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Heiman AS, Abonyo BO, Darling-Reed SF, Alexander MS. Cytokine-stimulated human lung alveolar epithelial cells release eotaxin-2 (CCL24) and eotaxin-3 (CCL26). J Interferon Cytokine Res 2005; 25:82-91. [PMID: 15695929 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2005.25.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a complex inflammatory disease characterized by a prolonged underlying airway inflammation resulting from cytokine-orchestrated signaling between many types of cells, including airway epithelial cells. Trafficking, recruitment, and activation of cells in airway disease are, in part, modulated by the newly discovered CC subfamily of chemokines, eotaxin (CCL11), eotaxin-2 (CCL24) and eotaxin-3 (CCL26), which transduce signals by acting as agonists for the CCR3 receptor. The specific cytokine stimuli that modulate CCL24 and CCL26 release in airway epithelial cells remain poorly defined. Thus, human 549 alveolar type II epithelium-like cells were stimulated singly and with combinations of 1-100 ng/ml tumor necrosis-factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-4, cytokines known to be elevated in the airways of asthmatics. Release of CCL11, CCL24, and CCL26 was quantified by ELISA, and CCR3 receptors monitored by immunocytochemistry and FACS analysis. Results suggest that epithelial cells release CCL11 during the first 24 h of stimulation, in contrast to a significant increase in CCL24 and CCL26 release after 24-48 h of stimulation. Differential release of the eotaxins in response to cytokine combinations was noted. The alveolar type II epithelial cells were found to possess constitutive CCR3 receptors, which increased after proinflammatory cytokine stimulation. The airway epithelium CCR3 receptor/eotaxin ligand signal transduction system may be an important target for development of novel mechanism-based adjunctive therapies designed to interrupt the underlying chronic inflammation in allergic and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann S Heiman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
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De Lucca GV, Kim UT, Vargo BJ, Duncia JV, Santella JB, Gardner DS, Zheng C, Liauw A, Wang Z, Emmett G, Wacker DA, Welch PK, Covington M, Stowell NC, Wadman EA, Das AM, Davies P, Yeleswaram S, Graden DM, Solomon KA, Newton RC, Trainor GL, Decicco CP, Ko SS. Discovery of CC chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3) antagonists with picomolar potency. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2194-211. [PMID: 15771462 DOI: 10.1021/jm049530m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Starting with our previously described(20) class of CC chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3) antagonist, we improved the potency by replacing the phenyl linker of 1 with a cyclohexyl linker and by replacing the 4-benzylpiperidine with a 3-benzylpiperidine. The resulting compound, 32, is a potent and selective antagonist of CCR3. SAR studies showed that the 3-acetylphenyl urea of 32 could be replaced with heterocyclic ureas or heterocyclic-substituted phenyl ureas and still maintain the potency (inhibition of eotaxin-induced chemotaxis) of this class of compounds in the low-picomolar range (IC(50) = 10-60 pM), representing some of the most potent CCR3 antagonists reported to date. The potency of 32 for mouse CCR3 (chemotaxis IC(50) = 41 nM) and its oral bioavailability in mice (20% F ) were adequate to assess the efficacy in animal models of allergic airway inflammation. Oral administration of 32 reduced eosinophil recruitment into the lungs in a dose-dependent manner in these animal models. On the basis of its overall potency, selectivity, efficacy, and safety profile, the benzenesulfonate salt of 32, designated DPC168, entered phase I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- George V De Lucca
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, USA.
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Abonyo BO, Alexander MS, Heiman AS. Autoregulation of CCL26 synthesis and secretion in A549 cells: a possible mechanism by which alveolar epithelial cells modulate airway inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:L478-88. [PMID: 15863444 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00032.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eotaxins (CCL11, CCL24, CCL26) originating from airway epithelial cells and leukocytes have been detected in bronchoalveolar lavage of asthmatics. Although the alveolar epithelium is the destination of uncleared allergens and other inflammatory products, scanty information exists on their contribution to the generation and regulation of the eotaxins. We envisioned a state whereby alveolar type II cells, a known source of other inflammatory proteins, could be involved in both the production and regulation of CCL24 and CCL26. Herein, we demonstrated that all three eotaxins are constitutively expressed in A549 cells. IL-4 and IL-13 stimulated a concentration-dependent secretion of CCL24 and CCL26. The cytokines did not act synergistically. Cycloheximide and actinomycin D abrogated IL-4- and IL-13-dependent CCL26 but not CCL24 secretion. Both IL-13 and IL-4 stimulated CCL26 synthesis that was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by CCL26 but not CCL24. Only CCL26 reduced expression of CCR3 receptors by 30-40%. On the other hand, anti-CCR3 pretreatment reduced IL-4+IL-13-dependent CCL26 secretion, implying autoregulation. A CCR3-specific antagonist (SB-328437) significantly decreased IL-4-dependent synthesis and release of CCL26. Eosinophils treated with medium from IL-4-stimulated A549 cells preincubated with anti-CCL26 showed a marked decrease of superoxide anion production compared with anti-CCL24 treated. These results suggest that CCL26 is a major eotaxin synthesized and released by alveolar epithelial cells and is involved in autoregulation of CCR3 receptors and other eotaxins. This CCL26-CCR3 ligand-receptor system may be an attractive target for development of therapeutics that limits progress of inflammation in airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Abonyo
- Florida A & M Univ., College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tallahassee, 32307, USA
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54
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Zimmermann N, Colyer JL, Koch LE, Rothenberg ME. Analysis of the CCR3 promoter reveals a regulatory region in exon 1 that binds GATA-1. BMC Immunol 2005; 6:7. [PMID: 15807893 PMCID: PMC1080127 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2004] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CC Chemokine Receptor 3 (CCR3), the major chemokine receptor expressed on eosinophils, binds promiscuously to several ligands including eotaxins 1, 2, and 3. Even though the only cells that consistently accumulate following eotaxin administration in vivo are myeloid cells (primarily eosinophils), other cell types have recently been shown to express CCR3. It is therefore important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating receptor expression. Results In order to define regions responsible for CCR3 transcription, a DNAse hypersensitive site was identified in the vicinity of exon 1. Coupled with our previous data implicating exon 1 in CCR3 transcription, we hypothesized that transcription factors bind to exon-1. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis revealed that nuclear proteins in eosinophilic cells bound to exon 1. Furthermore, antibody interference and mutation studies demonstrated GATA-1 binding to exon 1. In order to test the 1.6-kb CCR3 promoter element (that includes exon 1) for in vivo function, this region was used to generate transgenic mice that expressed a reporter protein. Strong transgene expression was achieved, with the pattern of expression suggesting a broad acting promoter. Conclusion The transcription factor GATA-1 binds to CCR3 exon 1. The 1.6-kb CCR3 promoter element, that includes exon 1, is a strong promoter in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Zimmermann
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessica L Colyer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura E Koch
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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55
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John AE, Thomas MS, Berlin AA, Lukacs NW. Temporal production of CCL28 corresponds to eosinophil accumulation and airway hyperreactivity in allergic airway inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:345-53. [PMID: 15681819 PMCID: PMC1602329 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CCL28 is a recently identified chemokine ligand for CCR10 and CCR3 that has been identified in mucosal epithelial surfaces in diverse tissues. CCL28-mediated eosinophil chemotaxis and peroxidase release were inhibited by preincubation of cells with anti-CCR3. CCL28 was constitutively expressed in lung tissue collected from nonsensitized control mice but increased levels were found in mice sensitized and rechallenged with cockroach antigen (CRA). CCL28 levels peaked in the lungs 24 hours after intratracheal challenge with CRA, whereas eotaxin expression peaked at 8 hours. Increased expression of CCR3 but not CCR10 could be detected during the induction of the CRA-induced pulmonary inflammation. To investigate the role of CCL28 in allergic airway responses, mice were treated with CCL28 antiserum 1 hour before receiving the final CRA challenge. The level of airway hyperresponsiveness in mice treated with anti-CCL28 was significantly reduced at 24 hours, but not 8 hours, compared to mice receiving control serum. This reduction was not related to decreased Th2 cytokine, chemokine, or leukotriene levels at 24 hours although peribronchial eosinophilia was significantly reduced. Thus, CCL28 appears to play a role in regulating eosinophil recruitment to peribronchial regions of the lung possibly by coordinated temporal production with eotaxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E John
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Road, Ann Arbor MI 48109-0602, USA
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56
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Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Pulmonary Disease. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1063-5823(04)55008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Adachi T, Cui CH, Kanda A, Kayaba H, Ohta K, Chihara J. Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor via CCR3 in bronchial epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:292-6. [PMID: 15219825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously found that bronchial epithelial cells express CCR3 whose signaling elicits mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation and cytokine production. Several investigators have focused on the signaling crosstalk between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the role of EGFR in CCR3 signaling in the bronchial epithelial cell line NCI-H292. Eotaxin (1-100 nM) induced dose-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR in NCI-H292 cells. Pretreatment of the cells with the EGFR inhibitor (AG1478) significantly inhibited the MAP kinase phosphorylation induced by eotaxin. Eotaxin stimulated IL-8 production, which was inhibited by AG1478. The transactivation of EGFR through CCR3 is a critical pathway that elicits MAP kinase activation and cytokine production in bronchial epithelial cells. The delineation of the signaling pathway of chemokines will help to develop a new therapeutic strategy to allergic diseases including bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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58
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Tager AM, Kradin RL, LaCamera P, Bercury SD, Campanella GSV, Leary CP, Polosukhin V, Zhao LH, Sakamoto H, Blackwell TS, Luster AD. Inhibition of pulmonary fibrosis by the chemokine IP-10/CXCL10. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31:395-404. [PMID: 15205180 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2004-0175oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is an enigmatic and devastating disease with few treatment options, now thought to result from abnormal wound healing in the lung in response to injury. We have previously noted a role for the chemokine interferon gamma-inducible protein of 10 kD (IP-10)/CXC chemokine ligand 10 in the regulation of cutaneous wound healing, and consequently investigated whether IP-10 regulates pulmonary fibrosis. We found that IP-10 is highly expressed in a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin. IP-10-deficient mice exhibited increased pulmonary fibrosis after administration of bleomycin, suggesting that IP-10 limits the development of fibrosis in this model. Substantial fibroblast chemoattractant and proliferative activities were generated in the lung after bleomycin exposure. IP-10 significantly inhibited fibroblast responses to the chemotactic, but not the proliferative activity generated, suggesting that IP-10 may attenuate fibroblast accumulation in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by limiting fibroblast migration. Consistent with this inhibitory activity of IP-10 on fibroblast migration, fibroblast accumulation in the lung after bleomycin exposure was dramatically increased in IP-10-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. Conversely, transgenic mice overexpressing IP-10 were protected from mortality after bleomycin exposure, and demonstrated decreased fibroblast accumulation in the lung after challenge compared with wild-type mice. Our findings suggest that interruption of fibroblast recruitment may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for pulmonary fibrosis, which could have applicability to a wide range of fibrotic illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Tager
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 149-8301, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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59
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Kelsen SG, Aksoy MO, Yang Y, Shahabuddin S, Litvin J, Safadi F, Rogers TJ. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its splice variant are expressed in human airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L584-91. [PMID: 15155273 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00453.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 by its cognate ligands induces several differentiated cellular responses important to the growth and migration of a variety of hematopoietic and structural cells. In the human respiratory tract, human airway epithelial cells (HAEC) release the CXCR3 ligands Mig/CXCL9, IP-10/CXCL10, and I-TAC/CXCL11. Simultaneous expression of CXCR3 by HAEC would have important implications for the processes of airway inflammation and repair. Accordingly, in the present study we sought to determine whether HAEC also express the classic CXCR3 chemokine receptor CXCR3-A and its splice variant CXCR3-B and hence may respond in autocrine fashion to its ligands. We found that cultured HAEC (16-HBE and tracheocytes) constitutively expressed CXCR3 mRNA and protein. CXCR3 mRNA levels assessed by expression array were approximately 35% of beta-actin expression. In contrast, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR8, and CX3CR1 were <5% beta-actin. Both CXCR3-A and -B were expressed. Furthermore, tracheocytes freshly harvested by bronchoscopy stained positively for CXCR3 by immunofluorescence microscopy, and 68% of cytokeratin-positive tracheocytes (i.e., the epithelial cell population) were positive for CXCR3 by flow cytometry. In 16-HBE cells, CXCR3 receptor density was approximately 78,000 receptors/cell when assessed by competitive displacement of 125I-labeled IP-10/CXCL10. Finally, CXCR3 ligands induced chemotactic responses and actin reorganization in 16-HBE cells. These findings indicate constitutive expression by HAEC of a functional CXC chemokine receptor, CXCR3. Our data suggest the possibility that autocrine activation of CXCR3 expressed by HAEC may contribute to airway inflammation and remodeling in obstructive lung disease by regulating HAEC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Kelsen
- Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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60
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Kodali RB, Kim WJH, Galaria II, Miller C, Schecter AD, Lira SA, Taubman MB. CCL11 (Eotaxin) induces CCR3-dependent smooth muscle cell migration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:1211-6. [PMID: 15130922 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000131654.90788.f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CCL11 (Eotaxin) is a potent eosinophil chemoattractant that is abundant in atheromatous plaques. The major receptor for CCL11 is CCR3, which is found on leukocytes and on some nonleukocytic cells. We sought to determine whether vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) possessed functional CCR3. METHODS AND RESULTS CCR3 mRNA (by RT-PCR) and protein (by Western blot analysis and flow cytometry) were present in mouse aortic SMCs. CCL11 induced concentration-dependent SMC chemotaxis in a modified Boyden chamber, with maximum effect seen at 100 ng/mL. SMC migration was markedly inhibited by antibody to CCR3, but not to CCR2. CCL11 also induced CCR3-dependent SMC migration in a scrape-wound assay. CCL11 had no effect on SMC proliferation. CCR3 and CCL11 staining were minimal in the normal arterial wall, but were abundant in medial SMC and intimal SMC 5 days and 28 days after mouse femoral arterial injury, respectively, times at which SMCs possess a more migratory phenotype. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that SMCs possess CCR3 under conditions associated with migration and that CCL11 is a potent chemotactic factor for SMCs. Because CCL11 is expressed abundantly in SMC-rich areas of the atherosclerotic plaque and in injured arteries, it may play an important role in regulating SMC migration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Becaplermin
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/physiology
- Chemokine CCL11
- Chemokines, CC/pharmacology
- Chemokines, CC/physiology
- Chemotactic Factors/pharmacology
- Chemotaxis/drug effects
- Eosinophils/chemistry
- Femoral Artery/injuries
- Femoral Artery/pathology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/drug effects
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Tunica Intima/pathology
- Tunica Media/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra B Kodali
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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61
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Oostendorp J, Hylkema MN, Luinge M, Geerlings M, Meurs H, Timens W, Zaagsma J, Postma DS, Boddeke HW, Biber K. Localization and enhanced mRNA expression of the orphan chemokine receptor L-CCR in the lung in a murine model of ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52:401-10. [PMID: 14966207 DOI: 10.1177/002215540405200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various CC chemokine receptors are expressed on effector cells in allergic inflammation and their distinct expression pattern may dictate, to a large extent, the migration of inflammatory cells to sites of airway inflammation. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-inducible CC chemokine receptor (L-CCR) is an orphan chemokine receptor that has previously been identified in the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and in murine brain glial cells. In this study we investigated the induction and localization of L-CCR mRNA expression in mouse lung after ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway inflammation. Both RT-PCR experiments and in situ hybridization (ISH) experiments in whole lung sections revealed a rapid upregulation of L-CCR mRNA expression as early as 1 hr and 3 hr after OVA challenge. Expression was found predominantly in MAC3(+) macrophages and in bronchial epithelium, as shown by ISH and immunohistochemistry (IHC). We demonstrated that L-CCR mRNA expression is strongly upregulated in mouse lung after OVA challenge and is localized in macrophages and bronchial epithelium. Regarding the likely role of L-CCR as a chemokine receptor with the putative ligand monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2), this receptor may have an important function in the early phase of airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap Oostendorp
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Elliott MB, Tebbey PW, Pryharski KS, Scheuer CA, Laughlin TS, Hancock GE. Inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus infection with the CC chemokine RANTES (CCL5). J Med Virol 2004; 73:300-8. [PMID: 15122808 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory tract disease in infants, aged adults, and immunosuppressed patients. The only approved medicines for RSV disease are administration of prophylatic antibodies or treatment with a synthetic nucleoside. Both approaches are expensive and the latter is not without risk and of controversial benefit. The present investigation studied whether pharmaceutical or biologic compounds based upon chemokines might be useful in preventing RSV disease. Of interest was RANTES/CCL5, which inhibits infection by HIV strains that use chemokine receptor (CCR)-5 as co-receptor. Herein, we report that prior or simultaneous treatment of HEp-2 cells with recombinant human CCL5 provides dose-dependent inhibition of infection with RSV. Other recombinant chemokines (MIP-1alpha/CCL3, MIP-1beta/CCL4, MCP-2/CCL8, eotaxin/CCL11, MIP-1delta/CCL15, stromal cell derived factor (SDF)-1alpha/CXCL12) were not inhibitory. The data suggested that CCL5 might inhibit infection by blocking fusion (F) protein-epithelial cell interactions. Infections by mutant RSV strains deleted of small hydrophobic and/or attachment proteins and only expressing F protein in the envelope were inhibited by prior treatment with CCL5 or a biologically inactive N-terminally modified met-CCL5. Inhibition was also observed when virus adsorption and treatment with CCL5 were performed at 4 degrees C. Flow cytometry further revealed that epithelial cells were positive for CCR3, but not CCR1 or CCR5. Thus, novel mimetics of CCL5 may be useful prophylatic agents to prevent respiratory tract disease caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Elliott
- Department of Immunology Research, Wyeth Vaccines Research, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Gao
- Medicinal Chemistry, Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Route 202-206, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807-0800, USA
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Panina-Bordignon P, D'Ambrosio D. Chemokines and their receptors in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2003; 9:104-10. [PMID: 12574689 DOI: 10.1097/00063198-200303000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of inflammatory cells into the airways is a critical event that triggers and sustains the clinical manifestations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Since the identification of the family of chemotactic cytokines, known as chemokines, as critical regulators of cell trafficking in the immune system, these molecules have come to the center stage in the field of inflammation and immunity. The goal of this article will be to summarize the recent developments in our understanding of the complex role that chemokines play in the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD.
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Abstract
Chemokine receptors play a key role in directing the migration of inflammatory cells into various injured or infected organs. However, migration of inflammatory cells into tissues can in itself be a cause and amplifier of tissue damage and disease, particularly in chronic autoimmune or allergic disorders. On this basis, much effort is currently devoted at the identification of molecular signals regulating the recruitment of inflammatory cells into tissues and at developing novel strategies to inhibit discrete pathways in this process. Great progress has recently been made in identification of a number of chemokine receptors involved in the process of leukocyte migration. The challenge is now to elucidate the specific contribution and involvement of the different receptors in distinct inflammatory processes and diseases and to prove that interference with any of these pathways may lead to development of novel therapeutics.
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Mariani M, Panina-Bordignon P. Analysis of homing receptor expression on infiltrating leukocytes in disease states. J Immunol Methods 2003; 273:103-14. [PMID: 12535801 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines represent a large family of polypeptides that signal through G-protein-coupled receptors and have a role in chemotaxis, leukocyte homing, inflammation, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis and tumor growth. The chemokine/chemokine receptor system acts in coordination with a complex cytokine network to elicit and direct leukocyte infiltration into the inflamed tissue. In addition to promoting movement into the inflamed tissue, the chemokine/chemokine receptor system may also activate infiltrating cells, such as neutrophils and eosinophils, and induce local damage. In recent years, the elucidation of intricate chemokine networks has led to the identification of potential target molecules for therapeutic intervention. Of considerable interest has been the role of chemokine/chemokine receptors in regulating allergic lung inflammation. In this review, techniques to study in situ expression of chemokine receptors in inflamed tissues are presented and discussed.
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Eddleston J, Christiansen SC, Jenkins GR, Koziol JA, Zuraw BL. Bradykinin increases the in vivo expression of the CXC chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 in patients with allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111:106-12. [PMID: 12532104 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2003.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased levels of bradykinin and IL-8 have been detected within the airways of individuals with active symptoms of allergic rhinitis and asthma. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the in vivo effect of bradykinin on the expression of the IL-8 receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 in nasal cells. METHODS Nasal samples were obtained from patients with active allergic rhinitis; patients with mild, quiescent allergic rhinitis; and healthy control subjects. CXCR1 and CXCR2 mRNA expression in the nasal cells was measured by means of quantitative real-time RT-PCR in baseline samples from all subjects, as well as in samples obtained after in vivo bradykinin challenge in healthy control subjects and patients with mild allergic rhinitis. CXCR1 and CXCR2 cell-surface expression was also assessed by means of flow cytometry in nasal epithelial cells at baseline and after ex vivo bradykinin challenge. RESULTS No difference was seen in CXCR1 or CXCR2 mRNA expression between healthy control subjects and patients with quiescent allergic rhinitis at baseline; however, patients with active allergic rhinitis had increased baseline expression of both CXCR1 and CXCR2 mRNA. In vivo nasal bradykinin challenge significantly increased CXCR1 and CXCR2 mRNA expression in patients with quiescent allergic rhinitis but had no effect in healthy control subjects. Low levels of CXCR1 but not CXCR2 cell-surface expression was detected in nasal epithelial cells at baseline, and ex vivo bradykinin challenge induced CXCR2 cell-surface expression in nasal epithelial cells from patients with mild allergic rhinitis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the in vivo regulation of chemokine receptors by means of bradykinin in human airway tissue in patients with allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Eddleston
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Calif 92037, USA
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68
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Wan Y, Jakway JP, Qiu H, Shah H, Garlisi CG, Tian F, Ting P, Hesk D, Egan RW, Billah MM, Umland SP. Identification of full, partial and inverse CC chemokine receptor 3 agonists using [35S]GTPgammaS binding. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 456:1-10. [PMID: 12450563 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Study of the CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) has been limited to using radiolabeled agonist chemokines. A small molecule CCR3 antagonist, 2-[(6-amino-2-benzothiazolyl)thio]-N-[1-[(3,4-dichlorylphenyl)methyl]-4-piperidinyl]acetamide, Banyu (I), was tritiated and used for pharmacological studies. Banyu (I) has a K(d) of 5.0+/-0.4 and 4.3+/-1.8 nM on human CCR3 transfectants and eosinophils, and noncompetitively inhibits [125I]eotaxin binding and eotaxin-induced [35S]guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) ([35S]GTPgammaS) binding. The proportion of [125I]eotaxin: [3H]Banyu (I) binding sites in eosinophils or transfectants was 35% or 13%, although both binding sites were overexpressed in transfectants. CCR3 spontaneously couples to G-proteins in CCR3 transfectants, demonstrated by changes in basal and eotaxin-induced [35S]GTPgammaS binding under reduced NaCl and GDP concentrations. Consequently, Banyu (I) was identified as an inverse agonist. In contrast, CCL18 and I-TAC (interferon-inducible T cell alpha-chemoattractant) were neutral antagonists, inhibiting eotaxin-induced [35S]GTPgammaS binding, with minimal effect on basal coupling of CCR3 to G proteins. Eotaxin, eotaxin-2 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-4 are full agonists inducing [35S]GTPgammaS binding; eotaxin-3, MCP-3, RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted), vMIP-I (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus macrophage inflammatory protein-) and vMIP-II are partial agonists, indicating that this is a sensitive method to quantitate agonist efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Wan
- Department of Allergy, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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69
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Abstract
Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and MIP-1beta are highly related members of the CC chemokine subfamily. Despite their structural similarities, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta show diverging signaling capacities. Depending on the MIP-1 subtype and its NH(2)-terminal processing, one or more of the CC chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5 are recognized. Since both human MIP-1alpha subtypes (LD78alpha and LD78beta) and MIP-1beta signal through CCR5, the major co-receptor for M-tropic HIV-1 strains, these chemokines are capable of inhibiting HIV-1 infection in susceptible cells. In this review, different aspects of human and mouse MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta are discussed, including their protein and gene structures, their regulated production, their receptor usage and biological activities and their role in several pathologies including HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Menten
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000, Leuven Belgium
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70
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Iino T, Sugimoto H, Watanabe A, Encinas JA, Liu N, Floeckner J, Bacon KB. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) CC chemokine receptor, CCR3. Cytokine 2002; 19:276-86. [PMID: 12421570 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2002.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned and performed the first functional characterization of the chemokine receptor, CCR3, of Cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). The deduced amino acid sequence of the cloned Cynomolgus CCR3 was found to be more similar to that of a previously-reported Rhesus (Macaca mulatta) CCR3 (99.4%) than that of a reported Cynomolgus CCR3 (98.0%). Stably-transfected Cynomolgus CCR3 bound human eotaxin (CCL11) with similar kinetics (Kd 240 pM) and was responsive to human CCR3 ligands (eotaxin [CCL11], eotaxin-2 [CCL24], and MCP4 [CCL13]) in Ca(2+) mobilization and chemotaxis assays, thus provides a useful alternative species model system for the analysis of modulators of eotaxin--CCR3 induced signaling and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iino
- Bayer Yakuhin Ltd. 6-5-1-3 Kunimidai, Kizu-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0216, Japan
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71
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Zhang L, Soares MP, Guan Y, Matheravidathu S, Wnek R, Johnson KE, Meisher A, Iliff SA, Mudgett JS, Springer MS, Daugherty BL. Functional expression and characterization of macaque C-C chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) and generation of potent antagonistic anti-macaque CCR3 monoclonal antibodies. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:33799-810. [PMID: 12101185 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205488200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are major effector cells implicated in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases in humans, particularly bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. The beta-chemokine receptor C-C chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) provides a mechanism for the selective recruitment of eosinophils into tissue and thus has recently become an attractive biological target for therapeutic intervention. In order to develop in vivo models of inflammatory diseases, it is essential to identify and characterize the homologues of human eotaxin (C-C chemokine ligand 11) and CCR3 from other species, such as non-human primates. Accordingly, we cloned the macaque eotaxin and CCR3 genes and revealed that they were 91 and 92% identical at the amino acid level to their human homologues, respectively. Macaque CCR3 expressed in the murine pre-B L1-2 cell line bound macaque eotaxin with high affinity (K(d) = 0.1 nm) and exhibited a robust eotaxin-induced Ca(2+) flux and chemotaxis. Characterization of beta-chemokines on native macaque CCR3 on eosinophils was performed by means of eotaxin-induced shape change in whole blood using a novel signaling assay known as gated autofluorescence forward scatter. Additionally, mAbs were raised against macaque CCR3 using two different immunogens: a 30-amino acid synthetic peptide derived from the predicted NH(2) terminus of macaque CCR3 and intact macaque CCR3-transfected cells. These anti-macaque CCR3 monoclonal antibodies exhibited potent antagonist activity in receptor binding and functional assays. The characterization of the macaque eotaxin/CCR3 axis and development of antagonistic anti-macaque CCR3 monoclonal antibodies will facilitate the development of CCR3 small molecule antagonists with the hope of ameliorating chronic inflammatory diseases in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Binding, Competitive
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Chemokine CCL11
- Chemokine CCL5/physiology
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Chemotaxis
- Cloning, Molecular
- Eosinophils/physiology
- Humans
- Macaca mulatta
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/chemistry
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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72
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Abstract
Asthma continues to be a significant health care problem, as reflected by the increasing rise in disease morbidity and mortality. Because steroids are relatively safe, clinically effective, and easy to administer, they remain the gold standard of treatment. After many decades of use, however, it is apparent that inhaled corticosteroids have failed to halt the progression of the asthma epidemic. Newer, more effective drugs are being developed to combat this disease, and the interest in developing new medications to treat allergic disease and asthma has increased exponentially. The financial burden of asthma has also been a significant motivating factor in the development of new medications. It is estimated that in 1998 the total cost of asthma on society was $11 billion [175]. This consideration has further intensified the quest to develop more effective asthma medications. Table 1 reviews the wide array of drugs currently being investigated. With the development and approval of novel asthma treatments, millions of asthma sufferers will undoubtedly have increased therapeutic options for control of their disease in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Leonard
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, MRB 8.104, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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73
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Abstract
This review discusses the concept that endothelial cells may facilitate inflammation, but are also targets of the inflammatory response. Endothelial cells express several molecules that promote leukocyte recruitment, and other molecules, such as MHC class I that enable endothelial injury. Circulating alloantibodies produced following transplantation may also target the endothelium for injury. It has been shown that the expression of select protective genes within endothelial cells, including anti-apoptotic genes, may provide resistance to immune-mediated injury. Thus, an understanding of the mechanisms by which endothelial cells are injured and by which endothelial cells are protected is important for our understanding of allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H C Vos
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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74
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Cui CH, Adachi T, Oyamada H, Kamada Y, Kuwasaki T, Yamada Y, Saito N, Kayaba H, Chihara J. The role of mitogen-activated protein kinases in eotaxin-induced cytokine production from bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 27:329-35. [PMID: 12204895 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.4762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eotaxin is a critical chemokine eliciting migration of eosinophils and basophils in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. Recent studies have shown that the specific receptor for eotaxin, CCR3, is expressed in bronchial epithelial cells. Although mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are involved in diverse cell functions of bronchial epithelial cells, their role in eotaxin signaling is unknown. In this study, we studied the activation and functional relevance of MAP kinases in bronchial epithelial cells stimulated with eotaxin. Eotaxin (1-100 nM) induced tyrosine/threonine phosphorylation and activation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and p38 in NCI-H(292) cells and normal human bronchial epithelial cells. The phosphorylation of these MAP kinases was detectable after 30 s, and peaked at 5 min. Eotaxin stimulated production of interleukin-8 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Pretreatment of Compound X (a specific CCR3 antagonist), pertussis toxin, genistein, and wortmannin reduced the MAP kinase phosphorylation and cytokine production. The eotaxin-induced cytokine production was inhibited by specific inhibitors for MAP/ERK kinase (PD98059) and p38 MAP kinase (SB202190). These results suggest that both ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase activated by eotaxin have a critical role in the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hao Cui
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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75
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Stubbs VEL, Schratl P, Hartnell A, Williams TJ, Peskar BA, Heinemann A, Sabroe I. Indomethacin causes prostaglandin D(2)-like and eotaxin-like selective responses in eosinophils and basophils. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:26012-20. [PMID: 11980903 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m201803200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the actions of a panel of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes. Indomethacin alone was a potent and selective inducer of eosinophil and basophil shape change. In eosinophils, indomethacin induced chemotaxis, CD11b up-regulation, respiratory burst, and L-selectin shedding but did not cause up-regulation of CD63 expression. Pretreatment of eosinophils with indomethacin also enhanced subsequent eosinophil shape change induced by eotaxin, although treatment with higher concentrations of indomethacin resulted in a decrease in the expression of the major eosinophil chemokine receptor, CCR3. Indomethacin activities and cell selectivity closely resembled those of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)). Eosinophil shape change in response to eotaxin was inhibited by pertussis toxin, but indomethacin- and PGD(2)-induced shape change responses were not. Treatment of eosinophils with specific inhibitors of phospholipase C (U-73122), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (LY-294002), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (SB-202190) revealed roles for these pathways in indomethacin signaling. Indomethacin and its analogues may therefore provide a structural basis from which selective PGD(2) receptor small molecule antagonists may be designed and which may have utility in the treatment of allergic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E L Stubbs
- Leukocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Sciences Division, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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76
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Vijh S, Dayhoff DE, Wang CE, Imam Z, Ehrenberg PK, Michael NL. Transcription regulation of human chemokine receptor CCR3: evidence for a rare TATA-less promoter structure conserved between drosophila and humans. Genomics 2002; 80:86-95. [PMID: 12079287 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2002.6801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR3 has a critical function in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic diseases and is an entry co-receptor for HIV-1. We describe here the genomic organization and general transcriptional control mechanism for the human gene CCR3. We identified six cDNA transcripts formed by alternative splicing of eight exons and seven introns. CCR3 contains a 37-bp core promoter domain (-3 to +34 relative to the transcription start point) lacking a TATA box but inclusive of an initiator sequence, a G at +24, and a downstream promoter element (DPE) at +28 to +33 common for Drosophila melanogaster but heretofore described for only two other human genes. Mutation of these elements significantly attenuates CCR3 transcription, as predicted by a model of RNA pol II engagement with DPE-containing Drosophila promoters. These results provide evidence for the functional conservation of a DPE-dependent, general transcription control mechanism between Drosophila and human genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Vijh
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
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77
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Riffo-Vasquez Y, Spina D. Role of cytokines and chemokines in bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2002; 94:185-211. [PMID: 12113798 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(02)00217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade there has been an intense interest in the potential role of cytokines and chemokines as important mediators in various atopic diseases, including asthma and the mechanisms by which these mediators regulate airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. This research effort has recently culminated in the publication of clinical studies that have assessed the role of interleukin (IL)-4 [Borish et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160, 1816-1823 (1999)], IL-5 [Leckie et al., Lancet 356, 2144-2148 (2000)], and IL-12 [Bryan et al., Lancet 356, 2149-2153 (2000)] in allergic asthma, and the results have been disappointing. This is not surprising given the pleiotropic role cytokines play in the allergic response confirmed by numerous animal studies providing evidence of functional redundancy. The alternative view is that our current concepts in asthma pathogenesis need significant revision. This review will summarise the evidence for the role of cytokines and chemokines in various aspects of asthma pathophysiology; namely, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, eosinophil recruitment to the airways, mucus secretion, and airway remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Riffo-Vasquez
- The Sacker Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, 5th Floor Hodgkin Building, GKT School of Biomedical Science, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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78
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Sexton DW, Walsh GM. Eosinophil-epithelial cell interactions: an important facet of asthmatic inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:811-3. [PMID: 12047423 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.01428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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79
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Bandeira-Melo C, Sugiyama K, Woods LJ, Phoofolo M, Center DM, Cruikshank WW, Weller PF. IL-16 promotes leukotriene C(4) and IL-4 release from human eosinophils via CD4- and autocrine CCR3-chemokine-mediated signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:4756-63. [PMID: 11971026 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human eosinophils are potential sources of inflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators, including cysteinyl leukotrienes, chemokines, and cytokines, which are pertinent to allergic inflammation. We evaluated the means by which IL-16, a recognized eosinophil chemoattractant, might act on eosinophils to affect their capacity to release leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4)) or their preformed stores of chemokines (eotaxin, RANTES) or Th1 (IL-12) or Th2 (IL-4) cytokines. IL-16 dose dependently (0.01-100 nM) elicited new lipid body formation, intracellular LTC(4) formation at lipid bodies, and priming for enhanced calcium ionophore-activated LTC(4) release. IL-16 also elicited brefeldin A-inhibitable, vesicular transport-mediated release of preformed IL-4, but not IL-12, from eosinophils. CD4 is a recognized IL-16R, and accordingly anti-CD4 Fab, soluble CD4, and a CD4 domain 4-based IL-16 blocking peptide inhibited the actions of IL-16 on eosinophils. Although CD4 is not G-protein coupled, pertussis toxin inhibited IL-16-induced eosinophil activation. IL-16 actions were found to be mediated by the autocrine activity, not of platelet-activating factor, but rather of endogenous CCR3-acting chemokines. IL-16 induced the rapid vesicular transport-mediated release of RANTES. The effects of IL-16 were blocked by CCR3 inhibitors (met-RANTES, anti-CCR3 mAb) and by neutralizing anti-eotaxin and anti-RANTES mAbs, but not by platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists (CV6209, BN52021). RANTES and eotaxin each enhanced LTC(4) and IL-4 (but not IL-12) release. Therefore, IL-16 activation of eosinophils is CD4-mediated to elicit the extracellular release of preformed RANTES and eotaxin, which then in an autocrine fashion act on plasma membrane CCR3 receptors to stimulate both enhanced LTC(4) production and the preferential release of IL-4, but not IL-12, from within eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Bandeira-Melo
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Thorndike Laboratories, Charles A. Dana Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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80
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Banas B, Wörnle M, Berger T, Nelson PJ, Cohen CD, Kretzler M, Pfirstinger J, Mack M, Lipp M, Gröne HJ, Schlöndorff D. Roles of SLC/CCL21 and CCR7 in human kidney for mesangial proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and tissue homeostasis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:4301-7. [PMID: 11970971 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The release of chemokines by intrinsic renal cells is an important mechanism for the regulation of leukocyte trafficking during renal inflammation. The expression of chemokine receptors by intrinsic renal cells such as mesangial cells (MC) suggests an expanded role for chemokine-chemokine receptor biology in local immunomodulation and potentially glomerular homeostasis. By immunohistochemistry we found the chemokine receptor CCR7 expressed in a mesangial pattern while the CCR7 ligand SLC/CCL21 showed a podocyte-specific expression. CCR7 expression was further characterized by RT-PCR, RNase protection assays, and FACS analysis of cultured human MC, and was found to be constitutively present. Real-time PCR of microdissected glomeruli confirmed the expression of SLC/CCL21. A functional role for CCR7 was demonstrated for human MC migration and proliferation. A protective effect of SLC/CCL21 was shown for MC survival in Fas Ab-induced apoptosis. Finally, "wound healing" was enhanced in the presence of SLC/CCL21 in an in vitro injury model. The constitutive glomerular expression of CCR7 and its ligand SLC/CCL21 in adjacent cell types of the human kidney suggests novel biological functions of this chemokine/chemokine receptor pair and a potential role in processes involved in glomerular homeostasis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Banas
- Medical Policlinic, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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81
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Banwell ME, Tolley NS, Williams TJ, Mitchell TJ. Regulation of human eotaxin-3/CCL26 expression: modulation by cytokines and glucocorticoids. Cytokine 2002; 17:317-23. [PMID: 12061839 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2002.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Eotaxin-3 (CCL26) is a CC chemokine that signals exclusively via the CCR3 receptor and has eosinophil-selective chemoattractant activity. Comparison of Eotaxin-1 (CCL11) and Eotaxin-2 (CCL24), demonstrates differences in their expression profiles, cell specificity and effector kinetics, implying distinct biological actions. But little data in this regard have been reported for Eotaxin-3. We aimed to analyse the effect of Th2 cytokines and glucocorticoids on Eotaxin-3 mRNA expression in human lung epithelial cells and dermal fibroblasts; cells implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma and allergic dermatitis respectively. Eotaxin-3 mRNA levels in primary dermal fibroblasts and NCI-H727 lung epithelial cells were determined by Northern hybridization. In contrast to Eotaxin-1, Eotaxin-3 mRNA expression was not detected in unstimulated cells. The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 induced Eotaxin-3 expression in a time and dose dependent manner, with IL-4 demonstrating a 100-fold greater potency. Unlike Eotaxin-1, Eotaxin-3 mRNA expression was not induced by either tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or interleukin (IL)-1 beta alone. Both IL-4 and IL-13 acted synergistically with TNF-alpha in superinducing Eotaxin-3 mRNA expression. Dexamethasone pre-treatment diminished induction of Eotaxin-3 mRNA expression. We conclude that modulation of Eotaxin-3 mRNA expression by Th(2) cytokines is different from that of Eotaxin-1 and Eotaxin-2, further supporting a distinct biological role for Eotaxin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Edwin Banwell
- Leukocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Sciences Division, Imperial College School of Medicine, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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82
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Abstract
The prevalence of asthma has risen drastically in the last two decades, with a worldwide impact on health care systems. Although several factors contribute to the development of asthma, inflammation seems to be a common factor that leads to the most severe asthmatic responses. In the past decade, researchers have characterized a large group of chemotactic cytokines, also known as chemokines, which are implicated in asthmatic inflammation. These chemokines control and direct the migration and activation of various leukocyte populations. Targeting chemokines should lead to new ways of controlling the inflammatory asthmatic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Lukacs
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0602, USA.
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83
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D'Ambrosio D, Mariani M, Panina-Bordignon P, Sinigaglia F. Chemokines and their receptors guiding T lymphocyte recruitment in lung inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:1266-75. [PMID: 11673221 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.7.2103011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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84
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Bandeira-Melo C, Herbst A, Weller PF. Eotaxins. Contributing to the diversity of eosinophil recruitment and activation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 24:653-7. [PMID: 11415928 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.24.6.f209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Bandeira-Melo
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Thorndike Laboratories, Charles A. Dana Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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