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Walsh F, Khan S, Bärnighausen T, Hettema A, Lejeune C, Mazibuko S, Mlambo CK, Reis R, Fleming Y, Khumalo G, Zwane M, Okello V, Spiegelman D. Getting to 90-90-90: Experiences from the MaxART Early Access to ART for All (EAAA) Trial in Eswatini. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2020; 17:324-332. [PMID: 32474844 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-020-00501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The MaxART Consortium-led by the Eswatini Ministry of Health-implemented multiple interventions between 2012 and 2017 to achieve UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets. We summarize key findings from community outreach strategies in support of the first 90 goal, and from the Early Access to ART for All (EAAA) trial on the implementation of a "Treat All" strategy to achieve the second and third 90 goals within a government-managed public health system. RECENT FINDINGS The MaxART Consortium demonstrated that "Fast Track," a problem-solving approach, was effective at increasing testing coverage in the community. Compared with baseline data at 3 months prior to the start of the Fast Track, there was a 273% proportional increase in HIV tests conducted among adolescent males, adolescent females, and adult men, and 722% over baseline for adolescent males. The MaxART EAAA trial further showed that implementation of the Treat All policy was associated with significant two-fold shorter time from enrollment into care to ART initiation than under the standard CD4+ cell threshold-based treatment guidelines. Finally, through the MaxART trial, Eswatini was able to identify areas for further investment, including addressing the system-side barriers to routine viral load monitoring, and designing and implementing innovative community-based approaches to reach individuals who were not more routinely accessing HIV testing and counseling services. As low- and middle-income countries adopt the Treat All approach in their national HIV care and treatment guidelines, further implementation science research is needed to understand and address the system-level barriers to achieving the benefits of Treat All for HIV-infected individuals and those at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaukat Khan
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), 333 Dorchester Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, 130.3 INF, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Anita Hettema
- Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI), Tsekwane St, Mbabane, Eswatini
| | | | | | | | - Ria Reis
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Social Science, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Children's Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yvette Fleming
- aidsfonds, Condensatorweg 54, 1014 AX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gavin Khumalo
- Eswatini National Network of People Living with HIV (SWANNEPHA), P. O. Box 4161, Mbabane, Eswatini
| | - Mandisa Zwane
- SAfAIDS, Lamvelase Building, Nkoseluhlaza Street, Manzini, Eswatini
| | - Velephi Okello
- Directorate Office, Ministry of Health, Mbabane, Eswatini
| | - Donna Spiegelman
- Department of Biostatistics, Center on Methods for Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA. .,Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Nutrition and Global Health, Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Retention in HIV Care Among HIV-Seropositive Pregnant and Postpartum Women in Uganda: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. AIDS Behav 2020; 24:3164-3175. [PMID: 32314120 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-02875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We tested an intervention that aimed to increase retention in antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV-positive pregnant and postpartum women, a population shown to be vulnerable to poor ART outcomes. 133 pregnant women initiating ART at 2 hospitals in Uganda used real time-enabled wireless pill monitors (WPM) for 1 month, and were then randomized to receive text message reminders (triggered by late dose-taking) and data-informed counseling through 3 months postpartum or standard care. We assessed "full retention" (proportion attending all monthly clinic visits and delivering at a study facility; "visit retention" (proportion of clinic visits attended); and "postpartum retention" (proportion retained at 3 months postpartum). Intention-to-treat and per protocol analyses found that retention was relatively low and similar between groups, with no significant differences. Retention declined significantly post-delivery. The intervention was unsuccessful in this population, which experiences suboptimal ART retention and is in urgent need of effective interventions.
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Iterative Development of an mHealth Intervention to Support Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation and Adherence Among Female Sex Workers in Mombasa, Kenya. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2020; 31:145-156. [PMID: 31868829 DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nurses have an integral role to play in achieving the 95-95-95 goals to stem the HIV epidemic. We used the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB) theoretical model to develop a nurse-delivered, mHealth intervention to support antiretroviral therapy adherence among female sex workers living with HIV in Mombasa, Kenya. Twenty-three purposively sampled female sex workers living with HIV participated in 5 focus group discussions to iteratively develop the message content as well as the format and structure of the nurse-delivered, text-based intervention. Focus group discussion interview guides were developed in accordance with the IMB model. Transcripts were analyzed according to IMB themes, and findings were used to develop the intervention. Information-oriented texts addressed concerns and misconceptions; motivation-oriented texts reinforced women's desires to feel healthy enough to engage in activities; and behavioral skills-oriented texts included strategies to remember medication doses. The nurse-delivered, theory-based, culturally tailored intervention to support medication adherence was evaluated.
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Mbuagbaw L, Hajizadeh A, Wang A, Mertz D, Lawson DO, Smieja M, Benoit AC, Alvarez E, Puchalski Ritchie L, Rachlis B, Logie C, Husbands W, Margolese S, Zani B, Thabane L. Overview of systematic reviews on strategies to improve treatment initiation, adherence to antiretroviral therapy and retention in care for people living with HIV: part 1. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e034793. [PMID: 32967868 PMCID: PMC7513605 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to map the evidence and identify interventions that increase initiation of antiretroviral therapy, adherence to antiretroviral therapy and retention in care for people living with HIV at high risk for poor engagement in care. METHODS We conducted an overview of systematic reviews and sought for evidence on vulnerable populations (men who have sex with men (MSM), African, Caribbean and Black (ACB) people, sex workers (SWs), people who inject drugs (PWID) and indigenous people). We searched PubMed, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library in November 2018. We screened, extracted data and assessed methodological quality in duplicate and present a narrative synthesis. RESULTS We identified 2420 records of which only 98 systematic reviews were eligible. Overall, 65/98 (66.3%) were at low risk of bias. Systematic reviews focused on ACB (66/98; 67.3%), MSM (32/98; 32.7%), PWID (6/98; 6.1%), SWs and prisoners (both 4/98; 4.1%). Interventions were: mixed (37/98; 37.8%), digital (22/98; 22.4%), behavioural or educational (9/98; 9.2%), peer or community based (8/98; 8.2%), health system (7/98; 7.1%), medication modification (6/98; 6.1%), economic (4/98; 4.1%), pharmacy based (3/98; 3.1%) or task-shifting (2/98; 2.0%). Most of the reviews concluded that the interventions effective (69/98; 70.4%), 17.3% (17/98) were neutral or were indeterminate 12.2% (12/98). Knowledge gaps were the types of participants included in primary studies (vulnerable populations not included), poor research quality of primary studies and poorly tailored interventions (not designed for vulnerable populations). Digital, mixed and peer/community-based interventions were reported to be effective across the continuum of care. CONCLUSIONS Interventions along the care cascade are mostly focused on adherence and do not sufficiently address all vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mbuagbaw
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for the Develoment of Best Practices in Health, Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Anisa Hajizadeh
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annie Wang
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dominik Mertz
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daeria O Lawson
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marek Smieja
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anita C Benoit
- Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Alvarez
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis (CHEPA), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Puchalski Ritchie
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beth Rachlis
- Division of Clinical Public Health, Dalla Lana School of Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carmen Logie
- Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Shari Margolese
- Canadian HIV Trials Network Community Advisory Committee, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Babalwa Zani
- Knowledge Translation Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Pediatrics and Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Evaluation of Medicine, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Sebatta DE, Siu G, Nabeta HW, Anguzu G, Walimbwa S, Lamorde M, Bukenya B, Kambugu A. "You would not be in a hurry to go back home": patients' willingness to participate in HIV/AIDS clinical trials at a clinical and research facility in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Med Ethics 2020; 21:77. [PMID: 32831090 PMCID: PMC7446203 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-020-00516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have examined factors associated with willingness of people living with HIV (PLHIV) to participate in HIV treatment clinical trials in Sub-Saharan Africa. We assessed the factors associated with participation of PLHIV in HIV treatment clinical trials research at a large urban clinical and research facility in Uganda. Methods A mixed methods study was conducted at the Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI), adult HIV clinic between July 2016 and January 2017. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, focused group discussions with respondents categorised as either participated or never participated in clinical trials and key informant interviews with IDI staff. A generalized linear model with a logit link function was used for multivariate analyses while the qualitative data were summarized using a thematic approach. Results We enrolled a total of 202 and analysed 151 participants, 77 (51%) of whom were male with mean age of 41 years. The majority 127 (84%) expressed willingness to participate in treatment clinical trials if given an opportunity. At bivariate analysis, willingness to participate was significantly associated with respondents’ perception of a satisfactory compensation package (P-value < 0.002, 0.08–0.56), special status accorded (P-value < 0.001, 0.05–0.39) and belief that their health status would improve (P-value< 0.08, 0.03–0.58) while on the clinical trial. At multivariate analysis, a satisfactory compensation package (P-value< 0.030, 0.08–0.88) and special status accorded in clinical trials (P-value< 0.041, 0.01–0.91) remained significant. The qualitative data analysis confirmed these findings as participants valued the privilege of jumping the clinic waiting queues and spending less time in clinic, the wide range of free tests offered to trial participants, unrestricted access to senior physicians and regular communication from study team. Additionally, free meals offered during clinic visits meant that participants were not in a hurry to go back home. Barriers to participation included the perception that new drugs were being tested on them, fear of side effects like treatment failure and the uncertainty about privacy of their data. Conclusion We found overwhelming willingness to participate in HIV treatment clinical trials. This was largely extrinsically influenced by the perceived material and health-related benefits. Investigators should pay attention to participants’ concerns for benefits which may override the need to understand study procedures and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Godfrey Siu
- Department of Child Health and Development Centre, Makerere University Kampala, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry W Nabeta
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University Kampala, Kampala, Uganda.,University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Godwin Anguzu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University Kampala, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Walimbwa
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University Kampala, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mohammed Lamorde
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University Kampala, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Badru Bukenya
- Department of Social work and Social Administration, Makerere University Kampala, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrew Kambugu
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University Kampala, Kampala, Uganda
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Role of Social and Sexual Network Factors in PrEP Utilization Among YMSM and Transgender Women in Chicago. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2020; 20:1089-1097. [PMID: 30712223 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-019-00995-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite demonstrated efficacy, uptake of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) remains low, particularly among high-risk demographics such as transgender women, Black men who have sex with men (BMSM), and young MSM (YMSM). Research thus far has largely focused on individual factors that may impede PrEP uptake in these demographics, leaving social network factors relatively unexplored. The present study used data collected from participants within RADAR, a longitudinal cohort study in Chicago focused on understanding the individual, dyadic, network, social, and biologic factors associated with HIV infection within YMSM. Of the 906 study participants who did not report an HIV diagnosis at baseline, 7.0% reported using PrEP in the prior 6 months. Recent PrEP use was associated with both individual-level (age and gender) and network-level factors (mean relationship strength, sexual network degree, etc.). These findings highlight the need to expand beyond focusing on individual-level drivers of PrEP uptake, as well as changing our understanding of who is most important within a network (centrality vs. strength of weak ties). Future work is needed to determine whether variables associated with PrEP uptake are similarly connected to PrEP adherence.
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57
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de los Rios P, Okoli C, Young B, Allan B, Castellanos E, Brough G, Eremin A, Corbelli G, Hardy WD, Van de Velde N. Treatment aspirations and attitudes towards innovative
medications among people living with HIV in 25 countries. POPULATION MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.18332/popmed/124781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Tibble H, Flook M, Sheikh A, Tsanas A, Horne R, Vrijens B, De Geest S, Stagg HR. Measuring and reporting treatment adherence: What can we learn by comparing two respiratory conditions? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:825-836. [PMID: 32639589 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Medication non-adherence, defined as any deviation from the regimen recommended by their healthcare provider, can increase morbidity, mortality and side effects, while reducing effectiveness. Through studying two respiratory conditions, asthma and tuberculosis (TB), we thoroughly review the current understanding of the measurement and reporting of medication adherence. In this paper, we identify major methodological issues in the standard ways that adherence has been conceptualised, defined and studied in asthma and TB. Between and within the two diseases there are substantial variations in adherence reporting, linked to differences in dosing intervals and treatment duration. Critically, the communicable nature of TB has resulted in dose-by-dose monitoring becoming a recommended treatment standard. Through the lens of these similarities and contrasts, we highlight contemporary shortcomings in the generalised conceptualisation of medication adherence. Furthermore, we outline elements in which knowledge could be directly transferred from one condition to the other, such as the application of large-scale cost-effective monitoring methods in TB to resource-poor settings in asthma. To develop a more robust evidence-based approach, we recommend the use of standard taxonomies detailed in the ABC taxonomy when measuring and discussing adherence. Regimen and intervention development and use should be based on sufficient evidence of the commonality and type of adherence behaviours displayed by patients with the relevant condition. A systematic approach to the measurement and reporting of adherence could improve the value and generalisability of research across all health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Tibble
- Usher Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Usher Institute, Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mary Flook
- Usher Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Usher Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Usher Institute, Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Health Data Research UK, London, UK
| | - Athanasios Tsanas
- Usher Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Usher Institute, Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rob Horne
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, Usher Institute, Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Behavioural Medicine, Department for Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bernard Vrijens
- AARDEX Group, Seraing, Belgium.,Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sabina De Geest
- Institute of Nursing Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Academic Centre for Nursing and Midwifery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Helen R Stagg
- Usher Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Graham SM, Micheni M, Chirro O, Nzioka J, Secor AM, Mugo PM, Kombo B, van der Elst EM, Operario D, Amico KR, Sanders EJ, Simoni JM. A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Shikamana Intervention to Promote Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in Kenya: Feasibility, Acceptability, Safety and Initial Effect Size. AIDS Behav 2020; 24:2206-2219. [PMID: 31965432 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-02786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) living with HIV in rights-constrained settings need support for antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence due to barriers including stigma. The Shikamana intervention combined modified Next Step Counseling by providers with support from trained peers to improve adherence among GBMSM living with HIV in Kenya. A randomized controlled trial with 6-month follow-up was used to determine feasibility, acceptability, safety, and initial intervention effects. Generalized estimating equations examined differences in self-reported adherence and virologic suppression. Sixty men enrolled, with 27 randomly assigned to the intervention and 33 to standard care. Retention did not differ by arm, and no adverse events occurred. Feedback on feasibility and acceptability was positive based on exit interviews. After adjustment for baseline viral suppression and confounding, the intervention group had a sixfold increased odds of viral suppression during follow-up. A larger trial of a scaled-up intervention is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Graham
- Departments of Medicine, Global Health, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359909, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
- Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Murugi Micheni
- Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Oscar Chirro
- Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Nzioka
- Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Andrew M Secor
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter M Mugo
- Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Elise M van der Elst
- Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Don Operario
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - K Rivet Amico
- Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eduard J Sanders
- Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jane M Simoni
- Departments of Psychology; Global Health; and Gender, Women, and Sexuality Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Hudson FP, Mulenga L, Westfall AO, Warrier R, Mweemba A, Saag MS, Stringer JS, Eron JJ, Chi BH. Evolution of HIV-1 drug resistance after virological failure of first-line antiretroviral therapy in Lusaka, Zambia. Antivir Ther 2020; 24:291-300. [PMID: 30977467 DOI: 10.3851/imp3299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV viral load (VL) and resistance testing are limited in sub-Saharan Africa, so individuals may have prolonged time on failing first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART). Our objective was to describe the evolution of drug resistance mutations among adults failing first-line ART in Zambia. METHODS We analysed data from a trial of VL monitoring in Lusaka, Zambia. From 2006 to 2011, 12 randomized sites provided either routine VL monitoring (intervention) or discretionary (control) after ART initiation. Samples were collected prospectively following the same schedule in each arm but analysed retrospectively in the control group. For those with virological failure (VF; >400 copies/ml), HIV genotyping was performed retrospectively on baseline (BL) and on all subsequent specimens until censored due to study completion, withdrawal or death. RESULTS Of 1,973 enrollees, 165 (8.4%) developed VF. 464 genotype results were available including 132 (80%) at BL, 116 (70%) at VF and 125 (76%) had at least one result between VF and censoring. Major nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) mutations increased from 26% (BL) to 82% (VF) to 89% at last genotype (LG). M184 mutations increased from 2% to 59% to 71%; K65R from 2% to 11% to 13%; 2 or more thymidine analogue mutations from 1% to 3% to 12%. Among those on a failing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-based regimen, TDF resistance increased from 42% to 58%. CONCLUSIONS We found substantial resistance to NRTIs and NNRTIs at VF with incremental increases after VF while still on a failing first-line ART; this resistance may compromise attainment of the UNAIDS 90-90-90 goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Parker Hudson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lloyd Mulenga
- School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Andrew O Westfall
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ranjit Warrier
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Aggrey Mweemba
- School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Michael S Saag
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jeffrey Sa Stringer
- UNC Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin H Chi
- UNC Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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61
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Basson AE, Charalambous S, Hoffmann CJ, Morris L. HIV-1 re-suppression on a first-line regimen despite the presence of phenotypic drug resistance. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234937. [PMID: 32555643 PMCID: PMC7302689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported on HIV-1 infected patients who fail anti-retroviral therapy but manage to re-suppress without a regimen change despite harbouring major drug resistance mutations. Here we explore phenotypic drug resistance in such patients in order to better understand this phenomenon. Patients (n = 71) failing a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimen, but who subsequently re-suppressed on the same regimen, were assessed for HIV-1 genotypic drug resistance through Sanger sequencing. A subset (n = 23) of these samples, as well as genotypically matched samples from patients who did not re-suppress (n = 19), were further assessed for phenotypic drug resistance in an in vitro single cycle assay. Half of the patients (n = 36/71, 51%) harboured genotypic drug resistance, with M184V (n = 18/36, 50%) and K103N (n = 16/36, 44%) being the most prevalent mutations. No significant difference in the median time to re-suppression (31–39 weeks) were observed for either group (p = 0.41). However, re-suppressors with mutant virus rebounded significantly earlier than those with wild-type virus (16 vs. 33 weeks; p = 0.014). Similar phenotypic drug resistance profiles were observed between patients who re-suppressed and patients who failed to re-suppress. While most remained susceptible to stavudine (d4T) and zidovudine (AZT), both groups showed a reduced susceptibility to 3TC and NNRTIs. HIV- 1 infected patients on an NNRTI-based regimen can achieve viral re-suppression on the same regimen despite harbouring viruses with genotypic and phenotypic drug resistance. However, re-suppression was less durable in those with resistance, reinforcing the importance of appropriate regimen choices, ongoing viral load monitoring and adherence counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan E. Basson
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of The National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Salome Charalambous
- The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Christopher J. Hoffmann
- The Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of The National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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Pasipanodya EC, Montoya JL, Watson CWM, Marquine MJ, Hoenigl M, Garcia R, Kua J, Gant V, Trambley J, Moore DJ. Tailoring a mobile health text-messaging intervention to promote antiretroviral therapy adherence among African Americans: A qualitative study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233217. [PMID: 32516317 PMCID: PMC7282643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
African Americans are disproportionately affected by HIV and socio-structural barriers that impact antiretroviral (ART) adherence. Two-way text-messaging interventions have shown promise in supporting adherence in US studies of mostly White people living with HIV (PLWH). However, culturally-appropriate tailoring is necessary to maximize intervention effectiveness among other racial/ethnic groups. Thus, to refine an existing text-messaging intervention, we examined barriers and facilitators to ART adherence among African Americans and perspectives on features to integrate into the extant intervention. Three focus groups, two with African American PLWH (n = 5 and n = 7) and one with providers of care (n = 11) were conducted; transcripts of audio-recordings were thematically analyzed. Adherence supports operated at individual, interpersonal, and structural/environmental levels (e.g., using reminders and pill organizers, wanting to protect partners from HIV, and positive interactions with providers). Adherence barriers also operated at multiple ecological levels (e.g., poor mental health, fear of disclosure of HIV status, and unstable housing). Participant-suggested features for refinement included: i) matching content to participants’ comfort with receiving messages referencing HIV or medication-taking, ii) culturally-tailoring content for African Americans, iii) tracking adherence, and iv) encouraging adherence interactions between patients and providers. Feedback from both patients and providers is foundational to designing effective ART interventions among African American PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica L. Montoya
- University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Caitlin W.-M. Watson
- University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- San Diego State University/University of California-San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - María J. Marquine
- University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Rogelio Garcia
- Family Health Centers of San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - John Kua
- Family Health Centers of San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Verna Gant
- Family Health Centers of San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Joel Trambley
- Universal Health Services Southern California Medical Education Consortium, Temecula, California, United States of America
| | - David J. Moore
- University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Campbell L, Masquillier C, Thunnissen E, Ariyo E, Tabana H, Sematlane N, Delport A, Dube LT, Knight L, Kasztan Flechner T, Wouters E. Social and Structural Determinants of Household Support for ART Adherence in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review . INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3808. [PMID: 32471153 PMCID: PMC7312869 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a crucial factor in health outcomes for people living with HIV (PLWH). Interventions to support ART adherence are increasingly focused on the household as a source of social support. This review aims to examine the social and structural determinants of support for ART adherence within households and families in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The review methodology followed the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Seven databases were searched for peer-reviewed literature. The terms searched thematically covered (1) ART adherence, (2) household and family and (3) support and care. Thirty-three studies conducted in 15 LMICs were selected and a mixed methods synthesis was undertaken. Social and structural determinants affected the type, quality and amount of support for PLWH of all ages, which affected PLWH's ART adherence. Gender norms affected the type of support that household members give to PLWH. Education moderated household support for ART adherence through literacy and language skills. Cultural context, religious beliefs, and social norms reinforced or undermined household support for ART adherence. Stigma affected disclosure, generated secrecy around giving medication and impeded access to support from the community. Supporting PLWH exacerbated economic hardship for household members. Health system dysfunction negatively impacted trust and communication between household members and health professionals. Intersecting social and structural determinants particularly affected the care given by household members who were older, female, with little education and low socioeconomic status. Household members were able to overcome some of these barriers when they received support themselves. Household interventions to support PLWH's ART adherence should take structural factors into account to have maximum impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Campbell
- Centre for Population, Family and Health, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.M.); (E.T.); (E.A.); (T.K.F.); (E.W.)
| | - Caroline Masquillier
- Centre for Population, Family and Health, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.M.); (E.T.); (E.A.); (T.K.F.); (E.W.)
| | - Estrelle Thunnissen
- Centre for Population, Family and Health, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.M.); (E.T.); (E.A.); (T.K.F.); (E.W.)
| | - Esther Ariyo
- Centre for Population, Family and Health, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.M.); (E.T.); (E.A.); (T.K.F.); (E.W.)
| | - Hanani Tabana
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (H.T.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (L.T.D.); (L.K.)
| | - Neo Sematlane
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (H.T.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (L.T.D.); (L.K.)
| | - Anton Delport
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (H.T.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (L.T.D.); (L.K.)
| | - Lorraine Tanyaradzwa Dube
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (H.T.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (L.T.D.); (L.K.)
| | - Lucia Knight
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (H.T.); (N.S.); (A.D.); (L.T.D.); (L.K.)
| | - Tair Kasztan Flechner
- Centre for Population, Family and Health, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.M.); (E.T.); (E.A.); (T.K.F.); (E.W.)
| | - Edwin Wouters
- Centre for Population, Family and Health, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.M.); (E.T.); (E.A.); (T.K.F.); (E.W.)
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Tattsbridge J, Wiskin C, de Wildt G, Clavé Llavall A, Ramal-Asayag C. HIV understanding, experiences and perceptions of HIV-positive men who have sex with men in Amazonian Peru: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:728. [PMID: 32429863 PMCID: PMC7238527 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08745-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-related incidence and mortality is increasing across Peru, with highest mortality rates recorded in the Amazonian region of Loreto. This epidemic is concentrated in men who have sex with men, a population with 14% HIV treatment adherence despite free national provision. This study investigates barriers and facilitators to following healthcare advice through experiences and perceptions of HIV-positive men who have sex with men and healthcare professionals in Loreto. METHODS Twenty qualitative interviews with HIV-positive men who have sex with men and one focus group with HIV-specialist healthcare professionals were conducted in Loreto, January-February 2019. Interviews were transcribed per verbatim. Thematic content analysis and deviant case analysis were used. RESULTS A culture of isolation and discrimination was identified, propagated by poor public knowledge surrounding HIV transmission and treatment. Employment potential was hampered and 7/20 patients had suicidal thoughts post-diagnosis. Barriers to care included: shame, depression, travel cost/times, a preference for traditional plant-based medicine and side-effects of antiretroviral therapy. Facilitators included: education, family and clinic support, disease acceptance and lifestyle changes. CONCLUSION More effective, focussed community education and workplace discrimination investigations are recommended to reduce stigma and increase adherence to treatment in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Tattsbridge
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Connie Wiskin
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gilles de Wildt
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anna Clavé Llavall
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - César Ramal-Asayag
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Regional Hospital of Loreto, Iquitos, Peru.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Peru
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Agala CB, Fried BJ, Thomas JC, Reynolds HW, Lich KH, Whetten K, Zimmer C, Morrissey JP. Reliability, validity and measurement invariance of the Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) among HIV-positive women in Ethiopia: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:567. [PMID: 32345253 PMCID: PMC7189687 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08585-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is critical to the achievement of the third target of the UNAIDS Fast-Track Initiative goals of 2020-2030. Reliable, valid and accurate measurement of adherence are important for correct assessment of adherence and in predicting the efficacy of ART. The Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire is a six-item scale which assesses the perception of persons living with HIV about their adherence to ART. Despite recent widespread use, its measurement properties have yet to be carefully documented beyond the original study in Spain. The objective of this paper was to conduct internal consistency reliability, concurrent validity and measurement invariance tests for the SMAQ. METHODS HIV-positive women who were receiving ART services from 51 service providers in two sub-cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia completed the SMAQ in a HIV treatment referral network study between 2011 and 2012. Two cross-sections of 402 and 524 female patients of reproductive age, respectively, from the two sub-cities were randomly selected and interviewed at baseline and follow-up. We used Cronbach's coefficient alpha (α) to assess internal consistency reliability, Pearson product-moment correlation (r) to assess concurrent validity and multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis to analyze factorial structure and measurement invariance of the SMAQ. RESULTS All participants were female with a mean age of 33; median: 34 years; range 18-45 years. Cronbach's alphas for the six items of the SMAQ were 0.66, 0.68, 0.75 and 0.75 for T1 control, T1 intervention, T2 control, and T2 intervention groups, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.78, 0.49, 0.52, 0.48, 0.76 and 0.80 for items 1 to 6, respectively, between T1 compared to T2. We found invariance for factor loadings, observed item intercepts and factor variances, also known as strong measurement invariance, when we compared latent adherence levels between and across patient-groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the six-item SMAQ scale has adequate reliability and validity indices for this sample, in addition to being invariant across comparison groups. The findings of this study strengthen the evidence in support of the increasing use of SMAQ by interventionists and researchers to examine, pool and compare adherence scores across groups and time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris B. Agala
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina United States of America
| | - Bruce J. Fried
- Health Policy & Management, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina United States of America
| | - James C. Thomas
- MEASURE Evaluation and Epidemiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina United States of America
| | - Heidi W. Reynolds
- MEASURE Evaluation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina United States of America
| | - Kristen Hassmiller Lich
- Health Policy & Management, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina United States of America
| | - Kathryn Whetten
- Health Policy and Inequalities Research, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina United States of America
| | - Catherine Zimmer
- Odum Institute for Research in Social Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina United States of America
| | - Joseph P. Morrissey
- Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina United States of America
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Roy M, Bolton Moore C, Sikazwe I, Holmes CB. A Review of Differentiated Service Delivery for HIV Treatment: Effectiveness, Mechanisms, Targeting, and Scale. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2020; 16:324-334. [PMID: 31230342 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Differentiated service delivery (DSD) models were initially developed as a means to combat suboptimal long-term retention in HIV care, and to better titrate limited health systems resources to patient needs, primarily in low-income countries. The models themselves are designed to streamline care along the HIV care cascade and range from individual to group-based care and facility to community-based health delivery systems. However, much remains to be understood about how well and for whom DSD models work and whether these models can be scaled, are sustainable, and can reach vulnerable and high-risk populations. Implementation science is tasked with addressing some of these questions through systematic, scientific inquiry. We review the available published evidence on the implementation of DSD and suggest further health systems innovations needed to maximize the public health impact of DSD and future implementation science research directions in this expanding field. RECENT FINDINGS While early observational data supported the effectiveness of various DSD models, more recently published trials as well as evaluations of national scale-up provide more rigorous evidence for effectiveness and performance at scale. Deeper understanding of the mechanism of effect of various DSD models and generalizability of studies to other countries or contexts remains somewhat limited. Relative implementability of DSD models may differ based on patient preference, logistical complexity of model adoption and maintenance, human resource and pharmacy supply chain needs, and comparative cost-effectiveness. However, few studies to date have evaluated comparative implementation or cost-effectiveness from a health systems perspective. While DSD represents an exciting and promising "next step" in HIV health care delivery, this innovation comes with its own set of implementation challenges. Evidence on the effectiveness of DSD generally supports the use of most DSD models, although it is still unclear which models are most relevant in diverse settings and populations and which are the most cost-effective. Challenges during scale-up highlight the need for accurate differentiation of patients, sustainable inclusion of a new cadre of health care worker (the community health care worker), and substantial strengthening of existing pharmacy supply chains. To maximize the public health impact of DSD, systems need to be patient-centered and adaptive, as well as employ robust quality improvement processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Roy
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, 995 Potrero Avenue, Bldg 80, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.
| | - Carolyn Bolton Moore
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Izukanji Sikazwe
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Charles B Holmes
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Global Health and Quality, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Clinical trials have found that PrEP is highly effective in reducing risk of HIV acquisition across types of exposure, gender, PrEP regimens, and dosing schemes. Evidence is urgently needed to inform scale-up of PrEP to meet the ambitious WHO/UNAIDS prevention target of 3,000,000 individuals on PrEP by 2020. Recent Findings Successful models of delivering HIV services at scale evolved from years of formal research and programmatic evidence. These efforts produced lessons-learned relevant for scaling-up PrEP delivery, including the importance of streamlining laboratory tests, expanding prescription and management authority, differentiating medication access points, and reducing stigma and barriers of parental consent for PrEP uptake. Further research is especially needed in areas differentiating PrEP from ART delivery, including repeat HIV testing to ensure HIV negative status and defining and measuring prevention-effective adherence. Summary Evidence from 15 years of ART scale-up could immediately inform a public health approach to PrEP delivery.
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68
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Kennedy CE, Yeh PT, Atkins K, Fonner VA, Sweat MD, O’Reilly KR, Rutherford GW, Baggaley R, Samuelson J. Economic compensation interventions to increase uptake of voluntary medical male circumcision for HIV prevention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227623. [PMID: 31940422 PMCID: PMC6961886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Economic compensation interventions may help support higher voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) coverage in priority sub-Saharan African countries. To inform World Health Organization guidelines, we conducted a systematic review of economic compensation interventions to increase VMMC uptake. Methods Economic compensation interventions were defined as providing money or in-kind compensation, reimbursement for associated costs (e.g. travel, lost wages), or lottery entry. We searched five electronic databases and four scientific conferences for studies examining the impact of such interventions on VMMC uptake, HIV testing and safer-sex/risk-reduction counseling uptake within VMMC, community expectations about compensation, and potential coercion. We screened citations, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias in duplicate. We conducted random-effects meta-analysis. We also reviewed studies examining acceptability, values/preferences, costs, and feasibility. Results Of 2484 citations identified, five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and three non-randomized controlled trials met our eligibility criteria. Studies took place in Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Meta-analysis of four RCTs showed significant impact of any economic compensation on VMMC uptake (relative risk: 5.23, 95% CI: 3.13 to 8.76). RCTs of food/transport vouchers and conditional cash transfers generally showed increases in VMMC uptake, but lotteries, subsidized VMMC, and receiving a gift appeared somewhat less effective. Three non-randomized trials showed mixed impact. Six additional studies suggested economic compensation interventions were generally acceptable, valued for addressing key barriers, and motivating to men. However, some participants felt they were insufficiently motivating or necessary; one study suggested they might raise community suspicions. One study from South Africa found a program cost of US$91 per additional circumcision and US$450-$1350 per HIV infection averted. Conclusions Economic compensation interventions, particularly transport/food vouchers, positively impacted VMMC uptake among adult men and were generally acceptable to potential clients. Carefully selected economic interventions may be a useful targeted strategy to enhance VMMC coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Kennedy
- Social and Behavioral Interventions Program, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ping Teresa Yeh
- Social and Behavioral Interventions Program, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn Atkins
- Social and Behavioral Interventions Program, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Virginia A. Fonner
- Division of Global and Community Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Sweat
- Division of Global and Community Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kevin R. O’Reilly
- Division of Global and Community Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - George W. Rutherford
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Baggaley
- Department of HIV, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julia Samuelson
- Department of HIV, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Mavhu W, Willis N, Mufuka J, Bernays S, Tshuma M, Mangenah C, Maheswaran H, Mangezi W, Apollo T, Araya R, Weiss HA, Cowan FM. Effect of a differentiated service delivery model on virological failure in adolescents with HIV in Zimbabwe (Zvandiri): a cluster-randomised controlled trial. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2020; 8:e264-e275. [PMID: 31924539 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30526-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents living with HIV face challenges to their wellbeing and antiretroviral therapy adherence and have poor treatment outcomes. We aimed to evaluate a peer-led differentiated service delivery intervention on HIV clinical and psychosocial outcomes among adolescents with HIV in Zimbabwe. METHODS 16 public primary care facilities (clusters) in two rural districts in Zimbabwe (Bindura and Shamva) were randomly assigned (1:1) to provide enhanced HIV care support (the Zvandiri intervention group) or standard HIV care (the control group) to adolescents (aged 13-19 years) with HIV. Eligible clinics had at least 20 adolescents in pre-ART or ART registers and were geographically separated by at least 10 km to minimise contamination. Adolescents were eligible for inclusion if they were living with HIV, registered for HIV care at one of the trial clinics, and either starting or already on ART. Exclusion criteria were being too physically unwell to attend clinic (bedridden), psychotic, or unable to give informed assent or consent. Adolescents with HIV at all clinics received adherence support through adult counsellors. At intervention clinics, adolescents with HIV were assigned a community adolescent treatment supporter, attended a monthly support group, and received text messages, calls, home visits, and clinic-based counselling. Implementation intensity was differentiated according to each adolescent's HIV vulnerability, which was reassessed every 3 months. Caregivers were invited to a support group. The primary outcome was the proportion of adolescents who had died or had a viral load of at least 1000 copies per μL after 96 weeks. In-depth qualitative data were collected and analysed thematically. The trial is registered with Pan African Clinical Trial Registry, number PACTR201609001767322. FINDINGS Between Aug 15, 2016, and March 31, 2017, 500 adolescents with HIV were enrolled, of whom four were excluded after group assignment owing to testing HIV negative. Of the remaining 496 adolescents, 212 were recruited at Zvandiri intervention sites and 284 at control sites. At enrolment, the median age was 15 years (IQR 14-17), 52% of adolescents were female, 81% were orphans, and 47% had a viral load of at least 1000 copies per μL. 479 (97%) had primary outcome data at endline, including 28 who died. At 96 weeks, 52 (25%) of 209 adolescents in the Zvandiri intervention group and 97 (36%) of 270 adolescents in the control group had an HIV viral load of at least 1000 copies per μL or had died (adjusted prevalence ratio 0·58, 95% CI 0·36-0·94; p=0·03). Qualitative data suggested that the multiple intervention components acted synergistically to improve the relational context in which adolescents with HIV live, supporting their improved adherence. No adverse events were judged to be related to study procedures. Severe adverse events were 28 deaths (17 in the Zvandiri intervention group, 11 in the control group) and 57 admissions to hospital (20 in the Zvandiri intervention group, 37 in the control group). INTERPRETATION Peer-supported community-based differentiated service delivery can substantially improve HIV virological suppression in adolescents with HIV and should be scaled up to reduce their high rates of morbidity and mortality. FUNDING Positive Action for Adolescents Program, ViiV Healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Webster Mavhu
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Research (CeSHHAR), Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | - Juliet Mufuka
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Research (CeSHHAR), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Sarah Bernays
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Maureen Tshuma
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Research (CeSHHAR), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Collin Mangenah
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Research (CeSHHAR), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Walter Mangezi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tsitsi Apollo
- AIDS and TB Unit, Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Ricardo Araya
- Health Services and Population Research Department, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helen A Weiss
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Frances M Cowan
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Research (CeSHHAR), Harare, Zimbabwe; Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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If You Build It, Will They Use It? Preferences for Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Adherence Monitoring Among People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) in Kazakhstan. AIDS Behav 2019; 23:3294-3305. [PMID: 30741397 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is an important predictor of long-term treatment success and is associated with optimal individual and public health outcomes. Novel technologies, such as electronic monitoring devices (EMDs) or pharmacokinetic testing, provide more objective measures of ART adherence than traditional measures of adherence (e.g., self-report) and may facilitate improved adherence through the provision of patient feedback. This study examines preferences for ART adherence monitoring among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Kazakhstan. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 HIV-positive PWID, 18 of their intimate partners, and 7 AIDS Center healthcare providers in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Results indicated that patients varied in their preferences of which strategies would be most effective and acceptable to use in monitoring their adherence. Overall, patients were highly enthusiastic about the potential use of pharmacokinetic testing. Many participants supported the use of EMDs, though some were concerned about having their adherence tracked. Other participants thought reminders through text messaging or smart phone applications would be helpful, though several had concerns about confidentiality and others worried about technological difficulties operating a smart phone. Future studies should evaluate the feasibility and impact of providing quantitative drug levels as feedback for ART adherence using biomarkers of longer-term ART exposure, (i.e., hair sampling or dried blood spot testing).
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Coyle RP, Schneck CD, Morrow M, Coleman SS, Gardner EM, Zheng JH, Ellison L, Bushman LR, Kiser JJ, Mawhinney S, Anderson PL, Castillo-Mancilla JR. Engagement in Mental Health Care is Associated with Higher Cumulative Drug Exposure and Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS Behav 2019; 23:3493-3502. [PMID: 30798457 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mental health (MH) disorders are more prevalent among persons living with HIV compared to the general population, and may contribute to suboptimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP), the phosphorylated anabolite of tenofovir (TFV), is a biomarker with a 17-day half-life in red blood cells. TFV-DP can be measured in dried blood spots (DBS) using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to assess adherence and cumulative drug exposure to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-based ART. From a larger clinical cohort (N = 807), TFV-DP concentrations and a paired HIV viral load were available from 521 participants at their enrollment visit. We used multivariable linear regression to evaluate the association between TFV-DP in DBS and engagement in MH care. After adjusting for clinical covariates, participants with MH disorders who were engaged in MH care had 40% higher TFV-DP compared to participants with MH disorders who were not engaged in MH care (p < 0.001), and similar TFV-DP to participants without MH disorders (p = 0.219). Further research is needed to identify the mechanism(s) for these findings, with the goal of optimizing engagement and retention in MH care strategies to improve ART adherence and clinical outcomes in PLWH with MH disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Coyle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave., B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Christopher D Schneck
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Mary Morrow
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Edward M Gardner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jia-Hua Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lucas Ellison
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lane R Bushman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer J Kiser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Samantha Mawhinney
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Peter L Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jose R Castillo-Mancilla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Ave., B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Atuhaire P, Hanley S, Yende-Zuma N, Aizire J, Stranix-Chibanda L, Makanani B, Milala B, Cassim H, Taha T, Fowler MG. Factors associated with unsuppressed viremia in women living with HIV on lifelong ART in the multi-country US-PEPFAR PROMOTE study: A cross-sectional analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219415. [PMID: 31647806 PMCID: PMC6812809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent efforts to scale-up lifelong combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in sub-Saharan Africa, high rates of unsuppressed viremia persist among cART users, and many countries in the region fall short of the UNAIDS 2020 target to have 90% virally suppressed. We sought to determine the factors associated with unsuppressed viremia (defined for the purpose of this study as >200 copies/ml) among sub-Saharan African women on lifelong cART. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis was based on baseline data of the PROMOTE longitudinal cohort study at 8 sites in Uganda, Malawi, Zimbabwe and South Africa. The study enrolled 1987 women living with HIV who initiated lifelong cART at least 1-5 years ago. Socio-demographic, clinical, and cART adherence data were collected. We used multivariable Poisson regression with robust variance to identify factors associated with unsuppressed viremia. RESULTS At enrolment, 1947/1987 (98%) women reported taking cART. Of these, HIV-1 remained detectable in 293/1934 (15%), while 216/1934 (11.2%) were considered unsuppressed (>200 copies/ml). The following factors were associated with an increased risk of unsuppressed viremia: not having household electricity (adjusted prevalence risk ratio (aPRR) 1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28-2.36, p<0.001); not being married (aPRR 1.32, 95% CI 0.99-1.78, p = 0.061), self-reported missed cART doses (aPRR 1.63, 95% CI 1.24-2.13, p<0.001); recent hospitalization (aPRR 2.48, 95% CI 1.28-4.80, p = 0.007) and experiencing abnormal vaginal discharge in the last three months (aPRR 1.88; 95% CI 1.16-3.04, p = 0.010). Longer time on cART (aPRR 0.75, 95% CI 0.64-0.88, p<0.001) and being older (aPRR 0.77, 95% CI 0.76-0.88, p<0.001) were associated with reduced risk of unsuppressed viremia. CONCLUSION Socioeconomic barriers such as poverty, and individual barriers like not being married, young age, and self-reported missed doses are key predictors of unsuppressed viremia. Targeted interventions are needed to improve cART adherence among women living with HIV with this risk factor profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patience Atuhaire
- Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sherika Hanley
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Umlazi Clinical Research Site, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla Yende-Zuma
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Jim Aizire
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Lynda Stranix-Chibanda
- University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Bonus Makanani
- Malawi College of Medicine-John's Hopkins Research Project, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Beteniko Milala
- University of North Carolina (UNC) Project, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Haseena Cassim
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Taha Taha
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Mary Glenn Fowler
- Johns Hopkins University, Departments of Pathology and Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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Transition to third-line ART in resource-limited settings. Lancet HIV 2019; 6:e725-e727. [PMID: 31601545 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nonadherence and unsuppressed viral load across adolescence among US youth with perinatally acquired HIV. AIDS 2019; 33:1923-1934. [PMID: 31274538 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with nonadherence and unsuppressed viral load across adolescence among youth with perinatally acquired HIV. DESIGN Longitudinal study at 15 US clinical sites. METHODS Self-reported antiretroviral medication nonadherence (any missed dose, past week) and unsuppressed viral load (HIV RNA > 400 copies/ml) were assessed annually. Individual, caregiver, social, and structural factors associated with nonadherence and unsuppressed viral load were identified by age (years): 8-11 (preadolescence), 12-14 (early adolescence), 15-17 (middle adolescence), and 18-22 (late adolescence/young adulthood), utilizing multivariable generalized linear mixed effects models. RESULTS During a median 3.3-year follow-up, 381 youth with perinatally acquired HIV contributed viral load measurements and 379 completed 1190 adherence evaluations. From preadolescence to late adolescence/young adulthood, prevalence of nonadherence increased from 31 to 50% (P < 0.001); prevalence of unsuppressed viral load increased from 16 to 40% (P < 0.001). In adjusted analyses, in pre, middle, and late adolescence/young adulthood, perceived antiretroviral side effects were associated with nonadherence. Additional factors associated with nonadherence included: in preadolescence, using a buddy system (as an adherence reminder); in early adolescence, identifying as black, using buddy system; in middle adolescence, CD4% less than 15%, unmarried caregiver, indirect exposure to violence, stigma/fear of inadvertent disclosure, stressful life events. Associations with unsuppressed viral load included: in early adolescence, youth unawareness of HIV status, lower income; in middle adolescence, perceived antiretroviral side effects, lower income; in late adolescence/young adulthood, distressing physical symptoms, and perceived antiretroviral side effects. CONCLUSION Prevalence of nonadherence and unsuppressed viral load increased with age. Associated factors varied across adolescence. Recognition of age-specific factors is important when considering strategies to support adherence.
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Mody A, Eshun-Wilson I, Sikombe K, Schwartz SR, Beres LK, Simbeza S, Mukamba N, Somwe P, Bolton-Moore C, Padian N, Holmes CB, Sikazwe I, Geng EH. Longitudinal engagement trajectories and risk of death among new ART starters in Zambia: A group-based multi-trajectory analysis. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002959. [PMID: 31661487 PMCID: PMC6818762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retention in HIV treatment must be improved to advance the HIV response, but research to characterize gaps in retention has focused on estimates from single time points and population-level averages. These approaches do not assess the engagement patterns of individual patients over time and fail to account for both their dynamic nature and the heterogeneity between patients. We apply group-based trajectory analysis-a special application of latent class analysis to longitudinal data-among new antiretroviral therapy (ART) starters in Zambia to identify groups defined by engagement patterns over time and to assess their association with mortality. METHODS AND FINDINGS We analyzed a cohort of HIV-infected adults who newly started ART between August 1, 2013, and February 1, 2015, across 64 clinics in Zambia. We performed group-based multi-trajectory analysis to identify subgroups with distinct trajectories in medication possession ratio (MPR, a validated adherence metric based on pharmacy refill data) over the past 3 months and loss to follow-up (LTFU, >90 days late for last visit) among patients with at least 180 days of observation time. We used multinomial logistic regression to identify baseline factors associated with belonging to particular trajectory groups. We obtained Kaplan-Meier estimates with bootstrapped confidence intervals of the cumulative incidence of mortality stratified by trajectory group and performed adjusted Poisson regression to estimate adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) for mortality by trajectory group. Inverse probability weights were applied to all analyses to account for updated outcomes ascertained from tracing a random subset of patients lost to follow-up as of July 31, 2015. Overall, 38,879 patients (63.3% female, median age 35 years [IQR 29-41], median enrollment CD4 count 280 cells/μl [IQR 146-431]) were included in our cohort. Analyses revealed 6 trajectory groups among the new ART starters: (1) 28.5% of patients demonstrated consistently high adherence and retention; (2) 22.2% showed early nonadherence but consistent retention; (3) 21.6% showed gradually decreasing adherence and retention; (4) 8.6% showed early LTFU with later reengagement; (5) 8.7% had early LTFU without reengagement; and (6) 10.4% had late LTFU without reengagement. Identified groups exhibited large differences in survival: after adjustment, the "early LTFU with reengagement" group (aIRR 3.4 [95% CI 1.2-9.7], p = 0.019), the "early LTFU" group (aIRR 6.4 [95% CI 2.5-16.3], p < 0.001), and the "late LTFU" group (aIRR 4.7 [95% CI 2.0-11.3], p = 0.001) had higher rates of mortality as compared to the group with consistently high adherence/retention. Limitations of this study include using data observed after baseline to identify trajectory groups and to classify patients into these groups, excluding patients who died or transferred within the first 180 days, and the uncertain generalizability of the data to current care standards. CONCLUSIONS Among new ART starters in Zambia, we observed 6 patient subgroups that demonstrated distinctive engagement trajectories over time and that were associated with marked differences in the subsequent risk of mortality. Further efforts to develop tailored intervention strategies for different types of engagement behaviors, monitor early engagement to identify higher-risk patients, and better understand the determinants of these heterogeneous behaviors can help improve care delivery and survival in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaloke Mody
- Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ingrid Eshun-Wilson
- Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Sheree R. Schwartz
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura K. Beres
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandra Simbeza
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Njekwa Mukamba
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Paul Somwe
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Carolyn Bolton-Moore
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Nancy Padian
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Charles B. Holmes
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Izukanji Sikazwe
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Elvin H. Geng
- Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Moucheraud C, Stern AF, Ahearn C, Ismail A, Nsubuga-Nyombi T, Ngonyani MM, Mvungi J, Ssensamba J. Barriers to HIV Treatment Adherence: A Qualitative Study of Discrepancies Between Perceptions of Patients and Health Providers in Tanzania and Uganda. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2019; 33:406-413. [PMID: 31517526 PMCID: PMC6745526 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2019.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous qualitative studies about antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence have largely focused on patient experiences. Less is known about the perspective of health care providers-particularly in low-income countries-who serve as gatekeepers and influencers of patients' HIV care experiences. This study explored patients' and providers' perceptions of important ART adherence determinants. Interviews were conducted at HIV treatment sites in Tanzania and Uganda, with adult patients on ART (n = 148), and with health care providers (n = 49). Patients were asked about their experiences with ART adherence, and providers were asked about their perceptions of what adherence challenges are faced by their patients. All interviews were conducted in local languages; transcripts were translated into English and analyzed using a codebook informed by the social ecological model. Themes were examined across and within countries. Adherence-related challenges were frequently reported, but patients and providers did not often agree about the reasons. Many patients cited challenges related to being away from home and therefore away from their pill supply; and, in Uganda, challenges picking up refills (access to care) and related to food sufficiency/diet. Providers also identified these access to care barriers, but otherwise focused on different key determinants (e.g., they rarely mentioned food/diet); instead, providers were more likely to mention alcohol/alcoholism, stigma, and lack of understanding about the importance of adhering. These findings suggest areas of opportunity for future research and for improving clinical care by aligning perceptions of adherence challenges, to deliver better-informed and useful ART counseling and support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrina Moucheraud
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of California Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy F. Stern
- USAID Applying Science to Strengthen and Improve Systems (ASSIST) Project, University Research Co., LLC, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Canice Ahearn
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Anisa Ismail
- USAID Applying Science to Strengthen and Improve Systems (ASSIST) Project, University Research Co., LLC, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Tamara Nsubuga-Nyombi
- USAID Applying Science to Strengthen and Improve Systems (ASSIST) Project, University Research Co., LLC, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Monica M. Ngonyani
- USAID Applying Science to Strengthen and Improve Systems (ASSIST) Project, University Research Co., LLC, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jane Mvungi
- USAID Applying Science to Strengthen and Improve Systems (ASSIST) Project, University Research Co., LLC, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jude Ssensamba
- USAID Applying Science to Strengthen and Improve Systems (ASSIST) Project, University Research Co., LLC, Kampala, Uganda
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Kalichman SC. When is Enough, Enough? How the Absence of Dose-Determination Trials Impedes Implementation of HIV Behavioral Interventions. AIDS Behav 2019; 23:2219-2225. [PMID: 31440859 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Carefully controlled clinical trials have determined that theory-based behavioral interventions delivered by adherence nurses, professional and paraprofessional counselors, and case managers improve ART adherence and viral suppression. However, there are no studies that empirically inform how much intervention is needed for which patient populations and at what cost. This Editorial raises the issue of how a lack of intervention dosing limits interpretation of trial results and impedes implementation, therefore calling for behavioral intervention dose-finding studies.
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Pyra MN, Haberer JE, Hasen N, Reed J, Mugo NR, Baeten JM. Global implementation of PrEP for HIV prevention: setting expectations for impact. J Int AIDS Soc 2019; 22:e25370. [PMID: 31456348 PMCID: PMC6712462 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Questions remain whether HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can be translated into a successful public health intervention, leading to a decrease in population-level HIV incidence. We use examples from HIV treatment and contraceptives to discuss expectations for PrEP uptake, adherence, and persistence and their combined impact on the epidemic. DISCUSSION Targets for PrEP uptake must be based on the local HIV epidemic and will depend on appropriate estimates of the key populations at risk for HIV. However, there is evidence that targets, once established, can successfully be met and that uptake may increase with awareness. Messaging around adherence should include that daily adherence is the goal (except for those MSM for whom event-driven dosing is a good fit), but perfect adherence should not be a barrier. Ideally, clients persist on PrEP for as long as they are at risk for HIV. While PrEP will be most effective when coverage is focused on high-risk populations, normalizing rather than stigmatizing PrEP will be highly beneficial. CONCLUSIONS While many challenges to PrEP implementation exist, we focused on the three key steps of uptake, adherence and persistence as measurable processes that can lead to improved coverage and decreased HIV incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N Pyra
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Jessica E Haberer
- Massachusetts General Hospital Global HealthBostonMAUSA
- Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | | | | | - Nelly R Mugo
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)NairobiKenya
| | - Jared M Baeten
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
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Wootton AR, Legnitto DA, Gruber VA, Dawson-Rose C, Neilands TB, Johnson MO, Saberi P. Telehealth and texting intervention to improve HIV care engagement, mental health and substance use outcomes in youth living with HIV: a pilot feasibility and acceptability study protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e028522. [PMID: 31315868 PMCID: PMC6661640 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Youth and young adults living with HIV (YLWH) experience worse clinical outcomes than adults and high rates of behavioural health challenges that impact their engagement in care and adherence to antiretroviral therapy. This study in the San Francisco Bay area aims to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary clinical outcomes of a 12-session telehealth counselling series provided to 80 YLWH, including education, motivational enhancement and problem-solving around HIV care, mental health, substance use and other challenges. Findings will provide information about benefits and challenges of telehealth counselling for YLWH and will guide the development of new technology-based strategies for care. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Youth to Telehealth and Text to Improve Engagement in Care study is a pilot randomised, crossover trial examining the feasibility and acceptability of a telehealth counselling intervention consisting of twelve 20-30 min weekly sessions focused on identifying and problem-solving around barriers to HIV care access and adherence and on addressing mental health, substance use and/or other issues. Participants also receive text messages for check-ins, appointment reminders and to improve engagement. Participants complete quantitative online surveys at baseline, 4 and 8 months and qualitative exit interviews. Clinical outcomes, including plasma HIV RNA and CD4+ cell count, are collected from medical records. Study staff will explore outcomes of the intervention using quantitative and qualitative methods. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study and its protocols have been approved by the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Institutional Review Board. Study staff will work with the UCSF Center for AIDS Prevention Studies' Community Engagement Core and the Youth Advisory Panel to disseminate results to the community, participants and the academic community. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03681145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie R Wootton
- Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dominique A Legnitto
- Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Valerie A Gruber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Carol Dawson-Rose
- School of Nursing, Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Torsten B Neilands
- Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mallory O Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Parya Saberi
- Department of Medicine, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Priest JL, Irwin DE, Evans KA, Oglesby AK, Brady BL. Benchmarking HIV Quality Measures Across US Payer Types. Popul Health Manag 2019; 23:146-156. [PMID: 31305206 PMCID: PMC7074887 DOI: 10.1089/pop.2019.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a significant issue in the United States. Early diagnosis, continuous treatment access/adherence, and long-term care engagement help patients benefit fully from ART; however, a shortfall in care engagement remains, potentially leading to poorer health outcomes. This analysis benchmarks rates of health care quality and process measures to identify areas for improvement. This retrospective, claims-based, real-world cohort study assessed the percentage of prevalent (existing) and incident (newly diagnosed) patients with HIV with commercial or public health insurance meeting 4 National Quality Forum (NQF)-endorsed, 1 Pharmacy Quality Alliance (PQA), and 3 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) measures over a 4-year period. Most prevalent patients consistently met the NQF-endorsed prescribed ART and gaps in visits measures. Longer-term visit frequency measure rates were well below the 90% Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS target. Proportion of prevalent patients meeting each NQF-endorsed measure was maintained/increased with increasing age in 2015–2016. Substantially fewer incident patients than prevalent patients met NQF-endorsed measures across all measurement periods, particularly for visit frequency (32%–51%). PQA ART adherence was low (36%–73%). CDC receipt of care rates were high (83%–92%), whereas retention in care rates were low (67%–72%) among prevalent patients. For incident patients, linkage to care rates were consistently low (21%–44%). This study benchmarks current US HIV care engagement and highlights the need for improvement in early care engagement, ART adherence and long-term retention of care among patients with HIV.
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Santo K, Isiguzo GC, Atkins E, Mishra SR, Panda R, Mbau L, Fayomi SB, Ugwu C, Odili A, Virani S. Adapting a club-based medication delivery strategy to a hypertension context: the CLUBMEDS Study in Nigeria. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029824. [PMID: 31289095 PMCID: PMC6629410 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa is among the world's highest; however, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in this region are suboptimal. Among other barriers, the overburdened healthcare system poses a great challenge for hypertension control. Community peer-support groups are an alternative and promising strategy to improve adherence and blood pressure (BP) control. The CLUBMEDS study aims to evaluate the feasibility and impact of adherence clubs to improve hypertension control in Nigeria. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The CLUBMEDS study will include a formative (pre-implementation) qualitative evaluation, a pilot study and a process (postimplementation) qualitative evaluation. At the formative stages, focus group discussions with patient groups and in-depth interviews with healthcare providers, managers and key decision makers will be conducted to understand the feasibility, barriers and facilitators, opportunities and challenges for the successful implementation of the CLUBMEDS strategy. The CLUBMEDS pilot study will be implemented in two primary healthcare facilities, one urban and one rural, in Southeast Nigeria. Each adherence club, which consists of a group of 10-15 patients with hypertension under the leadership of a role-model patient, serves as a support group to encourage and facilitate adherence, BP self-monitoring and medication delivery on a monthly basis. A process evaluation will be conducted at the end of the pilot study to evaluate the acceptability and engagement with the CLUBMEDS strategy. To date, 104 patients were recruited and grouped into nine clubs, in which patients will be followed-up for 6 months. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital and the Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Human Research Ethics Committees and all patients provided informed consent. Our findings will provide preliminary data on the potential effectiveness and acceptance of this strategy in a hypertension context. Study findings will be disseminated via scientific forums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Santo
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Godsent C Isiguzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Emily Atkins
- Cardiovascular Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shiva R Mishra
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Nepal Development Society, Bharatpur, Nepal
| | - Rajmohan Panda
- Department of Research, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Collins Ugwu
- Department of Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | | | - Salim Virani
- Department of Medicine - Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
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Fox MP, Pascoe S, Huber AN, Murphy J, Phokojoe M, Gorgens M, Rosen S, Wilson D, Pillay Y, Fraser-Hurt N. Adherence clubs and decentralized medication delivery to support patient retention and sustained viral suppression in care: Results from a cluster-randomized evaluation of differentiated ART delivery models in South Africa. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002874. [PMID: 31335865 PMCID: PMC6650049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) delivery models, in which patients are provided with care relevant to their current status (e.g., newly initiating, stable on treatment, or unstable on treatment) has become an essential part of patient-centered health systems. In 2015, the South African government implemented Chronic Disease Adherence Guidelines (AGLs), which involved five interventions: Fast Track Initiation Counseling for newly initiating patients, Enhanced Adherence Counseling for patients with an unsuppressed viral load, Early Tracing of patients who miss visits, and Adherence Clubs (ACs) and Decentralized Medication Delivery (DMD) for stable patients. We evaluated two of these interventions in 24 South African facilities: ACs, in which patients meet in groups outside usual clinic procedures and receive medication; and DMD, in which patients pick up their medication outside usual pharmacy queues. METHODS AND FINDINGS We compared those participating in ACs or receiving DMD at intervention sites to those eligible for ACs or DMD at control sites. Outcomes were retention and sustained viral suppression (<400 copies/mL) 12 months after AC or DMD enrollment (or comparable time for controls). 12 facilities were randomly allocated to intervention and 12 to control arms in four provinces (Gauteng, North West, Limpopo, and KwaZulu Natal). We calculated adjusted risk differences (aRDs) with cluster adjustment using generalized estimating equations (GEEs) using difference in differences (DiD) with patients eligible for ACs/DMD prior to implementation (Jan 1, 2015) for comparison. For DMD, randomization was not preserved, and the analysis was treated as observational. For ACs, 275 intervention and 294 control patients were enrolled; 72% of patients were female, 61% were aged 30-49 years, and median CD4 count at ART initiation was 268 cells/μL. AC patients had higher 1-year retention (89.5% versus 81.6%, aRD: 8.3%; 95% CI: 1.1% to 15.6%) and comparable sustained 1-year viral suppression (<400 copies/mL any time ≤ 18 months) (80.0% versus 79.6%, aRD: 3.8%; 95% CI: -6.9% to 14.4%). Retention associations were apparently stronger for men than women (men RD: 13.1%, 95% CI: 0.3% to 23.5%; women RD: 6.0%, 95% CI: -0.9% to 12.9%). For DMD, 232 intervention and 346 control patients were enrolled; 71% of patients were female, 65% were aged 30-49 years, and median CD4 count at ART initiation was 270 cells/μL. DMD patients had apparently lower retention (81.5% versus 87.2%, aRD: -5.9%; 95% CI: -12.5% to 0.8%) and comparable viral suppression versus standard of care (77.2% versus 74.3%, aRD: -1.0%; 95% CI: -12.2% to 10.1%), though in both cases, our findings were imprecise. We also noted apparently increased viral suppression among men (RD: 11.1%; 95% CI: -3.4% to 25.5%). The main study limitations were missing data and lack of randomization in the DMD analysis. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found comparable DMD outcomes versus standard of care at facilities, a benefit for retention of patients in care with ACs, and apparent benefits in terms of retention (for AC patients) and sustained viral suppression (for DMD patients) among men. This suggests the importance of alternative service delivery models for men and of community-based strategies to decongest primary healthcare facilities. Because these strategies also reduce patient inconvenience and decongest clinics, comparable outcomes are a potential success. The cost of all five AGL interventions and possible effects on reducing clinic congestion should be investigated. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02536768.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Fox
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie Pascoe
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amy N. Huber
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Joshua Murphy
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Sydney Rosen
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David Wilson
- The World Bank Group, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Yogan Pillay
- National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa
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83
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Vulnerable at Each Step in the PMTCT Care Cascade: High Loss to Follow Up During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period in Tanzania. AIDS Behav 2019; 23:1824-1832. [PMID: 30327997 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-018-2298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In 2013, Tanzania adopted the World Health Organization's Option B+ guidelines for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT), whereby all HIV-infected pregnant women initiate lifelong antiretroviral therapy. This study examined retention in PMTCT across critical junctures in the care continuum. This was a retrospective study of patient-level data for a cohort of women enrolled in PMTCT during the first year of Option B+ in Tanzania. Retention in care was described across three periods: (1) the first month of antenatal care (ANC), (2) pregnancy, and (3) the postpartum period. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with loss to follow up (LTFU) during the first month of ANC. Survival analyses were used to identify factors associated with LTFU during pregnancy and the postpartum periods. 650 participants were included in the cohort; 262 (40.3%) were newly diagnosed with HIV. Two years after delivery, 383/650 (58.7%) were LTFU. Of the 383 LTFU, 73 (19.1%) were lost during the first month of ANC, 44 (11.5%) during pregnancy, and 266 (69.5%) after delivery. Being newly diagnosed with HIV predicted higher LTFU during the first month of ANC (aOR 1.76; 95% CI 1.06-2.94) and faster time to LTFU during the postpartum period (adjusted relative time, 0.68; 95% CI 0.51-0.89). High LTFU occurred across the PMTCT continuum, including immediately after enrollment into ANC and the postpartum period. Ongoing research is needed to encourage treatment uptake and sustained engagement after delivery.
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84
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Bell KM, Haberer JE. Actionable Adherence Monitoring: Technological Methods to Monitor and Support Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2019; 15:388-396. [PMID: 30232578 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-018-0413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Current digital technologies are being used for "actionable adherence monitoring"; that is, technologies that can be used to identify episodes of non-adherence to ART in a timely manner such that tailored interventions based on adherence data can be provided when and where they are needed most. RECENT FINDINGS Current digital communication technologies used to monitor ART adherence include electronic adherence monitors (EAMs), digital ingestion monitors, cellular phones, and electronic pharmacy refill tracking systems. Currently available real-time adherence monitoring approaches based on cellular technology allow for the delivery of interventions precisely when and where they are needed. Such technology can potentially enable significant efficiency of care delivery and impact on adherence and associated clinical outcomes. Standard digital advances, such as automated reminders in EAM and electronic pharmacy records, may also achieve improvements with relatively lower cost and easier implementation. Future research is needed to improve the functionality of these approaches, with attention paid to system-level issues through implementation science, as well as acceptability and ethical considerations at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Bell
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, 125 Nashua St, Suite 722, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jessica E Haberer
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, 125 Nashua St, Suite 722, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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85
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Mbengue MAS, Sarr SO, Diop A, Ndour CT, Ndiaye B, Mboup S. Prevalence and determinants of adherence to antiretroviral treatment among HIV patients on first-line regimen: a cross-sectional study in Dakar, Senegal. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 33:95. [PMID: 31489073 PMCID: PMC6711689 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.95.17248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Successful and long-term positive impact of antiretroviral treatment requires high rates of adherence (> 90%). In Senegal, there is a lack of data regarding adherence to antiretroviral treatment and only a few studies have looked at the determinants. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and determinants contributing to antiretroviral (ARV) adherence among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected outpatients receiving care at four public hospitals in Dakar, Senegal. Methods A cross-sectional based study was carried out among HIV-positive ART adults in Dakar, Senegal. Patients were systematically sampled during either their clinical visits or visit to collect ARV drugs from six public hospitals and data collected with a questionnaire. The study outcome was adherence to antiretroviral treatment assessed by a multiple approach method which combined three self-reported adherence tools: self-reporting, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ). Data were entered with an Excel spreadsheet and transferred to STATA for descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analysis. All the statistical tests were done at the threshold level of 0.05. Results A total of 150 HIV-positive patients on first line ART regimen at six public health facilities were enrolled into the study. The mean age of patients was 43.1 years with a sex ratio of 0.3. Most of the patients were prescribed Tenofovir-based regimen. Of these patients, 26.67% were found to be highly adherent. After adjusting for health-related variables, demographic and socio-economic variables, better adherence was associated with participating actively within an association of persons living with HIV (AoR=2.89; 95% CI: 1.04 - 7.99; p value 0.041) while being widowed patient was associated with lower adherence (AoR=0.17; 95% CI: 0.03 - 0.94; p value 0.043). Conclusion Our study findings imply that adherence should be routinely assessed during medical visits. Ongoing strategies to improve adherence such as out-of-clinic group-based models or psychological support should be directed toward outpatients' clinics to assist in improving adherence and long term virologic suppression in Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamed Abdou Salam Mbengue
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Epidémiologique et de Formations (IRESSEF), Dakar, Sénégal.,University of the Witwatersrand, Departement of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Heath Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Serigne Omar Sarr
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aissatou Diop
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Ndour
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.,Centre de Formation et de Recherche Clinique de Fann Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Bara Ndiaye
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.,Centre de Formation et de Recherche Clinique de Fann Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Souleymane Mboup
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Epidémiologique et de Formations (IRESSEF), Dakar, Sénégal
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Aliyu MH, Wudil UJ, Ingles DJ, Shepherd BE, Gong W, Musa BM, Muhammad H, Sani MU, Abdu A, Nalado AM, Atanda A, Ahonkhai AA, Ikizler TA, Winkler CA, Kopp JB, Kimmel PL, Wester CW. Optimal management of HIV- positive adults at risk for kidney disease in Nigeria (Renal Risk Reduction "R3" Trial): protocol and study design. Trials 2019; 20:341. [PMID: 31182139 PMCID: PMC6558910 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with two copies of the apolipoprotein-1 (APOL1) gene risk variants are at high risk (HR) for non-diabetic kidney disease. The presence of these risk variants is highest in West Africa, specifically in Nigeria. However, there is limited availability of dialysis and kidney transplantation in Nigeria, and most individuals will die soon after developing end-stage renal disease. Blocking the renin angiotensin aldosterone system with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) is a well-recognized strategy to slow renal disease progression in patients with diabetes mellitus with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and in patients with HIV-associated nephropathy. We propose to determine whether presence of the APOL1 HR genotype alters or predicts responsiveness to conventional therapy to treat or prevent CKD and if addition of an ACEi to standard combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces the risk of kidney complications among non-diabetic Nigerian adults. Methods/design We will screen 2600 HIV-positive adults who have received ART to (1) determine the prevalence of APOL1 risk variants and assess whether APOL1 HR status correlates with prevalent albuminuria, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and/or prevalent CKD; (2) assess, via a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (RCT) in a subset of these participants with microalbuminura (n = 280) whether addition of the ACEi, lisinopril, compared to standard of care, significantly reduces the incidence or progression of albuminuria; and (3) determine whether the APOL1 HR genotype is associated with worse kidney outcomes (i.e. eGFR slope or regression of albuminuria) among participants in the RCT. Conclusions This study will examine the increasing prevalence of kidney diseases in HIV-positive adults in a West African population, and the relationship between these diseases and the APOL1 high-risk genotype. By evaluating the addition of an ACEi to the care of individuals with HIV infection who have albuminuria, our trial will provide definitive evidence to guide strategies for management and clinical care in this population, with the goal of reducing HIV-related kidney complications. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03201939. Registered on 26 August 2016. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-019-3436-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muktar H Aliyu
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health (VIGH), Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Usman J Wudil
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health (VIGH), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Donna J Ingles
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health (VIGH), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bryan E Shepherd
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wu Gong
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Baba M Musa
- Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Hamza Muhammad
- Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Mahmoud U Sani
- Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Aliyu Abdu
- Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Aisha M Nalado
- Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Akinfenwa Atanda
- Department of Pathology, Bayero University, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Aima A Ahonkhai
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health (VIGH), Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Talat A Ikizler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cheryl A Winkler
- Basic Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetic Epidemiology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Division of Kidney, Urologic and Hematologic Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul L Kimmel
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Division of Kidney, Urologic and Hematologic Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C William Wester
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health (VIGH), Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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87
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Landes M, van Lettow M, Nkhoma E, Tippett Barr B, Truwah Z, Shouten E, Jahn A, Auld A, Kalua T, van Oosterhout JJ. Low detectable postpartum viral load is associated with HIV transmission in Malawi's prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme. J Int AIDS Soc 2019; 22:e25290. [PMID: 31180186 PMCID: PMC6556977 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2011, Malawi implemented "Option B+," a test-and-treat strategy for the prevention of maternal to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT); however limited data on viral load (VL) suppression exist. We describe VL suppression in HIV-infected women at four to twenty-six weeks postpartum, factors associated with VL suppression and the impact of VL suppression levels on MTCT. METHODS HIV-positive mothers at four to twenty-six weeks postpartum were enrolled in a nested cross-sectional study within the "National Evaluation of Malawi's PMTCT Programme" cohort study between October 2014 and May 2016. HIV-exposed infants received HIV-1 DNA testing and venous samples determined maternal VL, classified as unsuppressed (>1000 copies/mL), low-detectable (40 to 1000 copies/mL) or undetectable (<40 copies/mL). Socio-demographic and PMTCT indicators were collected. Suboptimal adherence was defined as self-reported ≥2 days missed ART in the month prior to visit. RESULTS Of the 1274 women, 1191 (93.5%) knew their HIV status and 1154/1191 (96.9%) were on ART. VL was available for 1124/1154 (97.4%) of women on ART: 988/1124 (87.9%) had VL suppression of whom 86 (8.7%) had low-detectable and 902 (91.3%) undetectable VL. Suboptimal adherence was associated with unsuppressed VL (vs. suppressed VL; aOR 3.1, 95% CI 2.0 to 4.9; p < 0.001). Women with low-detectable VL were more likely to be adolescent (vs. undetectable VL; aOR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4 to 6.6), on ART <6 months (aOR 4.4, 95% CI 2.3 to 8.6), report suboptimal adherence (aOR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.8; p = 0.02), and less likely to have primary or secondary education (vs. none; aOR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2 to 0.7 or aOR 0.3, 95% 0.1 to 0.6). MTCT ratios among women on ART who had undetectable VL, low-detectable VL and unsuppressed VL were 0.9% (8/902; 95% CI 0.3 to 1.5), 7.0% (6/86; 95% CI 1.5 to 12.5) and 14.0% (19/136; 95% CI 8.1 to 20.0). Unsuppressed VL and low-detectable VL (vs. undetectable VL) increased the risk of MTCT 17-fold (aOR 17.4, 95% CI 7.4 to 41.1; p = 0.002) and ninefold (aOR 8.5, 95% CI 2.9 to 25.2; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Unsuppressed and low-detectable VL was strongly predictive of MTCT among women on ART and associated with suboptimal adherence. This urges further consideration of optimal VL monitoring and target levels to reach elimination of paediatric infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Landes
- Dignitas InternationalZombaMalawi
- Department of Family and Community MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | - Monique van Lettow
- Dignitas InternationalZombaMalawi
- Dalla Lana School of Public HealthUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Auld
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionLilongweMalawi
| | | | - Joep J van Oosterhout
- Dignitas InternationalZombaMalawi
- Department of MedicineCollege of MedicineBlantyreMalawi
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88
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Casale M, Carlqvist A, Cluver L. Recent Interventions to Improve Retention in HIV Care and Adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment Among Adolescents and Youth: A Systematic Review. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2019; 33:237-252. [PMID: 31166783 PMCID: PMC6588099 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2018.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents represent a growing proportion of people living with HIV worldwide and the highest risk population group for treatment attrition and AIDS-related mortality. There is an urgent need to design, implement, and test interventions that keep young people in HIV treatment and care. However, previous systematic reviews show scarce and inconclusive evidence of effective interventions for this age group. Recent years have seen an increase in focus on adolescent health and a rapidly changing programmatic environment. This systematic review article provides an evidence update by synthesizing empirical evaluations of interventions designed to improve antiretroviral therapy adherence and retention among adolescents (10-19) and youth (15-24) living with HIV, published between January 2016 and June 2018. A search of 11 health and humanities databases generated 2425 citations and 10 relevant studies, the large majority conducted in sub-Saharan Africa. These include six clinic-level interventions, one individual-level m-Health trial, and three community- or household-level interventions. Implications of their findings for future programming and research with young adults are discussed, in relation to previous reviews and the broader empirical evidence in this area. Findings highlight the need to further develop and test multi-faceted interventions that go beyond health facilities, to address broader social barriers to adherence and retention. In particular, further intervention studies with adolescents (10-19) should be a priority, if we are to retain these young people in treatment and care and aspire to achieve the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals and 90-90-90 targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Casale
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna Carlqvist
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucie Cluver
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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89
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Castillo-Mancilla JR, Haberer JE. Adherence Measurements in HIV: New Advancements in Pharmacologic Methods and Real-Time Monitoring. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2019; 15:49-59. [PMID: 29380227 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-018-0377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we present new developments in antiretroviral adherence, focusing on pharmacological measures and real-time adherence monitoring. In addition, new strategies on how to incorporate these new measures into research and clinical care are proposed. RECENT FINDINGS Antiretroviral drug concentrations in hair and dried blood spots are two novel pharmacological measures of cumulative drug adherence and exposure that have been recently evaluated in HIV treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis. Real-time adherence monitoring using electronic devices has also proven highly informative, feasible, and well accepted, offering the possibility for an immediate intervention when non-adherence is detected. Both approaches offer considerable advantages over traditional adherence measures in predicting efficacy. New methods to objectively monitor adherence in real-time and over long time periods have been developed. Further research is required to better understand how these measures can optimize adherence and, ultimately, improve clinical outcomes in HIV treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Castillo-Mancilla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Medicine/Infectious Diseases, 12700 E 19th Ave., B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Jessica E Haberer
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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90
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Mutyambizi-Mafunda V, Myers B, Sorsdahl K, Lund C, Naledi T, Cleary S. Integrating a brief mental health intervention into primary care services for patients with HIV and diabetes in South Africa: study protocol for a trial-based economic evaluation. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026973. [PMID: 31092660 PMCID: PMC6530312 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depression and alcohol use disorders are international public health priorities for which there is a substantial treatment gap. Brief mental health interventions delivered by lay health workers in primary care services may reduce this gap. There is limited economic evidence assessing the cost-effectiveness of such interventions in low-income and middle-income countries. This paper describes the proposed economic evaluation of a health systems intervention testing the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of two task-sharing approaches to integrating services for common mental disorders with HIV and diabetes primary care services. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This evaluation will be conducted as part of a three-armed cluster randomised controlled trial of clinical effectiveness. Trial clinical outcome measures will include primary outcomes for risk of depression and alcohol use, and secondary outcomes for risk of chronic disease (HIV and diabetes) treatment failure. The cost-effectiveness analysis will evaluate cost per unit change in Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test and Centre for Epidemiological Studies scale on Depression scores as well as cost per unit change in HIV RNA viral load and haemoglobin A1c, producing results of provider and patient cost per patient year for each study arm and chronic disease. The cost utility analyses will provide results of cost per quality-adjusted life year gained. Additional analyses relevant for implementation including budget impact analyses will be conducted to inform the development of a business case for scaling up the country's investment in mental health services. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Western Cape Department of Health (WCDoH) (WC2016_RP6_9), the South African Medical Research Council (EC 004-2/2015), the University of Cape Town (089/2015) and Oxford University (OxTREC 2-17) provided ethical approval for this study. Results dissemination will include policy briefs, social media, peer-reviewed papers, a policy dialogue workshop and press briefings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER PACTR201610001825405.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimbayi Mutyambizi-Mafunda
- Health Economics Unit, University of Cape Town School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Bronwyn Myers
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerburg, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Katherine Sorsdahl
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Crick Lund
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Health Services and Population Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tracey Naledi
- Desmond Tutu HIV Research Centre, University of Cape Town School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Observatory, Western Cape, South Africa
- Western Cape Department of Health, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Susan Cleary
- Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Western Cape, South Africa
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Gross R, Ritz J, Hughes MD, Salata R, Mugyenyi P, Hogg E, Wieclaw L, Godfrey C, Wallis CL, Mellors JW, Mudhune VO, Badal-Faesen S, Grinsztejn B, Collier AC. Two-way mobile phone intervention compared with standard-of-care adherence support after second-line antiretroviral therapy failure: a multinational, randomised controlled trial. LANCET DIGITAL HEALTH 2019; 1:e26-e34. [PMID: 31528850 DOI: 10.1016/s2589-7500(19)30006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) non-adherence causes HIV treatment failure. Past behaviour might predict future behaviour; failing second-line ART could indicate ongoing risk for subsequent non-adherence. We aimed to find out whether a two-way mobile phone-based communication intervention would increase HIV treatment success by improving medication adherence. Methods We did a multinational, randomised controlled trial of patients at 17 sites in nine lower-income and middle-income countries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Patients aged 18 years and older, with HIV infection, and on second-line protease-inhibitor-based antiretroviral regimens, were randomly assigned (1:1) to either two-way mobile phone intervention plus standard of care (MPI + SOC) adherence support or standard-of-care alone (SOC). Our study was nested within a strategy study of ART after second-line ART failure (the main study, A5288). The main study had four cohorts, which were assigned regimens according to ART history and real-time genotype. Randomisation was stratified by the main study cohort with dynamic institutional balancing. Only the clinical management committee was masked, not the participants or site personnel. Text messages were sent over 48 weeks starting once a day and tapering down to once per week; participants were to respond once to each message if taking ART without issues. Repeated non-response to three messages over a 2-week period for the first 8 weeks, and then two messages over a 2-week period for the remainder of the study, triggered problem-solving counselling by staff. For this study, the primary endpoint was plasma HIV-1 RNA 200 copies per mL or less at 48 weeks and the secondary endpoint was virological failure (two consecutive HIV-1 RNA ≥1000 copies per mL) at 24 or more weeks. Prespecified intention-to- treat analyses were adjusted for cohort. Follow-up continued until the last participant had reached 48 weeks, with a median follow-up time of 72 weeks. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number . Findings Enrolment began on Feb 22, 2013, and ended on Dec 21, 2015, with the last participant completing follow-up on Feb 13, 2017. Of 545 participants in the main study, 521 (96%) were enrolled and randomly assigned to MPI + SOC (n=257) or SOC alone (n=264). 52% of patients were men and the median HIV-1 RNA 4-4 log10 copies per mL (IQR 3.5 to 5-2). At week 48, HIV-1 RNA 200 copies per mL or less was reached in 169 (66%) of 257 patients in the MPI + SOC group and 164 (62%) of 264 patients in the SOC group (estimated difference 3-6% [95% CI -4-6% to 11-9%]; p=0-39). The adjusted odds ratio comparing MPI + SOC and SOC was 1-23 (0-82 to 1-84; p=0-32). Virological failure occurred in 66 (26%) patients in the MPI + SOC group and 89 (34%) patients in the SOC group during the median 72 weeks follow-up (adjusted p=0-027). Observed difference in virological failure favoured MPI + SOC in all cohorts. 23 (4%) participants died, 11 (4%) in the MPI + SOC group and 12 (5%) in the SOC group (p=0-89), with none of the deaths ascribed to ART, the MPI, or study procedures. Interpretation Two-way MPI did not significantly improve week 48 suppression, but it did modestly affect virological failure. People failing second-line ART might not achieve benefits from phone-based triggers or enhanced adherence support (or both). More effective strategies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gross
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin Ritz
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Evelyn Hogg
- Social and Scientific Systems, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Linda Wieclaw
- Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation, Amherst, NY, USA
| | - Catherine Godfrey
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carole L Wallis
- Lancet Laboratories, and Bio Analytical Research Corporation South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - John W Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Victor O Mudhune
- Department of Medicine, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Sharlaa Badal-Faesen
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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92
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Phillips TK, Myer L. Shifting to the long view: engagement of pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV in lifelong antiretroviral therapy services. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:349-361. [PMID: 30978126 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1607296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The advent of policies promoting lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV has shifted focus from short-term prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) to lifelong engagement in ART services. However, disengagement from care threatens the long-term treatment and prevention benefits of lifelong ART. Areas covered: A framework for considering the unique aspects of ART for pregnant and postpartum women is presented along with a review of the literature on maternal engagement in care in sub-Saharan Africa and a discussion of potential interventions to sustain engagement in lifelong ART. Expert opinion: Engaging women and mothers in ART services for life is critical for maternal health, PMTCT, and prevention of sexual transmission. Evidence-based interventions exist to support engagement in care but most focus on periods of mother-to-child transmission risk. In the long term, life transitions and health-care transfers are inevitable. Thus, interventions that can reach beyond a single facility or provide a bridge between health services should be prioritized. Multicomponent interventions will also be essential to address the numerous intersecting barriers to sustained engagement in ART services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsin K Phillips
- a Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Research, School of Public Health & Family Medicine , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Landon Myer
- a Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Research, School of Public Health & Family Medicine , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
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93
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Humphrey JM, Genberg BL, Keter A, Musick B, Apondi E, Gardner A, Hogan JW, Wools‐Kaloustian K. Viral suppression among children and their caregivers living with HIV in western Kenya. J Int AIDS Soc 2019; 22:e25272. [PMID: 30983148 PMCID: PMC6462809 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the central role of caregivers in managing HIV treatment for children living with HIV, viral suppression within caregiver-child dyads in which both members are living with HIV is not well described. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of children living with HIV <15 years of age and their caregivers living with HIV attending HIV clinics affiliated with the Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) in Kenya between 2015 and 2017. To be included in the analysis, children and caregivers must have had ≥1 viral load (VL) during the study period while receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for ≥6 months, and the date of the caregiver's VL must have occurred ±90 days from the date of the child's VL. The characteristics of children, caregivers and dyads were descriptively summarized. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of viral non-suppression (≥ 1000 copies/mL) in children, adjusting for caregiver and child characteristics. RESULTS Of 7667 children who received care at AMPATH during the study period, 1698 were linked to a caregiver living with HIV and included as caregiver-child dyads. For caregivers, 94% were mothers, median age at ART initiation 32.8 years, median CD4 count at ART initiation 164 cells/mm3 and 23% were not virally suppressed. For children, 52% were female, median age at ART initiation 4.2 years, median CD4 values at ART initiation were 15% (age < 5 years) and 396 cells/mm3 (age ≥ 5 years), and 38% were not virally suppressed. In the multivariable model, children were found more likely to not be virally suppressed if their caregivers were not suppressed compared to children with suppressed caregivers (aOR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.86 to 3.10). Other characteristics associated with child viral non-suppression included caregiver ART regimen change prior to the VL, caregiver receipt of a non-NNRTI-based regimen at the time of the VL, younger child age at ART initiation and child tuberculosis treatment at the time of the VL. CONCLUSIONS Children were at higher risk of viral non-suppression if their caregivers were not virally suppressed compared to children with suppressed caregivers. A child's viral suppression status should be closely monitored if his or her caregiver is not suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Becky L Genberg
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Alfred Keter
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH)EldoretKenya
| | - Beverly Musick
- Department of BiostatisticsIndiana UniversityIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Edith Apondi
- Department of PaediatricsMoi Teaching and Referral HospitalEldoretKenya
| | - Adrian Gardner
- Department of MedicineIndiana UniversityIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Joseph W Hogan
- Department of BiostatisticsBrown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
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94
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Enane LA, Vreeman RC, Foster C. Retention and adherence: global challenges for the long-term care of adolescents and young adults living with HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2019; 13:212-219. [PMID: 29570471 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adolescents living with HIV are the only age group with increasing HIV mortality at a time of global scale-up of access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). As a 'treat all' strategy is implemented worldwide, it is critically important to optimize retention and adherence for this vulnerable group. RECENT FINDINGS Adolescents and young adults living with HIV have poorer outcomes when compared with adults at each stage of the HIV care cascade, irrespective of income setting. Rates of viral suppression are lowest for adolescents living with HIV, and adherence to ART remains an enormous challenge. High-quality studies of interventions to improve linkage to, and retention in, care on suppressive ART are starkly lacking for adolescents and young adults living with HIV across the globe. However, examples of good practice are beginning to emerge but require large-scale implementation studies with outcome data disaggregated by age, route of infection, and income setting, and include young pregnant women and key populations groups. SUMMARY There is an urgent need for evidence-based interventions addressing gaps in the adolescent HIV care cascade, including supporting retention in care and adherence to ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Enane
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH)
| | - Rachel C Vreeman
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH).,Department of Child Health and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Caroline Foster
- Departments of GUM/HIV and Pediatrics, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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95
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Martelli G, Antonucci R, Mukurasi A, Zepherine H, Nöstlinger C. Adherence to antiretroviral treatment among children and adolescents in Tanzania: Comparison between pill count and viral load outcomes in a rural context of Mwanza region. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214014. [PMID: 30897131 PMCID: PMC6428300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Adherence to antiretroviral treatment is a key challenge for paediatric HIV care. Among children and adolescents living with HIV, lower levels of adherence have been reported compared to adults. Individual, caregiver-, health services-related and sociocultural factors were shown to impact on these outcomes. Study objectives were to assess adherence in a paediatric population in rural Tanzania comparing two measurement methods, and to investigate the association between virologic suppression and demographic, clinical, drug- and family-related factors. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted among children and adolescents enrolled in Bukumbi HIV Care and Treatment Clinic (Misungwi district, Mwanza region) in the north of Tanzania, where the HIV prevalence is 7.2%. Adherence was measured through viral load and pill count. Kappa statistics assessed the level of agreement between the methods; bivariate and multivariable analyses identified factors independently associated with virologic suppression. RESULTS N = 72 participants (n = 49 children; n = 23 adolescents) with a median age of eight years were enrolled. 62.5% and 65.3% of the individuals presented an optimal adherence according to viral load and pill count respectively, but among 40% viral load results diverged from the pill count method. In multivariable analysis, living outside Misungwi district and having CD4 counts above 500/μl were significantly associated with optimal adherence. CONCLUSION Children and adolescents living with HIV in Mwanza show high rates of suboptimal adherence. The poor agreement between pill count and viral load results raises concerns about the interpretation of these measurements in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Martelli
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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96
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Retention in HIV Care During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period in the Option B+ Era: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies in Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 77:427-438. [PMID: 29287029 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under Option B+ guidelines for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, pregnant and breastfeeding women initiate antiretroviral therapy for lifelong use. The objectives of this study were: (1) to synthesize data on retention in care over time in option B+ programs in Africa, and (2) to identify factors associated with retention in care. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, and African Index Medicus were systematically searched from January 2012 to June 2017. Pooled estimates of the proportion of women retained were generated and factors associated with retention were analyzed thematically. RESULTS Thirty-five articles were included in the final review; 22 reported retention rates (n = 60,890) and 25 reported factors associated with retention. Pooled estimates of retention were 72.9% (95% confidence interval: 66.4% to 78.9%) at 6 months for studies reporting <12 months of follow-up and 76.4% (95% confidence interval: 69.0% to 83.1%) at 12 months for studies reporting ≥12 months of follow-up. Data on undocumented clinic transfers were largely absent. Risk factors for poor retention included younger age, initiating antiretroviral therapy on the same day as diagnosis, initiating during pregnancy versus breastfeeding, and initiating late in the pregnancy. Retention was compromised by stigma, fear of disclosure, and lack of social support. CONCLUSIONS Retention rates in prevention of mother-to-child transmission under option B+ were below those of the general adult population, necessitating interventions targeting the complex circumstances of women initiating care under option B+. Improved and standardized procedures to track and report retention are needed to accurately represent care engagement and capture undocumented transfers within the health system.
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97
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Comparison of Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Among HIV-Infected Older Adults with Younger Adults in Africa: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. AIDS Behav 2019; 23:445-458. [PMID: 29971732 PMCID: PMC6373524 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-018-2196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As access to antiretroviral treatment in low- and middle-income countries improves, the number of older adults (aged ≥ 50 years) living with HIV is increasing. This study compares the adherence to antiretroviral treatment among older adults to that of younger adults living in Africa. We searched PubMed, Medline, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, Google Scholar and EMBASE for keywords (HIV, ART, compliance, adherence, age, Africa) on publications from 1st Jan 2000 to 1st March 2016. Eligible studies were pooled for meta-analysis using a random-effects model, with the odds ratio as the primary outcome. Twenty studies were included, among them were five randomised trials and five cohort studies. Overall, we pooled data for 148,819 individuals in two groups (older and younger adults) and found no significant difference in adherence between them [odds ratio (OR) 1.01; 95% CI 0.94–1.09]. Subgroup analyses of studies using medication possession ratio and clinician counts to measure adherence revealed higher proportions of older adults were adherent to medication regimens compared with younger adults (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.02–1.11). Antiretroviral treatment adherence levels among older and younger adults in Africa are comparable. Further research is required to identify specific barriers to adherence in the aging HIV affected population in Africa which will help in development of interventions to improve their clinical outcomes and quality of life.
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98
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Ndagijimana Ntwali JDD, Decroo T, Ribakare M, Kiromera A, Mugwaneza P, Nsanzimana S, Lynen L. Viral load detection and management on first line ART in rural Rwanda. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:8. [PMID: 30606128 PMCID: PMC6318862 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To achieve the ambitious 90–90-90 UNAIDS targets, access to routine viral load (VL) is critical. To measure VL, Rwanda has relied on a national reference laboratory for years. In 2014, a VL testing platform was implemented in a rural District in the Northern Province. Here we analyze the uptake of VL testing, identification of risks for detectable VL (≥1000 copies/ml), and the management of patients with a detectable VL. Methods A retrospective cohort study of patients who started ART between July 2012 and June 2015 and followed until end December 2016. Using descriptive statistics, we describe the VL cascade, from VL uptake to the start of second-line ART in patients diagnosed with virological failure. We estimate predictors of having a detectable VL using logistic regression. Results The uptake of VL testing increased progressively between 2013 and 2016, raising from 25.6% (39/152) in 2013 up to 93.2% (510/547) in 2016.In 2016, 88.5% (n = 451) of patients tested, had a suppressed VL. Predictors of having a detectable VL included being male (aOR 2.1; 95%CI 1.12–4.02; p = 0.02), being a sex worker (aOR 6.4; 95%CI 1.1–36.0; p = 0.04), having a WHO clinical stage IV when starting ART (aOR 8.8; 95%CI 1.8–43.0; p < 0.001), having had a previous detectable VL (aOR 7.2; 95%CI 3.5–14.5; p < 0.001), and having had no VL before 2016 (aOR 3.1; 95%CI 1.2–8.1; p = 0.02). Among patients with initial detectable VL between 2013 and 2016, 88% (n = 103) had a follow-up VL, of whom 60.2% (n = 62) suppressed their VL below 1000 copies/ml. The median time between the initial and follow-up VL was of 12.5 months (IQR: 8.7–19.0). Among patients with confirmed treatment failure, 63.4% (n = 26) started second-line ART within the study period. Conclusion VL uptake increased after decentralizing VL testing in rural Rwanda. Virological suppression was high. An individualized follow up of patients at risk of non-suppression and a prompt management of patients with detectable VL may help to achieve and sustain the third global UNAIDS target: virological suppression in 90% of patients on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Decroo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Research Foundation Flanders, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Muhayimpundu Ribakare
- Institute of HIV Disease Prevention and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, 17 avenue, Po. Box 7162, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Athanase Kiromera
- Institute of Human Virology, Rwanda Program, University of Maryland, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Placidie Mugwaneza
- Institute of HIV Disease Prevention and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, 17 avenue, Po. Box 7162, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Sabin Nsanzimana
- Institute of HIV Disease Prevention and Control, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, 17 avenue, Po. Box 7162, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Lutgarde Lynen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Kalichman SC, Mathews C, Banas E, Kalichman MO. Stigma management intervention to improve antiretroviral therapy adherence: Phase-I test of concept trial, Cape Town South Africa. Glob Public Health 2018; 14:1059-1074. [PMID: 30500309 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2018.1552307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has transformed HIV infection from a universally fatal disease to a medically manageable chronic illness. We conducted a Phase-I test of concept intervention trial to examine feasibility and potential efficacy of behavioural self-regulation counselling designed to improve care retention and cART adherence. The intervention was culturally adapted from client-centered evidence-based interventions that are grounded in behavioural self-regulation theory and available in the US. The intervention adaptation included enhancements to directly address HIV stigma and alcohol-related sources of nonadherence. Fifty patients receiving cART in Cape Town, South Africa were randomised to receive either: (a) five weekly cellphone-delivered sessions of stigma and alcohol-enhanced behavioural self-regulation counselling or (b) a contact matched control condition. Participants were baseline assessed and followed for two weeks post-intervention, with 94% of participants retained throughout the study. Participants receiving the intervention significantly improved cART adherence from baseline-to-follow up and improvement was significantly greater than the control condition. Behaviours related to stigma and alcohol use that impede cART adherence were significantly reduced, and there was uptake of adherence improvement strategies. The current study supports the potential efficacy of relatively brief behavioural self-regulation counselling delivered by cellphone in a context of differentiated care in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth C Kalichman
- a Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT , USA
| | - Catherine Mathews
- b Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Ellen Banas
- b Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Moira O Kalichman
- a Institute for Collaboration on Health, Intervention, and Policy, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT , USA
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100
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Isa AM, Abubakar IJ, Chedi BAZ. Adverse drug reactions to antiretroviral drugs and impact on treatment adherence among HIV patients in northwestern Nigeria. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40267-018-0546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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