1151
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Shan M, Lin S, Li S, Du Y, Zhao H, Hong H, Yang M, Yang X, Wu Y, Ren L, Peng J, Sun J, Zhou H, Su B. TIR-Domain-Containing Adapter-Inducing Interferon-β (TRIF) Is Essential for MPTP-Induced Dopaminergic Neuroprotection via Microglial Cell M1/M2 Modulation. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:35. [PMID: 28275337 PMCID: PMC5319955 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic changes of two phenotypes of microglia, M1 and M2, are critically associated with the neurodegeneration of Parkinson's disease. However, the regulation of the M1/M2 paradigm is still unclear. In the MPTP induced neurodegeneration model, we examined the concentration of dopamine (DA) related metabolites and the survival of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive cells in WT and Trif−/− mice. In in vitro experiments, MN9D cells were co-cultured with BV2 cells to mimic the animal experiments. Inhibition of TRIF aggravated TH+ cell loss, and DA-related metabolites decreased. TRIF inhibition was able to interrupt the microglial M1/M2 dynamic transformation. More BV2 cells were activated and migrated across the membrane of transwell plates by siTRIF treatment. Also, TRIF interruption inhibits the transformation of BV2 cells from the M1 to M2 phenotype which played a beneficial role in neuronal degenerative processes, and increased MN9D apoptosis. Moreover, MPP+ treatment decreases the (DAT) dopamine transporter and TH synthesis by MN9D. Taken together, the current results suggest that TRIF plays a key switch function in contributing to the microglial M1/M2 phenotype dynamic transformation. The interruption of TRIF may decrease the survival of MN9D cells as well as DAT and TH protein production. The current study sheds some light on the PD mechanism research by innate inflammation regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Shan
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical CollegeChengdu, China; Department of Clinical Pathology, Nanyang Central HospitalNangyang, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College Chengdu, China
| | - Shurong Li
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical CollegeChengdu, China; Research Center, Chengdu Medical College Infertility HospitalChengdu, China
| | - Yuchen Du
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College Chengdu, China
| | - Haixia Zhao
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College Chengdu, China
| | - Huarong Hong
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College Chengdu, China
| | - Yongmei Wu
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College Chengdu, China
| | - Liyi Ren
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College Chengdu, China
| | - Jiali Peng
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College Chengdu, China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College Chengdu, China
| | - Bingyin Su
- Development and Regeneration Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Department of Pathology, Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical CollegeChengdu, China; Research Center, Chengdu Medical College Infertility HospitalChengdu, China
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1152
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Hu MM, Shu HB. Multifaceted roles of TRIM38 in innate immune and inflammatory responses. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:331-338. [PMID: 28194022 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) proteins represent the largest E3 ubiquitin ligase family. The multifaceted roles of TRIM38 in innate immunity and inflammation have been intensively investigated in recent years. TRIM38 is essential for cytosolic RNA or DNA sensor-mediated innate immune responses to both RNA and DNA viruses, while negatively regulating TLR3/4- and TNF/IL-1β-triggered inflammatory responses. In these processes, TRIM38 acts as an E3 ubiquitin or SUMO ligase, which targets key cellular signaling components, or as an enzymatic activity-independent regulator. This review summarizes recent advances that highlight the critical roles of TRIM38 in the regulation of proper innate immune and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Hu
- Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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1153
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Almine JF, O'Hare CAJ, Dunphy G, Haga IR, Naik RJ, Atrih A, Connolly DJ, Taylor J, Kelsall IR, Bowie AG, Beard PM, Unterholzner L. IFI16 and cGAS cooperate in the activation of STING during DNA sensing in human keratinocytes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14392. [PMID: 28194029 PMCID: PMC5316833 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many human cells can sense the presence of exogenous DNA during infection though the cytosolic DNA receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which produces the second messenger cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP). Other putative DNA receptors have been described, but whether their functions are redundant, tissue-specific or integrated in the cGAS-cGAMP pathway is unclear. Here we show that interferon-γ inducible protein 16 (IFI16) cooperates with cGAS during DNA sensing in human keratinocytes, as both cGAS and IFI16 are required for the full activation of an innate immune response to exogenous DNA and DNA viruses. IFI16 is also required for the cGAMP-induced activation of STING, and interacts with STING to promote STING phosphorylation and translocation. We propose that the two DNA sensors IFI16 and cGAS cooperate to prevent the spurious activation of the type I interferon response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F. Almine
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Craig A. J. O'Hare
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Gillian Dunphy
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Ismar R. Haga
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Rangeetha J. Naik
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Abdelmadjid Atrih
- Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Dympna J. Connolly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jordan Taylor
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ian R. Kelsall
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Andrew G. Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Philippa M. Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Leonie Unterholzner
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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1154
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IFI16 is required for DNA sensing in human macrophages by promoting production and function of cGAMP. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14391. [PMID: 28186168 PMCID: PMC5309897 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune activation by macrophages is an essential part of host defence against infection. Cytosolic recognition of microbial DNA in macrophages leads to induction of interferons and cytokines through activation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Other host factors, including interferon-gamma inducible factor 16 (IFI16), have been proposed to contribute to immune activation by DNA. However, their relation to the cGAS-STING pathway is not clear. Here, we show that IFI16 functions in the cGAS-STING pathway on two distinct levels. Depletion of IFI16 in macrophages impairs cGAMP production on DNA stimulation, whereas overexpression of IFI16 amplifies the function of cGAS. Furthermore, IFI16 is vital for the downstream signalling stimulated by cGAMP, facilitating recruitment and activation of TANK-binding kinase 1 in STING complex. Collectively, our results suggest that IFI16 is essential for efficient sensing and signalling upon DNA challenge in macrophages to promote interferons and antiviral responses. The role of IFI16 as a DNA sensor is highly controversial. With support from a Nature Communications back-to-back publication from Almine et al. the authors here provide functional evidence that IFI16 is required for DNA sensing via the cGAS-STING pathway in human macrophages.
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1155
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Hsia HC, Hutti JE, Baldwin AS. Cytosolic DNA Promotes Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) Phosphorylation by TANK-binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) to Restrain STAT3 Activity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5405-5417. [PMID: 28188292 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.771964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA can elicit beneficial as well as undesirable immune responses. For example, viral or microbial DNA triggers cell-intrinsic immune responses to defend against infections, whereas aberrant cytosolic accumulation of self-DNA results in pathological conditions, such as autoimmunity. Given the importance of these DNA-provoked responses, a better understanding of their molecular mechanisms is needed. Cytosolic DNA engages stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to activate TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which subsequently phosphorylates the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) to promote interferon expression. Recent studies have reported that additional transcription factors, including nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), are also activated by cytosolic DNA, suggesting that cytosolic DNA-induced gene expression is orchestrated by multiple factors. Here we show that cytosolic DNA activates STAT3, another member of the STAT family, via an autocrine mechanism involving interferon β (IFNβ) and IL-6. Additionally, we observed a novel cytosolic DNA-induced phosphorylation at serine 754 in the transactivation domain of STAT3. Upon cytosolic DNA stimulation, Ser754 is directly phosphorylated by TBK1 in a STING-dependent manner. Moreover, Ser754 phosphorylation inhibits cytosolic DNA-induced STAT3 transcriptional activity and selectively reduces STAT3 target genes that are up-regulated in response to cytosolic DNA. Taken together, our results suggest that cytosolic DNA-induced STAT3 activation via IFNβ and IL-6 is restrained by Ser754 phosphorylation of STAT3. Our findings reveal a new signaling axis downstream of the cytosolic DNA pathway and suggest potential interactions between innate immune responses and STAT3-driven oncogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ching Hsia
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and.,the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jessica E Hutti
- the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Albert S Baldwin
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and .,the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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1156
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Zhang Y, Su SS, Zhao S, Yang Z, Zhong CQ, Chen X, Cai Q, Yang ZH, Huang D, Wu R, Han J. RIP1 autophosphorylation is promoted by mitochondrial ROS and is essential for RIP3 recruitment into necrosome. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14329. [PMID: 28176780 PMCID: PMC5309790 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a type of programmed cell death with great significance in many pathological processes. Tumour necrosis factor-α(TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, is a prototypic trigger of necroptosis. It is known that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote necroptosis, and that kinase activity of receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1) is required for TNF-induced necroptosis. However, how ROS function and what RIP1 phosphorylates to promote necroptosis are largely unknown. Here we show that three crucial cysteines in RIP1 are required for sensing ROS, and ROS subsequently activates RIP1 autophosphorylation on serine residue 161 (S161). The major function of RIP1 kinase activity in TNF-induced necroptosis is to autophosphorylate S161. This specific phosphorylation then enables RIP1 to recruit RIP3 and form a functional necrosome, a central controller of necroptosis. Since ROS induction is known to require necrosomal RIP3, ROS therefore function in a positive feedback circuit that ensures effective induction of necroptosis. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote necroptosis and the receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1) is a key player in this form of cell death. Here, the authors show that cysteine residues in RIP1 sense ROS and oxidation of the cysteines triggers RIP1 autophosphorylation, which promotes functional necrosome formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Sheng Sean Su
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Shubo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zhentao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Chuan-Qi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Qixu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zhang-Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Deli Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jiahuai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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1157
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Heinson AI, Gunawardana Y, Moesker B, Hume CCD, Vataga E, Hall Y, Stylianou E, McShane H, Williams A, Niranjan M, Woelk CH. Enhancing the Biological Relevance of Machine Learning Classifiers for Reverse Vaccinology. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020312. [PMID: 28157153 PMCID: PMC5343848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse vaccinology (RV) is a bioinformatics approach that can predict antigens with protective potential from the protein coding genomes of bacterial pathogens for subunit vaccine design. RV has become firmly established following the development of the BEXSERO® vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B. RV studies have begun to incorporate machine learning (ML) techniques to distinguish bacterial protective antigens (BPAs) from non-BPAs. This research contributes significantly to the RV field by using permutation analysis to demonstrate that a signal for protective antigens can be curated from published data. Furthermore, the effects of the following on an ML approach to RV were also assessed: nested cross-validation, balancing selection of non-BPAs for subcellular localization, increasing the training data, and incorporating greater numbers of protein annotation tools for feature generation. These enhancements yielded a support vector machine (SVM) classifier that could discriminate BPAs (n = 200) from non-BPAs (n = 200) with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.787. In addition, hierarchical clustering of BPAs revealed that intracellular BPAs clustered separately from extracellular BPAs. However, no immediate benefit was derived when training SVM classifiers on data sets exclusively containing intra- or extracellular BPAs. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that ML classifiers have great utility in RV approaches and will lead to new subunit vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley I Heinson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | | | - Bastiaan Moesker
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Carmen C Denman Hume
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Department of Pathogen Molecular BiologyLondon WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Elena Vataga
- Solutions, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Yper Hall
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK.
| | - Elena Stylianou
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Ann Williams
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK.
| | - Mahesan Niranjan
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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1158
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Phosphorylation-Dependent Feedback Inhibition of RIG-I by DAPK1 Identified by Kinome-wide siRNA Screening. Mol Cell 2017; 65:403-415.e8. [PMID: 28132841 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-autonomous induction of type I interferon must be stringently regulated. Rapid induction is key to control virus infection, whereas proper limitation of signaling is essential to prevent immunopathology and autoimmune disease. Using unbiased kinome-wide RNAi screening followed by thorough validation, we identified 22 factors that regulate RIG-I/IRF3 signaling activity. We describe a negative-feedback mechanism targeting RIG-I activity, which is mediated by death associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1). RIG-I signaling triggers DAPK1 kinase activation, and active DAPK1 potently inhibits RIG-I stimulated IRF3 activity and interferon-beta production. DAPK1 phosphorylates RIG-I in vitro at previously reported as well as other sites that limit 5'ppp-dsRNA sensing and virtually abrogate RIG-I activation.
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1159
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Kang H, Liu D, Tian J, Hu X, Zhang X, Yin H, Wu H, Liu C, Guo D, Li Z, Jiang Q, Liu J, Qu L. Feline Panleucopenia Virus NS2 Suppresses the Host IFN-β Induction by Disrupting the Interaction between TBK1 and STING. Viruses 2017; 9:v9010023. [PMID: 28125002 PMCID: PMC5294992 DOI: 10.3390/v9010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline panleucopenia virus (FPV) is a highly infectious pathogen that causes severe diseases in pets, economically important animals and wildlife in China. Although FPV was identified several years ago, little is known about how it overcomes the host innate immunity. In the present study, we demonstrated that infection with the FPV strain Philips-Roxane failed to activate the interferon β (IFN-β) pathway but could antagonize the induction of IFN stimulated by Sendai virus (SeV) in F81 cells. Subsequently, by screening FPV nonstructural and structural proteins, we found that only nonstructural protein 2 (NS2) significantly suppressed IFN expression. We demonstrated that the inhibition of SeV-induced IFN-β production by FPV NS2 depended on the obstruction of the IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) signaling pathway. Further, we verified that NS2 was able to target the serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1 and prevent it from being recruited by stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein, which disrupted the phosphorylation of the downstream protein IRF3. Finally, we identified that the C-terminus plus the coiled coil domain are the key domains of NS2 that are required for inhibiting the IFN pathway. Our study has yielded strong evidence for the FPV mechanisms that counteract the host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Kang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Dafei Liu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Jin Tian
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Xiaoliang Hu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Xiaozhan Zhang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Hang Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Hongxia Wu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Chunguo Liu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Dongchun Guo
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Zhijie Li
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Qian Jiang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Jiasen Liu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150000, China.
| | - Liandong Qu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 678 Haping road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150000, China.
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1160
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Disease-associated mutations identify a novel region in human STING necessary for the control of type I interferon signaling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:543-552.e5. [PMID: 28087229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gain-of-function mutations in transmembrane protein 173 (TMEM173) encoding stimulator of interferon genes (STING) underlie a recently described type I interferonopathy called STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI). OBJECTIVES We sought to define the molecular and cellular pathology relating to 3 individuals variably exhibiting the core features of the SAVI phenotype including systemic inflammation, destructive skin lesions, and interstitial lung disease. METHODS Genetic analysis, conformational studies, in vitro assays and ex vivo flow-cytometry were performed. RESULTS Molecular and in vitro data demonstrate that the pathology in these patients is due to amino acid substitutions at positions 206, 281, and 284 of the human STING protein. These mutations confer cGAMP-independent constitutive activation of type I interferon signaling through TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase), independent from the alternative STING pathway triggered by membrane fusion of enveloped RNA viruses. This constitutive activation was abrogated by ex vivo treatment with the janus kinase 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib. CONCLUSIONS Structural analysis indicates that the 3 disease-associated mutations at positions 206, 281, and 284 of the STING protein define a novel cluster of amino acids with functional importance in the regulation of type I interferon signaling.
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1161
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Li X, Yang M, Yu Z, Tang S, Wang L, Cao X, Chen T. The tyrosine kinase Src promotes phosphorylation of the kinase TBK1 to facilitate type I interferon production after viral infection. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/460/eaae0435. [PMID: 28049762 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aae0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are activated in response to viral infection to stimulate the production of type I interferons (IFNs). However, central to the responses of all of these receptors is their activation of the kinase TBK1, which stimulates transcription by IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). We investigated the mechanism by which the kinase activity of TBK1 is stimulated in response to viral infection. We found that the tyrosine kinase Src promoted the phosphorylation of TBK1 on Tyr179 upon viral infection of RAW264.7 macrophages. Mutation of Tyr179 to alanine resulted in impaired autophosphorylation of TBK1 at Ser172, which is required for TBK1 activation. The TBK1 Y179A mutant failed to rescue type I IFN production by virally infected RAW264.7 macrophages deficient in TBK1. Pharmacological inhibition of Src with AZD0530 and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9-mediated knockout of Src demonstrated that Src was critical for activating the TBK1-IRF3 pathway and stimulating type I IFN production. However, Src did not directly bind to recombinant TBK1 in vitro but instead bound to the proline-X-X-proline motifs within key PRR adaptor proteins, such as TRIF, MAVS, and STING, which formed complexes with TBK1 after PRR engagement. Together, our data suggest that Src is the major tyrosine kinase that primes TBK1 for autophosphorylation and activation, thus providing mechanistic insights into the regulation of TBK1 activity by various PRRs as part of the innate antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingjin Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhou Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Songqing Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology and Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Taoyong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology and Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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1163
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Pépin G, Gantier MP. cGAS-STING Activation in the Tumor Microenvironment and Its Role in Cancer Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1024:175-194. [PMID: 28921470 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5987-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING) is a key mediator in the immune response to cytoplasmic DNA sensed by cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). After synthesis by cGAS, cGAMP acts as a second messenger activating STING in the cell harboring cytoplasmic DNA but also in adjacent cells through gap junction transfer. While the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in pathogen detection is now well established, its importance in cancer immunity has only recently started to emerge. Nonetheless, STING appears to be an essential component in the recruitment of immune cells to the tumor microenvironment, which is paramount to immune clearance of the tumor. This review presents an overview of the growing literature around the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in the tumor microenvironment, with a specific focus on the role that cancer cells may play in the direct activation of this pathway, and its amplification through cell-cell transfer of cGAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Pépin
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
| | - Michael P Gantier
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
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1164
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Corrales L, Matson V, Flood B, Spranger S, Gajewski TF. Innate immune signaling and regulation in cancer immunotherapy. Cell Res 2017; 27:96-108. [PMID: 27981969 PMCID: PMC5223230 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A pre-existing T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment has prognostic utility and also can be predictive for response to contemporary cancer immunotherapies. The generation of a spontaneous T cell response against tumor-associated antigens depends on innate immune activation, which drives type I interferon (IFN) production. Recent work has revealed a major role for the STING pathway of cytosolic DNA sensing in this process. This cascade of events contributes to the activation of Batf3-lineage dendritic cells (DCs), which appear to be central to anti-tumor immunity. Non-T cell-inflamed tumors lack chemokines for Batf3 DC recruitment, have few Batf3 DCs, and lack a type I IFN gene signature, suggesting that failed innate immune activation may be the ultimate cause for lack of spontaneous T cell activation and accumulation. With this information in hand, new strategies for triggering innate immune activation and Batf3 DC recruitment are being developed, including novel STING agonists for de novo immune priming. Ultimately, the successful development of effective innate immune activators should expand the fraction of patients that can respond to immunotherapies, such as with checkpoint blockade antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Corrales
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Vyara Matson
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Blake Flood
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Stefani Spranger
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Thomas F Gajewski
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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1165
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Si Y, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Zhou R, Zhang Y, Hao D, Yan D. Posttranslational Modification Control of Inflammatory Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1024:37-61. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5987-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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1166
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Gasteiger G, D'Osualdo A, Schubert DA, Weber A, Bruscia EM, Hartl D. Cellular Innate Immunity: An Old Game with New Players. J Innate Immun 2016; 9:111-125. [PMID: 28006777 DOI: 10.1159/000453397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is a rapidly evolving field with novel cell types and molecular pathways being discovered and paradigms changing continuously. Innate and adaptive immune responses are traditionally viewed as separate from each other, but emerging evidence suggests that they overlap and mutually interact. Recently discovered cell types, particularly innate lymphoid cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, are gaining increasing attention. Here, we summarize and highlight current concepts in the field, focusing on innate immune cells as well as the inflammasome and DNA sensing which appear to be critical for the activation and orchestration of innate immunity, and may provide novel therapeutic opportunities for treating autoimmune, autoinflammatory, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gasteiger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg, Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
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1167
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Abstract
The female reproductive tract (FRT) is a major site for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. There currently exists a poor understanding of how the innate immune system is activated upon HIV transmission and how this activation may affect systemic spread of HIV from the FRT. However, multiple mechanisms for how HIV is sensed have been deciphered using model systems with cell lines and peripheral blood-derived cells. The aim of this review is to summarize recent progress in the field of HIV innate immune sensing and place this in the context of the FRT. Because HIV is somewhat unique as an STD that thrives under inflammatory conditions, the response of cells upon sensing HIV gene products can either promote or limit HIV infection depending on the context. Future studies should include investigations into how FRT-derived primary cells sense and respond to HIV to confirm conclusions drawn from non-mucosal cells. Understanding how cells of the FRT participate in and effect innate immune sensing of HIV will provide a clearer picture of what parameters during the early stages of HIV exposure determine transmission success. Such knowledge could pave the way for novel approaches for preventing HIV acquisition in women.
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1168
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Peng D, Wang Z, Huang A, Zhao Y, Qin FXF. A Novel Function of F-Box Protein FBXO17 in Negative Regulation of Type I IFN Signaling by Recruiting PP2A for IFN Regulatory Factor 3 Deactivation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:808-819. [PMID: 27956528 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The F-box proteins were originally identified as the key component of SKP1-Cullin1-F-box E3 ligase complexes that control the stability of their specific downstream substrates essential for cell growth and survival. However, the involvement of these proteins in type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling during innate immunity has not been investigated. In this study we report that the F-box protein FBXO17 negatively regulates IFN-I signaling triggered by double-strand DNA, RNA, or viral infection. We found that FBXO17 specifically interacts with IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and decreases its dimerization and nuclear translocation. The decrease of IRF3 dimerization and nuclear translocation is due to the recruitment of protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) mediated by FBXO17, resulting in IRF3 dephosphorylation. Interestingly, PP2A recruitment does not require the F-box domain but instead the F-box associated region of the protein; thus, the recruitment is independent of the canonical function of the SKP1-Cullin1-F-box family of E3 ligase. Together, our studies identify a previously unreported role of FBXO17 in regulating IFN-I signaling and further demonstrate a novel mechanism for IRF3 deactivation by F-box protein-mediated recruitment of PP2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zining Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Anfei Huang
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; and Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; .,Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - F Xiao-Feng Qin
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; and Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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1169
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McFadden MJ, Gokhale NS, Horner SM. Protect this house: cytosolic sensing of viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 22:36-43. [PMID: 27951430 PMCID: PMC5346041 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells are equipped with pattern recognition receptors to sense invading viruses. Nucleic acids of RNA viruses are sensed by RIG-I like receptors in the cytosol. Foreign DNA is sensed by cGAS and other DNA sensors in the cytosol. These pattern recognition receptors activate adaptor proteins to initiate antiviral innate immune responses.
The ability to recognize invading viral pathogens and to distinguish their components from those of the host cell is critical to initiate the innate immune response. The efficiency of this detection is an important factor in determining the susceptibility of the cell to viral infection. Innate sensing of viruses is, therefore, an indispensable step in the line of defense for cells and organisms. Recent discoveries have uncovered novel sensors of viral components and hallmarks of infection, as well as mechanisms by which cells discriminate between self and non-self. This review highlights the mechanisms used by cells to detect viral pathogens in the cytosol, and recent advances in the field of cytosolic sensing of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McFadden
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nandan S Gokhale
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stacy M Horner
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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1170
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Gao H, Song Y, Liu C, Liang Q. KSHV strategies for host dsDNA sensing machinery. Virol Sin 2016; 31:466-471. [PMID: 27933565 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system utilizes pattern recognition receptors cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) to sense cytosolic double-stranded (ds) DNA and initiate type 1 interferon signaling and autophagy pathway, which collaborate to limit pathogen infections as well as alarm the adaptive immune response. The genomes of herpesviruses are large dsDNA, which represent a major class of pathogen signatures recognized by cellular DNA sensor cGAS. However, to successfully establish the persistent infection, herpesviruses have evolved their viral genes to modulate different aspects of host immune signaling. This review summarizes the evasion strategies of host cGAS DNA sensing pathway by Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) and their contributions to KSHV life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Gao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Chengrong Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qiming Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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1171
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Prantner D, Perkins DJ, Vogel SN. AMP-activated Kinase (AMPK) Promotes Innate Immunity and Antiviral Defense through Modulation of Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) Signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:292-304. [PMID: 27879319 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.763268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The host protein Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) has been shown to be essential for recognition of both viral and intracellular bacterial pathogens, but its regulation remains unclear. Previously, we reported that mitochondrial membrane potential regulates STING-dependent IFN-β induction independently of ATP synthesis. Because mitochondrial membrane potential controls calcium homeostasis, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is regulated, in part, by intracellular calcium, we postulated that AMPK participates in STING activation; however, its role has yet to be been defined. Addition of an intracellular calcium chelator or an AMPK inhibitor to either mouse macrophages or mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) suppressed IFN-β and TNF-α induction following stimulation with the STING-dependent ligand 5,6-dimethyl xanthnone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA). These pharmacological findings were corroborated by showing that MEFs lacking AMPK activity also failed to up-regulate IFN-β and TNF-α after treatment with DMXAA or the natural STING ligand cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP). As a result, AMPK-deficient MEFs exhibit impaired control of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a virus sensed by STING that can cause an influenza-like illness in humans. This impairment could be overcome by pretreatment of AMPK-deficient MEFs with type I IFN, illustrating that de novo production of IFN-β in response to VSV plays a key role in antiviral defense during infection. Loss of AMPK also led to dephosphorylation at Ser-555 of the known STING regulator, UNC-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1). However, ULK1-deficient cells responded normally to DMXAA, indicating that AMPK promotes STING-dependent signaling independent of ULK1 in mouse cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Prantner
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Darren J Perkins
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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1172
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MAP4-regulated dynein-dependent trafficking of BTN3A1 controls the TBK1-IRF3 signaling axis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14390-14395. [PMID: 27911820 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615287113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system detects viral nucleic acids and induces type I interferon (IFN) responses. The RNA- and DNA-sensing pathways converge on the protein kinase TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and the transcription factor IFN-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Activation of the IFN signaling pathway is known to trigger the redistribution of key signaling molecules to punctate perinuclear structures, but the mediators of this spatiotemporal regulation have yet to be defined. Here we identify butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1) as a positive regulator of nucleic acid-mediated type I IFN signaling. Depletion of BTN3A1 inhibits the cytoplasmic nucleic acid- or virus-triggered activation of IFN-β production. In the resting state, BTN3A1 is constitutively associated with TBK1. Stimulation with nucleic acids induces the redistribution of the BTN3A1-TBK1 complex to the perinuclear region, where BTN3A1 mediates the interaction between TBK1 and IRF3, leading to the phosphorylation of IRF3. Furthermore, we show that microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4) controls the dynein-dependent transport of BTN3A1 in response to nucleic acid stimulation, thereby identifying MAP4 as an upstream regulator of BTN3A1. Thus, the depletion of either MAP4 or BTN3A1 impairs cytosolic DNA- or RNA-mediated type I IFN responses. Our findings demonstrate a critical role for MAP4 and BTN3A1 in the spatiotemporal regulation of TBK1, a central player in the intracellular nucleic acid-sensing pathways involved in antiviral signaling.
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1173
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Chiang C, Gack MU. Post-translational Control of Intracellular Pathogen Sensing Pathways. Trends Immunol 2016; 38:39-52. [PMID: 27863906 PMCID: PMC5580928 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells recognize virus-derived nucleic acids using a defined set of intracellular sensors including the DNA sensors cyclic GMP–AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) and interferon gamma (IFNγ)-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) as well as viral RNA receptors of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) family. Following innate immune recognition, these sensors launch an immune response that is characterized by the transcriptional upregulation of many antiviral molecules, including proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and IFN-stimulated genes. Recent studies have demonstrated that the signal transduction initiated by these sensors is sophisticatedly regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs) resulting in a robust yet ‘tunable’ cytokine response to maintain immune homeostasis. Here we summarize recent advances in our understanding of how PTMs and regulatory enzymes control the signaling activity of RLRs, cGAS, and IFI16 as well as their proximal adaptor proteins. Positive feedforward regulatory mechanisms serve as an important means of signal amplification to ensure an effective innate immune response. However, negative regulatory circuits are essential for the prevention of premature or overactive proinflammatory responses, which could have harmful consequences for the host organism. Phosphorylation and different types of polyubiquitin chains, particularly K63-linked ubiquitination, are important for fine-tuning signaling initiated by intracellular viral RNA and DNA receptors. Acetylation, glutamylation, and deamidation of innate immune sensors or components in their signaling pathways also dynamically modulate antiviral cytokine induction. Insight into the molecular mechanisms and regulatory enzymes that modulate innate sensing pathways may lead to therapeutics to boost antiviral immunity or dampen proinflammatory/autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Chiang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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1174
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Ahlers LRH, Bastos RG, Hiroyasu A, Goodman AG. Invertebrate Iridescent Virus 6, a DNA Virus, Stimulates a Mammalian Innate Immune Response through RIG-I-Like Receptors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166088. [PMID: 27824940 PMCID: PMC5100955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects are not only major vectors of mammalian viruses, but are also host to insect-restricted viruses that can potentially be transmitted to mammals. While mammalian innate immune responses to arboviruses are well studied, less is known about how mammalian cells respond to viruses that are restricted to infect only invertebrates. Here we demonstrate that IIV-6, a DNA virus of the family Iridoviridae, is able to induce a type I interferon-dependent antiviral immune response in mammalian cells. Although IIV-6 is a DNA virus, we demonstrate that the immune response activated during IIV-6 infection is mediated by the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) pathway, and not the canonical DNA sensing pathway via cGAS/STING. We further show that RNA polymerase III is required for maximal IFN-β secretion, suggesting that viral DNA is transcribed by this enzyme into an RNA species capable of activating the RLR pathway. Finally, we demonstrate that the RLR-driven mammalian innate immune response to IIV-6 is functionally capable of protecting cells from subsequent infection with the arboviruses Vesicular Stomatitis virus and Kunjin virus. These results represent a novel example of an invertebrate DNA virus activating a canonically RNA sensing pathway in the mammalian innate immune response, which reduces viral load of ensuing arboviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. H. Ahlers
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- NIH Protein Biotechnology Graduate Training Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Reginaldo G. Bastos
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Aoi Hiroyasu
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alan G. Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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1175
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Abstract
The mitochondrial anti-viral signaling protein (MAVS) plays an important role in the type I IFN response. In this study, two feline MAVS transcripts were cloned. Both transcripts have the same open reading frame encoding 523 amino acids. The putative protein shares 76.6 % similarity with canine and exhibits similarity to human, mouse, rat, bovine and porcine, ranging from 46.1 to 65.8 %. Deletion mutant analysis indicated that the transmembrane (TM) domain is necessary for localization in the mitochondrial membrane, and both the caspase activation and recruitment domain and TM domain are indispensible for activating the IFN-β response. Additionally, Sendai virus-induced IFN-β promoter activation was significantly inhibited by siRNA targeting MAVS. Finally, miniMAVS, a second protein encoded by MAVS mRNA, was identified, which interfered with the IFN-β response via the inhibition of NF-κB activation. The identification of MAVS will promote the understanding and control of feline infectious diseases.
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1176
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Autophagy regulates MAVS signaling activation in a phosphorylation-dependent manner in microglia. Cell Death Differ 2016; 24:276-287. [PMID: 28141795 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein has an important role in antiviral immunity and autoimmunity. However, the pathophysiological role of this signaling pathway, especially in the brain, remains elusive. Here we demonstrated that MAVS signaling existed and mediated poly(I:C)-induced inflammation in the brain. Along with the MAVS signaling activation, there was an induction of autophagic activation. Autophagy negatively regulated the activity of MAVS through direct binding of LC3 to the LIR motif Y(9)xxI(12) of MAVS. We also found that c-Abl kinase phosphorylated MAVS and regulated its interaction with LC3. Interestingly, tyrosine phosphorylation of MAVS was required for downstream signaling activation. Importantly, in vivo data showed that the deficiency of MAVS or c-Abl prevented MPTP-induced microglial activation and dopaminergic neuron loss. Together, our findings reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of MAVS-dependent microglial activation in the nervous system, thus providing a potential target for the treatment of microglia-driven inflammatory brain diseases.
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1177
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Iracheta-Vellve A, Petrasek J, Gyongyosi B, Satishchandran A, Lowe P, Kodys K, Catalano D, Calenda CD, Kurt-Jones EA, Fitzgerald KA, Szabo G. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-induced Hepatocellular Death Pathways Mediate Liver Injury and Fibrosis via Stimulator of Interferon Genes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26794-26805. [PMID: 27810900 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.736991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis, driven by inflammation, marks the transition from benign to progressive stages of chronic liver diseases. Although inflammation promotes fibrogenesis, it is not known whether other events, such as hepatocyte death, are required for the development of fibrosis. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) regulates hepatocyte apoptosis and production of type I IFNs. In the liver, IRF3 is activated via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) adapter, stimulator of interferon genes (STING). We hypothesized that IRF3-mediated hepatocyte death is an independent determinant of chemically induced liver fibrogenesis. To test this, we performed acute or chronic CCl4 administration to WT and IRF3-, Toll/Interleukin-1R (TIR) domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-, TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM)-, and STING-deficient mice. We report that acute CCl4 administration to WT mice resulted in early ER stress, activation of IRF3, and type I IFNs, followed by hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury, accompanied by liver fibrosis upon repeated administration of CCl4 Deficiency of IRF3 or STING prevented hepatocyte death and fibrosis both in acute or chronic CCl4 In contrast, mice deficient in type I IFN receptors or in TLR4 signaling adaptors, TRAM or TRIF, upstream of IRF3, were not protected from hepatocyte death and/or fibrosis, suggesting that the pro-apoptotic role of IRF3 is independent of TLR signaling in fibrosis. Hepatocyte death is required for liver fibrosis with causal involvement of STING and IRF3. Thus, our results identify that IRF3, by its association with STING in the presence of ER stress, couples hepatocyte apoptosis with liver fibrosis and indicate that innate immune signaling regulates outcomes of liver fibrosis via modulation of hepatocyte death in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Iracheta-Vellve
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Jan Petrasek
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Benedek Gyongyosi
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Abhishek Satishchandran
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Patrick Lowe
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Karen Kodys
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Donna Catalano
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Charles D Calenda
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Evelyn A Kurt-Jones
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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1178
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c-Cbl-mediated ubiquitination of IRF3 negatively regulates IFN-β production and cellular antiviral response. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1683-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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1179
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Abstract
Upon virus infection, host cells mount a concerted innate immune response involving type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines to enable elimination of the pathogen. Recently, cGAS and STING have been identified as intracellular sensors that activate the interferon pathway in response to virus infection and thus mediate host defense against a range of DNA and RNA viruses. Here we review how viruses are sensed by the cGAS-STING signaling pathway as well as how viruses modulate this pathway. Mechanisms utilized by viral proteins to inhibit cGAS and/or STING are also discussed. On the flip side, host cells have also evolved strategies to thwart viral immune escape. The balance between host immune control and viral immune evasion is pivotal to viral pathogenesis, and we discuss this virus-host stand-off in the context of the cGAS-STING innate immune pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ma
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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1180
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A time-resolved molecular map of the macrophage response to VSV infection. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2016; 2:16027. [PMID: 28725479 PMCID: PMC5516859 DOI: 10.1038/npjsba.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying the relationship between virus infection and cellular response is paradigmatic for our understanding of how perturbation changes biological systems. Immune response, in this context is a complex yet evolutionarily adapted and robust cellular change, and is experimentally amenable to molecular analysis. To visualize the full cellular response to virus infection, we performed temporal transcriptomics, proteomics, and phosphoproteomics analysis of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-infected mouse macrophages. This enabled the understanding of how infection-induced changes in host gene and protein expression are coordinated with post-translational modifications by cells in time to best measure and control the infection process. The vast and complex molecular changes measured could be decomposed in a limited number of clusters within each category (transcripts, proteins, and protein phosphorylation) each with own kinetic parameter and characteristic pathways/processes, suggesting multiple regulatory options in the overall sensing and homeostatic program. Altogether, the data underscored a prevalent executive function to phosphorylation. Resolution of the molecular events affecting the RIG-I pathway, central to viral recognition, reveals that phosphorylation of the key innate immunity adaptor mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS) on S328/S330 is necessary for activation of type-I interferon and nuclear factor κ B (NFκB) pathways. To further understand the hierarchical relationships, we analyzed kinase–substrate relationships and found RAF1 and, to a lesser extent, ARAF to be inhibiting VSV replication and necessary for NFκB activation, and AKT2, but not AKT1, to be supporting VSV replication. Integrated analysis using the omics data revealed co-regulation of transmembrane transporters including SLC7A11, which was subsequently validated as a host factor in the VSV replication. The data sets are predicted to greatly empower future studies on the functional organization of the response of macrophages to viral challenges.
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1181
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Tao J, Zhou X, Jiang Z. cGAS-cGAMP-STING: The three musketeers of cytosolic DNA sensing and signaling. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:858-870. [PMID: 27706894 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of host defense against invading pathogens. The detection of aberrant nucleic acids which represent some conserved PAMPs triggers robust type I IFN-mediated innate immune responses. Host- or pathogen-derived cytosolic DNA binds and activates the DNA sensor cGAS, which synthesizes the second messenger 2'3'-cGAMP and triggers STING-dependent downstream signaling. Here, we highlight recent progress in cGAS-cGAMP-STING, the Three Musketeers of cytosolic DNA sensing and signaling, and their essential roles in infection, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. We also focus on the regulation of these critical signal components by variant host/pathogen proteins and update our understanding of this indispensable pathway to provide new insights for drug discovery. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(11):858-870, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengfan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.
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1182
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Jeidane S, Scott-Boyer MP, Tremblay N, Cardin S, Picard S, Baril M, Lamarre D, Deschepper CF. Association of a Network of Interferon-Stimulated Genes with a Locus Encoding a Negative Regulator of Non-conventional IKK Kinases and IFNB1. Cell Rep 2016; 17:425-435. [PMID: 27705791 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional genomic analysis of gene expression in mice allowed us to identify a quantitative trait locus (QTL) linked in trans to the expression of 190 gene transcripts and in cis to the expression of only two genes, one of which was Ypel5. Most of the trans-expression QTL genes were interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), and their expression in mouse macrophage cell lines was stimulated in an IFNB1-dependent manner by Ypel5 silencing. In human HEK293T cells, YPEL5 silencing enhanced the induction of IFNB1 by pattern recognition receptors and phosphorylation of TBK1/IKBKE kinases, whereas co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that YPEL5 interacted physically with IKBKE. We thus found that the Ypel5 gene (contained in a locus linked to a network of ISGs in mice) is a negative regulator of IFNB1 production and innate immune responses that interacts functionally and physically with TBK1/IKBKE kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloua Jeidane
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Scott-Boyer
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Nicolas Tremblay
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 3J4, Canada
| | - Sophie Cardin
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Sylvie Picard
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Martin Baril
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 3J4, Canada
| | - Daniel Lamarre
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 3J4, Canada
| | - Christian F Deschepper
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
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1183
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Bao M, Wang Y, Liu Y, Shi P, Lu H, Sha W, Weng L, Hanabuchi S, Qin J, Plumas J, Chaperot L, Zhang Z, Liu YJ. NFATC3 promotes IRF7 transcriptional activity in plasmacy--toid dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2383-2398. [PMID: 27697837 PMCID: PMC5068237 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NFATC3 binds to IRF7 and to type 1 IFN promoters, regulating IRF7-mediated IFN expression in pDCs. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) rapidly produce large amounts of type 1 interferon (IFN) after Toll-like receptor 7 and 9 engagements. This specialized function of type 1 IFN production is directly linked to the constitutive expression of IRF7, the master transcription factor for type 1 IFN production. However, the IRF7 regulatory network in pDCs remains largely unknown. In this study, we identify that the transcription factor NFATC3 specifically binds to IRF7 and enhances IRF7-mediated IFN production. Furthermore, knockout of NFATC3 greatly reduced the CpG DNA–induced nuclear translocation of IRF7, which resulted in impaired type 1 IFN production in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we found that NFATC3 and IRF7 both bound to type 1 IFN promoters and that the NFAT binding site in IFN promoters was required for IRF7-mediated IFN expression. Collectively, our study shows that the transcription factor NFATC3 binds to IRF7 and functions synergistically to enhance IRF7-mediated IFN expression in pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musheng Bao
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204.,MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - York Wang
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204.,MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Ying Liu
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Peiqing Shi
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Hongbo Lu
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204.,MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Wenwen Sha
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204.,MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Leiyun Weng
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204.,MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Shino Hanabuchi
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204.,MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - Jun Qin
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Joel Plumas
- Etablissement Français du Sang Rhone-Alpes, 38701 La Tronche, France
| | - Laurence Chaperot
- Etablissement Français du Sang Rhone-Alpes, 38701 La Tronche, France
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204 .,MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
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1184
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Pépin G, Nejad C, Thomas BJ, Ferrand J, McArthur K, Bardin PG, Williams BRG, Gantier MP. Activation of cGAS-dependent antiviral responses by DNA intercalating agents. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 45:198-205. [PMID: 27694309 PMCID: PMC5224509 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acridine dyes, including proflavine and acriflavine, were commonly used as antiseptics before the advent of penicillins in the mid-1940s. While their mode of action on pathogens was originally attributed to their DNA intercalating activity, work in the early 1970s suggested involvement of the host immune responses, characterized by induction of interferon (IFN)-like activities through an unknown mechanism. We demonstrate here that sub-toxic concentrations of a mixture of acriflavine and proflavine instigate a cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS)-dependent type-I IFN antiviral response. This pertains to the capacity of these compounds to induce low level DNA damage and cytoplasmic DNA leakage, resulting in cGAS-dependent cGAMP-like activity. Critically, acriflavine:proflavine pre-treatment of human primary bronchial epithelial cells significantly reduced rhinovirus infection. Collectively, our findings constitute the first evidence that non-toxic DNA binding agents have the capacity to act as indirect agonists of cGAS, to exert potent antiviral effects in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Pépin
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Charlotte Nejad
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Belinda J Thomas
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Monash Lung and Sleep, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Jonathan Ferrand
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Kate McArthur
- ACRF Chemical Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Philip G Bardin
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Monash Lung and Sleep, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Bryan R G Williams
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Michael P Gantier
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia .,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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1185
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Cao Z, Xia Z, Zhou Y, Yang X, Hao H, Peng N, Liu S, Zhu Y. Methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase 1 potentiates RLR-induced NF-κB signaling by targeting MAVS complex. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33557. [PMID: 27629939 PMCID: PMC5024325 DOI: 10.1038/srep33557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA virus infections are detected by the RIG-I family of receptors, which signal through the adaptor molecule mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS). MAVS then recruits the adaptor’s tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 3 and TRAF6, which in turn activate IRF3 and NF-κB, respectively, to induce interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory responses. Here we show that the biotin-containing enzyme methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (MCCC1) enhances virus-induced, MAVS-mediated IFN and inflammatory cytokine expression through the NF-κB signaling pathway. MCCC1 knockdown strongly inhibits induction of IFNs and inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, MCCC1 shows extensive antiviral activity toward RNA viruses, including influenza A virus, human enterovirus 71, and vesicular stomatitis virus. Here, we have elucidated the mechanism underlying MCCC1-mediated inhibition of viral replication. MCCC1 interacts with MAVS and components of the MAVS signalosome and contributes to enhanced production of type I IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines by promoting phosphorylation of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex and NF-κB inhibitor-α (IκBα), as well as NF-κB nuclear translocation. This process leads to activation of IFNs and cytokine expression and subsequent activation of IFN-stimulated genes, including double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR and myxovirus resistance protein 1. These findings demonstrate that MCCC1 plays an essential role in virus-triggered, MAVS-mediated activation of NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhangchuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yaqin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaodan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hua Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Nanfang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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1186
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Onorati M, Li Z, Liu F, Sousa AMM, Nakagawa N, Li M, Dell'Anno MT, Gulden FO, Pochareddy S, Tebbenkamp ATN, Han W, Pletikos M, Gao T, Zhu Y, Bichsel C, Varela L, Szigeti-Buck K, Lisgo S, Zhang Y, Testen A, Gao XB, Mlakar J, Popovic M, Flamand M, Strittmatter SM, Kaczmarek LK, Anton ES, Horvath TL, Lindenbach BD, Sestan N. Zika Virus Disrupts Phospho-TBK1 Localization and Mitosis in Human Neuroepithelial Stem Cells and Radial Glia. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2576-2592. [PMID: 27568284 PMCID: PMC5135012 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying Zika virus (ZIKV)-related microcephaly and other neurodevelopment defects remain poorly understood. Here, we describe the derivation and characterization, including single-cell RNA-seq, of neocortical and spinal cord neuroepithelial stem (NES) cells to model early human neurodevelopment and ZIKV-related neuropathogenesis. By analyzing human NES cells, organotypic fetal brain slices, and a ZIKV-infected micrencephalic brain, we show that ZIKV infects both neocortical and spinal NES cells as well as their fetal homolog, radial glial cells (RGCs), causing disrupted mitoses, supernumerary centrosomes, structural disorganization, and cell death. ZIKV infection of NES cells and RGCs causes centrosomal depletion and mitochondrial sequestration of phospho-TBK1 during mitosis. We also found that nucleoside analogs inhibit ZIKV replication in NES cells, protecting them from ZIKV-induced pTBK1 relocalization and cell death. We established a model system of human neural stem cells to reveal cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental defects associated with ZIKV infection and its potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Onorati
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Fuchen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - André M M Sousa
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Naoki Nakagawa
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mingfeng Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Dell'Anno
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Forrest O Gulden
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sirisha Pochareddy
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Andrew T N Tebbenkamp
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Wenqi Han
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mihovil Pletikos
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Tianliuyun Gao
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Candace Bichsel
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Luis Varela
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Klara Szigeti-Buck
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Steven Lisgo
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE13BZ, UK
| | - Yalan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Anze Testen
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiao-Bing Gao
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jernej Mlakar
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Mara Popovic
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Marie Flamand
- Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Leonard K Kaczmarek
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Brett D Lindenbach
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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1187
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Stoffels M, Kastner DL. Old Dogs, New Tricks: Monogenic Autoinflammatory Disease Unleashed. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2016; 17:245-72. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-090413-025334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique Stoffels
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
| | - Daniel L. Kastner
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
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1188
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Pourcelot M, Zemirli N, Silva Da Costa L, Loyant R, Garcin D, Vitour D, Munitic I, Vazquez A, Arnoult D. The Golgi apparatus acts as a platform for TBK1 activation after viral RNA sensing. BMC Biol 2016; 14:69. [PMID: 27538435 PMCID: PMC4991008 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After viral infection and the stimulation of some pattern-recognition receptors, TANK-binding kinase I (TBK1) is activated by K63-linked polyubiquitination followed by trans-autophosphorylation. While the activated TBK1 induces type I interferon production by phosphorylating the transcription factor IRF3, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying TBK1 activation remain unclear. RESULTS We report here the localization of the ubiquitinated and phosphorylated active form of TBK1 to the Golgi apparatus after the stimulation of RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) or Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3), due to TBK1 K63-linked ubiquitination on lysine residues 30 and 401. The ubiquitin-binding protein optineurin (OPTN) recruits ubiquitinated TBK1 to the Golgi apparatus, leading to the formation of complexes in which TBK1 is activated by trans-autophosphorylation. Indeed, OPTN deficiency in various cell lines and primary cells impairs TBK1 targeting to the Golgi apparatus and its activation following RLR or TLR3 stimulation. Interestingly, the Bluetongue virus NS3 protein binds OPTN at the Golgi apparatus, neutralizing its activity and thereby decreasing TBK1 activation and downstream signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight an unexpected role of the Golgi apparatus in innate immunity as a key subcellular gateway for TBK1 activation after RNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pourcelot
- INSERM, UMR_S 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Naima Zemirli
- INSERM, UMR_S 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Leandro Silva Da Costa
- INSERM, UMR_S 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Roxane Loyant
- INSERM, UMR_S 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Dominique Garcin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Damien Vitour
- ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UPEC, UMR_1161 Virology, LabEx IBEID, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ivana Munitic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Aimé Vazquez
- INSERM, UMR_S 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Damien Arnoult
- INSERM, UMR_S 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.
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1189
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Söderholm S, Kainov DE, Öhman T, Denisova OV, Schepens B, Kulesskiy E, Imanishi SY, Corthals G, Hintsanen P, Aittokallio T, Saelens X, Matikainen S, Nyman TA. Phosphoproteomics to Characterize Host Response During Influenza A Virus Infection of Human Macrophages. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:3203-3219. [PMID: 27486199 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.057984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause infections in the human respiratory tract and give rise to annual seasonal outbreaks, as well as more rarely dreaded pandemics. Influenza A viruses become quickly resistant to the virus-directed antiviral treatments, which are the current main treatment options. A promising alternative approach is to target host cell factors that are exploited by influenza viruses. To this end, we characterized the phosphoproteome of influenza A virus infected primary human macrophages to elucidate the intracellular signaling pathways and critical host factors activated upon influenza infection. We identified 1675 phosphoproteins, 4004 phosphopeptides and 4146 nonredundant phosphosites. The phosphorylation of 1113 proteins (66%) was regulated upon infection, highlighting the importance of such global phosphoproteomic profiling in primary cells. Notably, 285 of the identified phosphorylation sites have not been previously described in publicly available phosphorylation databases, despite many published large-scale phosphoproteome studies using human and mouse cell lines. Systematic bioinformatics analysis of the phosphoproteome data indicated that the phosphorylation of proteins involved in the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway (such as TRIM22 and TRIM25) and antiviral responses (such as MAVS) changed in infected macrophages. Proteins known to play roles in small GTPase-, mitogen-activated protein kinase-, and cyclin-dependent kinase- signaling were also regulated by phosphorylation upon infection. In particular, the influenza infection had a major influence on the phosphorylation profiles of a large number of cyclin-dependent kinase substrates. Functional studies using cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors showed that the cyclin-dependent kinase activity is required for efficient viral replication and for activation of the host antiviral responses. In addition, we show that cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors protect IAV-infected mice from death. In conclusion, we provide the first comprehensive phosphoproteome characterization of influenza A virus infection in primary human macrophages, and provide evidence that cyclin-dependent kinases represent potential therapeutic targets for more effective treatment of influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Söderholm
- From the ‡Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; §Unit of Systems Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Denis E Kainov
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Öhman
- From the ‡Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oxana V Denisova
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bert Schepens
- ‖Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, B-9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; **Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, B-9052 Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evgeny Kulesskiy
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susumu Y Imanishi
- ‡‡Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Garry Corthals
- ‡‡Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Petteri Hintsanen
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- ¶Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Xavier Saelens
- ‖Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, B-9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; **Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, B-9052 Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sampsa Matikainen
- §§Department of Rheumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula A Nyman
- From the ‡Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; ¶¶Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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1190
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Liu LM, Tu WJ, Zhu T, Wang XT, Tan ZL, Zhong H, Gao DY, Liang DY. IRF3 is an important molecule in the UII/UT system and mediates immune inflammatory injury in acute liver failure. Oncotarget 2016; 7:49027-49041. [PMID: 27448985 PMCID: PMC5226488 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The urotensin II/urotensin receptor (UII/UT) system can mediate inflammatory liver injury in acute liver failure (ALF); however; the related mechanism is not clear. In this study, we confirmed that lipopolysaccharide/D-galactosamine (LPS/D-GalN) induced up-regulation of liver interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) in ALF mice, whereas the UT antagonist urantide inhibited the up-regulated liver IRF3. LPS stimulation induced IRF3 transcription and nuclear translocation and promoted the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon (IFN)-β, and IFN-γ in Kupffer cells (KCs); these effects in LPS-stimulated KCs were inhibited by urantide. Knockdown of IRF3 using an adenovirus expressing an IRF3 shRNA inhibited IFN-β transcription and secretion as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β secretion from LPS-stimulated KCs; additionally, IL-10 transcription and secretion were promoted in response to LPS. However, LPS-stimulated TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA was not affected in the KCs. The IRF3 shRNA also did not have a significant effect on the NF-κB p65 subunit and p38MAPK protein phosphorylation levels in the nuclei of LPS-stimulated KCs. Therefore, IRF3 expression and activation depended on the signal transduction of the UII/UT system, and played important roles in UII/UT-mediated immune inflammatory injury in the liver but did not affect NF-κB and p38 MAPK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-ming Liu
- Department of Hepatology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to the First People's Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-juan Tu
- Department of Hepatology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to the First People's Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Department of Hepatology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to the First People's Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-ting Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to the First People's Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-li Tan
- Department of Hepatology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to the First People's Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Zhong
- Department of Hepatology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to the First People's Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - De-yong Gao
- Department of Hepatology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to the First People's Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-yu Liang
- Department of Hepatology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to the First People's Hospital Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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1191
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Tremblay N, Baril M, Chatel-Chaix L, Es-Saad S, Park AY, Koenekoop RK, Lamarre D. Spliceosome SNRNP200 Promotes Viral RNA Sensing and IRF3 Activation of Antiviral Response. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005772. [PMID: 27454487 PMCID: PMC4959778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spliceosomal SNRNP200 is a Ski2-like RNA helicase that is associated with retinitis pigmentosa 33 (RP33). Here we found that SNRNP200 promotes viral RNA sensing and IRF3 activation through the ability of its amino-terminal Sec63 domain (Sec63-1) to bind RNA and to interact with TBK1. We show that SNRNP200 relocalizes into TBK1-containing cytoplasmic structures upon infection, in contrast to the RP33-associated S1087L mutant, which is also unable to rescue antiviral response of SNRNP200 knockdown cells. This functional rescue correlates with the Sec63-1-mediated binding of viral RNA. The hindered IFN-β production of knockdown cells was further confirmed in peripheral blood cells of RP33 patients bearing missense mutation in SNRNP200 upon infection with Sendai virus (SeV). This work identifies a novel immunoregulatory role of the spliceosomal SNRNP200 helicase as an RNA sensor and TBK1 adaptor for the activation of IRF3-mediated antiviral innate response. The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens and relies on the recognition of molecular structures specific to pathogens by sensor receptors. These receptors activate a signaling cascade and induce a protective cellular innate immune response. In this study, we provide evidence for a role of the spliceosomal SNRNP200 RNA helicase in promoting antiviral response that is clearly distinguishable of the one in pre-mRNA splicing. The depletion of SNRNP200 in human cells resulted in a reduced interferon-β (IFNB1) production and increased susceptibility to viral infection. We showed that SNRNP200 positively regulates activation of the key transcription factor IRF3 via interaction with TANK kinase 1 (TBK1). Upon infection, SNRNP200 binds viral RNA and relocalizes into TBK1-containing cytoplasmic structures to promote IRF3 activation and IFNB1 production. Of clinical relevance, we observed a significantly hindered antiviral response of PBMCs from patients carrying a dominant SNRNP200 mutation associated with retina pigmentosa type 33 (RP33), an inherited degenerative eye disease. We showed that the RP33-associated S1087L SNRNP200 mutant has lost the ability to bind RNA and that its expression fails to rescue antiviral response in SNRNP200 silenced cells. Our study provides new insights into a role within the antiviral response for spliceosome SNRNP200 helicase as an RNA sensor and TBK1 adaptor in IRF3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Martin Baril
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Salwa Es-Saad
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alex Young Park
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Robert K. Koenekoop
- Departments of Pediatric Surgery, Human Genetics and Ophthalmology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Daniel Lamarre
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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1192
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Vacchelli E, Bloy N, Aranda F, Buqué A, Cremer I, Demaria S, Eggermont A, Formenti SC, Fridman WH, Fucikova J, Galon J, Spisek R, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Immunotherapy plus radiation therapy for oncological indications. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1214790. [PMID: 27757313 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1214790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant cells succumbing to some forms of radiation therapy are particularly immunogenic and hence can initiate a therapeutically relevant adaptive immune response. This reflects the intrinsic antigenicity of malignant cells (which often synthesize a high number of potentially reactive neo-antigens) coupled with the ability of radiation therapy to boost the adjuvanticity of cell death as it stimulates the release of endogenous adjuvants from dying cells. Thus, radiation therapy has been intensively investigated for its capacity to improve the therapeutic profile of several anticancer immunotherapies, including (but not limited to) checkpoint blockers, anticancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, cytokines, and several small molecules with immunostimulatory effects. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical advances in this field of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Norma Bloy
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Group of Immune receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Wolf Hervé Fridman
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eric Tartour
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM, U970, Paris, France; Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, France; Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1015, CICBT1428, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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1193
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The expanding regulatory network of STING-mediated signaling. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 32:144-150. [PMID: 27414485 PMCID: PMC4983512 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of DNA-sensing pathways has been a subject of intensive investigation for the last decade. This interest, in part, is supported by the fact that the main outcome of DNA-responses is production of type I interferon (IFN-I), which, if produced in excessive amounts, leads to various pathologies. STING (stimulator of interferon genes) is positioned in the center of these responses and is activated either via direct sensing of second messengers or via interaction with upstream sensors of dsDNA. STING mediates responses to pathogens as well as host-derived DNA and is, therefore, linked to various autoimmune diseases, cancer predisposition and ageing. Recent mouse models of DNA damage showed the adaptor STING to be crucial for heightened resting levels of IFN-I. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in understanding the regulation of STING-signaling and identification of its novel components.
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1194
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Xiang W, Zhang Q, Lin X, Wu S, Zhou Y, Meng F, Fan Y, Shen T, Xiao M, Xia Z, Zou J, Feng XH, Xu P. PPM1A silences cytosolic RNA sensing and antiviral defense through direct dephosphorylation of MAVS and TBK1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501889. [PMID: 27419230 PMCID: PMC4942338 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic RNA sensing is a prerequisite for initiation of innate immune response against RNA viral pathogens. Signaling through RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I)-like receptors (RLRs) to TBK1 (Tank-binding kinase 1)/IKKε (IκB kinase ε) kinases is transduced by mitochondria-associated MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein). However, the precise mechanism of how MAVS-mediated TBK1/IKKε activation is strictly controlled still remains obscure. We reported that protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1A (PPM1A; also known as PP2Cα), depending on its catalytic ability, dampened the RLR-IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) axis to silence cytosolic RNA sensing signaling. We demonstrated that PPM1A was an inherent partner of the TBK1/IKKε complex, targeted both MAVS and TBK1/IKKε for dephosphorylation, and thus disrupted MAVS-driven formation of signaling complex. Conversely, a high level of MAVS can dissociate the TBK1/PPM1A complex to override PPM1A-mediated inhibition. Loss of PPM1A through gene ablation in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and mouse primary macrophages enabled robustly enhanced antiviral responses. Consequently, Ppm1a(-/-) mice resisted to RNA virus attack, and transgenic zebrafish expressing PPM1A displayed profoundly increased RNA virus vulnerability. These findings identify PPM1A as the first known phosphatase of MAVS and elucidate the physiological function of PPM1A in antiviral immunity on whole animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwen Xiang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xia Lin
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shiying Wu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fansen Meng
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yunyun Fan
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mu Xiao
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zongping Xia
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Zou
- Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital School of Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Corresponding author. (X.-H.F.); (P.X.)
| | - Pinglong Xu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding author. (X.-H.F.); (P.X.)
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1195
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Liu J, Qian C, Cao X. Post-Translational Modification Control of Innate Immunity. Immunity 2016; 45:15-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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1196
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Corrales L, McWhirter SM, Dubensky TW, Gajewski TF. The host STING pathway at the interface of cancer and immunity. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2404-11. [PMID: 27367184 DOI: 10.1172/jci86892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A major subset of human cancers shows evidence for spontaneous adaptive immunity, which is reflected by the presence of infiltrating CD8+ T cells specific for tumor antigens within the tumor microenvironment. This observation has raised the question of which innate immune sensing pathway might detect the presence of cancer and lead to a natural adaptive antitumor immune response in the absence of exogenous infectious pathogens. Evidence for a critical functional role for type I IFNs led to interrogation of candidate innate immune sensing pathways that might be triggered by tumor presence and induce type I IFN production. Such analyses have revealed a major role for the stimulator of IFN genes pathway (STING pathway), which senses cytosolic tumor-derived DNA within the cytosol of tumor-infiltrating DCs. Activation of this pathway is correlated with IFN-β production and induction of antitumor T cells. Based on the biology of this natural immune response, pharmacologic agonists of the STING pathway are being developed to augment and optimize STING activation as a cancer therapy. Intratumoral administration of STING agonists results in remarkable therapeutic activity in mouse models, and STING agonists are being carried forward into phase I clinical testing.
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1197
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Nucleic acid sensing and innate immunity: signaling pathways controlling viral pathogenesis and autoimmunity. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 3:132-141. [PMID: 27857881 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-016-0043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity refers to the body's initial response to curb infection upon exposure to invading organisms. While the detection of pathogen-associated molecules is an ancient form of host defense, if dysfunctional, autoimmune disease may result. The innate immune response during pathogenic infection is initiated through the activation of receptors recognizing conserved molecular patterns, such as nucleic acids from a virus' genome or replicative cycle. Additionally, the host's own nucleic acids are capable of activating an immune response. Therefore, it follows that the nucleic acid-sensing pathways must be tightly controlled to avoid an autoimmune response from recognition of self, yet still be unimpeded to respond to viral infections. In this review, we will describe the nucleic acid sensing pathways and how they respond to virus infection. Moreover, we will discuss autoimmune diseases that develop when these pathways fail to signal properly and identify knowledge gaps that are prime for interrogation.
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1198
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Leifer CA, Medvedev AE. Molecular mechanisms of regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:927-941. [PMID: 27343013 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2mr0316-117rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
TLRs play a critical role in the detection of microbes and endogenous "alarmins" to initiate host defense, yet they can also contribute to the development and progression of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. To avoid pathogenic inflammation, TLR signaling is subject to multilayer regulatory control mechanisms, including cooperation with coreceptors, post-translational modifications, cleavage, cellular trafficking, and interactions with negative regulators. Nucleic acid-sensing TLRs are particularly interesting in this regard, as they can both recognize host-derived structures and require internalization of their ligand as a result of intracellular sequestration of the nucleic acid-sensing TLRs. This review summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of TLRs, including regulation of their access to ligands, receptor folding, intracellular trafficking, and post-translational modifications, as well as how altered control mechanism could contribute to inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Leifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and
| | - Andrei E Medvedev
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Heath Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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1199
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Zhao B, Shu C, Gao X, Sankaran B, Du F, Shelton CL, Herr AB, Ji JY, Li P. Structural basis for concerted recruitment and activation of IRF-3 by innate immune adaptor proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3403-12. [PMID: 27302953 PMCID: PMC4914169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1603269113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I IFNs are key cytokines mediating innate antiviral immunity. cGMP-AMP synthase, ritinoic acid-inducible protein 1 (RIG-I)-like receptors, and Toll-like receptors recognize microbial double-stranded (ds)DNA, dsRNA, and LPS to induce the expression of type I IFNs. These signaling pathways converge at the recruitment and activation of the transcription factor IRF-3 (IFN regulatory factor 3). The adaptor proteins STING (stimulator of IFN genes), MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling), and TRIF (TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β) mediate the recruitment of IRF-3 through a conserved pLxIS motif. Here we show that the pLxIS motif of phosphorylated STING, MAVS, and TRIF binds to IRF-3 in a similar manner, whereas residues upstream of the motif confer specificity. The structure of the IRF-3 phosphomimetic mutant S386/396E bound to the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)-binding protein reveals that the pLxIS motif also mediates IRF-3 dimerization and activation. Moreover, rotavirus NSP1 (nonstructural protein 1) employs a pLxIS motif to target IRF-3 for degradation, but phosphorylation of NSP1 is not required for its activity. These results suggest a concerted mechanism for the recruitment and activation of IRF-3 that can be subverted by viral proteins to evade innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843;
| | - Xinsheng Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Fenglei Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Catherine L Shelton
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Andrew B Herr
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Jun-Yuan Ji
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843;
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Abstract
The co-evolution of viruses with their hosts has led to the emergence of viral pathogens that are adept at evading or actively suppressing host immunity. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are key components of antiviral immunity that detect conserved molecular features of viral pathogens and initiate signalling that results in the expression of antiviral genes. In this Review, we discuss the strategies that viruses use to escape immune surveillance by key intracellular sensors of viral RNA or DNA, with a focus on RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and interferon-γ (IFNγ)-inducible protein 16 (IFI16). Such viral strategies include the sequestration or modification of viral nucleic acids, interference with specific post-translational modifications of PRRs or their adaptor proteins, the degradation or cleavage of PRRs or their adaptors, and the sequestration or relocalization of PRRs. An understanding of viral immune-evasion mechanisms at the molecular level may guide the development of vaccines and antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kai Chan
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115 Massachusetts USA
| | - Michaela U. Gack
- grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637 Illinois USA
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