1101
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Lee JH, Guo Z, Myler LR, Zheng S, Paull TT. Direct activation of ATM by resveratrol under oxidizing conditions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97969. [PMID: 24933654 PMCID: PMC4059639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol has been widely reported to reduce cancer progression in model systems and to selectively induce cell death in transformed cell lines. Many enzymes have been reported to respond to resveratrol in mammalian cells, including the Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) protein kinase that acts in DNA damage recognition, signaling, and repair. Here we investigate the responses of ATM to resveratrol exposure in normal and transformed human cell lines and find that ATM autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation is stimulated by resveratrol in a manner that is promoted by reactive oxygen species (ROS). We observe direct stimulatory effects of resveratrol on purified ATM in vitro and find that the catalytic efficiency of the kinase on a model substrate is increased by resveratrol. In the purified system we also observe a requirement for oxidation, as the effect of resveratrol on ATM signaling is substantially reduced by agents that prevent disulfide bond formation in ATM. These results demonstrate that resveratrol effects on ATM are direct, and suggest a mechanism by which the oxidizing environment of transformed cells promotes ATM activity and blocks cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Lee
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Department of Molecular Biosciences, and the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhi Guo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, and the Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Logan R. Myler
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Department of Molecular Biosciences, and the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Suting Zheng
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Department of Molecular Biosciences, and the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tanya T. Paull
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Department of Molecular Biosciences, and the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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1102
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1103
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Stagni V, Santini S, Barilà D. ITCH E3 ligase in ATM network. Oncoscience 2014; 1:394-5. [PMID: 25594035 PMCID: PMC4284624 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Venturina Stagni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy and Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Santini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy and Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Barilà
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy and Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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1104
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Lee Y, Brown EJ, Chang S, McKinnon PJ. Pot1a prevents telomere dysfunction and ATM-dependent neuronal loss. J Neurosci 2014; 34:7836-44. [PMID: 24899707 PMCID: PMC4044246 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4245-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome stability is essential for neural development and the prevention of neurological disease. Here we determined how DNA damage signaling from dysfunctional telomeres affects neurogenesis. We found that telomere uncapping by Pot1a inactivation resulted in an Atm-dependent loss of cerebellar interneurons and granule neuron precursors in the mouse nervous system. The activation of Atm by Pot1a loss occurred in an Atr-dependent manner, revealing an Atr to Atm signaling axis in the nervous system after telomere dysfunction. In contrast to telomere lesions, Brca2 inactivation in neural progenitors also led to ablation of cerebellar interneurons, but this did not require Atm. These data reveal that neural cell loss after DNA damage selectively engages Atm signaling, highlighting how specific DNA lesions can dictate neuropathology arising in human neurodegenerative syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsoo Lee
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, Genomic Instability Research Center (GIRC), Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea,
| | - Eric J Brown
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and the Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Sandy Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105,
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1105
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Chen Z, Wang JH. Generation and repair of AID-initiated DNA lesions in B lymphocytes. Front Med 2014; 8:201-16. [PMID: 24748462 PMCID: PMC4039616 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-014-0324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Activation-induced deaminase (AID) initiates the secondary antibody diversification process in B lymphocytes. In mammalian B cells, this process includes somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR), both of which require AID. AID induces U:G mismatch lesions in DNA that are subsequently converted into point mutations or DNA double stranded breaks during SHM/CSR. In a physiological context, AID targets immunoglobulin (Ig) loci to mediate SHM/CSR. However, recent studies reveal genome-wide access of AID to numerous non-Ig loci. Thus, AID poses a threat to the genome of B cells if AID-initiated DNA lesions cannot be properly repaired. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate the specificity of AID targeting and the repair pathways responsible for processing AID-initiated DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangguo Chen
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Jing H. Wang
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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1106
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Katyal S, Lee Y, Nitiss KC, Downing SM, Li Y, Shimada M, Zhao J, Russell HR, Petrini JHJ, Nitiss JL, McKinnon PJ. Aberrant topoisomerase-1 DNA lesions are pathogenic in neurodegenerative genome instability syndromes. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:813-21. [PMID: 24793032 PMCID: PMC4074009 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage is considered to be a prime factor in several spinocerebellar neurodegenerative diseases; however, the DNA lesions underpinning disease etiology are unknown. We observed the endogenous accumulation of pathogenic topoisomerase-1 (Top1)-DNA cleavage complexes (Top1ccs) in murine models of ataxia telangiectasia and spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy 1. We found that the defective DNA damage response factors in these two diseases cooperatively modulated Top1cc turnover in a non-epistatic and ATM kinase-independent manner. Furthermore, coincident neural inactivation of ATM and DNA single-strand break repair factors, including tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase-1 or XRCC1, resulted in increased Top1cc formation and excessive DNA damage and neurodevelopmental defects. Notably, direct Top1 poisoning to elevate Top1cc levels phenocopied the neuropathology of the mouse models described above. Our results identify a critical endogenous pathogenic lesion associated with neurodegenerative syndromes arising from DNA repair deficiency, indicating that genome integrity is important for preventing disease in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Katyal
- Dept. of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
- University of Manitoba, Dept of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Youngsoo Lee
- Dept. of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
- GIRC, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Karin C. Nitiss
- Dept. of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois-Chicago, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, Illinois, 61107, USA
| | - Susanna M. Downing
- Dept. of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Dept. of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Mikio Shimada
- Dept. of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Jingfeng Zhao
- Dept. of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - Helen R. Russell
- Dept. of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
| | - John H. J. Petrini
- Molecular Biology Program Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Cornell University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - John L. Nitiss
- Dept. of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois-Chicago, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, Illinois, 61107, USA
| | - Peter J. McKinnon
- Dept. of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, USA
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1107
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Alcantara D, O'Driscoll M. Congenital microcephaly. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 166C:124-39. [PMID: 24816482 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The underlying etiologies of genetic congenital microcephaly are complex and multifactorial. Recently, with the exponential growth in the identification and characterization of novel genetic causes of congenital microcephaly, there has been a consolidation and emergence of certain themes concerning underlying pathomechanisms. These include abnormal mitotic microtubule spindle structure, numerical and structural abnormalities of the centrosome, altered cilia function, impaired DNA repair, DNA Damage Response signaling and DNA replication, along with attenuated cell cycle checkpoint proficiency. Many of these processes are highly interconnected. Interestingly, a defect in a gene whose encoded protein has a canonical function in one of these processes can often have multiple impacts at the cellular level involving several of these pathways. Here, we overview the key pathomechanistic themes underlying profound congenital microcephaly, and emphasize their interconnected nature.
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1108
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Węsierska-Gądek J, Heinzl S. Interactions Between Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Kinase Inhibition, Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 Inhibition and BRCA1 Status in Breast Cancer Cells. J Cancer Prev 2014; 19:125-36. [PMID: 25337581 PMCID: PMC4204161 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2014.19.2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cells harboring BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations are hypersensitive to inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). We recently showed that interference with PARP-1 activity by NU1025 is strongly cytotoxic for BRCA1-positive BT-20 cells but not BRCA1-deficient SKBr-3 cells. These unexpected observations prompted speculation that other PARP-1 inhibitor(s) may be more cytotoxic towards SKBr-3 cells. In addition, interference with the DNA damage signaling pathway via (for instance) Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase inhibition may induce synthetic lethality in DNA repair-deficient breast cancer cells and pharmacological interference with ATM activity may sensitize breast cancer cells to PARP-1 inactivation. METHODS We determined drug cytotoxicity in human MCF-7 and SKBr-3 breast cancer cells using the CellTiterGLO Luminescent cell viability assay and a Tecan multi-label, multitask plate counter to measure generated luminescence. Changes in cell cycle progression were monitored by flow cytometric measurement of DNA content in cells stained with propidium iodide. RESULTS Unlike NU1025, AZD2461, a new PARP-1 inhibitor, markedly reduced the numbers of living MCF-7 and SKBr-3 cells. ATM kinase inhibition (CP466722) was also cytotoxic for both MCF-7 and SKBr-3 cells. Furthermore, AZD2461 enhanced the cytotoxicity of CP466722 in both cell lines by inducing apoptosis, and concurrent inhibition of ATM and PARP-1 reduced cell proliferation more strongly than either single treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that inhibition of PARP-1 by AZD2461 is synthetically lethal for NU1025-resistant MCF-7 and SKBr-3 breast cancer cells. They also indicate that DNA damage signaling is essential for survival of both SKBr-3 and MCF-7 cells, especially after inactivation of PARP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Józefa Węsierska-Gądek
- Cell Cycle Regulation Group, Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Heinzl
- Cell Cycle Regulation Group, Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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1109
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Abstract
Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Advances in sequencing technologies have enabled the examination of liver cancer genomes at high resolution; somatic mutations, structural alterations, HBV integration, RNA editing and retrotransposon changes have been comprehensively identified. Furthermore, integrated analyses of trans-omics data (genome, transcriptome and methylome data) have identified multiple critical genes and pathways implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis. These analyses have uncovered potential therapeutic targets, including growth factor signalling, WNT signalling, the NFE2L2-mediated oxidative pathway and chromatin modifying factors, and paved the way for new molecular classifications for clinical application. The aetiological factors associated with liver cancer are well understood; however, their effects on the accumulation of somatic changes and the influence of ethnic variation in risk factors still remain unknown. The international collaborations of cancer genome sequencing projects are expected to contribute to an improved understanding of risk evaluation, diagnosis and therapy for this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
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1110
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Stickel S, Gomes N, Su TT. The Role of Translational Regulation in Survival after Radiation Damage; an Opportunity for Proteomics Analysis. Proteomes 2014; 2:272-290. [PMID: 26269784 PMCID: PMC4530795 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes2020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will summarize the data from different model systems that illustrate the need for proteome-wide analyses of the biological consequences of ionizing radiation (IR). IR remains one of three main therapy choices for oncology, the others being surgery and chemotherapy. Understanding how cells and tissues respond to IR is essential for improving therapeutic regimes against cancer. Numerous studies demonstrating the changes in the transcriptome following exposure to IR, in diverse systems, can be found in the scientific literature. However, the limitation of our knowledge is illustrated by the fact that the number of transcripts that change after IR exposure is approximately an order of magnitude lower than the number of transcripts that re-localize to or from ribosomes under similar conditions. Furthermore, changes in the post-translational modifications of proteins (phosphorylation, acetylation as well as degradation) are profoundly important for the cellular response to IR. These considerations make proteomics a highly suitable tool for mechanistic studies of the effect of IR. Strikingly such studies remain outnumbered by those utilizing proteomics for diagnostic purposes such as the identification of biomarkers for the outcome of radiation therapy. Here we will discuss the role of the ribosome and translational regulation in the survival and preservation of cells and tissues after exposure to ionizing radiation. In doing so we hope to provide a strong incentive for the study of proteome-wide changes following IR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Stickel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; E-Mails: (S.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Nathan Gomes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; E-Mails: (S.S.); (N.G.)
- SuviCa, Inc. P O Box 3131, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Tin Tin Su
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; E-Mails: (S.S.); (N.G.)
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1111
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Liu C, Srihari S, Cao KAL, Chenevix-Trench G, Simpson PT, Ragan MA, Khanna KK. A fine-scale dissection of the DNA double-strand break repair machinery and its implications for breast cancer therapy. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:6106-27. [PMID: 24792170 PMCID: PMC4041457 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-damage response machinery is crucial to maintain the genomic integrity of cells, by enabling effective repair of even highly lethal lesions such as DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Defects in specific genes acquired through mutations, copy-number alterations or epigenetic changes can alter the balance of these pathways, triggering cancerous potential in cells. Selective killing of cancer cells by sensitizing them to further DNA damage, especially by induction of DSBs, therefore requires careful modulation of DSB-repair pathways. Here, we review the latest knowledge on the two DSB-repair pathways, homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining in human, describing in detail the functions of their components and the key mechanisms contributing to the repair. Such an in-depth characterization of these pathways enables a more mechanistic understanding of how cells respond to therapies, and suggests molecules and processes that can be explored as potential therapeutic targets. One such avenue that has shown immense promise is via the exploitation of synthetic lethal relationships, for which the BRCA1-PARP1 relationship is particularly notable. Here, we describe how this relationship functions and the manner in which cancer cells acquire therapy resistance by restoring their DSB repair potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sriganesh Srihari
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kim-Anh Lê Cao
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia Queensland Facility for Advanced Bioinformatics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | | | - Peter T Simpson
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Mark A Ragan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Queensland Facility for Advanced Bioinformatics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
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1112
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Zuazua-Villar P, Rodriguez R, Gagou ME, Eyers PA, Meuth M. DNA replication stress in CHK1-depleted tumour cells triggers premature (S-phase) mitosis through inappropriate activation of Aurora kinase B. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1253. [PMID: 24853431 PMCID: PMC4047883 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of DNA replication in cells triggers checkpoint responses that slow-down S-phase progression and protect replication fork integrity. These checkpoints are also determinants of cell fate and can help maintain cell viability or trigger cell death pathways. CHK1 has a pivotal role in such S-phase responses. It helps maintain fork integrity during replication stress and protects cells from several catastrophic fates including premature mitosis, premature chromosome condensation and apoptosis. Here we investigated the role of CHK1 in protecting cancer cells from premature mitosis and apoptosis. We show that premature mitosis (characterized by the induction of histone H3 phosphorylation, aberrant chromatin condensation, and persistent RPA foci in arrested S-phase cells) is induced in p53-deficient tumour cells depleted of CHK1 when DNA synthesis is disrupted. These events are accompanied by an activation of Aurora kinase B in S-phase cells that is essential for histone H3 Ser10 phosphorylation. Histone H3 phosphorylation precedes the induction of apoptosis in p53-/- tumour cell lines but does not appear to be required for this fate as an Aurora kinase inhibitor suppresses phosphorylation of both Aurora B and histone H3 but has little effect on cell death. In contrast, only a small fraction of p53+/+ tumour cells shows this premature mitotic response, although they undergo a more rapid and robust apoptotic response. Taken together, our results suggest a novel role for CHK1 in the control of Aurora B activation during DNA replication stress and support the idea that premature mitosis is a distinct cell fate triggered by the disruption of DNA replication when CHK1 function is suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zuazua-Villar
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sheffield, UK
| | - R Rodriguez
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M E Gagou
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sheffield, UK
| | - P A Eyers
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Meuth
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sheffield, UK
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1113
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Khair L, Guikema JE, Linehan EK, Ucher AJ, Leus NG, Ogilvie C, Lou Z, Schrader CE, Stavnezer J. ATM increases activation-induced cytidine deaminase activity at downstream S regions during class-switch recombination. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:4887-96. [PMID: 24729610 PMCID: PMC4049217 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates Ab class-switch recombination (CSR) in activated B cells resulting in exchanging the IgH C region and improved Ab effector function. During CSR, AID instigates DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation in switch (S) regions located upstream of C region genes. DSBs are necessary for CSR, but improper regulation of DSBs can lead to chromosomal translocations that can result in B cell lymphoma. The protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is an important proximal regulator of the DNA damage response (DDR), and translocations involving S regions are increased in its absence. ATM phosphorylates H2AX, which recruits other DNA damage response (DDR) proteins, including mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1 (Mdc1) and p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1), to sites of DNA damage. As these DDR proteins all function to promote repair and recombination of DSBs during CSR, we examined whether mouse splenic B cells deficient in these proteins would show alterations in S region DSBs when undergoing CSR. We find that in atm(-/-) cells Sμ DSBs are increased, whereas DSBs in downstream Sγ regions are decreased. We also find that mutations in the unrearranged Sγ3 segment are reduced in atm(-/-) cells. Our data suggest that ATM increases AID targeting and activity at downstream acceptor S regions during CSR and that in atm(-/-) cells Sμ DSBs accumulate as they lack a recombination partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyne Khair
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Jeroen E.J. Guikema
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Erin K. Linehan
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Anna J. Ucher
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Niek G.J. Leus
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Colin Ogilvie
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Zhenkun Lou
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Carol E. Schrader
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Janet Stavnezer
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
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1114
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Rashi-Elkeles S, Warnatz HJ, Elkon R, Kupershtein A, Chobod Y, Paz A, Amstislavskiy V, Sultan M, Safer H, Nietfeld W, Lehrach H, Shamir R, Yaspo ML, Shiloh Y. Parallel profiling of the transcriptome, cistrome, and epigenome in the cellular response to ionizing radiation. Sci Signal 2014; 7:rs3. [PMID: 24825921 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is a vast signaling network that is robustly activated by DNA double-strand breaks, the critical lesion induced by ionizing radiation (IR). Although much of this response operates at the protein level, a critical component of the network sustains many DDR branches by modulating the cellular transcriptome. Using deep sequencing, we delineated three layers in the transcriptional response to IR in human breast cancer cells: changes in the expression of genes encoding proteins or long noncoding RNAs, alterations in genomic binding by key transcription factors, and dynamics of epigenetic markers of active promoters and enhancers. We identified protein-coding and previously unidentified noncoding genes that were responsive to IR, and demonstrated that IR-induced transcriptional dynamics was mediated largely by the transcription factors p53 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and was primarily dependent on the kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). The resultant data set provides a rich resource for understanding a basic, underlying component of a critical cellular stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Rashi-Elkeles
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Hans-Jörg Warnatz
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ran Elkon
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ana Kupershtein
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yuliya Chobod
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Arnon Paz
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Vyacheslav Amstislavskiy
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Sultan
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hershel Safer
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Wilfried Nietfeld
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Lehrach
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ron Shamir
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Marie-Laure Yaspo
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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1115
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Wang FZ, Chang ZY, Fei HR, Yang MF, Yang XY, Sun BL. CCT128930 induces cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, and autophagy independent of Akt inhibition. Biochimie 2014; 103:118-25. [PMID: 24793486 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway plays an important role in tumor progression and anti-cancer drug resistance. The aim of the present study is to determine the antitumor effect of CCT128930, a novel small molecule inhibitor of Akt, in the HepG2 hepatoma cancer cells. Our results showed that at low concentrations, CCT128930 increased, but not inhibited, the phosphorylation of Akt in HepG2 and A549 cells. CCT128930 inhibited cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest in G1 phase through downregulation of cyclinD1 and Cdc25A, and upregulation of p21, p27 and p53. A higher dose (20 μM) of CCT128930 triggered cell apoptosis with activation of caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP. Treatment with CCT128930 increased phosphorylation of ERK and JNK in HepG2 cells. CCT128930 activated DNA damage response of HepG2 cell characterized by phosphorylation of H2AX, ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated), Chk1 and Chk2. Upon exposure to CCT128930 at a higher concentration, HepG2 cells exhibited autophagy was accompanied by an increase the levels of LC3-II and Beclin-1. Blocking autophagy using chloroquine magnified CCT128930-induced apoptotic cell death and the phosphorylation of H2AX. The results in this study have advanced our current understandings of the anti-cancer mechanisms of CCT128930 in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ze Wang
- School of Biological Science, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271016, PR China; Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, PR China
| | - Zheng-Yao Chang
- School of Biological Science, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271016, PR China
| | - Hong-Rong Fei
- School of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271016, PR China
| | - Ming-Feng Yang
- Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yang
- Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, PR China
| | - Bao-Liang Sun
- Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, PR China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, China.
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1116
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Chopra C, Davies G, Taylor M, Anderson M, Bainbridge S, Tighe P, McDermott EM. Immune deficiency in Ataxia-Telangiectasia: a longitudinal study of 44 patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 176:275-82. [PMID: 24387201 PMCID: PMC3992040 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T) is a genetic condition leading to neurological defects and immune deficiency. The nature of the immune deficiency is highly variable, and in some cases causes significant morbidity and mortality due to recurrent sinopulmonary infections. Although the neurological defects in A-T are progressive, the natural history of the immune deficiency in A-T has not been evaluated formally. In this study we analyse the clinical history and immunological data in 44 patients with A-T who attended the National Ataxia-Telangiectasia clinic in Nottingham between 2001 and 2011. Using patient medical records and Nottingham University Hospitals (NUH) National Health Service Trust medical IT systems, data regarding clinical history, use of immunoglobulin replacement therapy, total immunoglobulin levels, specific antibody levels and lymphocyte subset counts were obtained. T cell receptor spectratyping results in some patients were already available and, where possible, repeat blood samples were collected for analysis. This study shows that subtle quantitative changes in certain immunological parameters such as lymphocyte subset counts may occur in patients with A-T over time. However, in general, for the majority of patients the severity of immune deficiency (both clinically and in terms of immunological blood markers) does not seem to deteriorate significantly with time. This finding serves to inform the long-term management of this cohort of patients because, if recurrent respiratory tract infections present later in life, then other contributory factors (e.g. cough/swallowing difficulties, underlying lung disease) should be investigated aggressively. Our findings also offer some form of reassurance for parents of children with A-T, which is otherwise a progressively severely debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chopra
- Immunology Department, Queen's Medical CentreNottingham, UK
| | - G Davies
- Great Ormond Street Hospital and Institute of Child HealthLondon, UK
| | - M Taylor
- CR–UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of BirminghamBirmingham, UK
| | - M Anderson
- Royal Victoria InfirmaryNewcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - P Tighe
- University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
| | - E M McDermott
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS TrustNottingham, UK
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1117
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Inefficient Double-Strand Break Repair in Murine Rod Photoreceptors with Inverted Heterochromatin Organization. Curr Biol 2014; 24:1080-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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1118
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Shadel GS. Live longer on MARS: a yeast paradigm of mitochondrial adaptive ROS signaling in aging. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2014; 1:140-144. [PMID: 28357235 PMCID: PMC5354597 DOI: 10.15698/mic2014.05.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive responses to stress, including hormesis, have been implicated in longevity, but their mechanisms and outcomes are not fully understood. Here, I briefly summarize a longevity mechanism elucidated in the budding yeast chronological lifespan model by which Mitochondrial Adaptive ROS Signaling (MARS) promotes beneficial epigenetic and metabolic remodeling. The potential relevance of MARS to the human disease Ataxia-Telangiectasia and as a potential anti-aging target is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald S. Shadel
- Departments of Pathology and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine; New
Haven, CT 06437-8023, USA
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1119
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Jekimovs C, Bolderson E, Suraweera A, Adams M, O’Byrne KJ, Richard DJ. Chemotherapeutic compounds targeting the DNA double-strand break repair pathways: the good, the bad, and the promising. Front Oncol 2014; 4:86. [PMID: 24795863 PMCID: PMC4001069 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is a critical cellular mechanism that exists to ensure genomic stability. DNA DSBs are the most deleterious type of insult to a cell's genetic material and can lead to genomic instability, apoptosis, or senescence. Incorrectly repaired DNA DSBs have the potential to produce chromosomal translocations and genomic instability, potentially leading to cancer. The prevalence of DNA DSBs in cancer due to unregulated growth and errors in repair opens up a potential therapeutic window in the treatment of cancers. The cellular response to DNA DSBs is comprised of two pathways to ensure DNA breaks are repaired: homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining. Identifying chemotherapeutic compounds targeting proteins involved in these DNA repair pathways has shown promise as a cancer therapy for patients, either as a monotherapy or in combination with genotoxic drugs. From the beginning, there have been a number of chemotherapeutic compounds that have yielded successful responses in the clinic, a number that have failed (CGK-733 and iniparib), and a number of promising targets for future studies identified. This review looks in detail at how the cell responds to these DNA DSBs and investigates the chemotherapeutic avenues that have been and are currently being explored to target this repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jekimovs
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma Bolderson
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amila Suraweera
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark Adams
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kenneth J. O’Byrne
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Derek J. Richard
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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1120
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Oleson BJ, Broniowska KA, Schreiber KH, Tarakanova VL, Corbett JA. Nitric oxide induces ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein-dependent γH2AX protein formation in pancreatic β cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11454-11464. [PMID: 24610783 PMCID: PMC4036281 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.531228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of cytokines on the activation of the DNA double strand break repair factors histone H2AX (H2AX) and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) were examined in pancreatic β cells. We show that cytokines stimulate H2AX phosphorylation (γH2AX formation) in rat islets and insulinoma cells in a nitric oxide- and ATM-dependent manner. In contrast to the well documented role of ATM in DNA repair, ATM does not appear to participate in the repair of nitric oxide-induced DNA damage. Instead, nitric oxide-induced γH2AX formation correlates temporally with the onset of irreversible DNA damage and the induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, inhibition of ATM attenuates cytokine-induced caspase activation. These findings show that the formation of DNA double strand breaks correlates with ATM activation, irreversible DNA damage, and ATM-dependent induction of apoptosis in cytokine-treated β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryndon J Oleson
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | | | - Katherine H Schreiber
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Vera L Tarakanova
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226 and
| | - John A Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226.
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1121
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ZOU YUHUI, WANG QIONG, LI BINGLING, XIE BING, WANG WEIMIN. Temozolomide induces autophagy via ATM-AMPK-ULK1 pathways in glioma. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:411-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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1122
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Lin YF, Nagasawa H, Little JB, Kato TA, Shih HY, Xie XJ, Wilson Jr. PF, Brogan JR, Kurimasa A, Chen DJ, Bedford JS, Chen BPC. Differential radiosensitivity phenotypes of DNA-PKcs mutations affecting NHEJ and HRR systems following irradiation with gamma-rays or very low fluences of alpha particles. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93579. [PMID: 24714417 PMCID: PMC3979685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined cell-cycle dependence of chromosomal aberration induction and cell killing after high or low dose-rate γ irradiation in cells bearing DNA-PKcs mutations in the S2056 cluster, the T2609 cluster, or the kinase domain. We also compared sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) production by very low fluences of α-particles in DNA-PKcs mutant cells, and in homologous recombination repair (HRR) mutant cells including Rad51C, Rad51D, and Fancg/xrcc9. Generally, chromosomal aberrations and cell killing by γ-rays were similarly affected by mutations in DNA-PKcs, and these mutant cells were more sensitive in G1 than in S/G2 phase. In G1-irradiated DNA-PKcs mutant cells, both chromosome- and chromatid-type breaks and exchanges were in excess than wild-type cells. For cells irradiated in late S/G2 phase, mutant cells showed very high yields of chromatid breaks compared to wild-type cells. Few exchanges were seen in DNA-PKcs-null, Ku80-null, or DNA-PKcs kinase dead mutants, but exchanges in excess were detected in the S2506 or T2609 cluster mutants. SCE induction by very low doses of α-particles is resulted from bystander effects in cells not traversed by α-particles. SCE seen in wild-type cells was completely abolished in Rad51C- or Rad51D-deficient cells, but near normal in Fancg/xrcc9 cells. In marked contrast, very high levels of SCEs were observed in DNA-PKcs-null, DNA-PKcs kinase-dead and Ku80-null mutants. SCE induction was also abolished in T2609 cluster mutant cells, but was only slightly reduced in the S2056 cluster mutant cells. Since both non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and HRR systems utilize initial DNA lesions as a substrate, these results suggest the possibility of a competitive interference phenomenon operating between NHEJ and at least the Rad51C/D components of HRR; the level of interaction between damaged DNA and a particular DNA-PK component may determine the level of interaction of such DNA with a relevant HRR component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hatsumi Nagasawa
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John B. Little
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Takamitsu A. Kato
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Hung-Ying Shih
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xian-Jin Xie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul F. Wilson Jr.
- Department of Biosciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
| | - John R. Brogan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Akihiro Kurimasa
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - David J. Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Bedford
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Benjamin P. C. Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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1123
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Stagni V, Oropallo V, Fianco G, Antonelli M, Cinà I, Barilà D. Tug of war between survival and death: exploring ATM function in cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5388-409. [PMID: 24681585 PMCID: PMC4013570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase is a one of the main guardian of genome stability and plays a central role in the DNA damage response (DDR). The deregulation of these pathways is strongly linked to cancer initiation and progression as well as to the development of therapeutic approaches. These observations, along with reports that identify ATM loss of function as an event that may promote tumor initiation and progression, point to ATM as a bona fide tumor suppressor. The identification of ATM as a positive modulator of several signalling networks that sustain tumorigenesis, including oxidative stress, hypoxia, receptor tyrosine kinase and AKT serine-threonine kinase activation, raise the question of whether ATM function in cancer may be more complex. This review aims to give a complete overview on the work of several labs that links ATM to the control of the balance between cell survival, proliferation and death in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venturina Stagni
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Veronica Oropallo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Fianco
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Martina Antonelli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Irene Cinà
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela Barilà
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
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1124
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Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is a radiomimetic agent and induces persistent levels of DNA double-strand breaks in human fibroblasts. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 18:31-43. [PMID: 24680221 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is a unique genotoxin produced by several pathogenic bacteria. The tripartite protein toxin is internalized into mammalian cells via endocytosis followed by retrograde transport to the ER. Upon translocation into the nucleus, CDT catalyzes the formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) due to its intrinsic endonuclease activity. In the present study, we compared the DNA damage response (DDR) in human fibroblasts triggered by recombinant CDT to that of ionizing radiation (IR), a well-known DSB inducer. Furthermore, we dissected the pathways involved in the detection and repair of CDT-induced DNA lesions. qRT-PCR array-based mRNA and western blot analyses showed a partial overlap in the DDR pattern elicited by CDT and IR, with strong activation of both the ATM-Chk2 and the ATR-Chk1 axis. In line with its in vitro DNase I-like activity on plasmid DNA, neutral and alkaline Comet assay revealed predominant induction of DSBs in CDT-treated fibroblasts, whereas irradiation of cells generated higher amounts of SSBs and alkali-labile sites. Using confocal microscopy, the dynamics of the DSB surrogate marker γ-H2AX was monitored after pulse treatment with CDT or IR. In contrast to the fast induction and disappearance of γ-H2AX-foci observed in irradiated cells, the number of γ-H2AX-foci induced by CDT were formed with a delay and persisted. 53BP1 foci were also generated following CDT treatment and co-localized with γ-H2AX foci. We further demonstrated that ATM-deficient cells are very sensitive to CDT-induced DNA damage as reflected by increased cell death rates with concomitant cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP-1. Finally, we provided novel evidence that both homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) protect against CDT-elicited DSBs. In conclusion, the findings suggest that CDT functions as a radiomimetic agent and, therefore, is an attractive tool for selectively inducing persistent levels of DSBs and unveiling the associated cellular responses.
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1125
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Yeo AJ, Becherel OJ, Luff JE, Cullen JK, Wongsurawat T, Jenjaroenpoon P, Kuznetsov VA, McKinnon PJ, Lavin MF. R-loops in proliferating cells but not in the brain: implications for AOA2 and other autosomal recessive ataxias. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90219. [PMID: 24637776 PMCID: PMC3956458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the Setx gene, defective in ataxia oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2) leads to the accumulation of DNA/RNA hybrids (R-loops), failure of meiotic recombination and infertility in mice. We report here the presence of R-loops in the testes from other autosomal recessive ataxia mouse models, which correlate with fertility in these disorders. R-loops were coincident in cells showing high basal levels of DNA double strand breaks and in those cells undergoing apoptosis. Depletion of Setx led to high basal levels of R-loops and these were enhanced further by DNA damage both in vitro and in vivo in tissues with proliferating cells. There was no evidence for accumulation of R-loops in the brains of mice where Setx, Atm, Tdp1 or Aptx genes were disrupted. These data provide further evidence for genome destabilization as a consequence of disrupted transcription in the presence of DNA double strand breaks arising during DNA replication or recombination. They also suggest that R-loop accumulation does not contribute to the neurodegenerative phenotype in these autosomal recessive ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrey J. Yeo
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olivier J. Becherel
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - John E. Luff
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason K. Cullen
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Department of Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis, Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpoon
- Department of Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis, Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vladimir A. Kuznetsov
- Department of Genome and Gene Expression Data Analysis, Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter J. McKinnon
- Department of Genetics and Tumour Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Martin F. Lavin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Radiation Biology and Oncology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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1126
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Kuger S, Cörek E, Polat B, Kämmerer U, Flentje M, Djuzenova CS. Novel PI3K and mTOR Inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 Radiosensitizes Breast Cancer Cell Lines under Normoxic and Hypoxic Conditions. Breast Cancer (Auckl) 2014; 8:39-49. [PMID: 24678241 PMCID: PMC3964191 DOI: 10.4137/bcbcr.s13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we assessed, if the novel dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 radiosensitizes triple negative (TN) MDA-MB-231 and estrogen receptor (ER) positive MCF-7 cells to ionizing radiation under various oxygen conditions, simulating different microenvironments as occurring in the majority of breast cancers (BCs). Irradiation (IR) of BC cells cultivated in hypoxic conditions revealed increased radioresistance compared to normoxic controls. Treatment with NVP-BEZ235 completely circumvented this hypoxia-induced effects and radiosensitized normoxic, reoxygenated, and hypoxic cells to similar extents. Furthermore, NVP-BEZ235 treatment suppressed HIF-1α expression and PI3K/mTOR signaling, induced autophagy, and caused protracted DNA damage repair in both cell lines in all tested oxygen conditions. Moreover, after incubation with NVP-BEZ235, MCF-7 cells revealed depletion of phospho-AKT and considerable signs of apoptosis, which were significantly enhanced by radiation. Our findings clearly demonstrate that NVP-BEZ235 has a clinical relevant potential as a radiosensitizer in BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kuger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Emre Cörek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bülent Polat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kämmerer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Flentje
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cholpon S. Djuzenova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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1127
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Kong Q, Xie B, Li J, Huan Y, Huang T, Wei R, Lv J, Liu S, Liu Z. Identification and characterization of an oocyte factor required for porcine nuclear reprogramming. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6960-6968. [PMID: 24474691 PMCID: PMC3945357 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.543793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells can be induced by oocyte factors. Despite numerous attempts, the factors responsible for successful nuclear reprogramming remain elusive. In the present study, we found that porcine oocytes with the first polar body collected at 42 h of in vitro maturation had a stronger ability to support early development of cloned embryos than porcine oocytes with the first polar body collected at 33 h of in vitro maturation. To explore the key reprogramming factors responsible for the difference, we compared proteome signatures of the two groups of oocytes. 18 differentially expressed proteins between these two groups of oocytes were discovered by mass spectrometry (MS). Among these proteins, we especially focused on vimentin (VIM). A certain amount of VIM protein was stored in oocytes and accumulated during oocyte maturation, and maternal VIM was specifically incorporated into transferred somatic nuclei during nuclear reprogramming. When maternal VIM function was inhibited by anti-VIM antibody, the rate of cloned embryos developing to blastocysts was significantly lower than that of IgG antibody-injected embryos and non-injected embryos (12.24 versus 22.57 and 21.10%; p < 0.05), but the development of in vitro fertilization and parthenogenetic activation embryos was not affected. Furthermore, we found that DNA double strand breaks dramatically increased and that the p53 pathway was activated in cloned embryos when VIM function was inhibited. This study demonstrates that maternal VIM, as a genomic protector, is crucial for nuclear reprogramming in porcine cloned embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingran Kong
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bingteng Xie
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jingyu Li
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanjun Huan
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Tianqing Huang
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Renyue Wei
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiawei Lv
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shichao Liu
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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1128
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Abstract
The discovery of DNA repair defects in human syndromes, initially in xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) but later in many others, led to striking observations on the association of molecular defects and patients' clinical phenotypes. For example, patients with syndromes resulting from defective nucleotide excision repair (NER) or translesion synthesis (TLS) present high levels of skin cancer in areas exposed to sunlight. However, some defects in NER also lead to more severe symptoms, such as developmental and neurological impairment and signs of premature aging. Skin cancer in XP patients is clearly associated with increased mutagenesis and genomic instability, reflecting the defective repair of DNA lesions. By analogy, more severe symptoms observed in NER-defective patients have also been associated with defective repair, likely involving cell death after transcription blockage of damaged templates. Endogenously induced DNA lesions, particularly through oxidative stress, have been identified as responsible for these severe pathologies. However, this association is not that clear and alternative explanations have been proposed. Despite high levels of exposure to intense sunlight, patients from tropical countries receive little attention or care, which likely also reflects the lack of understanding of how DNA damage causes cancer and premature aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos FM Menck
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP,
Brazil
| | - Veridiana Munford
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP,
Brazil
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1129
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Singh VV, Dutta D, Ansari MA, Dutta S, Chandran B. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus induces the ATM and H2AX DNA damage response early during de novo infection of primary endothelial cells, which play roles in latency establishment. J Virol 2014; 88:2821-34. [PMID: 24352470 PMCID: PMC3958070 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03126-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The DNA damage response (DDR) that evolved to repair host cell DNA damage also recognizes viral DNA entering the nucleus during infections. Here, we investigated the modulation of DDR signaling during de novo infection of primary endothelial cells by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Phosphorylation of representative DDR-associated proteins, such as ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and H2AX, was induced as early as 30 min (0.5 h) postinfection and persisted during in vitro KSHV latency. Phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) colocalized at 30 min (0.5 h) with the KSHV genome entering the nuclei. Total H2AX protein levels also increased, and the increase was attributed to a decrease in degradative H2AX Lys48-linked polyubiquitination with a concomitant increase in Lys63-linked polyubiquitination that was shown to increase protein stability. ATM and H2AX phosphorylation and γH2AX nuclear foci were also induced by UV-inactivated KSHV, which ceased at later times of infection. Inhibition of ATM kinase activity by KU-55933 and H2AX knockdown by small interfering RNA significantly reduced the expression of the KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 (LANA-1; ORF73) and LANA-1 nuclear puncta. Knockdown of H2AX also resulted in a >80% reduction in the nuclear KSHV DNA copy numbers. Similar results were also observed in ATM-negative cells, although comparable levels of viral DNA entered ATM-negative and ATM-positive cell nuclei. In contrast, knockdown of CHK1 and CHK2 did not affect ORF73 expression. Collectively, these results demonstrate that KSHV induces ATM and H2AX, a selective arm of the DDR, for the establishment and maintenance of its latency during de novo infection of primary endothelial cells. IMPORTANCE Eukaryotic cells mount a DNA damage response (DDR) to sense and repair different types of cellular DNA damage. In addition, DDR also recognizes exogenous genetic material, such as the viral DNA genome entering the nucleus during infections. The present study was undertaken to determine whether de novo Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection modulates DDR. Our results demonstrate that early during de novo infection of primary endothelial cells, KSHV induces a selective arm of DDR signaling, such as the ATM kinase and its downstream target, H2AX, which are essential for KSHV's latent gene expression and the establishment of latency. These studies suggest that targeting ATM and H2AX could serve as an attractive strategy to block the establishment of KSHV latent infection and the associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Vikram Singh
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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1130
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Roset R, Inagaki A, Hohl M, Brenet F, Lafrance-Vanasse J, Lange J, Scandura JM, Tainer JA, Keeney S, Petrini JH. The Rad50 hook domain regulates DNA damage signaling and tumorigenesis. Genes Dev 2014; 28:451-62. [PMID: 24532689 PMCID: PMC3950343 DOI: 10.1101/gad.236745.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Mre11 complex (Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1) is a central component of the DNA damage response (DDR), governing both double-strand break repair and DDR signaling. Rad50 contains a highly conserved Zn(2+)-dependent homodimerization interface, the Rad50 hook domain. Mutations that inactivate the hook domain produce a null phenotype. In this study, we analyzed mutants with reduced hook domain function in an effort to stratify hook-dependent Mre11 complex functions. One of these alleles, Rad50(46), conferred reduced Zn(2+) affinity and dimerization efficiency. Homozygous Rad50(46/46) mutations were lethal in mice. However, in the presence of wild-type Rad50, Rad50(46) exerted a dominant gain-of-function phenotype associated with chronic DDR signaling. At the organismal level, Rad50(+/46) exhibited hydrocephalus, liver tumorigenesis, and defects in primitive hematopoietic and gametogenic cells. These outcomes were dependent on ATM, as all phenotypes were mitigated in Rad50(+/46) Atm(+/-) mice. These data reveal that the murine Rad50 hook domain strongly influences Mre11 complex-dependent DDR signaling, tissue homeostasis, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Roset
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Akiko Inagaki
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Marcel Hohl
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Fabienne Brenet
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Hematopoiesis, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Julien Lafrance-Vanasse
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Julian Lange
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Joseph M. Scandura
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Hematopoiesis, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - John A. Tainer
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - John H.J. Petrini
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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1131
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del Alcazar CRG, Gillam MC, Mukherjee B, Tomimatsu N, Gao X, Yan J, Xie XJ, Bachoo R, Li L, Habib AA, Burma S. Inhibition of DNA double-strand break repair by the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 as a strategy for radiosensitization of glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1235-48. [PMID: 24366691 PMCID: PMC3947495 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhibitors of the DNA damage response (DDR) have great potential for radiosensitization of numerous cancers, including glioblastomas, which are extremely radio- and chemoresistant brain tumors. Currently, there are no DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair inhibitors that have been successful in treating glioblastoma. Our laboratory previously demonstrated that the dual phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 can potently inhibit the two central DDR kinases, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), in vitro. Here, we tested whether NVP-BEZ235 could also inhibit ATM and DNA-PKcs in tumors in vivo and assessed its potential as a radio- and chemosensitizer in preclinical mouse glioblastoma models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The radiosensitizing effect of NVP-BEZ235 was tested by following tumor growth in subcutaneous and orthotopic glioblastoma models. Tumors were generated using the radioresistant U87-vIII glioma cell line and GBM9 neurospheres in nude mice. These tumors were then treated with ionizing radiation and/or NVP-BEZ235 and analyzed for DNA-PKcs and ATM activation, DSB repair inhibition, and attenuation of growth. RESULTS NVP-BEZ235 potently inhibited both DNA-PKcs and ATM kinases and attenuated the repair of ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage in tumors. This resulted in striking tumor radiosensitization, which extended the survival of brain tumor-bearing mice. Notably, tumors displayed a higher DSB-load when compared with normal brain tissue. NVP-BEZ235 also sensitized a subset of subcutaneous tumors to temozolomide, a drug routinely used concurrently with ionizing radiation for the treatment of glioblastoma. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that it may be possible to significantly improve glioblastoma therapy by combining ionizing radiation with potent and bioavailable DNA repair inhibitors such as NVP-BEZ235.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Molly Catherine Gillam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Bipasha Mukherjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Nozomi Tomimatsu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Xiaohuan Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jingsheng Yan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Xian-Jin Xie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Robert Bachoo
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Li Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX
| | - Amyn A. Habib
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX
| | - Sandeep Burma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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1132
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1133
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Behrens A, van Deursen JM, Rudolph KL, Schumacher B. Impact of genomic damage and ageing on stem cell function. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:201-7. [PMID: 24576896 PMCID: PMC4214082 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of stem cell function contributes to the progressive deterioration of tissue maintenance and repair with ageing. Evidence is mounting that age-dependent accumulation of DNA damage in both stem cells and cells that comprise the stem cell microenvironment are partly responsible for stem cell dysfunction with ageing. Here, we review the impact of the various types of DNA damage that accumulate with ageing on stem cell functionality, as well as the development of cancer. We discuss DNA-damage-induced cell intrinsic and extrinsic alterations that influence these processes, and review recent advances in understanding systemic adjustments to DNA damage and how they affect stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Behrens
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK, and the School of Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jan M van Deursen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - K Lenhard Rudolph
- Leibniz Institute of Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V., Jena, 07745, Germany, and the Research Group on Molecular Aging, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, and the Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Institute for Genetics, and Systems Biology of Cologne, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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1134
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Álvarez-Quilón A, Serrano-Benítez A, Ariel Lieberman J, Quintero C, Sánchez-Gutiérrez D, Escudero LM, Cortés-Ledesma F. ATM specifically mediates repair of double-strand breaks with blocked DNA ends. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3347. [PMID: 24572510 PMCID: PMC3948078 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia is caused by mutations in ATM and represents a paradigm for cancer predisposition and neurodegenerative syndromes linked to deficiencies in the DNA-damage response. The role of ATM as a key regulator of signalling following DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) has been dissected in extraordinary detail, but the impact of this process on DSB repair still remains controversial. Here we develop novel genetic and molecular tools to modify the structure of DSB ends and demonstrate that ATM is indeed required for efficient and accurate DSB repair, preventing cell death and genome instability, but exclusively when the ends are irreversibly blocked. We therefore identify the nature of ATM involvement in DSB repair, presenting blocked DNA ends as a possible pathogenic trigger of ataxia telangiectasia and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Álvarez-Quilón
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla (Departamento de Genética), Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Almudena Serrano-Benítez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla (Departamento de Genética), Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Jenna Ariel Lieberman
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla (Departamento de Genética), Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Cristina Quintero
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla (Departamento de Genética), Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Daniel Sánchez-Gutiérrez
- Instituto Biomedicina Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla (Departamento de Biología Celular), Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Luis M. Escudero
- Instituto Biomedicina Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla (Departamento de Biología Celular), Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Felipe Cortés-Ledesma
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla (Departamento de Genética), Sevilla 41092, Spain
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1135
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Liu L, Yim H, Choi JH, Kim ST, Jin Y, Lee SK. ATM kinase promotes both caspase-8 and caspase-9 activation during TNF-α-induced apoptosis of HeLa cells. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:929-35. [PMID: 24530529 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we show that atraxia telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM) activity is generally upregulated by different apoptotic stimuli, i.e. TNF-α, TRAIL, paclitaxel, or UV. Apoptotic progression is markedly attenuated by siATM-RNA through down regulation of caspase-8 and caspase-9 in parallel with decreases in FLIP-S (short form of cellular FLICE inhibitory protein) protein levels and Bid cleavage. In addition, ATM activity is upregulated through t-Cdc6 while caspase-8 and caspase-9 activities increase. Taken together, we suggest that ATM regulates caspase-8 activation by influencing levels of FLIP-S, ATM kinase activity is upregulated by t-Cdc6, and increased ATM activity plays an essential role in the amplification of apoptosis in TNF-α-stimulated HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhua Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lvshun Road Western Section, Dalian, 116044 Liaoning, China; Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Hyungshin Yim
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangrok-gu, Ansan, Kyeonggi-do 426-791, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Choi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Seung-Tak Kim
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Life Science, Jilin University, Jiefang Road, Changchun, China
| | - Seung Ki Lee
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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1136
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Havaki S, Kotsinas A, Chronopoulos E, Kletsas D, Georgakilas A, Gorgoulis VG. The role of oxidative DNA damage in radiation induced bystander effect. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:43-51. [PMID: 24530228 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) has been described as a double-edged sword, since it is used for diagnostic and therapeutic medical applications, and at the same time it is a well known human mutagen and carcinogen, causing wide-ranging chromosomal aberrations. It is nowadays accepted that the detrimental effects of IR are not restricted only in the irradiated cells, but also to non-irradiated bystander or even distant cells manifesting various biological effects. This review presents the role of oxidative stress in the induction of bystander effects referring to the types of the implicated oxidative DNA lesions, the contributing intercellular and intracellular stress mediators, the way they are transmitted from irradiated to bystander cells and finally, the complex role of the bystander effect in the therapeutic efficacy of radiation treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Havaki
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios Kotsinas
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandros Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, M13 9WL, UK.
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1137
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Palazzo L, Della Monica R, Visconti R, Costanzo V, Grieco D. ATM controls proper mitotic spindle structure. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1091-100. [PMID: 24553124 PMCID: PMC4013160 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recessive ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) syndrome is characterized by cerebellar degeneration, immunodeficiency, cancer susceptibility, premature aging, and insulin-resistant diabetes and is caused by loss of function of the ATM kinase, a member of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-like protein kinases (PIKKs) family. ATM plays a crucial role in the DNA damage response (DDR); however, the complexity of A-T features suggests that ATM may regulate other cellular functions. Here we show that ATM affects proper bipolar mitotic spindle structure independently of DNA damage. In addition, we find that in mitosis ATM forms a complex with the poly(ADP)ribose (PAR) polymerase Tankyrase (TNKS) 1, the spindle pole protein NuMA1, and breast cancer susceptibility protein BRCA1, another crucial DDR player. Our evidence indicates that the complex is required for efficient poly(ADP)ribosylation of NuMA1. We find further that a mutant NuMA1 version, non-phosphorylatable at potential ATM-dependent phosphorylation sites, is poorly PARylated and induces loss of spindle bipolarity. Our findings may help to explain crucial A-T features and provide further mechanistic rationale for TNKS inhibition in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Palazzo
- DMMBM; University of Naples “Federico II”; Naples, Italy
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate; Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Della Monica
- DMMBM; University of Naples “Federico II”; Naples, Italy
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate; Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Domenico Grieco
- DMMBM; University of Naples “Federico II”; Naples, Italy
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate; Naples, Italy
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1138
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Donehower LA. Insights into Wild-Type and Mutant p53 Functions Provided by Genetically Engineered Mice. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:715-27. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A. Donehower
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas 77030
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1139
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He F, Li G, Man L, Liu N. Association between X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 Arg194Trp polymorphism and prostate cancer risk. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:4041-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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1140
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Shang Z, Yu L, Lin YF, Matsunaga S, Shen CY, Chen BPC. DNA-PKcs activates the Chk2-Brca1 pathway during mitosis to ensure chromosomal stability. Oncogenesis 2014; 3:e85. [PMID: 24492479 PMCID: PMC3940919 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2013.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) is known to have a critical role in DNA double-strand break repair. We have previously reported that DNA-PKcs is activated when cells enter mitosis and functions in mitotic spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. Here we report that DNA-PKcs is the upstream regulator of the Chk2-Brca1 pathway, which impacts microtubule dynamics, kinetochore attachment and chromosomal segregation in mitosis. Downstream from Chk2, Brca1 promotes monoubiquitination of γ-tubulin to inhibit microtubule nucleation and growth. We found that DNA-PKcs is essential for mitotic Chk2 phosphorylation at Thr68. As in Chk2- and Brca1-deficient cells, loss of DNA-PKcs resulted in chromosome misalignment and lagging during anaphase owing to elevation in microtubule dynamics. Importantly, these mitotic aberrations in DNA-PKcs-defective cells were alleviated by the overexpression of phosphomimetic Chk2 or Brca1 mutant proteins but not their wild-type counterparts. Taken together, these results demonstrate that DNA-PKcs regulates mitotic spindle organization and chromosomal instability via the Chk2-Brca1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Shang
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - L Yu
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Y-F Lin
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - S Matsunaga
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - C-Y Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - B P C Chen
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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1141
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Abstract
DNA damage response genes play vital roles in the maintenance of a healthy genome. Defects in cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair genes, especially mutation or aberrant downregulation, are associated with a wide spectrum of human disease, including a predisposition to the development of neurodegenerative conditions and cancer. On the other hand, upregulation of DNA damage response and repair genes can also cause cancer, as well as increase resistance of cancer cells to DNA damaging therapy. In recent years, it has become evident that many of the genes involved in DNA damage repair have additional roles in tumorigenesis, most prominently by acting as transcriptional (co-)factors. Although defects in these genes are causally connected to tumor initiation, their role in tumor progression is more controversial and it seems to depend on tumor type. In some tumors like melanoma, cell cycle checkpoint/DNA repair gene upregulation is associated with tumor metastasis, whereas in a number of other cancers the opposite has been observed. Several genes that participate in the DNA damage response, such as RAD9, PARP1, BRCA1, ATM and TP53 have been associated with metastasis by a number of in vitro biochemical and cellular assays, by examining human tumor specimens by immunohistochemistry or by DNA genome-wide gene expression profiling. Many of these genes act as transcriptional effectors to regulate other genes implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer. Furthermore, they are aberrantly expressed in numerous human tumors and are causally related to tumorigenesis. However, whether the DNA damage repair function of these genes is required to promote metastasis or another activity is responsible (e.g., transcription control) has not been determined. Importantly, despite some compelling in vitro evidence, investigations are still needed to demonstrate the role of cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair genes in regulating metastatic phenotypes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos G. Broustas
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
| | - Howard B. Lieberman
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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1142
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Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis AL. Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 30:1412-37. [PMID: 24056714 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70031c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is a complex molecular process driven by diverse molecular pathways and biochemical events that are promoted by both environmental and genetic factors. Specifically, ageing is defined as a time-dependent decline of functional capacity and stress resistance, associated with increased chance of morbidity and mortality. These effects relate to age-related gradual accumulation of stressors that result in increasingly damaged biomolecules which eventually compromise cellular homeostasis. Nevertheless, the findings that genetic or diet interventions can increase lifespan in evolutionarily diverse organisms indicate that mortality can be postponed. Natural compounds represent an extraordinary inventory of high diversity structural scaffolds that can offer promising candidate chemical entities in the major healthcare challenge of increasing health span and/or delaying ageing. Herein, those natural compounds (either pure forms or extracts) that have been found to delay cellular senescence or in vivo ageing will be critically reviewed and summarized according to affected cellular signalling pathways. Moreover, the chemical structures of the identified natural compounds along with the profile of extracts related to their bioactive components will be presented and discussed. Finally, novel potential molecular targets for screening natural compounds for anti-ageing activity, as well as the idea that anti-ageing interventions represent a systemic approach that is also effective against age-related diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Argyropoulou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
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1143
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Beilschmidt LK, Puccio HM. Mammalian Fe-S cluster biogenesis and its implication in disease. Biochimie 2014; 100:48-60. [PMID: 24440636 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are inorganic cofactors that are ubiquitous and essential. Due to their chemical versatility, Fe-S clusters are implicated in a wide range of protein functions including mitochondrial respiration and DNA repair. Composed of iron and sulfur, they are sensible to oxygen and their biogenesis requires a highly conserved protein machinery that facilitates assembly of the cluster as well as its insertion into apoproteins. Mitochondria are the central cellular compartment for Fe-S cluster biogenesis in eukaryotic cells and the importance of proper function of this biogenesis for life is highlighted by a constantly increasing number of human genetic diseases that are associated with dysfunction of this Fe-S cluster biogenesis pathway. Although these disorders are rare and appear dissimilar, common aspects are found among them. This review will give an overview on what is known on mammalian Fe-S cluster biogenesis today, by putting it into the context of what is known from studies from lower model organisms, and focuses on the associated diseases, by drawing attention to the respective mutations. Finally, it outlines the importance of adequate cellular and murine models to uncover not only each protein function, but to resolve their role and requirement throughout the mammalian organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena K Beilschmidt
- Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Illkirch, France; Inserm, U596, Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Collège de France, Chaire de génétique humaine, Illkirch, France
| | - Hélène M Puccio
- Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Illkirch, France; Inserm, U596, Illkirch, France; CNRS, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Collège de France, Chaire de génétique humaine, Illkirch, France.
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1144
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Vecchio D, Daga A, Carra E, Marubbi D, Baio G, Neumaier CE, Vagge S, Corvò R, Pia Brisigotti M, Louis Ravetti J, Zunino A, Poggi A, Mascelli S, Raso A, Frosina G. Predictability, efficacy and safety of radiosensitization of glioblastoma-initiating cells by the ATM inhibitor KU-60019. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:479-91. [PMID: 24443327 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that pharmacological inhibition of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein sensitizes glioblastoma-initiating cells (GICs) to ionizing radiation (IR). Herein, we report the experimental conditions to overcome GIC radioresistance in vitro using the specific ATM inhibitor KU-60019, two major determinants of the tumor response to this drug and the absence of toxicity of this treatment in vitro and in vivo. Repeated treatments with KU-60019 followed by IR substantially delayed GIC proliferation in vitro and even eradicated radioresistant cells, whereas GIC treated with vehicle plus radiation recovered early and expanded. The tumor response to the drug occurred under a cutoff level of expression of TP53 and over a cutoff level of expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). No increased clastogenicity or point mutagenicity was induced by KU-60019 plus radiation when compared to vehicle plus radiation. No significant histological changes to the brain or other organs were observed after prolonged infusion into the brain of KU-60019 at millimolar concentrations. Taken together, these findings suggest that GIC-driven tumors with low expression of TP53 and high expression of PI3K might be effectively and safely radiosensitized by KU-60019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Vecchio
- Mutagenesis Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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1145
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Bélanger F, Rajotte V, Drobetsky EA. A majority of human melanoma cell lines exhibits an S phase-specific defect in excision of UV-induced DNA photoproducts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85294. [PMID: 24416382 PMCID: PMC3885708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that efficient removal of highly-promutagenic UV-induced dipyrimidine photoproducts via nucleotide excision repair (NER) is required for protection against sunlight-associated malignant melanoma. Nonetheless, the extent to which reduced NER capacity might contribute to individual melanoma susceptibility in the general population remains unclear. Here we show that among a panel of 14 human melanoma strains, 11 exhibit significant inhibition of DNA photoproduct removal during S phase relative to G0/G1 or G2/M. Evidence is presented that this cell cycle-specific NER defect correlates with enhanced apoptosis and reduced clonogenic survival following UV irradiation. In addition, melanoma strains deficient in S phase-specific DNA photoproduct removal manifest significantly lower levels of phosphorylated histone H2AX at 1 h post-UV, suggesting diminished activation of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad 3-related (ATR) kinase, i.e., a primary orchestrator of the cellular response to UV-induced DNA replication stress. Consistently, in the case of DNA photoproduct excision-proficient melanoma cells, siRNA-mediated depletion of ATR (but not of its immediate downstream effector kinase Chk1) engenders deficient NER specifically during S. On the other hand simultaneous siRNA-mediated depletion of ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM) and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) exerts no significant effect on either phosphorylation of H2AX at 1 h post-UV or the efficiency of DNA photoproduct removal. Our data suggest that defective NER exclusively during S phase, possibly associated with decreased ATR signaling, may constitute an heretofore unrecognized determinant in melanoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bélanger
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent Rajotte
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elliot A. Drobetsky
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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1146
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Bruhn C, Zhou ZW, Ai H, Wang ZQ. The essential function of the MRN complex in the resolution of endogenous replication intermediates. Cell Rep 2014; 6:182-95. [PMID: 24388752 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The MRN complex (Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1) is important in double-strand break (DSB) recognition, end resection, replication fork stabilization, and ATM and ATR activation. Complete deletion of MRN is incompatible with cell and organism life, presumably due to replication-born DSBs; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. We devised a noninvasive high-content assay, termed high-content microscopy-assisted cell-cycle phenotyping (hiMAC), to investigate the fate of cells lacking Nbs1. Surprisingly, deletion of Nbs1 does not kill cells during replication. The primary lesions in Nbs1-deleted cells are replication intermediates that result from defective resolution rather than fork destabilization. These lesions are converted to DSBs in the subsequent G2 phase, which subsequently activate Chk1, delay G2 progression, and lead to chromosome instability. Nbs1-deleted cells establish a DSB equilibrium that permits cell cycling but activates p53, causing G1 and G2 arrest, and cell death. Thus, we identify a physiological role of Nbs1 in the resolution of stalled replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bruhn
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhou
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Haiyan Ai
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena 07745, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany.
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1147
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Marcus A, Gowen BG, Thompson TW, Iannello A, Ardolino M, Deng W, Wang L, Shifrin N, Raulet DH. Recognition of tumors by the innate immune system and natural killer cells. Adv Immunol 2014; 122:91-128. [PMID: 24507156 PMCID: PMC4228931 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800267-4.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, roles of the immune system in immune surveillance of cancer have been explored using a variety of approaches. The roles of the adaptive immune system have been a major emphasis, but increasing evidence supports a role for innate immune effector cells such as natural killer (NK) cells in tumor surveillance. Here, we discuss some of the evidence for roles in tumor surveillance of innate immune cells. In particular, we focus on NK cells and other immune cells that express germline-encoded receptors, often labeled NK receptors. The impact of these receptors and the cells that express them on tumor suppression is summarized. We discuss in detail some of the pathways and events in tumor cells that induce or upregulate cell-surface expression of the ligands for these receptors, and the logic of how those pathways serve to identify malignant, or potentially malignant cells. How tumors often evade tumor suppression mediated by innate killer cells is another major subject of the review. We end with a discussion on some of the implications of the various findings with respect to possible therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Marcus
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Benjamin G Gowen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Thornton W Thompson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Alexandre Iannello
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Weiwen Deng
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Nataliya Shifrin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - David H Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
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1148
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Dai Y, Wang X, Ding Z, Dai D, Mehta JL. DPP-4 inhibitors repress foam cell formation by inhibiting scavenger receptors through protein kinase C pathway. Acta Diabetol 2014; 51:471-8. [PMID: 24363097 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-013-0541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Studies show that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors may have an anti-atherosclerotic effect. Since foam cells are key components of atherosclerotic plaque, we studied the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on foam cell formation. Foam cell formation was studied by treatment of THP-1 macrophages with oxidized low-density lipoprotein in the absence or presence of DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin and NVPDPP728). The expression of scavenger receptors SRA, CD36 and LOX-1 was measured, and their role in foam cell formation in the presence of DPP-4 inhibitors was examined. In additional studies, role of protein kinase C and A in the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors was examined. Foam cell formation was markedly reduced by both DPP-4 inhibitors, as was the expression of CD36 and LOX-1 (CD36 ≫ LOX-1), but not SRA. Simultaneously, there was a reduction in phosphorylated PKC, but not PKA, content. Recovery of phosphorylated PKC following treatment of cells negated the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on foam cell formation. Further, overexpression of CD36 or LOX-1 blocked the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on foam cell formation. DPP-4 inhibitors repress foam cell formation through the inhibition of SRs CD36 and LOX-1, most likely via the inhibition of PKC activity. This study provides novel insights into the mechanism of inhibition of atherosclerosis by DPP-4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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1149
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Interplay between the cell cycle and double-strand break response in mammalian cells. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1170:41-59. [PMID: 24906308 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0888-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle is intimately associated with the ability of cells to sense and respond to and repair DNA damage. Understanding how cell cycle progression, particularly DNA replication and cell division, are regulated and how DNA damage can affect these processes has been the subject of intense research. Recent evidence suggests that the repair of DNA damage is regulated by the cell cycle, and that cell cycle factors are closely associated with repair factors and participate in cellular decisions regarding how to respond to and repair damage. Precise regulation of cell cycle progression in the presence of DNA damage is essential to maintain genomic stability and avoid the accumulation of chromosomal aberrations that can promote tumor formation. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of how mammalian cells induce cell cycle checkpoints in response to DNA double-strand breaks. In addition, we discuss how cell cycle factors modulate DNA repair pathways to facilitate proper repair of DNA lesions.
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1150
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Ehrlich LA, Yang-Iott K, Bassing CH. Tcrδ translocations that delete the Bcl11b haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene promote atm-deficient T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:3076-82. [PMID: 25486566 PMCID: PMC4615123 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.949144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ATM is the master regulator of the cellular response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Deficiency of ATM predisposes humans and mice to αβ T lymphoid cancers with clonal translocations between the T cell receptor (TCR) α/δ locus and a 450 kb region of synteny on human chromosome 14 and mouse chromosome 12. While these translocations target and activate the TCL1 oncogene at 14q32 to cause T cell pro-lymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), the TCRα/δ;14q32 translocations in ATM-deficient T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) have not been characterized and their role in cancer pathogenesis remains unknown. The corresponding lesion in Atm-deficient mouse T-ALLs is a chromosome t(12;14) translocation with Tcrδ genes fused to sequences on chromosome 12; although these translocations do not activate Tcl1, they delete the Bcl11b haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene. To assess whether Tcrδ translocations that inactivate one copy of Bcl11b promote transformation of Atm-deficient cells, we analyzed Atm(-/-) mice with mono-allelic Bcl11b deletion initiating in thymocytes concomitant with Tcrδ recombination. Inactivation of one Bcl11b copy had no effect on the predisposition of Atm(-/-) mice to clonal T-ALLs. Yet, none of these T-ALLs had a clonal chromosome t(12;14) translocation that deleted Bcl11b indicating that Tcrδ translocations that inactivate a copy of Bcl11b promote transformation of Atm-deficient thymocytes. Our data demonstrate that antigen receptor locus translocations can cause cancer by deleting a tumor suppressor gene. We discuss the implications of these findings for the etiology and therapy of T-ALLs associated with ATM deficiency and TCRα/δ translocations targeting the 14q32 cytogenetic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Ehrlich
- Division of Oncology; Department of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Center for Childhood Cancer Research; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Katherine Yang-Iott
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Center for Childhood Cancer Research; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Craig H Bassing
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Center for Childhood Cancer Research; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia, PA USA
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
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