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Channabasappa S, Chikkamadaiah R, Durgaiah M, Kumar S, Ramesh K, Sreekanthan A, Sriram B. Efficacy of chimeric ectolysin P128 in drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in mice. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:3398-3404. [PMID: 30215762 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives P128 is a recombinant chimeric ectolysin with potent antistaphylococcal activity. P128 was evaluated as monotherapy and in combination with two standard-of-care (SoC) antibiotics, vancomycin and daptomycin, in mouse models of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Methods Healthy BALB/c mice were challenged (intraperitoneally) with 109 cfu of MRSA strain COL or USA300 and treated with a single dose of P128 (0.2-10 mg/kg). Drug synergy was tested using a single dose of P128 (0.2 or 2.5 mg/kg) along with sub-therapeutic dose levels of vancomycin (27.5 or 55 mg/kg) or daptomycin (12.5 mg/kg). Bacterial load was checked in peritoneal fluid and in blood, at different time intervals. Synergy against drug-resistant strains was tested using the P128/vancomycin combination against vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA). Results In MRSA bacteraemia, P128, vancomycin and daptomycin monotherapy resulted in 31%, 46% and 46% survival, respectively. The P128/vancomycin and P128/daptomycin combinations afforded increased survival of 85% and 88%, respectively. P128 showed a rapid bactericidal effect with a reduction of cfu in both the peritoneal fluid and the blood within 1 h. In VRSA bacteraemia, a mouse-equivalent therapeutic dose of vancomycin (110 mg/kg) failed to rescue animals. P128 (1-20 mg/kg) as monotherapy resulted in dose-dependent efficacy. Survival (37%) with 2.5 mg/kg P128 increased to 63% with the P128/vancomycin combination. Conclusions P128 exerted a rapid bactericidal effect in vivo and rescued animals from fatal invasive MRSA and VRSA infections. P128/SoC antibiotic combinations exerted a synergistic effect. P128 restored the susceptibility of VRSA to vancomycin. P128 is a novel, potent therapeutic agent for antibiotic-resistant, systemic S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankaramurthy Channabasappa
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd, No. 12, 5th Cross, Raghavendra Layout, Tumkur Road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravisha Chikkamadaiah
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd, No. 12, 5th Cross, Raghavendra Layout, Tumkur Road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore, India
| | - Murali Durgaiah
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd, No. 12, 5th Cross, Raghavendra Layout, Tumkur Road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore, India
| | - Senthil Kumar
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd, No. 12, 5th Cross, Raghavendra Layout, Tumkur Road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore, India
| | - Keerthi Ramesh
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd, No. 12, 5th Cross, Raghavendra Layout, Tumkur Road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore, India
| | - Aparna Sreekanthan
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd, No. 12, 5th Cross, Raghavendra Layout, Tumkur Road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore, India
| | - Bharathi Sriram
- GangaGen Biotechnologies Pvt Ltd, No. 12, 5th Cross, Raghavendra Layout, Tumkur Road, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore, India
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Sharifuddin SAB, Ismail SB, Abdullah I, Mohamad I, Shaikh Mohammed J. Antibacterial evaluation of activated carbon cloth with Ag+ impregnated with ZnO nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/rjta-09-2018-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) are among the pathogens detected during Hajj pilgrimage known to cause pneumonia. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of activated carbon cloth (ACC) with Ag+ impregnated with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) against these pathogens.
Design/methodology/approach
ZnO NPs were impregnated into ACC-Ag+ via layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the fine surface morphological details of the ACC-Ag+-ZnO sheets. Antibacterial activity of the ACC-Ag+-ZnO sheets was evaluated using the disk-diffusion susceptibility assay. Allergy patch test was done to evaluate allergic reactions of the ACC-Ag+-ZnO sheets on human skin.
Findings
SEM micrographs showed successful impregnation of ZnO NPs into the ACC-Ag+ sheets. Disk-diffusion susceptibility assay results of ACC-Ag+-ZnO sheets against S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and S. pneumoniae showed good antibacterial activity; with 1.82 ± 0.13 mm zone of inhibition for S. pneumoniae, at a ZnO concentration of 0.78 mg mL-1. No signs of human skin irritation were observed throughout the allergy patch test.
Originality/value
Results indicate that ACC-Ag+-ZnO sheets could potentially be embedded within surgical face masks (pilgrims’ preferred) to reduce the risks involved with the transmission of respiratory tract infections during and after mass gatherings (e.g. Hajj/Umrah, Olympics).
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Hajiahmadi F, Alikhani MY, Shariatifar H, Arabestani MR, Ahmadvand D. The bactericidal effect of lysostaphin coupled with liposomal vancomycin as a dual combating system applied directly on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infected skin wounds in mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:5943-5955. [PMID: 31447553 PMCID: PMC6683660 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s214521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common causes of surgical infection, and its resistance to numerous conventional antibiotics makes treatment difficult. Although vancomycin is often an effective agent for the initial therapy of MRSA, clinical failure sometimes occurs. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop better therapies. Here, we prepared some vancomycin-loaded nanoliposomes coupled with anti-staphylococcal protein (lysostaphin) and evaluated their in vitro and in vivo efficacy as a topical MRSA therapy. Methods Vancomycin was encapsulated in liposomes, and the coupling of lysostaphin with the surface of liposomes was carried out through cyanuric functional groups. The bactericidal efficacies and a full characterization were evaluated. To define different nanoliposomal–bacterium interactions and their bactericidal effect, flow cytometry was employed. Finally, in vivo, the topical antibacterial activity of each formulation was measured against surgical wound MRSA infection in a mouse model. Results High encapsulation and conjugation efficiency were achieved for all formulations. All the formulations showed a significant reduction in bacterial counts (p<0.05). The targeted liposomes more effectively suppress bacterial infection in vitro and in vivo relative to equivalent doses of untargeted vancomycin liposome. The flow cytometry results confirmed liposome–bacterium interactions, which increased during the incubation time. The maximum binding rate and the bactericidal effect were significantly higher in targeted liposomes (p<0.05) compared with control liposomes. Conclusion Our data suggest a novel nano-vehicle (lysostaphin-conjugated coupled liposomal vancomycin) which could be used as a great topical antimicrobial construct for treatment of MRSA skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Hajiahmadi
- Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
- Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Brucellosis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hanifeh Shariatifar
- Young Researches and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Brucellosis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Davoud Ahmadvand
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Investigation on antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties of triple bark extract formulated using traditional medicinal plants. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0791-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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55
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Okoh SO, Okoh OO, Okoh AI. Inhibitory effects of Azadirachta indica secondary metabolites formulated cosmetics on some infectious pathogens and oxidative stress radicals. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:123. [PMID: 31182095 PMCID: PMC6558881 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases, particularly those due to multi-drug resistant bacterial strains are almost impossible to cure globally. In this study we investigated the inhibitory effects of Azadirachta indica A. Juss secondary metabolites (AISM) formulated soap and cream for management of infectious and oxidative stress-related diseases (OSD). METHODS The antibacterial, radical scavenging and cytotoxic effects of the neem cosmetics were examined by serial dilution, spectrophotometric and hemolytic techniques respectively, while the AISM in the essential oils (EOs) were elucidated by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and retention index. RESULTS The neem cosmetics without AISM exhibited bacteriostatic effects against five reference bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria ivanovii, Enterobacter cloacae, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Streptococcus uberis) and two confirmed multi-drug resistant bacterial strains (Vibrio paraheamolyticues, Escherichia coli 180) at 0.80 mg/mL. Conversely, at less than 0.50 mg/mL the neem soap produced with AISM demonstrated bactericidal effects against most of these test pathogens linked to infectious diseases. The neem soap containing AISMs displayed noteworthy effects in scavenging radicals associated with OSD at < 1.76 mg/mL. The cosmetics were not toxic to human red blood cells below 0.70 mg/ mL. To our known, the AISM predominantly caryophyllene (30.02%), phytol (14.12%), elemene (13.40%) and linoleic acid (10.5%) exceptional inhibitory effects in neem cosmetics are reported here for the first time. CONCLUSION The study indicates that apart from traditional uses of A. indica, the EO contained potent bioactive AISM and feasible as an antimicrobial agent, an alternative to synthetic antioxidant, likewise considered novel in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics industries and as food preservatives.
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Suaifan GA, Al Nobani SW, Shehadeh MB, Darwish RM. Engineered colorimetric detection of Staphylococcus aureus extracellular proteases. Talanta 2019; 198:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Okwu MU, Olley M, Akpoka AO, Izevbuwa OE. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and anti-MRSA activities of extracts of some medicinal plants: A brief review. AIMS Microbiol 2019; 5:117-137. [PMID: 31384707 PMCID: PMC6642907 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2019.2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant infection causing microorganisms has become a significant burden globally. Despite the efforts of pharmaceuticals in producing relatively new antimicrobial drugs, they have resulted in a high rate of mortality, disability and diseases across the world especially in developing countries. Supporting this claim was the report of the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) who estimated that over 2 million illnesses and 23,000 deaths per year are attributable to antibiotic resistant pathogens in the United States. They include Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing gram-negative bacilli, Multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (MDRSP), Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. For MRSA, resistance is as a result of Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains that have acquired Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) which carries mecA gene. The gene encodes the penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a) which confers resistance to all β-lactam antibiotics. Vancomycin was previously the widely preferred drug for the treatment of MRSA infections. It is no longer the case with the emergence of S. aureus strains with reduced vancomycin sensitivity limiting the conventional treatment options for MRSA infections to very scanty expensive drugs. Presently, many researchers have reported the antibacterial activity of many plant extracts on MRSA. Hence, these medicinal plants might be promising candidates for treatment of MRSA infections. This work is a brief review on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the anti-MRSA activities of extracts of selected medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen U. Okwu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Igbinedion University Okada, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Mitsan Olley
- Department of Pathology, Igbinedion University Teaching Hospital, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Augustine O. Akpoka
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Igbinedion University Okada, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Osazee E. Izevbuwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Igbinedion University Okada, Edo State, Nigeria
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Kyriakopoulos AM, Grapsa E, Marcinkiewicz J, Nagl M. Swift Cure of a Chronic Wound Infected With Multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus in an Elderly Patient With Stage 5 Renal Disease. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2019; 18:192-196. [PMID: 30929522 DOI: 10.1177/1534734619834746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a case of a 91-year-old female with stage 5 renal disease, diabetes type 2, and considerable weakness, suffering from a 2-month-old wound infected by a multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus. The wound measured 7 cm in length, 5 cm in width, and 1.5 cm in depth, having purulent white edges and exudates exceeding the size of the wound. The systemic antibiotic use was opposing to improve the patient's clinical condition due to underlying nephrotoxicity that may have deteriorated renal failure and resistance of the infecting pathogen. The halogenated taurine (Tau) derivatives N-chlorotaurine (NCT) and N-bromotaurine (NBrT) with potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial efficacy were alternatively employed as combination topical treatment to provide a therapeutic solution. Each agent was applied separately with an interval of 5 minutes as a 1% spray in aqueous solution every 30 minutes during the day for 3 days. This treatment was very well tolerated and led to rapid disappearance of the purulent exudate, rapid epithelialization, and complete healing. To avoid relapse, the application was continued 4 times daily for a further 4 days. No complications occurred in the course of treatment. This case report confirms the therapeutic efficacy of NCT in chronic purulent wounds. NBrT is well tolerated, too, and can be used in combination with NCT in emergency clinical settings. Its potential as a single agent should be investigated in further studies. Advancement of wound closure by these agents proved to be life-saving for this patient. Further molecular research is needed to identify mechanisms that promote wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eirini Grapsa
- 2 Areteio Medical Hospital, Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Markus Nagl
- 4 Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Burcham ZM, Schmidt CJ, Pechal JL, Brooks CP, Rosch JW, Benbow ME, Jordan HR. Detection of critical antibiotic resistance genes through routine microbiome surveillance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213280. [PMID: 30870464 PMCID: PMC6417727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Population-based public health data on antibiotic resistance gene carriage is poorly surveyed. Research of the human microbiome as an antibiotic resistance reservoir has primarily focused on gut associated microbial communities, but data have shown more widespread microbial colonization across organs than originally believed, with organs previously considered as sterile being colonized. Our study demonstrates the utility of postmortem microbiome sampling during routine autopsy as a method to survey antibiotic resistance carriage in a general population. Postmortem microbial sampling detected pathogens of public health concern including genes for multidrug efflux pumps, carbapenem, methicillin, vancomycin, and polymixin resistances. Results suggest that postmortem assessments of host-associated microbial communities are useful in acquiring community specific data while reducing selective-participant biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M. Burcham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States of America
| | - Carl J. Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Pechal
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Brooks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Rosch
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - M. Eric Benbow
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Heather R. Jordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wellington KW, Nyoka NBP, McGaw LJ. Investigation of the antibacterial and antifungal activity of thiolated naphthoquinones. Drug Dev Res 2019; 80:386-394. [PMID: 30609114 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The WHO has stated that antibiotic resistance is escalating to perilously high levels globally and that traditional therapies of antimicrobial drugs are futile against infections caused by resistant microorganisms. Novel antimicrobial drugs are therefore required. We report in this study on the inhibitory activity of the 1,4-naphthoquinone-2,3-bis-sulfides and 1,4-naphthoquinone sulfides against two bacteria and a fungus to determine their antimicrobial properties. The 1,4-naphthoquinone sulfides have potent activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 7.8 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram +ve), an MIC of 23.4 μg/mL against the fungus, Candida albicans, which was better than that of Amphotericin B (MIC = 31.3 μg/mL), and against Escherichia coli (Gram -ve) an MIC of 31.3 μg/mL was obtained. The 1,4-naphthoquinone had an MIC of 11.7 μg/mL against S. aureus and the 1,4-naphthohydroquinone also had the same activity against E. coli. Hit, Lead & Candidate Discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nomgqibelo B P Nyoka
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Lyndy J McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Abdel Monaim SAH, Somboro AM, El-Faham A, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Bacteria Hunt Bacteria through an Intriguing Cyclic Peptide. ChemMedChem 2018; 14:24-51. [PMID: 30394699 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, peptides have been victorious over small molecules as therapeutics due to their broad range of applications, high biological activity, and high specificity. However, the main challenges to overcome if peptides are to become effective drugs is their low oral bioavailability and instability under physiological conditions. Cyclic peptides play a vital role in this context because they show higher stability under physiological conditions, higher membrane permeability, and greater oral bioavailability than that of their corresponding linear analogues. In this regard, cyclic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have gained considerable attention in the field of novel antibiotic development. Bacterial strains produce cyclic AMPs through two pathways: ribosomal and nonribosomal. This review provides an overview of the chemical classification of cyclic AMPs isolated from bacteria, and provides a description of their biological activity and mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A H Abdel Monaim
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.,Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Anou M Somboro
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 426, Ibrahimia, Alexandria, 12321, Egypt
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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Analytical Quality by Design-based development and validation of ultra pressure liquid chromatography/MS/MS method for glycopeptide antibiotics determination in human plasma. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1861-1876. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: An ultra pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC)/MS/MS method for vancomycin and teicoplanin determination in human plasma was developed in accordance with analytical quality by design (AQbD) concept and fully validated. Materials & methods: Chromatographic separation was performed on ACQUITY UPLC C18 charge surface hybrid (CSH) column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.7 μm particle size) in gradient mode and the mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water and pure acetonitrile. The experimental design methodology was used for the definition of optimal chromatographic and protein precipitation conditions. Results: The linearity ranges were 0.05–10 μg ml-1 for vancomycin and 0.5–200 μg ml-1 for total teicoplanin. The relative standard deviations for precision estimation were below 15% and the accuracy was within 85–115% for all quality control levels. Conclusion: The method was utilized for glycopeptide antibiotics bioanalysis.
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63
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Faridi A, Kareshk AT, Fatahi-Bafghi M, Ziasistani M, Ghahraman MRK, Seyyed-Yousefi SZ, Shakeri N, Kalantar-Neyestanaki D. Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in clinical samples of patients with external ocular infection. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 10:215-219. [PMID: 30483372 PMCID: PMC6243151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Staphylococcus aureus is the main Gram-positive bacteria isolated from patients with ocular infections. Herein, we describe the pattern of antibiotic resistance, presence of resistance genes including ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, mecA and the pvl cytotoxin gene in S. aureus isolates collected from patients with external ocular infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 8 S. aureus isolates were collected from 81 patients that suffered from eye damage. Antibacterial susceptibility of isolates was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Resistance genes including ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA, mecA and the pvl virulence gene were detected by PCR method. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) in MRSA isolates were detected by the multiplex-PCR method. RESULTS Three isolates were resistant to cefoxitin which is considered MRSA. The mecA gene was identified in MRSA isolates. SCCmec type IV and the pvl gene were detected in one of the MRSA isolates that was recovered from a diabetic patient. CONCLUSION The emergence of S. aureus isolates belonging to SCCmec type IV and pvl gene among patients with ocular infection is very serious; therefore, identify genetic characterization of MRSA isolates for empirical therapy and infection control is very important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Faridi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amir Tavakoli Kareshk
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fatahi-Bafghi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ziasistani
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | | | - Noshin Shakeri
- Shahid Labafi Nejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Kalantar-Neyestanaki
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,Corresponding author: Davood Kalantar-Neyestanaki, Ph.D, Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Tel/Fax: +98 34 332 57665,
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Kim HS, Hahn H, Kim J, Jang DM, Lee JY, Back JM, Im HN, Kim H, Han BW, Suh SW. Structural basis for the substrate recognition of peptidoglycan pentapeptides by Enterococcus faecalis VanY B. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:335-344. [PMID: 30016658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vancomycin resistance in Enterococci and its transfer to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are challenging problems in health care institutions worldwide. High-level vancomycin resistance is conferred by acquiring either transposable elements of the VanA or VanB type. Enterococcus faecalis VanYB in the VanB-type operon is a d,d-carboxypeptidase that recognizes the peptidyl-d-Ala4-d-Ala5 extremity of peptidoglycan and hydrolyses the terminal d-Ala on the extracellular side of the cell wall, thereby increasing the level of glycopeptide antibiotics resistance. However, at the molecular level, it remains unclear how VanYB manipulates peptidoglycan peptides for vancomycin resistance. In this study, we have determined the crystal structures of E. faecalis VanYB in the d-Ala-d-Ala-bound, d-Ala-bound, and -unbound states. The interactions between VanYB and d-Ala-d-Ala observed in the crystal provide the molecular basis for the recognition of peptidoglycan substrates by VanYB. Moreover, comparisons with the related VanX and VanXY enzymes reveal distinct structural features of E. faecalis VanYB around the active-site cleft, thus shedding light on its unique substrate specificity. Our results could serve as the foundation for unravelling the molecular mechanism of vancomycin resistance and for developing novel antibiotics against the vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoun Sook Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Therapeutic Target Discovery Branch, Division of Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunggu Hahn
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Man Jang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Mi Back
- Therapeutic Target Discovery Branch, Division of Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Na Im
- Therapeutic Target Discovery Branch, Division of Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Haelee Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Woo Han
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Se Won Suh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Gitau W, Masika M, Musyoki M, Museve B, Mutwiri T. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical specimens at Kenyatta National Hospital. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:226. [PMID: 29615129 PMCID: PMC5883409 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine antibiotic susceptibility pattern of S. aureus isolates from clinical specimens collected from patients at Kenyatta National Hospital from March 2014–February 2016, and to determine the prevalence and quarterly trends of MRSA throughout the study period. Results A total of 944 S. aureus isolates were analyzed. High sensitivity of S. aureus was observed for quinupristin/dalfopristin (100%), tigecycline (98.2), imipenem (98%), nitrofurantoin (97.6%), linezolid (97.3%), teicoplanin (97.1%) and vancomycin (95.1%). High resistance was recorded against penicillin G (91.9%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (56.9%) and tetracycline (33.2%). MRSA prevalence among the patients at KNH was 27.8%. Highest proportion (80%) of MRSA was in burns unit. Both MRSA and MSSA were highly susceptible to quinupristin/dalfopristin, tigecycline, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, ampicillin/sulbactam and vancomycin and showed high resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as gentamycin, erythromycin, levofloxacin and tetracycline. A majority of isolates were from pus specimen (68%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred Gitau
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Moses Masika
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Moses Musyoki
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, P.O Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Beatrice Museve
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, Kenyatta National Hospital, P.O Box 20723-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Titus Mutwiri
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Kenya Methodist University, P.O Box 45240-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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66
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Conjugates and nano-delivery of antimicrobial peptides for enhancing therapeutic activity. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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67
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Optimizing Propagation of Staphylococcus aureus Infecting Bacteriophage vB_SauM-phiIPLA-RODI on Staphylococcus xylosus Using Response Surface Methodology. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040153. [PMID: 29584701 PMCID: PMC5923447 DOI: 10.3390/v10040153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of bacteriophages for killing pathogenic bacteria is a feasible alternative to antibiotics and disinfectants. To obtain the large quantities of phages required for this application, large-scale production of bacteriophages must be optimized. This study aims to define conditions that maximize the phage yield of the virulent and polyvalent staphylococcal bacteriophage vB_SauM-phiIPLA-RODI in broth culture, using the food-grade species Staphylococcus xylosus as the host strain to reduce the risk of growing massive quantities of pathogenic bacteria and therefore, to ensure the safety of the final phage stock. The effect of four variables, namely initial bacterial concentration (5.66–8.40 log10 colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL), initial phage concentration (5–8 log10 plaque-forming unit (PFU)/mL), temperature (21–40 °C) and agitation (20–250 rpm), on phage yield (response) was studied by using response surface methodology (RSM). Successive experimental designs showed that agitation did not significantly impact phage yield, while temperature did have a significant effect, with 38 °C being the optimum for phage propagation. The results allowed the design of a model to describe phage yield as a function of the initial bacterial and phage concentrations at fixed agitation (135 rpm), and optimum temperature (38 °C). The maximum experimental phage yield obtained was 9.3 log10 PFU/mL, while that predicted by the model under the optimized conditions (7.07 log10 CFU/mL initial bacterial population and 6.00 log10 PFU/mL initial phage titer) was 9.25 ± 0.30 log10 PFU/mL, with the desirability of 0.96. This yield is comparable to that obtained when the phage was propagated on the original host, Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteriophage phiIPLA-RODI showed the same host range and very similar biofilm removal ability regardless of the staphylococcal species used for its propagation. The results presented in this study show the suitability of using a food-grade strain of S. xylosus for the propagation of S. aureus infecting phages and the application of RSM to define the optimal propagation conditions.
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68
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Naghshbandi RZ, Haghighat S, Mahdavi M. Passive immunization against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus recombinant PBP2a in sepsis model of mice: Comparable results with antibiotic therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 56:186-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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69
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Craft KM, Townsend SD. The Human Milk Glycome as a Defense Against Infectious Diseases: Rationale, Challenges, and Opportunities. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:77-83. [PMID: 29140081 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Each year over 3 million people die from infectious diseases with most of these deaths being poor and young children who live in low- and middle-income countries. Infectious diseases emerge for a multitude of reasons. On the social front, reasons include a breakdown of public health standards, international travel, and immigration (for financial, civil, and social reasons). At the molecular level, the modern rise of infectious diseases is tied to the juxtaposition of drug-resistant pathogens and a lack of new antimicrobials. The consequence is the possibility that humankind will return to the preantibiotic era wherein millions of people will perish from what should be trivial illnesses. Given the stakes, it is imperative that the chemistry community take leadership in delivering new antibiotic leads for clinical development. We believe this can happen through innovation in two areas. First is the development of novel chemical scaffolds to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. The second area, which is not exclusive to the first, is the generation of antibiotics that do not cause collateral damage to the host or the host's microbiome. Both can be enabled through advances in chemical synthesis. It is with this general philosophy in mind that we hypothesized human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) could serve as novel chemical scaffolds for antibacterial development. We provide herein a personal account of our laboratory's progress toward the goal of using HMOs as a defense against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Craft
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Steven D. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 7330 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, 896 Preston Research Building, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Haddad Kashani H, Schmelcher M, Sabzalipoor H, Seyed Hosseini E, Moniri R. Recombinant Endolysins as Potential Therapeutics against Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Current Status of Research and Novel Delivery Strategies. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00071-17. [PMID: 29187396 PMCID: PMC5740972 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00071-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens of humans and animals, where it frequently colonizes skin and mucosal membranes. It is of major clinical importance as a nosocomial pathogen and causative agent of a wide array of diseases. Multidrug-resistant strains have become increasingly prevalent and represent a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. For this reason, novel strategies to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens are urgently needed. Bacteriophage-derived enzymes, so-called endolysins, and other peptidoglycan hydrolases with the ability to disrupt cell walls represent possible alternatives to conventional antibiotics. These lytic enzymes confer a high degree of host specificity and could potentially replace or be utilized in combination with antibiotics, with the aim to specifically treat infections caused by Gram-positive drug-resistant bacterial pathogens such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus. LysK is one of the best-characterized endolysins with activity against multiple staphylococcal species. Various approaches to further enhance the antibacterial efficacy and applicability of endolysins have been demonstrated. These approaches include the construction of recombinant endolysin derivatives and the development of novel delivery strategies for various applications, such as the production of endolysins in lactic acid bacteria and their conjugation to nanoparticles. These novel strategies are a major focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Haddad Kashani
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mathias Schmelcher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hamed Sabzalipoor
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Seyed Hosseini
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Rezvan Moniri
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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71
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Lood R, Ertürk G, Mattiasson B. Revisiting Antibiotic Resistance Spreading in Wastewater Treatment Plants - Bacteriophages as a Much Neglected Potential Transmission Vehicle. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2298. [PMID: 29209304 PMCID: PMC5702337 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic resistance is currently a major threat to health that humanity is facing today. Novel multidrug and pandrug resistant bacteria are reported on a yearly basis, while the development of novel antibiotics is lacking. Focus to limit the spread of antibiotic resistance by reducing the usage of antibiotics in health care, veterinary applications, and meat production, have been implemented, limiting the exposure of pathogens to antibiotics, thus lowering the selection of resistant strains. Despite these attempts, the global resistance has increased significantly. A recent area of focus has been to limit the spread of resistance through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), serving as huge reservoirs of microbes and resistance genes. While being able to quite efficiently reduce the presence of resistant bacteria entering any of the final products of WWTPs (e.g., effluent water and sludge), the presence of resistance genes in other formats (mobile genetic elements, bacteriophages) has mainly been ignored. Recent data stress the importance of transduction in WWTPs as a mediator of resistance spread. Here we examine the current literature in the role of WWTPs as reservoirs and hotspots of antibiotic resistance with a specific focus on bacteriophages as mediators of genetic exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Lood
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gizem Ertürk
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Mattiasson
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Characterization of SCCmec and spa types of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from health-care and community-acquired infections in Kerman, Iran. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2017; 7:263-267. [PMID: 29110867 PMCID: PMC7384580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jegh.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates is a worldwide problem. Molecular typing is a useful tool to understand MRSA epidemiology. Herein, we determined vancomycin-resistant, SCCmec and spa types among MRSA isolates recovered from healthcare and community-acquired infections in Kerman, Iran. A total of 170 S. aureus isolates were collected from different patients who were admitted to affiliated hospitals of Kerman University of Medical science. MRSA and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) isolates were detected by phenotypic methods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used for detection of mecA, vanA and vanB genes. Staphylococcal cassette chromosomemec (SCCmec) and spa typing were used for molecular typing of among MRSA isolates. Overall, 53% of isolates were considered as MRSA. Two MRSA isolates were resistant to vancomycin and vanA was detected in only one of VRSA isolates. SCCmec type III belonged to spa types t030 and t459 which they were the dominant spa types among community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) and healthcare-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) isolates. Our findings showed that the SCCmec type I and III spread from hospital settings to community, although the SCCmec type IV spread from community to healthcare systems. We have also reported VRSA isolates from hospitalized patients, therefore, appropriate policies should be enforced in order to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance isolates in hospitals settings.
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Balamurugan P, Praveen Krishna V, Bharath D, Lavanya R, Vairaprakash P, Adline Princy S. Staphylococcus aureus Quorum Regulator SarA Targeted Compound, 2-[(Methylamino)methyl]phenol Inhibits Biofilm and Down-Regulates Virulence Genes. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1290. [PMID: 28744275 PMCID: PMC5504099 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a widely acknowledged Gram-positive pathogen for forming biofilm and virulence gene expressions by quorum sensing (QS), a cell to cell communication process. The quorum regulator SarA of S. aureus up-regulates the expression of many virulence factors including biofilm formation to mediate pathogenesis and evasion of the host immune system in the late phases of growth. Thus, inhibiting the production or blocking SarA protein might influence the down-regulation of biofilm and virulence factors. In this context, here we have synthesized 2-[(Methylamino)methyl]phenol, which was specifically targeted toward the quorum regulator SarA through in silico approach in our previous study. The molecule has been evaluated in vitro to validate its antibiofilm activity against clinical S. aureus strains. In addition, antivirulence properties of the inhibitor were confirmed with the observation of a significant reduction in the expression of representative virulence genes like fnbA, hla and hld that are governed under S. aureus QS. Interestingly, the SarA targeted inhibitor showed negligible antimicrobial activity and markedly reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration of conventional antibiotics when used in combination making it a more attractive lead for further clinical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Balamurugan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
| | - V Praveen Krishna
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
| | - D Bharath
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
| | - Raajaraam Lavanya
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
| | - Pothiappan Vairaprakash
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
| | - S Adline Princy
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA UniversityThanjavur, India
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Perumal Samy R, Stiles BG, Franco OL, Sethi G, Lim LH. Animal venoms as antimicrobial agents. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 134:127-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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75
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Analysis of Morphologically Similar Staphylococcus aureus Colonies for Assessment of Phenotypic and Genotypic Correlation. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:2285-2286. [PMID: 28490490 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00402-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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76
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The emergence of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit in Kerman, Iran. Wien Med Wochenschr 2017; 168:85-88. [PMID: 28424995 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-017-0562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a global threat to public health. This study is the first report of the emergence of vancomycin-resistant MRSA in Kerman, Iran. During a period of 15 months, a total of 205 clinical isolates of S. aureus were collected from three university hospitals affiliated with the Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran. Screening of methicillin and vancomycin resistance was carried out by phenotypic methods. The resistance and virulence genes of vancomycin-resistant isolates were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and spa typing were used for molecular typing of vancomycin-resistant isolates. Two S. aureus isolates were considered vancomycin-resistant by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Both isolates showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥ 64 µg/ml and belonged to SCCmec III and spa type t030. Finding vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) isolates represents a serious problem. More stringent infection control policies are recommended to prevent transmission of such life-threatening isolates in the hospital setting.
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77
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Bi Y, Liu XX, Zhang HY, Yang X, Liu ZY, Lu J, Lewis PJ, Wang CZ, Xu JY, Meng QG, Ma C, Yuan CS. Synthesis and Antibacterial Evaluation of Novel 3-Substituted Ocotillol-Type Derivatives as Leads. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040590. [PMID: 28387737 PMCID: PMC6154698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the rapidly growing bacterial antibiotic-resistance and the scarcity of novel agents in development, bacterial infection is still a global problem. Therefore, new types of antibacterial agents, which are effective both alone and in combination with traditional antibiotics, are urgently needed. In this paper, a series of antibacterial ocotillol-type C-24 epimers modified from natural 20(S)-protopanaxadiol were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activity. According to the screening results of Gram-positive bacteria (B. subtilis 168 and MRSA USA300) and Gram-negative bacteria (P. aer PAO1 and A. baum ATCC19606) in vitro, the derivatives exhibited good antibacterial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria with an minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) value of 2–16 µg/mL. The subsequent synergistic antibacterial assay showed that derivatives 5c and 6c enhanced the susceptibility of B. subtilis 168 and MRSA USA300 to chloramphenicol (CHL) and kanamycin (KAN) (FICI < 0.5). Our data showed that ocotillol-type derivatives with long-chain amino acid substituents at C-3 were good leads against antibiotic-resistant pathogens MRSA USA300, which could improve the ability of KAN and CHL to exhibit antibacterial activity at much lower concentrations with reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Xian-Xuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Heng-Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ze-Yun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Peter John Lewis
- Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Jin-Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Qing-Guo Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Cong Ma
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, and State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Orbán-Gyapai O, Liktor-Busa E, Kúsz N, Stefkó D, Urbán E, Hohmann J, Vasas A. Antibacterial screening of Rumex species native to the Carpathian Basin and bioactivity-guided isolation of compounds from Rumex aquaticus. Fitoterapia 2017; 118:101-106. [PMID: 28300698 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants belonging to the genus Rumex (family Polygonaceae) are used worldwide in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases caused by different microorganisms (e.g. bacteria-related dermatologic conditions, dysentery and enteritis). The present study focused on the antibacterial screening of Rumex species native to the Carpathian Basin, and isolation of compounds from one of the most efficient species, Rumex aquaticus. The antibacterial effects of n-hexane, chloroform and aqueous fractions of methanol extracts prepared from different parts of 14 Rumex species (R. acetosella, R. acetosa, R. alpinus, R. aquaticus, R. conglomeratus, R. crispus, R. hydrolapathum, R. obtusifolius subsp. obtusifolius, R. obtusifolius subsp. subalpinus, R. patientia, R. pulcher, R. scutatus, R. stenophyllus and R. thyrsiflorus) were investigated against Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, MRSA, Bacillus subtilis, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, S. agalactiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae using the disc diffusion method. Mainly the n-hexane and chloroform extracts prepared from the roots of the plants displayed high antibacterial activity (inhibition zones>15mm) against one or more bacterial strains. The highly active extracts of the aerial part and root of R. aquaticus were subjected to a multistep separation procedure. 19 Compounds, among them naphthalenes (musizin, and its glucoside, torachrysone-glucoside, 2-methoxystypandrone), anthraquinones (emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, citreorosein, chrysophanol-8-O-glucoside), flavonoids (quercetin, quercetin-3,3'-dimethylether, isokaempferide, quercetin 3-O-arabinoside, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, catechin), stilbenes (resveratrol, piceid), and 1-stearoylglycerol were isolated from the plant. The antibacterial activities of isolated compounds were determined, and it was observed that especially naphthalenes exerted remarkable antibacterial effects against several bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika Liktor-Busa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Norbert Kúsz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Stefkó
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edit Urbán
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Hohmann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; Interdisciplinary Centre of Natural Products, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Vasas
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Das B, Sarkar C, Das D, Gupta A, Kalra A, Sahni S. Telavancin: a novel semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide agent to counter the challenge of resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2017; 4:49-73. [PMID: 28634536 PMCID: PMC5467880 DOI: 10.1177/2049936117690501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Telavancin (TD-6424), a semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide vancomycin-derivative, is a novel antimicrobial agent developed by Theravance for overcoming resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections, specifically methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) had approved telavancin in 2009 for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSIs) caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA (S. aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus anginosus group, or Enterococcus faecalis). Telavancin has two proposed mechanisms of action. In vitro, telavancin has a rapid, concentration-dependent bactericidal effect, due to disruption of cell membrane integrity. Telavancin has demonstrable in vitro activity against aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria. Telavancin and vancomycin have similar spectra of activity. Gram-negative bacteria are usually non-susceptible to telavancin. Telavancin has been successfully tested in various animal models of bacteremia, endocarditis, meningitis, and pneumonia. Phase II Telavancin versus Standard Therapy for Treatment of Complicated Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections due to Gram-Positive Bacteria (FAST 1 and FAST 2) and phase III [Assessment of Telavancin in Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections 1 (ATLAS 1 and ATLAS 2)] clinical trials have been conducted for evaluating telavancin's efficacy and safety in cSSSIs. Phase III clinical trials have been carried out for evaluating telavancin's safety and efficacy in nosocomial pneumonia [Assessment of Telavancin for Treatment of Hospital acquired Pneumonia 1 and 2 (ATTAIN 1 and ATTAIN 2)]. A phase II randomized, double-blind, clinical trial has been carried out for evaluating telavancin's safety and efficacy in uncomplicated S. aureus bacteremia [Telavancin for Treatment of Uncomplicated S. aureus Bacteremia (ASSURE)]. Pacemaker lead-related infective endocarditis due to a vancomycin intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strain (non-daptomycin susceptible) was successfully treated with parenteral telavancin for 8 weeks. Telavancin extensively binds to serum albumin (~93%) and has a relatively small volume of distribution. Telavancin is not biotransformed by any cytochrome P450 microsomal enzymes and excreted mainly in the urine. Though well-tolerated, worrisome adverse effects, including renal dysfunction and QTc prolongation are of potential concern. Given its extensive binding to plasma proteins, long half-life, and a long post-antibiotic effect, it represents a promising addition to the therapeutic armamentarium in combating infections caused by resistant Gram-positive pathogens, namely, MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswadeep Das
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Rishikesh, Rishikesh, India
| | - Chayna Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health & Medical Sciences (NEIGRIHMS) Shillong, Shillong, India
| | - Debasmita Das
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Jaipur Ajmer Expressway, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Gupta
- Department of Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Rishikesh, Rishikesh, India
| | - Arnav Kalra
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Rishikesh, Rishikesh, India
| | - Shubham Sahni
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Rishikesh, Rishikesh, India
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DETERMINATION OF VANCOMYCIN AND LINEZOLID RESISTANCE IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM KATIHAR DISTRICT OF BIHAR, INDIA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2017/270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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81
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Moolchandani K, Sastry AS, Deepashree R, Sistla S, Harish BN, Mandal J. Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance among Intensive Care Units of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern India. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:DC01-DC07. [PMID: 28384858 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/23717.9247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) are the rising threat in the health care facilities across the globe. As most Intesive Care Unit (ICU) patients are frequently on broad spectrum antimicrobials, this induces selective antibiotic pressure which leads to development of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) among the microorganisms of ICUs. AIM To study the occurrence of different types of HAIs in patients admitted to various ICUs of JIPMER and the AMR pattern of the bacterial pathogens isolated from them. MATERIALS AND METHODS The record based retrospective data of culture reports of the patients admitted to all the ICUs of JIPMER during the period from April 2015 to March 2016 were collected. A total of 3,090 isolates were obtained from the clinical specimens of 1,244 patients. Data on various factors like demographic characters, type of ICU, infecting organism, site of infection, type of HAI's and AMR including co-resistance were collected and analysed using Microsoft Excel. RESULTS Most common culture positive clinical specimen received was tracheal aspirate (29.9%) followed by exudate (22.7%). Acinetobacter spp from tracheal aspirate and Pseudomonas spp from blood specimens were the most common organisms isolated; whereas Escherichia coli was the predominant organism found in urine, exudate and sterile fluid specimens. About 22.2% infections were HAIs, out of which pneumonia (6.24%) was the most common. Analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern revealed that most of Gram-Negative Bacilli (GNB) was Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) i.e., resistant to three or more class of antibiotics such as cephalosporins, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. The prevalence of Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin- resistant Enterococci (VRE) were found to be 40.6% and 11.9% respectively. CONCLUSION The increasing trend AMR among the hospital acquired pathogens such as MDR-GNBs, MRSA and VRE pose a great threat to HCWs as well as to the other critically ill patients of the ICUs. Study on AMR surveillance is the need of the hour as it helps the centers to generate local antibiogram which further helps in formulating the national data. It also guides the clinicians to choose appropriate empirical therapy and assist escalation and de-escalation wherever possible. Hence, such studies will be a stepping stone in establishing antimicrobial stewardship and regulate the antimicrobial use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R Deepashree
- Senior Resident, Department of Microbiology, JIPMER , Puducherry, India
| | - Sujatha Sistla
- Professor, Department of Microbiology, JIPMER , Puducherry, India
| | - B N Harish
- Professor, Department of Microbiology, JIPMER , Puducherry, India
| | - Jharna Mandal
- Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, JIPMER , Puducherry, India
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82
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New family of antimicrobial agents derived from 1,4-naphthoquinone. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:1019-1025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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83
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Fukunaga BT, Sumida WK, Taira DA, Davis JW, Seto TB. Hospital-Acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Related to Medicare Antibiotic Prescriptions: A State-Level Analysis. HAWAI'I JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH : A JOURNAL OF ASIA PACIFIC MEDICINE & PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 75:303-309. [PMID: 27738564 PMCID: PMC5056633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) results in almost half of all deaths caused by antibiotic resistant organisms. Current evidence suggests that MRSA infections are associated with antibiotic use. This study examined state-level data to determine whether outpatient antibiotic use was associated with hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) infections. The 2013 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Healthcare-Associated Infections Progress Report was used to obtain HA-MRSA infection rates. Data on the number of antibiotic prescriptions with activity towards methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) at the state level were obtained from the 2013 Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data: Part D Prescriber Public Use File. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between the number of antibiotic prescriptions and HA-MRSA infection rates. The average number of HA-MRSA infections was 0.026 per 1000 persons with the highest rates concentrated in Southeastern and Northeastern states. The average number of outpatient prescriptions per capita was 0.74 with the highest rates in Southeastern states. A significant correlation (ρ = 0.64, P <.001) between infections and prescriptions was observed, even after adjusting for non-reporting hospitals. This association provides evidence of the importance of appropriate antibiotic prescribing. Prescriber and heat map data may be useful for targeting antimicrobial stewardship programs in an effort to manage appropriate antibiotic use to help stop antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce T Fukunaga
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI (BTF, WKS, DAT)
| | - Wesley K Sumida
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI (BTF, WKS, DAT)
| | - Deborah A Taira
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI (BTF, WKS, DAT)
| | - James W Davis
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI (BTF, WKS, DAT)
| | - Todd B Seto
- Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI (BTF, WKS, DAT)
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84
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Synthesis, spectral characterization, crystal structure and molecular docking study of 2,7-diaryl-1,4-diazepan-5-ones. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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85
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Kumari J, Shenoy SM, Baliga S, Chakrapani M, Bhat GK. Healthcare-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Clinical characteristics and antibiotic resistance profile with emphasis on macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2016; 16:e175-81. [PMID: 27226908 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2016.16.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a common pathogen worldwide and its multidrug resistance is a major concern. This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility profile of healthcare-associated MRSA with emphasis on resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) phenotypes and vancomycin. METHODS This cross-sectional study was carried out between February 2014 and February 2015 across four tertiary care hospitals in Mangalore, South India. Healthcare-associated infections among 291 inpatients at these hospitals were identified according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines. Clinical specimens were collected based on infection type. S. aureus and MRSA isolates were identified and antibiotic susceptibility tests performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin was determined using the Agar dilution method and inducible clindamycin resistance was detected with a double-disk diffusion test (D-test). RESULTS Out of 291 healthcare-associated S. aureus cases, 88 were MRSA (30.2%). Of these, 54.6% were skin and soft tissue infections. All of the isolates were susceptible to teicoplanin and linezolid. Four MRSA isolates exhibited intermediate resistance to vancomycin (4.6%). Of the MRSA strains, 10 (11.4%) were constitutive MLSB phenotypes, 31 (35.2%) were inducible MLSB phenotypes and 14 (15.9%) were macrolide-streptogramin B phenotypes. CONCLUSION Healthcare-associated MRSA multidrug resistance was alarmingly high. In routine antibiotic susceptibility testing, a D-test should always be performed if an isolate is resistant to erythromycin but susceptible to clindamycin. Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin is necessary when treating patients with MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kumari
- Departments of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Shalini M Shenoy
- Departments of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Shrikala Baliga
- Departments of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - M Chakrapani
- Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
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86
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Sarrafzadeh F, Mirzabiegi Z, Torabi-Nami M. Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates among hospitalized patients; a tertiary medical care center experience from Southern Iran. COGENT MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2016.1163768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Sarrafzadeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zienab Mirzabiegi
- Students’ Research Committee, Afzalipour Educational Medical Center, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Torabi-Nami
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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87
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Holden JK, Kang S, Beasley FC, Cinelli MA, Li H, Roy SG, Dejam D, Edinger AL, Nizet V, Silverman RB, Poulos TL. Nitric Oxide Synthase as a Target for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 22:785-92. [PMID: 26091171 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are a major economic burden to hospitals, and confer high rates of morbidity and mortality among those infected. Exploitation of novel therapeutic targets is thus necessary to combat this dangerous pathogen. Here, we report on the identification and characterization, including crystal structures, of two nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors that function as antimicrobials against MRSA. These data provide the first evidence that bacterial NOS (bNOS) inhibitors can work synergistically with oxidative stress to enhance MRSA killing. Crystal structures show that each inhibitor contacts an active site Ile residue in bNOS that is Val in the mammalian NOS isoforms. Mutagenesis studies show that the additional nonpolar contacts provided by the Ile in bNOS contribute to tighter binding toward the bacterial enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Holden
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Soosung Kang
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Federico C Beasley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maris A Cinelli
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Saurabh G Roy
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dillon Dejam
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Aimee L Edinger
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Departments of Pediatrics and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Richard B Silverman
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA.
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88
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Lei T, Yang J, Ji Y. Determination of essentiality and regulatory function of staphylococcal YeaZ in branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis. Virulence 2016; 6:75-84. [PMID: 25517685 DOI: 10.4161/21505594.2014.986415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The staphylococcal YeaZ is highly conserved in prokaryotic cells and critical for growth of many bacterial pathogens. However, the essentiality for Staphylococcus aureus growth and the biological function of YeaZ behind its essentiality remain undefined. In this study, we created and characterized a defined Pspac-regulated yeaZ expression mutant in S. aureus and demonstrated the indispensability of YeaZ for S. aureus growth. Moreover, we conducted complementation studies, not only confirmed the requirement of YeaZ for S. aureus growth, but also revealed a similarity of essential function between staphylococcal YeaZ and its E. coli homolog. On the other hand, we explored the biological functions of YeaZ and found that YeaZ is involved in the regulation of the transcription of ilv-leu operon that encodes key enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids, including isoleucine, leucine, and valine (ILV). qPCR analysis showed that the 6-fold downregulation of YeaZ dramatically elevated approximately 17- to 289-fold RNA levels of ilvD, leuA and ilvA. We further confirmed the transcriptional regulation of the ilv-leu operon by YeaZ using an ilv-promoter-lux reporter system and gel-shift assays and revealed that YeaZ is able to bind the promoter region of ilv. Furthermore, we established that the regulation of ILV biosynthesis isn't associated with YeaZ's essentiality, as the deletion of the ilv-leu operon did not affect the requirement of YeaZ for growth in culture. Our results demonstrate the essentiality of YeaZ for S. aureus growth and suggest that the staphylococcal YeaZ possesses regulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lei
- a Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences ; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota ; St. Paul , MN USA
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Yu L, Zhu M, Liu E, Yang T, Chen X, Wang X. Studies of the mechanism of an antibacterial peptide (cecropinA-magainin) on methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusmembranes. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 63:805-811. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Longmei Yu
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory of Medicine of Ningxia Medical University; XingQing District Yinchuan, Ningxia People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxing Zhu
- Center of Science Technology of Medicine of Ningxia Medical University; XingQing District Yinchuan, Ningxia People's Republic of China
| | - Erqiang Liu
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory of Medicine of Ningxia Medical University; XingQing District Yinchuan, Ningxia People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Yang
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory of Medicine of Ningxia Medical University; XingQing District Yinchuan, Ningxia People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory of Medicine of Ningxia Medical University; XingQing District Yinchuan, Ningxia People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory of Medicine of Ningxia Medical University; XingQing District Yinchuan, Ningxia People's Republic of China
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90
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Baxi SM, Chan D, Jain V. Daptomycin non-susceptible, vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis treated with ceftaroline and daptomycin: case report and brief review of the literature. Infection 2015; 43:751-4. [PMID: 25805524 PMCID: PMC4583316 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-015-0763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of clearance of persistent bacteremia due to daptomycin non-susceptible, vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus native mitral valve endocarditis with a combination of ceftaroline and daptomycin, in an 81-year-old medically complex patient who was not an operative candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv M Baxi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Med Science, Room S380, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Dominic Chan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vivek Jain
- Division of HIV/AIDS, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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91
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Bhattacharya S, Bir R, Majumdar T. Evaluation of Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and their Association with Biofilm Production in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Tripura, Northeast India. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:DC01-4. [PMID: 26500902 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/13965.6417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High morbidity and mortality rates are associated with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) because of development of multidrug resistance. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has the ability to colonize and form biofilms on biomaterials which is causing resistance towards antimicrobials and thus making them difficult to eradicate from the infected hosts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Culture isolation, identification was done following standard protocol and antibiogram of the isolates were done. The detection of MRSA, Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B resistance (MLSB), vancomycin resistance phenotypes were done by using cefoxitin disc diffusion test, D zone test and vancomycin E test. Biofilm was detected by Congo red agar method. RESULTS A total of 100 (31.7%) S. aureus strains were isolated from 315 clinical specimens. The prevalence of MRSA was 47% (47/100) with 85.1% were homogeneous MRSA and 14.9% were heterogeneous. Out of 47 MRSA strains, 63.8% were Hospital acquired-MRSA (HA-MRSA) infections whereas rests 36.2% were caused by Community acquired-MRSA (CA-MRSA) strains. Maximum number of MRSA isolates belonged to group A biotype (34%). A 14.9% isolates were of nontypeable group. Out of 100 S. aureus isolates, the prevalence of Vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA) was found to be 3%. The MLSB phenotypes showed that the rates of inducible MLSB (iMLSB), constitutive MLSB (cMLSB) and Macrolide-Streptogramin B (MSB) in case of MRSA to be 19.1%, 31.9% and 12.8%. Prevalence of low-level (MUP(L)) and high-level mupirocin resistance (MUP(H)) among MRSA was 19.1% and 6.4%. Biofilm production was found in 55% strains of S. aureus. Out of 47 MRSA strains 76.6%were producing biofilm in comparison to 38.8% in methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). Higher degree of antibiotic resistance in biofilm producers was seen especially in case of ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, rifampicin, kanamycin, erythromycin and clindamycin whereas gentamycin, tetracycline and penicillin resistance was more in non-biofilm producers. CONCLUSION This study shows high rate of circulating MRSA with a majority of these isolates are multi-drug resistant of which mostly are biofilm producers in our hospital setup. Development of antimicrobial stewardship program based on the local epidemiological data and national guidelines is the need of the hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibabrata Bhattacharya
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Agartala Government Medical College , Kunjavan, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Raunak Bir
- Junior Resident, Department of Microbiology, Agartala Government Medical College , Kunjavan, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Tapan Majumdar
- Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Agartala Government Medical College , Kunjavan, Agartala, Tripura, India
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Chingwaru W, Vidmar J, Kapewangolo PT, Mazimba O, Jackson J. Therapeutic and Prophylactic Potential of Morama (Tylosema esculentum): A Review. Phytother Res 2015. [PMID: 26206567 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tylosema esculentum (morama) is a highly valued traditional food and source of medicine for the San and other indigenous populations that inhabit the arid to semi-arid parts of Southern Africa. Morama beans are a rich source of phenolic acids, flavonoids, certain fatty acids, non-essential amino acids, certain phytosterols, tannins and minerals. The plant's tuber contains griffonilide, behenic acid and starch. Concoctions of extracts from morama bean, tuber and other local plants are frequently used to treat diarrhoea and digestive disorders by the San and other indigenous populations. Information on composition and bioactivity of phytochemical components of T. esculentum suggests that the polyphenol-rich extracts of the bean testae and cotyledons have great potential as sources of chemicals that inhibit infectious microorganisms (viral, bacterial and fungal, including drug-resistant strains), offer protection against certain non-communicable diseases and promote wound healing and gut health. The potential antinutritional properties of a few morama components are also highlighted. More research is necessary to reveal the full prophylactic and therapeutic potential of the plant against diseases of the current century. Research on domestication and conservation of the plant offers new hope for sustainable utilisation of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Chingwaru
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bindura University Science Education, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe.,Institute Ceres/Zavod Ceres, Lahovna 16, 3000, Celje, Slovenia
| | - Jerneja Vidmar
- Institute Ceres/Zavod Ceres, Lahovna 16, 3000, Celje, Slovenia.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska 5, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Petrina T Kapewangolo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Namibia, P/Bag 13301, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Avenue, Pionierspark, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Ofentse Mazimba
- Research and Partnerships at Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Private Bag 0082, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Jose Jackson
- Research and Partnerships at Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Private Bag 0082, Gaborone, Botswana
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Cogo A, Gonzalez-Ruiz A, Pathan R, Hamed K. Real-World Treatment of Complicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections with Daptomycin: Results from a Large European Registry (EU-CORE). Infect Dis Ther 2015; 4:273-82. [PMID: 26168987 PMCID: PMC4575295 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-015-0074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of this analysis was to describe in real-life settings the clinical outcomes and safety associated with daptomycin treatment in a cohort of patients with complicated skin and soft tissues infection (cSSTI). Methods All patients with cSSTI who had received at least one dose of daptomycin between January 2006 and April 2012 were identified from a non-interventional, multicenter, retrospective registry (European Cubicin® Outcome Registry and Experience; EU–CORESM). Results Of the 6075 patients included in the EU-CORE registry, 1927 (31.7%) were diagnosed with cSSTI (male, 63.8%; median age, 63 years). The most frequent underlying diseases were cardiovascular disease (58.1%) and diabetes mellitus (40.7%). The most frequent cSSTIs included surgical site infections (34.9%), wound infections (20.2%) and diabetic foot infections (19.9%). The most frequently prescribed doses of daptomycin were 4 mg/kg/day (38.9%) and 6 mg/kg/day (35.2%). A total of 1126 (58.4%) patients received antibiotics prior to daptomycin treatment; treatment failure (53.7%) was the most common reason for switching to daptomycin. The majority of hospitalized patients (61.8%) were treated with concomitant antibiotics. Among patients with positive cultures, Staphylococcus aureus (51.9%; 673/1297) was the most common pathogen. The overall clinical success rate was 84.6%; for infections caused by S. aureus, the success rate was 87.2% (methicillin susceptible, 87.8%; methicillin resistant, 87.0%). Adverse events possibly related to daptomycin treatment were reported in 2.4% of patients and adverse events led to drug discontinuation in 2.4% of patients. Conclusion Daptomycin treatment resulted in high clinical success rates in patients with different cSSTI subtypes, the majority of whom having failed previous antibiotic therapy. Daptomycin was well tolerated and there were no new or unexpected safety findings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40121-015-0074-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cogo
- Casa Di Cura Villa Berica, U.O. Medicina Vascolare e Piede Diabetico, Vicenza, Italy
| | | | | | - Kamal Hamed
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
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Sathish KSR, Kokati VBR. In-vitro antimicrobial activity of marine actinobacteria against multidrug resistance Staphylococcus aureus. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 2:787-92. [PMID: 23569848 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antibacterial activity of marine actinobacteria against multidrug resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA). METHODS Fifty one actinobacterial strains were isolated from salt pans soil, costal area in Kothapattanam, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh. Primary screening was done using cross-streak method against MDRSA. The bioactive compounds are extracted from efficient actinobacteria using solvent extraction. The antimicrobial activity of crude and solvent extracts was performed using Kirby-Bauer method. MIC for ethyl acetate extract was determined by modified agar well diffusion method. The potent actinobacteria are identified using Nonomura key, Shirling and Gottlieb 1966 with Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology. RESULTS Among the fifty one isolates screened for antibacterial activity, SRB25 were found efficient against MDRSA. The ethyl acetate extracts showed high inhibition against test organism. MIC test was performed with the ethyl acetate extract against MDRSA and found to be 1 000 µg/mL. The isolated actinobacteria are identified as Streptomyces sp with the help of Nonomura key. CONCLUSIONS The current investigation reveals that the marine actinobacteria from salt pan environment can be able to produce new drug molecules against drug resistant microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar S R Sathish
- Molecular and Microbiology Research Laboratory, Environmental Biotechnology Division, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore - 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
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95
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Rongpharpi SR, Duggal S, Kalita H, Duggal AK. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: targeting the source. Postgrad Med 2014; 126:167-75. [PMID: 25295661 DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2014.09.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacteremia due to Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in India, but studies targeting the source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia are lacking. S. aureus has a vivid armamentarium consisting of toxins, adhesins, and other virulence factors by virtue of which it can cause varied types of infections, sometimes of a serious nature. This review highlights the possible causes of S. aureus bacteremia, and discusses the necessity of tracing its source and eliminating it with proper antibiotic therapy to avoid recurrences or relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Rainy Rongpharpi
- Senior Resident, Department of Microbiology, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Hospital, New Delhi, India
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96
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Pinheiro L, Brito CI, Pereira VC, Oliveira AD, Camargo CH, Cunha MDLRDSD. Reduced susceptibility to vancomycin and biofilm formation in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from blood cultures. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:871-8. [PMID: 25410990 PMCID: PMC4296491 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to correlate the presence of ica genes, biofilm
formation and antimicrobial resistance in 107 strains of Staphylococcus
epidermidis isolated from blood cultures. The isolates were analysed to
determine their methicillin resistance, staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec (SCCmec) type, ica genes
and biofilm formation and the vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was
measured for isolates and subpopulations growing on vancomycin screen agar. The
mecA gene was detected in 81.3% of the S.
epidermidis isolated and 48.2% carried SCCmec type III.
The complete icaADBC operon was observed in 38.3% of the isolates;
of these, 58.5% produced a biofilm. Furthermore, 47.7% of the isolates grew on
vancomycin screen agar, with an increase in the MIC in 75.9% of the isolates.
Determination of the MIC of subpopulations revealed that 64.7% had an MIC ≥ 4 μg
mL-1, including 15.7% with an MIC of 8 μg mL-1 and 2% with
an MIC of 16 μg mL-1. The presence of the icaADBC operon,
biofilm production and reduced susceptibility to vancomycin were associated with
methicillin resistance. This study reveals a high level of methicillin resistance,
biofilm formation and reduced susceptibility to vancomycin in subpopulations of
S. epidermidis. These findings may explain the selection of
multidrug-resistant isolates in hospital settings and the consequent failure of
antimicrobial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Carla Ivo Brito
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Valéria Cataneli Pereira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Adilson de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Carlos Henrique Camargo
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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97
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Varrone JJ, de Mesy Bentley KL, Bello-Irizarry SN, Nishitani K, Mack S, Hunter JG, Kates SL, Daiss JL, Schwarz EM. Passive immunization with anti-glucosaminidase monoclonal antibodies protects mice from implant-associated osteomyelitis by mediating opsonophagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus megaclusters. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1389-96. [PMID: 24992290 PMCID: PMC4234088 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Towards the development of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) vaccine we evaluated a neutralizing anti-glucosaminidase (Gmd) monoclonal antibody (1C11) in a murine model of implant-associated osteomyelitis, and compared its effects on LAC USA300 MRSA versus a placebo and a Gmd-deficient isogenic strain (ΔGmd). 1C11 significantly reduced infection severity, as determined by bioluminescent imaging of bacteria, micro-CT assessment of osteolysis, and histomorphometry of abscess numbers (p < 0.05). Histology also revealed infiltrating macrophages, and the complete lack of staphylococcal abscess communities (SAC), in marrow abscesses of 1C11 treated mice. In vitro, 1C11 had no direct effects on proliferation, but electron microscopy demonstrated that 1C11 treatment phenocopies ΔGmd defects in binary fission. Moreover, addition of 1C11 to MRSA cultures induced the formation of large bacterial aggregates (megaclusters) that sedimented out of solution, which was not observed in ΔGmd cultures or 1C11 treated cultures of a protein A-deficient strain (ΔSpa), suggesting that the combined effects of Gmd inhibition and antibody-mediated agglutination are required. Finally, we demonstrated that macrophage opsonophagocytosis of MRSA and megaclusters is significantly increased by 1C11 (p < 0.01). Collectively, these results suggest that the primary mechanism of anti-Gmd humoral immunity against MRSA osteomyelitis is macrophage invasion of Staphylococcal abscess communities (SAC) and opsonophagocytosis of megaclusters. .
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Varrone
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Karen L. de Mesy Bentley
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Sheila N. Bello-Irizarry
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Kohei Nishitani
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Sarah Mack
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Joshua G. Hunter
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Stephen L. Kates
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - John L. Daiss
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Edward M. Schwarz
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642
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98
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Driche EH, Belghit S, Bijani C, Zitouni A, Sabaou N, Mathieu F, Badji B. A new Streptomyces strain isolated from Saharan soil produces di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, a metabolite active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0972-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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99
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Kumar SG, Adithan C, Harish BN, Sujatha S, Roy G, Malini A. Antimicrobial resistance in India: A review. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2014; 4:286-91. [PMID: 24082718 PMCID: PMC3783766 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.116970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is an important concern for the public health authorities at global level. However, in developing countries like India, recent hospital and some community based data showed increase in burden of antimicrobial resistance. Research related to antimicrobial use, determinants and development of antimicrobial resistance, regional variation and interventional strategies according to the existing health care situation in each country is a big challenge. This paper discusses the situational analysis of antimicrobial resistance with respect to its problem, determinants and challenges ahead with strategies required in future to reduce the burden in India. Recent data from Google search, Medline and other sources were collected which was reviewed and analyzed by the authors. Hospital based studies showed higher and varied spectrum of resistance in different regions while there are limited number of community based studies at country level. There exists lacunae in the structure and functioning of public health care delivery system with regard to quantification of the problem and various determining factors related to antimicrobial resistance. There is an urgent need to develop and strengthen antimicrobial policy, standard treatment guidelines, national plan for containment of AMR and research related to public health aspects of AMR at community and hospital level in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ganesh Kumar
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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100
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Tarai B, Das P, Kumar D. Recurrent Challenges for Clinicians: Emergence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin Resistance, and Current Treatment Options. J Lab Physicians 2014; 5:71-8. [PMID: 24701097 PMCID: PMC3968634 DOI: 10.4103/0974-2727.119843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive pathogens mainly, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, are developing increasing resistance to glycopeptides that pose a problem in treating infections caused by these pathogens. Vancomycin is the treatment of choice in treating methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Community-acquired MRSA is associated with infections in patients without recent history of hospital admission and without the classical risk factors for MRSA carriage (including healthcare personnel). MRSA poses new threats and challenges beyond the hospital with the emergence of community-acquired MRSA. Indiscriminate use of vancomycin leads to the emergence and spread of vancomycin resistance in multidrug resistant strains is of growing concern in the recent years. Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) remains an important determinant in choosing the right antibiotics. Infections caused by MRSA strains with vancomycin MIC > 4 μg/mL leads to the vancomycin treatment failure. The Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute had also lowered the cut-off susceptibility and resistance breakpoints for vancomycin. Despite the availability of newer antimicrobial agents (Linezolid, Daptomycin, Tigecycline) for drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens, clinicians and patients still need options for treatment of MRSA infection. There is a need to reduce the global burden of infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens and its resistant strains (mainly MRSA). Continuous efforts should be made to prevent the spread and the emergence of glycopeptide resistance by early detection of the resistant strains and using the proper infection control measures in the hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bansidhar Tarai
- Department of Microbiology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Das
- Department of Microbiology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi, India
| | - Dilip Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi, India
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