); (E.T.)
- NHS East Kent Clinical Commissioning Groups, Canterbury CT1 1YW, UK
| | - Sarah Tonkin-Crine
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; (A.J.B.); (C.C.B.); (S.T.-C.)
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford in Partnership with Public Health England, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Allison R, Lecky DM, Beech E, Costelloe C, Ashiru-Oredope D, Owens R, McNulty CAM. What antimicrobial stewardship strategies do NHS commissioning organizations implement in primary care in England? JAC Antimicrob Resist 2020; 2:dlaa020. [PMID: 34222984 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To identify and explore strategies that English NHS commissioning organizations implemented to improve antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) within primary care. Methods Questionnaire sent to the medicines management teams (MMTs) of all 209 clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) in England, in 2017. Results A total of 89% (187/209) of all English CCGs responded to the questionnaire; 74% of responding CCGs (123/167) had a prescribing incentive/engagement scheme, with MMTs representing 88% (90/102) considering incentive schemes successful or very successful for prioritizing AMS in primary care, especially when linked to prescribing NHS Quality Premium indicators. AMS audits were considered successful or very successful by 91% (126/138) of responding CCGs, as they identify reasons for inappropriate prescribing and opportunities for future improvement. All responding MMTs (169/169 CCGs) reported feeding back local/national antimicrobial prescribing data to the general practices they commission, 85% (142/168) to their CCG/Commissioning Support Unit (CSU) board and only 33% (56/169) to out-of-hours services. Benchmarking prescribing data was reported as a powerful tool to engage practices, facilitating an element of competition and peer pressure. Conclusions National antimicrobial resistance improvement schemes, in particular the NHS England Quality Premium, have influenced CCG improvement priorities. Most CCGs now report successful improvement strategies including the use of both local and national antibiotic prescribing data to motivate improvements; these should be continued and extended to out-of-hours providers. As local audit data have helped to identify reasons for inappropriate prescribing and inform improvement planning, all organizations should adopt this strategy and include it in local quality improvement schemes, ensuring performance reporting to organizational board level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Céire Costelloe
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in HCAI and AMR, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Allison R, Hayes C, Young V, McNulty CAM. Evaluation of an Educational Health Website on Infections and Antibiotics in England: Mixed Methods, User-Centered Approach. JMIR Form Res 2020; 4:e14504. [PMID: 32203932 PMCID: PMC7171564 DOI: 10.2196/14504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background e-Bug, an educational health website for teachers and students, aims to help control antibiotic resistance by educating young people about microbes, hygiene, and antibiotic resistance, reducing the incidence of infection and, therefore, the need for antibiotics. The teachers’ section of the e-Bug website has not been evaluated since it was launched in 2009, and worldwide page views have been steadily decreasing since 2013. Objective This study aimed to apply GoodWeb, a comprehensive framework utilizing methodologies and attributes that are relevant to the digital era, to evaluate and suggest improvements to the e-Bug website. Methods Electronic questionnaires and face-to-face completion of task scenarios were used to assess content, ease of use, interactivity, technical adequacy, appearance, effectiveness, efficiency, and learnability of the teachers’ section of the e-Bug website. Results A total of 106 teachers evaluated the e-Bug website; 97.1% (103/106) of them reported that they would use e-Bug, and 98.1% (104/106) of them reported that they would recommend it to others. Participants thought that there was a niche for e-Bug because of the way the resources fit into the national curriculum. Suggestions for improvements included changing the menu indication by highlighting the current page or deactivating links, improving home page indication, and providing a preview of resources when hovering the mouse over hyperlinks. Additional features requested by users included a search function and access to training opportunities. Conclusions This paper reports that the GoodWeb framework was successfully applied to evaluate the e-Bug website, and therefore, it could be used to guide future website evaluations in other fields. Results from this study will be used to appraise the current quality and inform any future changes, modifications, and additions to e-Bug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vicki Young
- Public Health England, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hayes C, Young V, Brown C, Touboul Lundgren P, Gennimata D, Holt J, Weisheit E, Rico A, Garcia C, De Castro P, McNulty CAM. International promotion of e-Bug, an infection prevention and control educational intervention: survey of partners across 14 countries. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2020; 2:dlaa003. [PMID: 34222961 PMCID: PMC8210087 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public health. e-Bug is an educational resource developed and promoted by a network of international partners. e-Bug seeks to reduce the spread of infection and use of antimicrobials in young people and the community, so helping to control AMR. This study aimed to explore how e-Bug is promoted by international partners and observe barriers to promotion, including the extent of education about antibiotics in schools. METHODS A total of 29 e-Bug partners were invited to complete online questionnaires on (i) methods they use to promote e-Bug; and (ii) antibiotic topics covered in the national curriculum in their countries. RESULTS Fourteen and 15 of 29 e-Bug partners across Europe and Palestine completed the promotional activities and curriculum questionnaires respectively. The most frequently reported methods of promotion included endorsement and collaboration with government and non-government sectors and involvement in national and global health awareness campaigns. Barriers to promotion included a lack of time and funding. The curriculum survey data showed variation in antibiotic education across Europe and Palestine, lack of antibiotic education for children under 11 years of age and little change in antibiotic topics included in the curriculum since 2006. CONCLUSIONS Future and existing e-Bug partners should be encouraged to follow promotional activities reported in this paper, including ministry endorsement, educator training, international campaigns and youth programmes. We encourage all countries to increase antibiotic topics in the school curriculum across all ages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vicki Young
- Primary Care & Interventions Unit, PHE, Gloucester, UK
| | - Carla Brown
- Primary Care & Interventions Unit, PHE, Gloucester, UK
| | - Pia Touboul Lundgren
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Département de Santé Publique, Nice, France
| | | | - Jette Holt
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Arantza Rico
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Carlos Garcia
- Department of Education, Government of the Basque Country, Lakua C/Donostia-San Sebastián, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe public understanding and use of antibiotics. DESIGN Ipsos MORI Capibus survey of randomly-selected households. SETTING England, January-April 2017. PARTICIPANTS 2283 adults (≥15 years) including 777 parents of children <5 years old. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The main survey was undertaken in January 2017 (n=1691); data from an additional sample of parents were collected in April 2017 (n=592). Analyses were weighted to obtain estimates representative of the population. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Responses to questions about antibiotics (awareness and perceptions), recent illness (expectations and experience), delayed and leftover antibiotics, and child illness stratified by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS Most respondents (83% (1404/1691)) recognised that antibiotics kill bacteria/treat bacterial infections, but a sizeable minority (35% (592/1691)) thought that antibiotics kill viruses/treat viral infections. Overall levels of understanding have not changed substantially since similar surveys in 2003 and 2008/2009. One sixth of respondents who were prescribed antibiotics reported having leftovers (14% (64/498)) and 33% (22/64) kept these for possible future use. 1.3% of all respondents (23/1691) reported taking left-over antibiotics in the past year and 1.6% (26/1691) reported taking antibiotics obtained without a prescription. Higher social grade and educational qualifications were strongly positively associated with antibiotic knowledge; youngest (15-24 years), oldest (65 +years) and black, Asian and minority ethnic adults were less knowledgeable. Among 1319 respondents who had an infection or antibiotics within the past year, 43% (568/1319) said that they had not received any advice or information about antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS Despite many campaigns, public understanding of antibiotics in England continues to combine correct basic knowledge held by most people with less prevalent but persistent and potentially harmful misunderstandings. These could be addressed through active provision of advice and information during primary and secondary care consultations and more effective public health interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon M Collin
- Primary Care and Intervention Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester, UK
| | - Emily Cooper
- Primary Care and Intervention Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester, UK
| | - Donna M Lecky
- Primary Care and Intervention Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester, UK
| | - Chris C Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Allison R, Hayes C, McNulty CAM, Young V. A Comprehensive Framework to Evaluate Websites: Literature Review and Development of GoodWeb. JMIR Form Res 2019; 3:e14372. [PMID: 31651406 PMCID: PMC6914275 DOI: 10.2196/14372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention is turning toward increasing the quality of websites and quality evaluation to attract new users and retain existing users. OBJECTIVE This scoping study aimed to review and define existing worldwide methodologies and techniques to evaluate websites and provide a framework of appropriate website attributes that could be applied to any future website evaluations. METHODS We systematically searched electronic databases and gray literature for studies of website evaluation. The results were exported to EndNote software, duplicates were removed, and eligible studies were identified. The results have been presented in narrative form. RESULTS A total of 69 studies met the inclusion criteria. The extracted data included type of website, aim or purpose of the study, study populations (users and experts), sample size, setting (controlled environment and remotely assessed), website attributes evaluated, process of methodology, and process of analysis. Methods of evaluation varied and included questionnaires, observed website browsing, interviews or focus groups, and Web usage analysis. Evaluations using both users and experts and controlled and remote settings are represented. Website attributes that were examined included usability or ease of use, content, design criteria, functionality, appearance, interactivity, satisfaction, and loyalty. Website evaluation methods should be tailored to the needs of specific websites and individual aims of evaluations. GoodWeb, a website evaluation guide, has been presented with a case scenario. CONCLUSIONS This scoping study supports the open debate of defining the quality of websites, and there are numerous approaches and models to evaluate it. However, as this study provides a framework of the existing literature of website evaluation, it presents a guide of options for evaluating websites, including which attributes to analyze and options for appropriate methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vicki Young
- Public Health England, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
McNulty CAM, Lecky DM, Xu-McCrae L, Nakiboneka-Ssenabulya D, Chung KT, Nichols T, Thomas HL, Thomas M, Alvarez-Buylla A, Turner K, Shabir S, Manzoor S, Smith S, Crocker L, Hawkey PM. CTX-M ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae: estimated prevalence in adults in England in 2014. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019. [PMID: 29514211 PMCID: PMC5909627 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBLPE) are increasing in prevalence worldwide and are more difficult to treat than non-ESBLPE. Their prevalence in the UK general population is unknown, as the only previous UK ESBLPE faecal colonization study involved patients with diarrhoea. Objectives To estimate the prevalence of CTX-M ESBLPE faecal colonization in the general adult population of England in 2014, and investigate risk factors. Methods A stratified random sample of 58 337 registered patients from 16 general practices within four areas of England were invited to participate by returning faeces specimens and self-completed questionnaires. Specimens were tested for ESBLPE and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE). Results 2430 individuals participated (4% of those invited). The estimated prevalence of colonization with CTX-M ESBLPE in England was 7.3% (95% CI 5.6%–9.4%) (Shropshire 774 participants, 4.9% colonization; Southampton City 740 participants, 9.2%; Newham 612 participants, 12.7%; Heart of Birmingham 234 individuals, 16.0%) and was particularly high in: those born in Afghanistan (10 participants, 60.0% colonization, 95% CI 29.7%–84.2%); those born on the Indian subcontinent (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh or Sri Lanka) (259 participants, 25.0% colonization, 95% CI 18.5%–32.9%); travellers to South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka or Nepal) in the last year (140 participants, 38.5% colonization, 95% CI 27.8%–50.5%); and healthcare domestics (8 participants, unweighted 37.5% colonization, 95% CI 8.5%–75.5%). Risk factors identified included: being born in the Indian subcontinent (aOR 5.4, 95% CI 3.0–9.7); travel to South Asia (aOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.8–4.8) or to Africa, China, South or Central America, South East or Pacific Asia or Afghanistan (aOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.7–4.1) in the last year; and working as a healthcare domestic (aOR 6.2, 95% CI 1.3–31). None of the 48 participants who took co-amoxiclav in the last year was colonized with CTX-M ESBLPE. blaCTX-M-15 accounted for 66% of CTX-M ESBLPE positives. 0.1% (two participants) were colonized with CPE. Conclusions CTX-M ESBLPE are established in the general population in England and prevalence is particularly high in people from certain countries of birth or with recent travel. We recommend that these findings be taken into account in guidance on the empirical management of patients presenting with a likely Enterobacteriaceae infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cliodna A M McNulty
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Donna M Lecky
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Li Xu-McCrae
- Public Health England, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Public Health Laboratory, Bordesley Green E, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Deborah Nakiboneka-Ssenabulya
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Keun-Taik Chung
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tom Nichols
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | | | - Mike Thomas
- University of Southampton, Aldermoor Health Centre, Aldermoor Close, Southampton SO16 5ST, UK
| | - Adela Alvarez-Buylla
- Public Health England, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Public Health Laboratory, Bordesley Green E, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Kim Turner
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Sahida Shabir
- Public Health England, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Public Health Laboratory, Bordesley Green E, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Susan Manzoor
- Public Health England, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Public Health Laboratory, Bordesley Green E, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Stephen Smith
- University Hospitals of Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, Midlands & NW Bowel Cancer Screening Hub, Hospital of St Cross, Barby Road, Rugby CV22 5PX, UK
| | - Linda Crocker
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Peter M Hawkey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hawkey PM, Warren RE, Livermore DM, McNulty CAM, Enoch DA, Otter JA, Wilson APR. Treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: report of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy/Healthcare Infection Society/British Infection Association Joint Working Party. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019. [PMID: 29514274 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Working Party makes more than 100 tabulated recommendations in antimicrobial prescribing for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) and suggest further research, and algorithms for hospital and community antimicrobial usage in urinary infection. The international definition of MDR is complex, unsatisfactory and hinders the setting and monitoring of improvement programmes. We give a new definition of multiresistance. The background information on the mechanisms, global spread and UK prevalence of antibiotic prescribing and resistance has been systematically reviewed. The treatment options available in hospitals using intravenous antibiotics and in primary care using oral agents have been reviewed, ending with a consideration of antibiotic stewardship and recommendations. The guidance has been derived from current peer-reviewed publications and expert opinion with open consultation. Methods for systematic review were NICE compliant and in accordance with the SIGN 50 Handbook; critical appraisal was applied using AGREE II. Published guidelines were used as part of the evidence base and to support expert consensus. The guidance includes recommendations for stakeholders (including prescribers) and antibiotic-specific recommendations. The clinical efficacy of different agents is critically reviewed. We found there are very few good-quality comparative randomized clinical trials to support treatment regimens, particularly for licensed older agents. Susceptibility testing of MDR GNB causing infection to guide treatment needs critical enhancements. Meropenem- or imipenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae should have their carbapenem MICs tested urgently, and any carbapenemase class should be identified: mandatory reporting of these isolates from all anatomical sites and specimens would improve risk assessments. Broth microdilution methods should be adopted for colistin susceptibility testing. Antimicrobial stewardship programmes should be instituted in all care settings, based on resistance rates and audit of compliance with guidelines, but should be augmented by improved surveillance of outcome in Gram-negative bacteraemia, and feedback to prescribers. Local and national surveillance of antibiotic use, resistance and outcomes should be supported and antibiotic prescribing guidelines should be informed by these data. The diagnosis and treatment of both presumptive and confirmed cases of infection by GNB should be improved. This guidance, with infection control to arrest increases in MDR, should be used to improve the outcome of infections with such strains. Anticipated users include medical, scientific, nursing, antimicrobial pharmacy and paramedical staff where they can be adapted for local use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Hawkey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Cliodna A M McNulty
- Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - David A Enoch
- Public Health England, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - A Peter R Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jones LF, Owens R, Sallis A, Ashiru-Oredope D, Thornley T, Francis NA, Butler C, McNulty CAM. Qualitative study using interviews and focus groups to explore the current and potential for antimicrobial stewardship in community pharmacy informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e025101. [PMID: 30593557 PMCID: PMC6318531 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Community pharmacists and their staff have the potential to contribute to antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). However, their barriers and opportunities are not well understood. The aim was to investigate the experiences and perceptions of community pharmacists and their teams around AMS to inform intervention development. DESIGN Interviews and focus groups were used to explore the views of pharmacists, pharmacy staff, general practitioners (GPs), members of pharmacy organisations and commissioners. The questioning schedule was developed using the Theoretical Domains Framework which helped inform recommendations to facilitate AMS in community pharmacy. RESULTS 8 GPs, 28 pharmacists, 13 pharmacy staff, 6 representatives from pharmacy organisations in England and Wales, and 2 local stakeholders participated.Knowledge and skills both facilitated or hindered provision of self-care and compliance advice by different grades of pharmacy staff. Some staff were not aware of the impact of giving self-care and compliance advice to help control antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The pharmacy environment created barriers to AMS; this included lack of time of well-qualified staff leading to misinformation from underskilled staff to patients about the need for antibiotics or the need to visit the GP, this was exacerbated by lack of space. AMS activities were limited by absent diagnoses on antibiotic prescriptions.Several pharmacy staff felt that undertaking patient examinations, questioning the rationale for antibiotic prescriptions and performing audits would allow them to provide more tailored AMS advice. CONCLUSIONS Interventions are required to overcome a lack of qualified staff, time and space to give patients AMS advice. Staff need to understand how self-care and antibiotic compliance advice can help control AMR. A multifaceted educational intervention including information for staff with feedback about the advice given may help. Indication for a prescription would enable pharmacists to provide more targeted antibiotic advice. Commissioners should consider the pharmacists' role in examining patients, and giving advice about antibiotic prescriptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Owens
- Primary Care Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester, UK
| | - Anna Sallis
- Behavioural Insights Team, Public Health England, London, UK
| | | | | | - Nick A Francis
- School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Chris Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pouwels KB, Robotham JV, McNulty CAM, Muller-Pebody B, Hopkins S. Prevalence of resistance to antibiotics in children's urinary Escherichia coli isolates estimated using national surveillance data. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73:2268-2269. [PMID: 29726990 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K B Pouwels
- Modelling and Economics Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.,Department of Health Sciences, Global Health, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J V Robotham
- Modelling and Economics Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - C A M McNulty
- Primary Care Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| | - B Muller-Pebody
- Healthcare-Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - S Hopkins
- Healthcare-Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.,Directorate of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jones LF, Hawking MKD, Owens R, Lecky D, Francis NA, Butler C, Gal M, McNulty CAM. An evaluation of the TARGET (Treat Antibiotics Responsibly; Guidance, Education, Tools) Antibiotics Toolkit to improve antimicrobial stewardship in primary care-is it fit for purpose? Fam Pract 2018; 35:461-467. [PMID: 29300965 PMCID: PMC6057505 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmx131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TARGET (Treat Antibiotics Responsibly; Guidance, Education, Tools) Antibiotics Toolkit aims to improve antimicrobial prescribing in primary care through guidance, interactive workshops with action planning, patient facing educational and audit materials. OBJECTIVE To explore GPs', nurses' and other stakeholders' views of TARGET. DESIGN Mixed methods. METHOD In 2014, 40 UK GP staff and 13 stakeholders participated in interviews or focus groups. We analysed data using a thematic framework and normalization process theory (NPT). RESULTS Two hundred and sixty-nine workshop participants completed evaluation forms, and 40 GP staff, 4 trainers and 9 relevant stakeholders participated in interviews (29) or focus groups (24). GP staffs were aware of the issues around antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and how it related to their prescribing. Most participants stated that TARGET as a whole was useful. Participants suggested the workshop needed less background on AMR, be centred around clinical cases and allow more action planning time. Participants particularly valued comparison of their practice antibiotic prescribing with others and the TARGET Treating Your Infection leaflet. The leaflet needed greater accessibility via GP computer systems. Due to time, cost, accessibility and competing priorities, many GP staff had not fully utilized all resources, especially the audit and educational materials. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence that the workshop is likely to be more acceptable and engaging if based around clinical scenarios, with less on AMR and more time on action planning. Greater promotion of TARGET, through Clinical Commissioning Group's (CCG's) and professional bodies, may improve uptake. Patient facing resources should be made accessible through computer shortcuts built into general practice software.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Ffion Jones
- Primary Care Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| | - Meredith K D Hawking
- Primary Care Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| | - Rebecca Owens
- Primary Care Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| | - Donna Lecky
- Primary Care Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| | - Nick A Francis
- Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Chris Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Micaela Gal
- Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Cliodna A M McNulty
- Primary Care Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Young VL, Cole A, Lecky DM, Fettis D, Pritchard B, Verlander NQ, Eley CV, McNulty CAM. A mixed-method evaluation of peer-education workshops for school-aged children to teach about antibiotics, microbes and hygiene. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:2119-2126. [PMID: 28333334 PMCID: PMC5890736 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Delivering health topics in schools through peer education is known to be beneficial for all students involved. In this study, we have evaluated a peer-education workshop that aims to educate primary and secondary school students on hygiene, the spread of infection and antibiotics. Methods Four schools in south-west England, in a range of localities, took part in peer-education workshops, with students completing before, after and knowledge-retention questionnaires. Mixed-effect logistic regression and mixed-effect linear regression were used to analyse the data. Data were analysed by topic, region and peer/non-peer-educator status. Qualitative interviews and focus groups with students and educators were conducted to assess changes in participants' skills, confidence and behaviour. Results Qualitative data indicated improvements in peer-educator skills and behaviour, including confidence, team-working and communication. There was a significant improvement in knowledge for all topics covered in the intervention, although this varied by region. In the antibiotics topic, peer-educators' knowledge increased in the retention questionnaire, whereas non-peer-educators' knowledge decreased. Knowledge declined in the retention questionnaires for the other topics, although this was mostly not significant. Conclusions This study indicates that peer education is an effective way to educate young people on important topics around health and hygiene, and to concurrently improve communication skills. Its use should be encouraged across schools to help in the implementation of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance that recommends children are taught in an age-appropriate manner about hygiene and antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki L Young
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Amy Cole
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Donna M Lecky
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Dennis Fettis
- Environmental Health Department, Forest of Dean District Council, Coleford GL16 8HG, UK
| | - Beth Pritchard
- Environmental Health Department, Forest of Dean District Council, Coleford GL16 8HG, UK
| | - Neville Q Verlander
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, Public Health England, Colindale, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Charlotte V Eley
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Cliodna A M McNulty
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lecky DM, Dhillon H, Verlander NQ, McNulty CAM. Animations designed to raise patient awareness of prudent antibiotic use: patient recall of key messages and their immediate effect on patient attitude. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:701. [PMID: 29208027 PMCID: PMC5718068 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-3048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine if patients recalled key messages from antibiotic animations shown on digital displays in General Practice waiting rooms, and if watching them changed patients' immediate intentions to consult their GP for upper respiratory tract infections, seek antibiotics and self-care. RESULTS The pre intervention focus group found the animations intergenerational, informative and educational. 3119 patients were observed in 3 GP practices during project team visits; 145 (4.6%) were observed watching the animations; 132 (91%) remembered seeing them; the key messages were retained by 47-55% of patients. Significant positive differences were observed for questions related to intended antibiotic related behaviours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna M. Lecky
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester, GL1 3NN England, UK
| | - Harpal Dhillon
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester, GL1 3NN England, UK
- Present Address: Shire, 1 Kingdon Street, London, W2 6BD England, UK
| | - Neville Q. Verlander
- Public Health England, Statistics and Modelling Economics Unit, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ England, UK
| | - Cliodna A. M. McNulty
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester, GL1 3NN England, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Allison R, Lecky DM, Town K, Rugman C, Ricketts EJ, Ockendon-Powell N, Folkard KA, Dunbar JK, McNulty CAM. Exploring why a complex intervention piloted in general practices did not result in an increase in chlamydia screening and diagnosis: a qualitative evaluation using the fidelity of implementation model. BMC Fam Pract 2017; 18:43. [PMID: 28327096 PMCID: PMC5361828 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-017-0618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia) is the most commonly diagnosed sexually transmitted infection (STI) in England; approximately 70% of diagnoses are in sexually active young adults aged under 25. To facilitate opportunistic chlamydia screening in general practice, a complex intervention, based on a previously successful Chlamydia Intervention Randomised Trial (CIRT), was piloted in England. The modified intervention (3Cs and HIV) aimed to encourage general practice staff to routinely offer chlamydia testing to all 15-24 year olds regardless of the type of consultation. However, when the 3Cs (chlamydia screening, signposting to contraceptive services, free condoms) and HIV was offered to a large number of general practitioner (GP) surgeries across England, chlamydia screening was not significantly increased. This qualitative evaluation addresses the following aims: a) Explore why the modified intervention did not increase screening across all general practices. b) Suggest recommendations for future intervention implementation. METHODS Phone interviews were carried out with 26 practice staff, at least 5 months after their initial educational workshop, exploring their opinions on the workshop and intervention implementation in the real world setting. Interview transcripts were thematically analysed and further examined using the fidelity of implementation model. RESULTS Participants who attended had a positive attitude towards the workshops, but attendee numbers were low. Often, the intervention content, as detailed in the educational workshops, was not adhered to: practice staff were unaware of any on-going trainer support; computer prompts were only added to the female contraception template; patients were not encouraged to complete the test immediately; complete chlamydia kits were not always readily available to the clinicians; and videos and posters were not utilised. Staff reported that financial incentives, themselves, were not a motivator; competing priorities and time were identified as major barriers. CONCLUSION Not adhering to the exact intervention model may explain the lack of significant increases in chlamydia screening. To increase fidelity of implementation outside of Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) conditions, and consequently, improve likelihood of increased screening, future public health interventions in general practices need to have: more specific action planning within the educational workshop; computer prompts added to systems and used; all staff attending the workshop; and on-going practice staff support with feedback of progress on screening and diagnosis rates fed back to all staff.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Allison
- Primary Care Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Microbiology Dept, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester, GL1 3NN, UK.
| | - D M Lecky
- Primary Care Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Microbiology Dept, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester, GL1 3NN, UK
| | - K Town
- HIV/STI Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Control and Surveillance, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - C Rugman
- Formerly Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Dept., Gloucester, GL1 3NN, UK
| | - E J Ricketts
- Formerly Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Dept., Gloucester, now Derriford Hospital, Derriford Road, Plymouth, UK
| | - N Ockendon-Powell
- Formerly Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Dept., Gloucester, now Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, UK
| | - K A Folkard
- HIV/STI Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Control and Surveillance, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - J K Dunbar
- HIV/STI Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Control and Surveillance, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - C A M McNulty
- Primary Care Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Microbiology Dept, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester, GL1 3NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hoekstra BA, Young VL, Eley CV, Hawking MKD, McNulty CAM. School Nurses' perspectives on the role of the school nurse in health education and health promotion in England: a qualitative study. BMC Nurs 2016; 15:73. [PMID: 28050164 PMCID: PMC5203702 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-016-0194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of the school nurse is complex with many possible elements identified by previous research. The aim of this study is to understand perceptions of the role of the school nurse in order to support school nurses in the delivery of health education. Methods The study used an inductive, qualitative research design involving semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Participants were recruited from four NHS trusts across England and final sample size was thirty one school nurses. Three focus groups and two interviews took place in person, and three interviews were over the phone. Data was thematically analysed. Results School nurses described six main themes. Four themes directly related to the school nurse role: the main roles of a school nurse, school nurses' role in health education, prioritisation of workload and activities, and community work. A further two other themes related to the delivery of health education: the school nursing system and educational resources. Conclusions The role of the school nurse in England is very diverse and the school nurse role in health education is primarily to advise and support schools, rather than to directly deliver education. The study identified that tailored public health educational resources are needed to support school nurses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beverley A Hoekstra
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, GL1 3NN UK
| | - Vicki L Young
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, GL1 3NN UK
| | - Charlotte V Eley
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, GL1 3NN UK
| | - Meredith K D Hawking
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, GL1 3NN UK
| | - Cliodna A M McNulty
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, GL1 3NN UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Town K, McNulty CAM, Ricketts EJ, Hartney T, Nardone A, Folkard KA, Charlett A, Dunbar JK. Service evaluation of an educational intervention to improve sexual health services in primary care implemented using a step-wedge design: analysis of chlamydia testing and diagnosis rate changes. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:686. [PMID: 27484823 PMCID: PMC4969638 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Providing sexual health services in primary care is an essential step towards universal provision. However they are not offered consistently. We conducted a national pilot of an educational intervention to improve staff’s skills and confidence to increase chlamydia testing rates and provide condoms with contraceptive information plus HIV testing according to national guidelines, known as 3Cs&HIV. The effectiveness of the pilot on chlamydia testing and diagnosis rates in general practice was evaluated. Methods The pilot was implemented using a step-wedge design over three phases during 2013 and 2014 in England. The intervention combined educational workshops with posters, testing performance feedback and continuous support. Chlamydia testing and diagnosis rates in participating general practices during the control and intervention periods were compared adjusting for seasonal trends in chlamydia testing and differences in practice size. Intervention effect modification was assessed for the following general practice characteristics: chlamydia testing rate compared to national median, number of general practice staff employed, payment for chlamydia screening, practice urban/rurality classification, and proximity to sexual health clinics. Results The 460 participating practices conducted 26,021 tests in the control period and 18,797 tests during the intervention period. Intention-to-treat analysis showed no change in the unadjusted median tests and diagnoses per month per practice after receiving training: 2.7 vs 2.7; 0.1 vs 0.1. Multivariable negative binomial regression analysis found no significant change in overall testing or diagnoses post-intervention (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.01, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.96–1.07, P = 0.72; 0.98 CI 0.84–1.15, P = 0.84, respectively). Stratified analysis showed testing increased significantly in practices where payments were in place prior to the intervention (IRR 2.12 CI 1.41–3.18, P < 0.001) and in practices with 6–15 staff (6–10 GPs IRR 1.35 (1.07–1.71), P = 0.012; 11–15 GPs IRR 1.37 (1.09–1.73), P = 0.007). Conclusion This national pilot of short educational training sessions found no overall effect on chlamydia testing in primary care. However, in certain sub-groups chlamydia testing rates increased due to the intervention. This demonstrates the importance of piloting and evaluating any service improvement intervention to assess the impact before widespread implementation, and the need for detailed understanding of local services in order to select effective interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3343-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katy Town
- HIV/STI Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.
| | - Cliodna A M McNulty
- Public Health England Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| | - Ellie J Ricketts
- Public Health England Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| | - Thomas Hartney
- HIV/STI Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Anthony Nardone
- HIV/STI Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Kate A Folkard
- HIV/STI Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Andre Charlett
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, NW9 5EQ, London, UK
| | - J Kevin Dunbar
- HIV/STI Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sharing information with patients within a consultation about their infection and value of antibiotics can help reduce antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory tract infections. However, we do not know how often information is given about antibiotics or infections, and if this is related to knowledge and attitudes. OBJECTIVES To determine the public's reported use of antibiotics, receipt of information from health professionals about antibiotics and resistance, trust in health professionals and knowledge levels about antibiotics and resistance. METHODS Face-to-face computer-assisted survey with 1625 adults over 15 years in randomly selected households using multistage sampling. Rim weighting was used to correct for any selection biases. RESULTS About 88% trusted their GP to determine the need for antibiotics. Of those who took antibiotics in the past year, 62% were for a throat infection, 60% for sinus infection and 42% for a cough. Although 67% who had been prescribed an antibiotic recalled being given advice about their infection or antibiotics, only 8% recalled information about antibiotic resistance. Those in lower social grades were less likely to recall advice. About 44% correctly indicated that antibiotics effectively treat bacterial rather than viral infections. Only 45% agreed that 'healthy people can carry antibiotic resistant bacteria'. CONCLUSION GPs and health carers are trusted decision-makers, but could share more information with patients about the need or not for antibiotics, self-care and antibiotic resistance, especially with younger patients and those of lower social grade. Better ways are needed for effective sharing of information about antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cliodna A M McNulty
- Primary Care Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff,
| | - Donna M Lecky
- Primary Care Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester
| | | | | | | | - Chris C Butler
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford and Cynon Vale Medical Practice, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Mountain Ash, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ricketts EJ, Francischetto EO, Wallace LM, Hogan A, McNulty CAM. Tools to overcome potential barriers to chlamydia screening in general practice: Qualitative evaluation of the implementation of a complex intervention. BMC Fam Pract 2016; 17:33. [PMID: 27001608 PMCID: PMC4802657 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-016-0430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydia trachomatis remains a significant public health problem. We used a complex intervention, with general practice staff, consisting of practice based workshops, posters, computer prompts and testing feedback and feedback to increase routine chlamydia screening tests in under 25 year olds in South West England. We aimed to evaluate how intervention components were received by staff and to understand what determined their implementation into ongoing practice. METHODS We used face-to-face and telephone individual interviews with 29 general practice staff analysed thematically within a Normalisation Process Theory Framework which explores: 1. Coherence (if participants understand the purpose of the intervention); 2. Cognitive participation (engagement with and implementation of the intervention); 3. Collective action (work actually undertaken that drives the intervention forwards); 4. Reflexive monitoring (assessment of the impact of the intervention). RESULTS Our results showed coherence as all staff including receptionists understood the purpose of the training was to make them aware of the value of chlamydia screening tests and how to increase this in their general practice. The training was described by nearly all staff as being of high quality and responsible for creating a shared understanding between staff of how to undertake routine chlamydia screening. Cognitive participation in many general practice staff teams was demonstrated through their engagement by meeting after the training to discuss implementation, which confirmed the role of each staff member and the use of materials. However several participants still felt unable to discuss chlamydia in many consultations or described sexual health as low priority among colleagues. National targets were considered so high for some general practice staff that they didn't engage with the screening intervention. Collective action work undertaken to drive the intervention included use of computer prompts which helped staff remember to make the offer, testing rate feedback and having a designated lead. Ensuring patients collected samples when still in the general practice was not attained in most general practices. Reflexive monitoring showed positive feedback from patients and other staff about the value of screening, and feedback about the general practices testing rates helped sustain activity. CONCLUSIONS A complex intervention including interactive workshops, materials to help implementation and feedback can help chlamydia screening testing increase in general practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellie J. Ricketts
- />Public Health England Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester, GL1 3NN UK
| | - Elaine O’Connell Francischetto
- />NIHR CLAHRC West Midlands Chronic Disease Theme, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Louise M. Wallace
- />Faculty of Health and Social Care, National Institutes of Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research Programme, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA UK
| | - Angela Hogan
- />Health Protection Agency Primary Care Unit, Personalised Medicine Consortium Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg 6, Rue Nicolas Ernest Barblé, L-1210 Luxembourg
| | - Cliodna A. M. McNulty
- />Public Health England Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester, GL1 3NN UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ashiru-Oredope D, Budd EL, Bhattacharya A, Din N, McNulty CAM, Micallef C, Ladenheim D, Beech E, Murdan S, Hopkins S. Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship interventions recommended by national toolkits in primary and secondary healthcare sectors in England: TARGET and Start Smart Then Focus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:1408-14. [PMID: 26869693 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess and compare the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) interventions recommended within the national AMS toolkits, TARGET and Start Smart Then Focus, in English primary and secondary healthcare settings in 2014, to determine the prevalence of cross-sector engagement to drive AMS interventions and to propose next steps to improve implementation of AMS. METHODS Electronic surveys were circulated to all 211 clinical commissioning groups (CCGs; primary sector) and to 146 (out of the 159) acute trusts (secondary sector) in England. Response rates were 39% and 63% for the primary and secondary sectors, respectively. RESULTS The majority of CCGs and acute trusts reported reviewing national AMS toolkits formally or informally (60% and 87%, respectively). However, only 13% of CCGs and 46% of acute trusts had developed an action plan for the implementation of these toolkits. Only 5% of CCGs had antimicrobial pharmacists in post; however, the role of specialist antimicrobial pharmacists continued to remain embedded within acute trusts, with 83% of responding trusts having an antimicrobial pharmacist at a senior grade. CONCLUSIONS The majority of healthcare organizations review national AMS toolkits; however, implementation of the toolkits, through the development of action plans to deliver AMS interventions, requires improvement. For the first time, we report the extent of cross-sector and multidisciplinary collaboration to deliver AMS interventions in both primary and secondary care sectors in England. Results highlight that further qualitative and quantitative work is required to explore mutual benefits and promote best practice. Antimicrobial pharmacists remain leaders for implementing AMS interventions across both primary and secondary healthcare sectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Ashiru-Oredope
- Antimicrobial Resistance Programme, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - E L Budd
- Antimicrobial Resistance Programme, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - A Bhattacharya
- Antimicrobial Resistance Programme, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - N Din
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, UCL, London, UK
| | - C A M McNulty
- Primary Care Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| | - C Micallef
- Pharmacy Department, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit, Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - D Ladenheim
- Pharmacy Department, East & North Herts NHS Trust, Hertford, UK
| | - E Beech
- NHS Bath and North East Somerset Clinical Commissioning Group, Bath, UK NHS England Patient Safety Domain 5, London, UK
| | - S Murdan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, UCL, London, UK
| | - S Hopkins
- Antimicrobial Resistance Programme, Public Health England, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the general public's understanding, acceptance and use of delayed antibiotics. DESIGN Face to face computer-assisted survey using an Ipsos MORI Capibus survey. SETTING Randomly selected households in England using multistage sampling. RESPONDENTS A representative sample of 1625 adults aged over 15 years and recruited from household visits in England, using age and gender quotas for each area. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The survey was undertaken in January 2014. Weights based on gender, age, ethnicity, working status, social grade, housing tenure and Government Office Region corrected for selection biases, so that results are broadly representative of the population. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Proportion of respondents; understanding the meaning of the term delayed antibiotic prescription and how the strategy is used in general practice; in favour of, or opposed to clinicians offering them a delayed antibiotic; reporting receipt, use and acceptability of delayed antibiotic prescriptions in the past year. RESULTS 17% reported fully understanding the meaning of delayed antibiotic prescription and strategy use in general practice;72% were unaware of the term or strategy; 36-39% were in favour of, and 28-30% opposed to clinicians offering them a delayed antibiotic for throat, urine, ear or chest infections. Half of those who were fully aware of the term and practice were in favour of delayed antibiotics. Women, and older respondents, were more strongly opposed to delayed prescribing. Only 4% of all respondents, and 15% of those prescribed an antibiotic, reported being offered a delayed antibiotic in the last year. CONCLUSIONS Wider understanding and acceptance of delayed prescribing may facilitate increased uptake. Further research is needed to determine why groups are so strongly in favour or opposed to delayed prescribing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cliodna A M McNulty
- Primary Care Unit, Public Health England, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| | - Donna M Lecky
- Primary Care Unit, Public Health England, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| | - Meredith K D Hawking
- Primary Care Unit, Public Health England, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| | - Anna Quigley
- Ipsos MORI, Social Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Chris C Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Cardiff University, Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, Cardiff, UK
- Cwm Taf University Health Board
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Town K, Ricketts EJ, Hartney T, Nardone A, Folkard KA, Rugman C, Ockendon N, Charlett A, McNulty CAM, Dunbar JK. P13.09 Evaluation of a pilot to improve primary care sexual health services in england: analysis of chlamydia testing and diagnosis rate changes. Br J Vener Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
29
|
McNulty CAM, Verlander NQ, Moore PCL, Larcombe J, Dudley J, Banerjee J, Jadresic L. Do English NHS Microbiology laboratories offer adequate services for the diagnosis of UTI in children? Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership (HQIP) Audit of Standard Operational Procedures. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:1030-1039. [PMID: 26297550 PMCID: PMC4681043 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Institute of Care Excellence (NICE) 2007 guidance CG54, on urinary tract infection (UTI) in children, states that clinicians should use urgent microscopy and culture as the preferred method for diagnosing UTI in the hospital setting for severe illness in children under 3 years old and from the GP setting in children under 3 years old with intermediate risk of severe illness. NICE also recommends that all 'infants and children with atypical UTI (including non-Escherichia coli infections) should have renal imaging after a first infection'. We surveyed all microbiology laboratories in England with Clinical Pathology Accreditation to determine standard operating procedures (SOPs) for urgent microscopy, culture and reporting of children's urine and to ascertain whether the SOPs facilitate compliance with NICE guidance. We undertook a computer search in six microbiology laboratories in south-west England to determine urine submissions and urine reports in children under 3 years. Seventy-three per cent of laboratories (110/150) participated. Enterobacteriaceae that were not E. coli were reported only as coliforms (rather than non-E. coli coliforms) by 61% (67/110) of laboratories. Eighty-eight per cent of laboratories (97/110) provided urgent microscopy for hospital and 54% for general practice (GP) paediatric urines; 61% of laboratories (confidence interval 52-70%) cultured 1 μl volume of urine, which equates to one colony if the bacterial load is 106 c.f.u. l(-1). Only 22% (24/110) of laboratories reported non-E. coli coliforms and provided urgent microscopy for both hospital and GP childhood urines; only three laboratories also cultured a 5 μl volume of urine. Only one of six laboratories in our submission audit had a significant increase in urine submissions and urines reported from children less than 3 years old between the predicted pre-2007 level in the absence of guidance and the 2008 level following publication of the NICE guidance. Less than a quarter of laboratories were providing a service that would allow clinicians to fully comply with the first line recommendations in the 2007 NICE UTI in children guidance. Laboratory urine submission report figures suggest that the guidance has not led to an increase in diagnosis of UTI in children under 3 years old.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cliodna A M McNulty
- Public Health England Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - Neville Q Verlander
- Public Health England, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Colindale, London, UK
| | - Philippa C L Moore
- Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | - James Larcombe
- Centre for Integrated Health Care Research, University of Durham Queens Campus, Stockton-on-Tees TS17 6BH, UK
| | - Jan Dudley
- Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - Jaydip Banerjee
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | - Lyda Jadresic
- Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Town K, Ricketts EJ, Hartney T, Dunbar JK, Nardone A, Folkard KA, Charlett A, McNulty CAM. Supporting general practices to provide sexual and reproductive health services: protocol for the 3Cs & HIV programme. Public Health 2015; 129:1244-50. [PMID: 26278476 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sexually transmitted infections, HIV and unplanned pregnancies continue to be a major public health problem in England, especially in young adults. Strengthening the provision of free condoms, HIV testing, chlamydia screening and contraception within primary care will contribute to reducing poor sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Recent research demonstrated the benefit for general practices of educational support visits based on behaviour change theory. Public Health England (PHE) has piloted an educational training programme to improve the delivery of sexual health services and HIV testing within general practice. STUDY DESIGN & METHODS The 3Cs & HIV programme used practice based workshops to improve staffs' awareness and skills in order to increase opportunistic offers of chlamydia testing, provision of contraceptive service information and free condoms (the '3Cs') to 15-24 year olds and HIV testing according to national guidelines. The programme was based on the theory of planned behaviour and has been implemented using a stepped wedge design. Process evaluation, testing and diagnosis data, plus qualitative interviews were all used in the evaluation. The primary outcome measures were chlamydia testing and diagnosis rates. Secondary outcome measures were HIV testing and diagnoses rates within each practice and rates of consultations where long acting reversible contraceptives had been discussed. CONCLUSION A key strength of the 3Cs & HIV programme has been the evidence base underpinning the development of the resources and the formal process evaluation of its implementation. The programme was designed to encourage sustainable relationships between general practice staff and local sexual health services as well as the knowledge, awareness and behaviours cultivated during the programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Town
- HIV/STI Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Control and Surveillance, Public Health England, London, UK.
| | - E J Ricketts
- Public Health England Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, UK
| | - T Hartney
- HIV/STI Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Control and Surveillance, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - J K Dunbar
- HIV/STI Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Control and Surveillance, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - A Nardone
- HIV/STI Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Control and Surveillance, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - K A Folkard
- HIV/STI Department, Centre for Infectious Disease Control and Surveillance, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - A Charlett
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - C A M McNulty
- Public Health England Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cooke J, Stephens P, Ashiru-Oredope D, Charani E, Dryden M, Fry C, Hand K, Holmes A, Howard P, Johnson AP, Livermore DM, Mansell P, McNulty CAM, Wellsteed S, Hopkins S, Sharland M. Longitudinal trends and cross-sectional analysis of English national hospital antibacterial use over 5 years (2008-13): working towards hospital prescribing quality measures. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:279-85. [PMID: 25304646 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is global concern that antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to healthcare. Antimicrobial use is a primary driver of resistance but little information exists about the variation in antimicrobial use in individual hospitals in England over time or comparative use between hospitals. The objective of this study was to collate, analyse and report issue data from pharmacy records of 158 National Health Service (NHS) acute hospitals. METHODS This was a cohort study of inpatient antibacterial use in acute hospitals in England analysed over 5 years through a data warehouse from IMS Health, a leading provider of information, services and technology for the healthcare industry. Around 98% of NHS hospitals were included in a country with a population of 50 million residents. RESULTS There was a dramatic change in the usage of different groups of antibacterials between 2009 and 2013 with a marked reduction in the use of first-generation cephalosporins by 24.7% and second-generation cephalosporins by 41%, but little change in the use of third-generation cephalosporins (+5.7%) and fluoroquinolones (+1.6%). In contrast, use of co-amoxiclav, carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam increased by 60.1%, 61.4% and 94.8%, respectively. There was wide variation in the total and relative amounts of antibacterials used between individual hospitals. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal analysis of antibacterial use demonstrated remarkable changes in NHS hospitals, probably reflecting governmental and professional guidance to mitigate the risk of Clostridium difficile infection. The wide variation in usage between individual hospitals suggests potential for quality improvement and benchmarking. Quality measures of optimal hospital antimicrobial prescribing need urgent development and validation to support antimicrobial stewardship initiatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cooke
- The Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Diane Ashiru-Oredope
- Healthcare-Associated Infection, Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship and Healthcare-Associated Infections Programme, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Esmita Charani
- The Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Carole Fry
- Infectious Diseases and Blood Policy Branch, Department of Health, London, UK
| | - Kieran Hand
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Alison Holmes
- The Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Alan P Johnson
- Department of Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - David M Livermore
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infections Reference Unit, Public Health England, London, UK Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Cliodna A M McNulty
- Public Health England Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| | - Sally Wellsteed
- Infectious Diseases and Blood Policy Branch, Department of Health, London, UK
| | - Susan Hopkins
- Healthcare-Associated Infection, Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship and Healthcare-Associated Infections Programme, Public Health England, London, UK Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mike Sharland
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, St George's Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Llor
- Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Cliodna A M McNulty
- Public Health England Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK
| | - Christopher C Butler
- Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hawking MKD, Lecky DM, Verlander NQ, McNulty CAM. Fun on the farm: evaluation of a lesson to teach students about the spread of infection on school farm visits. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75641. [PMID: 24146765 PMCID: PMC3797722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background School visits to farms are a positive educational experience but pose risks due to the spread of zoonotic infections. A lesson plan to raise awareness about microbes on the farm and preventative behaviours was developed in response to the Griffin Investigation into the E. coli outbreak associated with Godstone Farm in 2009. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the delivery of the lesson plan in increasing knowledge about the spread of infection on the farm, amongst school students. Methods Two hundred and twenty-five 9–11 year old students from seven junior schools in England participated. Two hundred and ten students filled in identical questionnaires covering microbes, hand hygiene, and farm hygiene before and after the lesson. Statistical analysis assessed knowledge change using difference in percentage correct answers. Results Significant knowledge improvement was observed for all sections. In the ‘Farm Hygiene’ section, girls and boys demonstrated 18% (p<0.001) and 11% (p<0.001) improvement, respectively (girls vs. boys p<0.004). As girls had lower baseline knowledge the greater percentage improvement resulted in similar post intervention knowledge scores between genders (girls 80%, boys 83%). Conclusions The lesson plan was successful at increasing awareness of microbes on the farm and infection prevention measures and should be used by teachers in preparation for a farm visit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith K. D. Hawking
- Primary Care Unit, Public Health England, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Donna M. Lecky
- Primary Care Unit, Public Health England, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Neville Q. Verlander
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, Public Health England Centre for Infections, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cliodna A. M. McNulty
- Primary Care Unit, Public Health England, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
High rates of antimicrobial prescribing for children, combined with widespread misunderstanding among the general public about the appropriate use of antibiotics, are major causes for concern. European Antibiotic Awareness Day (EAAD) is an annual event that aims to raise awareness of how to use antibiotics in a responsible way that will help keep them effective for the future. As part of EAAD 2013, this article provides an overview of some initiatives aimed at limiting the extent of inappropriate antibiotic use in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Lecky
- Public Health England Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
McNulty CAM, Hogan AH, Ricketts EJ, Wallace L, Oliver I, Campbell R, Kalwij S, O'Connell E, Charlett A. Increasing chlamydia screening tests in general practice: a modified Zelen prospective Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial evaluating a complex intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 90:188-94. [PMID: 24005256 PMCID: PMC3995257 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if a structured complex intervention increases opportunistic chlamydia screening testing of patients aged 15-24 years attending English general practitioner (GP) practices. METHODS A prospective, Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial with a modified Zelen design involving 160 practices in South West England in 2010. The intervention was based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). It comprised of practice-based education with up to two additional contacts to increase the importance of screening to GP staff and their confidence to offer tests through skill development (including videos). Practical resources (targets, posters, invitation cards, computer reminders, newsletters including feedback) aimed to actively influence social cognitions of staff, increasing their testing intention. RESULTS Data from 76 intervention and 81 control practices were analysed. In intervention practices, chlamydia screening test rates were 2.43/100 15-24-year-olds registered preintervention, 4.34 during intervention and 3.46 postintervention; controls testing rates were 2.61/100 registered patients prior intervention, 3.0 during intervention and 2.82 postintervention. During the intervention period, testing in intervention practices was 1.76 times as great (CI 1.24 to 2.48) as controls; this persisted for 9 months postintervention (1.57 times as great, CI 1.27 to 2.30). Chlamydia infections detected increased in intervention practices from 2.1/1000 registered 15-24-year-olds prior intervention to 2.5 during the intervention compared with 2.0 and 2.3/1000 in controls (Estimated Rate Ratio intervention versus controls 1.4 (CI 1.01 to 1.93). CONCLUSIONS This complex intervention doubled chlamydia screening tests in fully engaged practices. The modified Zelen design gave realistic measures of practice full engagement (63%) and efficacy of this educational intervention in general practice; it should be used more often. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered on the UK Clinical Research Network Study Portfolio database. UKCRN number 9722.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cliodna A M McNulty
- Public Health England Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, and Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
In the winter of 2007-08 a new public-facing antimicrobial campaign was agreed by the Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare-Associated Infection (ARHAI) Education sub-Group (later divided into subgroups for professional and public education): it comprised posters with a positive message on how the public could help themselves when they had a cold. However, the poster campaign, used in isolation in England, did not improve antibiotic use; therefore, the Public Education sub-Group took forward educational approaches to change the behaviour of the public and health professionals. Professionals have been encouraged to give patients clear information about the likely duration of symptoms, self-care, and benefits and harms of antibiotics, reinforcing the public poster campaigns in surgeries, hospitals and pharmacies. Since 2008, campaigns have been launched in England to coincide with European Antibiotic Awareness Day (EAAD) on 18 November, using Department of Health and EAAD materials. Professional education has been facilitated by the 2008 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence respiratory tract infection delayed prescribing guidance for general practitioners. A toolkit of materials for medicines management teams, to facilitate good antimicrobial stewardship in primary care (ASPIC), is being taken forward by the Public Education sub-Group and professional societies. After advice from ARHAI, in 2009 the General Medical Council requested that all postgraduate deans and Royal Colleges ensure infection prevention and control and antimicrobial prescribing become standard practice implemented in all clinical settings, and that they are emphasized strongly in undergraduate and postgraduate medical training. ARHAI has also taken a keen interest in reviewing, advising and leading on a number of European Union initiatives dealing with professional education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cliodna A M McNulty
- Health Protection Agency Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
McNulty CAM. European Antibiotic Awareness Day 2012: general practitioners encouraged to TARGET antibiotics through guidance, education and tools. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:2543-6. [PMID: 23014720 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
On 18 November 2012, the UK will once again support the annual European Antibiotic Awareness Day (EAAD). In particular, hospitals will be asked to promote the Start Smart-Then Focus guidance for hospitals launched in 2011, while the Royal College of General Practitioners will publish the TARGET Antibiotics toolkit on their web site. TARGET (Treat Antibiotics Responsibly, Guidance, Education, Tools) emphasizes the need for both primary care staff and the public to use antibiotics responsibly, and provides guidance, education and tools. The web site has been developed by a multiprofessional group and hosts national antibiotic guidance, an antibiotic app, leaflets designed to be shared by patients during consultations, a presentation for clinicians, an interactive self-assessment tool, audit tools, posters and videos for the waiting room and links to other materials. The EAAD is still very relevant and worth promoting enthusiastically through all clinical professionals in an effort to encourage responsible use of antibiotics and thereby control antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cliodna A M McNulty
- Health Protection Agency Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
McNulty CAM, Lasseter G, Newby K, Joshi P, Yoxall H, Kumaran K, O'Brien SJ, Evans M. Stool submission by general practitioners in SW England - when, why and how? A qualitative study. BMC Fam Pract 2012; 13:77. [PMID: 22870944 PMCID: PMC3481435 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2296-13-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background We know little about when and why general practitioners (GPs) submit stool specimens in patients with diarrhoea. The recent UK-wide intestinal infectious disease (IID2) study found ten GP consultations for every case reported to national surveillance. We aimed to explore what factors influence GP’s decisions to send stool specimens for laboratory investigation, and what guidance, if any, informs them. Methods We used qualitative methods that enabled us to explore opinions and ask open questions through 20 telephone interviews with GPs with a range of stool submission rates in England, and a discussion group with 24 GPs. Interviews were transcribed and subjected to content analysis. Results Interviews: GPs only sent stool specimens to microbiology if diarrhoea persisted for over one week, after recent travel, or the patient was very unwell. Very few had a systematic approach to determine the clinical or public health need for a stool specimen. Only two GPs specifically asked patients about blood in their stool; only half asked about recent antibiotics, or potential food poisoning, and few asked about patients’ occupations. Few GPs gave patients advice on how to collect specimens. Results from interviews and discussion group in relation to guidance: All reported that the HPA stool guidance and patient collection instructions would be useful in their clinical work, but only one GP (an interviewee) had previously accessed them. The majority of GPs would value links to guidance on electronic requests. Most GPs were surprised that a negative stool report did not exclude all the common causes of IID. Conclusions GPs value stool culture and laboratories should continue to provide it. Patient instructions on how to collect stool specimens should be within stool collection kits. Through readily accessible guidance and education, GPs need to be encouraged to develop a more systematic approach to eliciting and recording details in the patient’s history that indicate greater risk of severe infection or public health consequences. Mild or short duration IID (under one week) due to any cause is less likely to be picked up in national surveillance as GPs do not routinely submit specimens in these cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cliodna A M McNulty
- Health Protection Agency, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
McNulty CAM, Lasseter G, Shaw I, Nichols T, D'Arcy S, Lawson AJ, Glocker E. Is Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance surveillance needed and how can it be delivered? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35:1221-30. [PMID: 22469191 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients are prescribed Helicobacter pylori treatment without culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing, as current guidance recommends that patients with recurrent dyspepsia should be tested for H. pylori using a non-invasive breath or faecal antigen test. AIMS To determine the prevalence of H. pylori antibiotic resistance in patients attending endoscopy in England and Wales, and the feasibility of an antibiotic resistance surveillance programme testing. METHODS We tested the antibiotic susceptibility of H. pylori isolates from biopsy specimens from 2063 of 7791 (26%) patients attending for endoscopy in Gloucester and Bangor, and 339 biopsy specimens sent to the Helicobacter Reference Unit (HRU) in London. Culture and susceptibility testing was undertaken in line with National and European methods. RESULTS Helicobacter pylori were cultured in 6.4% of 2063 patients attending Gloucester and Bangor hospitals. Resistance to amoxicillin, tetracycline and rifampicin/rifabutin was below 3% at all centres. Clarithromycin, metronidazole and quinolone resistance was significantly higher in HRU (68%, 88%, 17%) and Bangor isolates (18%, 43%, 13%) than Gloucester (3%, 22%, 1%). Each previous course of these antibiotics is associated with an increase in the risk of antibiotic resistance to that agent [clarithromycin: RR = 1.5 (P = 0.12); metronidazole RR = 1.6 (P = 0.002); quinolone RR = 1.8 (P = 0.01)]. CONCLUSIONS Helicobacter pylori infection is now uncommon in dyspeptic patients at endoscopy. A surveillance system is feasible and necessary to inform dyspepsia management guidance. Clinicians should take a thorough antibiotic history before prescribing metronidazole, clarithromycin or levofloxacin for H. pylori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A M McNulty
- Primary Care Unit, Health Protection Agency, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
de Quincey E, Kostkova P, Jawaheer G, Farrell D, McNulty CAM, Weinberg J. Evaluating the online activity of users of the e-Bug web site. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66 Suppl 5:v45-9. [PMID: 21680587 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Web server log analysis is being increasingly used to evaluate the user behaviour on healthcare resource web sites due to the detailed record of activity that they contain. This study aimed to use this information to evaluate the e-Bug web site, a healthcare resource that provides a range of educational resources about microbes, hand and respiratory hygiene, and antibiotics. This evaluation was conducted by analysing the web server logs of the e-Bug web site for the period January 2008 to November 2009, using a proprietary application named Sawmill. The e-Bug web site has had >900,000 page views generated from >88,000 users, with an increase in May 2009 during the swine flu epidemic and a further increase in September 2009 following the official launch of e-Bug. The majority of visitors were from the UK, but visits were recorded from 190 different countries. Word(®) document resources were downloaded >169,000 times, with the most popular being a swine flu factsheet. PowerPoint(®) document resources were downloaded >36,000 times, with the most popular relating to the 'chain of infection'. The majority of visitor referrals originated from search engines, with the most popular referral keywords being variations on the e-Bug name. The most common non-search engine referrals were from other healthcare resources and agencies. Use of the site has increased markedly since the official launch of e-Bug, with average page views of >200,000 per month, from a range of countries, illustrating the international demand for a teaching resource for microbes, hygiene and antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ed de Quincey
- City eHealth Research Centre, City University, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Farrell D, Kostkova P, Weinberg J, Lazareck L, Weerasinghe D, Lecky DM, McNulty CAM. Computer games to teach hygiene: an evaluation of the e-Bug junior game. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66 Suppl 5:v39-44. [PMID: 21680586 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Handwashing, respiratory hygiene and antibiotic resistance remain major public health concerns. In order to facilitate an effective outcome when teaching the basic principles of hand and respiratory hygiene, educational interventions should first target school children. As computer games are ubiquitous in most children's lives, e-Bug developed computer games targeted at teaching children handwashing, respiratory hygiene and antibiotic resistance. The games were designed for two target audiences: junior school children (9-12 year olds); and senior school children (13-15 year olds). Between May and August 2009, the finalized junior game underwent an evaluation in three UK schools (in Glasgow, Gloucester and London), involving 62 children in the schools and ∼ 1700 players accessing the junior game online. The e-Bug junior game consists of a number of levels of play, each of which promotes a set of learning outcomes (LOs). These LOs, complementary to those in the e-Bug packs, are expressed through the game mechanics (the rules of the game) rather than through story or dialogue. Although the junior game's evaluation demonstrated a statistically significant change in the knowledge for only a small number of given LOs, because many children had the required knowledge already before playing the game, this is e-Bug's first statistical study on the junior game and the first comprehensive evaluation of its kind. Future work includes a re-examination of the quiz-style questionnaires utilized in this study and an exploration of the potential knowledge change acquired strictly through engagement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Farrell
- City eHealth Research Centre (CeRC), School of Community and Health Sciences (SC&HS), City University London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lecky DM, McNulty CAM, Adriaenssens N, Koprivová Herotová T, Holt J, Touboul P, Merakou K, Koncan R, Olczak-Pienkowska A, Avô AB, Campos J, Farrell D, Kostkova P, Weinberg J. What are school children in Europe being taught about hygiene and antibiotic use? J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66 Suppl 5:v13-21. [PMID: 21680582 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
e-Bug is a pan-European antibiotic and hygiene teaching resource that aims to reinforce awareness in school children of microbes, prudent antibiotic use, hygiene and the transmission of infection. Prior to the production of the resource, it was essential to examine the educational structure across each partner country and assess what school children were being taught on these topics. A questionnaire was devised for distribution to each European partner (Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, France, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain), exploring their educational structure and examining educational resources or campaigns currently available. From the data collected it was evident that the majority of European schools have structured hand hygiene practices in place from a young age. The curricula in all countries cover the topic of human health and hygiene, but limited information is provided on antibiotics and their prudent use. School educational resources that link to the national curriculum and implement National Advice to the Public campaigns in the classroom are limited. The Microbes en question mobile health education campaign in France is an example of a successful children's education campaign and an innovative programme. Evaluation of the impact of school education on attitude and change of behaviour is also limited throughout many European countries. Not enough is currently being done across Europe to educate school children on the importance of appropriate antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance. The data from this research were used to develop e-Bug, a European Union-funded antibiotic and hygiene teaching resource.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Lecky
- Health Protection Agency Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, GL1 3NN, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lecky DM, McNulty CAM, Adriaenssens N, Koprivová Herotová T, Holt J, Kostkova P, Merakou K, Koncan R, Olczak-Pienkowska A, Avô AB, Campos J, Farrell D, Touboul P. Development of an educational resource on microbes, hygiene and prudent antibiotic use for junior and senior school children. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66 Suppl 5:v23-31. [PMID: 21680583 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Health promotion interventions aimed at children and young people have the potential to lay the foundations for healthy lifestyles. One such intervention, e-Bug, aims to provide schoolchildren with knowledge of prudent antibiotic use and how to reduce the spread of infection. Many children and schools approach learning in different ways; therefore, it is essential to research school needs and the variety of learning styles when creating any school resources. This article outlines the process involved during the development of a pan-European educational resource, and identifies the final pack layout, based on feedback from teacher focus groups, student questionnaires and European partner discussions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Lecky
- Health Protection Agency Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, GL1 3NN, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
e-Bug is an educational resource for schools, covering the topics of microbes and prudent antibiotic use. A coordinated implementation approach with the e-Bug team, the Department of Health, and the Department for Children, Schools and Families resulted in the dissemination of 20,500 Junior and Senior e-Bug packs to all maintained schools in England in 2010.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Lecky
- Health Protection Agency Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucester Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, GL1 3NN, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Farrell D, Kostkova P, Lazareck L, Weerasinghe D, Weinberg J, Lecky DM, Adriaenssens N, Koprivová Herotová T, Holt J, Touboul P, Merakou K, Koncan R, Olczak-Pienkowska A, Avô AB, Campos J, McNulty CAM. Developing e-Bug web games to teach microbiology. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66 Suppl 5:v33-8. [PMID: 21680585 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a complement to the e-Bug teaching pack, two e-Bug games were developed to provide content that aimed to entertain as well as to educate. A set of agreed learning outcomes (LOs) were provided by the scientific partners of the e-Bug Project and the games were developed using user-centred design techniques (the needs, wants and limitations of the potential game players were assessed at each stage of the design process). The e-Bug games were designed for two age groups: Junior (9-12 year olds); and Senior (13-15 year olds). A study using focus groups was done to gain an understanding as to the types of games enjoyed by the target users. According to the preliminary study, the Junior Game was developed as a platform game and the Senior Game was developed as a story-based detective game. The Junior Game consists of five levels, each associated with a set of LOs. Similarly, the Senior Game consists of four missions, each comprising five stages using problem-based learning techniques and LOs. In this paper, the process of development for each game is described in detail and an illustration is provided of how each game level or mission addresses the target LOs. Development of the games used feedback acquired from children in four schools across the UK (Glasgow, London and two in Gloucester). The children were selected according to their willingness to participate. European Partners of the e-Bug Project also provided further support, translation and requests for modifications. The knowledge gained of LOs and further evaluation of the games is continuing, and preliminary results are in press. The final versions of the games, translated into 11 European languages, are available online via www.e-bug.eu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Farrell
- City eHealth Research Centre (CeRC), School of Community and Health Sciences (SC&HS), City University London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lasseter GM, McNulty CAM, Hobbs FDR, Mant D, Little P. Effect of swab type on the analytical sensitivity of five point-of-care tests for group A streptococci. Br J Biomed Sci 2011; 68:91-4. [PMID: 21706921 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2011.11978232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G M Lasseter
- Health Protection Agency, Primary Care Unit, Microbiology, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
When an endoscopy is performed, it now becomes easier to observe indirect evidence of the presence of a Helicobacter pylori infection, given the progress of new methods including magnifying narrow band imaging or confocal laser endomicroscopy. Out of the biopsy-based tests, the novel original method proposed concerned culture in a broth medium with or without antibiotics and ELISA detection of H. pylori. New stool antigen tests are still appearing with no major improvement in comparison with the monoclonal-based tests already on the market. The combination of pepsinogen detection to H. pylori serology is now more and more evaluated to detect preneoplastic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cliodna A M McNulty
- Health Protection Agency Primary Care Unit, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Gloucester GL1 3NN, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Geyer M, Howell-Jones R, Cunningham R, McNulty CAM. Microbiology Reporting of Ear Swab Results in Otitis Externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599811416318a179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To review current microbiology laboratory reporting of ear swab specimens in primary care and reach an evidence-based reporting policy consensus. Method: Prospective primary care study commenced June 2006. Analyzed 50 consecutive ear swab reports of otitis externa from 12 laboratories in the southwest UK to determine reporting practice. The HPA GP Laboratory Use Group achieved consensus of expert microbiology opinion for reporting using a modified version of the Delphi technique. Results: 487 reports were reviewed (54% female; 46% male). Pseudomonas species (36%), Staphylococcus species (21%), Streptococcus species (15%), and fungi (11%) predominated. Five reporting policies agreed. Policy 1: Common pathogens (above) — “Reported by name with antibiotic susceptibilities.” Policy 2: Pseudomonas species— “Always reported; antibiotic susceptibilities in severe disease.” Policy 3: Aspergillus, Candida, coliform etc— “Only reported if moderate numbers of colonies and predominant organism present; if appropriate report antibiotic susceptibilities.” Policy 4: Coagulase-negative staphylococci, diphtheroids— and enterococci, “generic terms used; susceptibilities not reported.” Policy 5: “When antibiotic susceptibilities reported, these should include susceptibility to a topical antibiotic.” Conclusion: This paper provides microbiology laboratories with consensus reporting guidelines for ear swabs of otitis externa.
Collapse
|
49
|
Lasseter G, Donald I, Hapeshi J, McNulty CAM. Is the Mental Capacity Act reducing generalizable research in care homes? Public Health 2011; 125:604-8. [PMID: 21777930 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Lasseter
- Primary Care Unit, Health Protection Agency, Microbiology Department, Gloucestershire Royal Hospital, Great Western Road, Gloucester GL1 3NN, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Trust, Gloucester, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lazareck LJ, Farrell D, Kostkova P, Lecky DM, McNulty CAM, Weerasinghe D. Learning by gaming - evaluation of an online game for children. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2011; 2010:2951-4. [PMID: 21095993 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2010.5626257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Playing computer games is widely popular among children and teenagers as an entertainment activity; meanwhile, playing computer games also provides a learning opportunity. For example, the rules of the game have to be learned by the player in order to improve his/her performance. Based on that principle, the City eHealth Research Centre (CeRC) developed a web game for 13-15 year olds, whereby the player becomes an investigator who attends the scene of an incident that involves microbes. There are four missions in total, each involving a mystery that the player needs to solve and learning objectives that need to be taught - such as antibiotic resistance and the importance of hygiene. This paper presents the results from a game evaluation that took place between July of 2009, in four UK schools (Glasgow, Gloucester, London), with 129 students; whereby 98% of the students commented positively about playing the game. Subsequently, CeRC has improved the game and developed an interactive educational games portal (www.edugames4all.com) for different age groups of web game enthusiasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Lazareck
- City eHealth Research Centre (CeRC), School of Community and Health Sciences (SC&HS), City University London, Northampton Square, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|