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Leal-Lopes C, Velloso FJ, Campopiano JC, Sogayar MC, Correa RG. Roles of Commensal Microbiota in Pancreas Homeostasis and Pancreatic Pathologies. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:284680. [PMID: 26347203 PMCID: PMC4544440 DOI: 10.1155/2015/284680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreas plays a central role in metabolism, allowing ingested food to be converted and used as fuel by the cells throughout the body. On the other hand, the pancreas may be affected by devastating diseases, such as pancreatitis, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC), and diabetes mellitus (DM), which generally results in a wide metabolic imbalance. The causes for the development and progression of these diseases are still controversial; therefore it is essential to better understand the underlying mechanisms which compromise the pancreatic homeostasis. The interest in the study of the commensal microbiome increased extensively in recent years, when many discoveries have illustrated its central role in both human physiology and maintenance of homeostasis. Further understanding of the involvement of the microbiome during the development of pathological conditions is critical for the improvement of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. In the present review, we discuss recent findings on the behavior and functions played by the microbiota in major pancreatic diseases and provide further insights into its potential roles in the maintenance of pancreatic steady-state activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Leal-Lopes
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05360-130 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando J. Velloso
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05360-130 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia C. Campopiano
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05360-130 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mari C. Sogayar
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL-NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 05360-130 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo G. Correa
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- *Ricardo G. Correa:
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1352
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Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is home to trillions of bacteria, which vastly outnumber host cells in the body. Although generally overlooked in the field of endocrinology, gut microbial symbionts organize to form a key endocrine organ that converts nutritional cues from the environment into hormone-like signals that impact both normal physiology and chronic disease in the human host. Recent evidence suggests that several gut microbial-derived products are sensed by dedicated host receptor systems to alter cardiovascular disease (CVD) progression. In fact, gut microbial metabolism of dietary components results in the production of proatherogenic circulating factors that act through a meta-organismal endocrine axis to impact CVD risk. Whether pharmacological interventions at the level of the gut microbial endocrine organ will reduce CVD risk is a key new question in the field of cardiovascular medicine. Here we discuss the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead in targeting meta-organismal endocrinology for CVD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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1353
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Klemm F, Joyce JA. Microenvironmental regulation of therapeutic response in cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:198-213. [PMID: 25540894 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) not only plays a pivotal role during cancer progression and metastasis but also has profound effects on therapeutic efficacy. In the case of microenvironment-mediated resistance this can involve an intrinsic response, including the co-option of pre-existing structural elements and signaling networks, or an acquired response of the tumor stroma following the therapeutic insult. Alternatively, in other contexts, the TME has a multifaceted ability to enhance therapeutic efficacy. This review examines recent advances in our understanding of the contribution of the TME during cancer therapy and discusses key concepts that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Klemm
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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1354
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Brod S, Rattazzi L, Piras G, D'Acquisto F. 'As above, so below' examining the interplay between emotion and the immune system. Immunology 2014; 143:311-8. [PMID: 24943894 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the concept of a palpable relationship between our mental and physical well-being is certainly not new, it is only in the light of modern scientific research that we have begun to realize how deeply connected our emotional and immune states may be. We begin this review with a series of studies demonstrating how four fundamental emotional responses: anger, anxiety, mirth and relaxation are able modulate cytokine production and cellular responses to a variety of immune stimuli. These modulations are shown to be either detrimental or beneficial to a patient's health dependent on the context and duration of the emotion. We also discuss the reverse, highlighting research demonstrating how the loss of key immune cells such as T lymphocytes in clinical and animal studies can negatively impact both emotional well-being and cognition. Additionally, to give a more complete picture of the manifold pathways that link emotion and the immune system, we give a brief overview of the influence the digestive system has upon mental and immunological health. Finally, throughout this review we attempt to highlight the therapeutic potential of this burgeoning field of research in both the diagnosis and treatment of immune and disorders. As well as identifying some of the key obstacles the field must address in order to put this potential into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Brod
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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1355
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Tralau T, Sowada J, Luch A. Insights on the human microbiome and its xenobiotic metabolism: what is known about its effects on human physiology? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 11:411-25. [PMID: 25476418 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.990437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our microbiome harbours a metabolic capacity far beyond our own. Moreover, its gene pool is highly adaptable and subject to selective pressure, including host exposure to xenobiotics. Yet, the resulting adaptations do not necessarily follow host well-being and can therefore contribute to disease or unfavourable metabolite production. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of our host-microbiome relationship in light of bacterial (xenobiotic) metabolism, community dynamics, entero-endocrine crosstalk, dysbiosis and potential therapeutic targets. In addition, it will highlight the need for a systematic analysis of the microbiome's potential for substance toxification. EXPERT OPINION The influence of our microbiota reaches from primary metabolites to secondary effects such as substrate competition or the activation of eukaryotic Phase I and Phase II enzymes. Further on it plays a hitherto underestimated role in drug metabolism, toxicity and pathogenesis. These effects are partly caused by entero-endocrine crosstalk and interference with eukaryotic regulatory networks. On first sight, the resulting concept of a metabolically competent microbiome adds enormous complexity to human physiology. Yet, the potential specificity of microbial targets harbours therapeutic promise for diseases such as diabetes, cancer and psychiatric disorders. A better physiological and biochemical understanding of the microbiome is thus of high priority for academia and biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewes Tralau
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemicals and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin , Germany
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1356
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Xu X, Zhang X. Effects of cyclophosphamide on immune system and gut microbiota in mice. Microbiol Res 2014; 171:97-106. [PMID: 25553830 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP) is the most commonly used drug in autoimmune disease, cancer, blood and marrow transplantation. Recent data revealed that therapy efficacy of CP is gut microbiota-dependent. So, it is very important to understand how CP affects intestinal microbiota and immune function. In this study, the effects of CP on mice immuno-activity were firstly evaluated, then, the fecal microbiota from normal and CP-treated mice was compared, and the characteristic bacterial diversity and compositions were identified, using 454 pyrosequencing technology. The results showed that CP reduced the diversity and shifted the fecal microbiota composition. Specifically, CP treatment decreased the proportion of Bacteroidetes while increased the proportion of Firmictutes in the microbial community. Most importantly, specific microbiota signatures belonging to Bacteroides acidifaciens, Streptococcaceae and Alistipes were also identified, which would provide new insight into the efficacy and side effects in clinical usage of CP. This should be helpful for further demonstration of CP's action mechanism, development of personalized therapy strategies, and prediction of potential side effects related to various treatment regimens of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Xu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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1357
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Defazio J, Fleming ID, Shakhsheer B, Zaborina O, Alverdy JC. The opposing forces of the intestinal microbiome and the emerging pathobiome. Surg Clin North Am 2014; 94:1151-61. [PMID: 25440116 PMCID: PMC4254556 DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes emerging concepts on the role of the intestinal microbiome in surgical patients. Revolutionary research over the past decade has shown that human beings live in close and constant contact with boundless communities of microbes. Recent innovations in the study of the human microbiome are reviewed. To demonstrate the applicability of these studies to surgical disease, the authors discuss what is known about the role of microbes in the pathogenesis of perioperative complications. Enhanced awareness of the human microbiome will empower clinicians to adopt novel practices in the prevention and treatment of a variety of surgical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Defazio
- Center for Surgical Infection Research and Therapeutics, Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 6040, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Irma D Fleming
- Center for Surgical Infection Research and Therapeutics, Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 6040, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Baddr Shakhsheer
- Center for Surgical Infection Research and Therapeutics, Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 6040, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olga Zaborina
- Center for Surgical Infection Research and Therapeutics, Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 6040, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John C Alverdy
- Center for Surgical Infection Research and Therapeutics, Department of Surgery, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, MC 6040, Chicago, IL, USA.
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1358
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Redinbo MR. The microbiota, chemical symbiosis, and human disease. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:3877-91. [PMID: 25305474 PMCID: PMC4252811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of mammalian-microbial mutualism has expanded by combing microbial sequencing with evolving molecular and cellular methods, as well as unique model systems. Here, the recent literature linking the microbiota to diseases of three of the key mammalian mucosal epithelial compartments-nasal, lung, and gastrointestinal tract-is reviewed with a focus on new knowledge about the taxa, species, proteins, and chemistry that promote health and impact progression toward disease. The information presented is further organized by specific diseases now associated with the microbiota: Staphylococcus aureus infection and rhinosinusitis in the nasal-sinus mucosa, as well as cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, and asthma in the pulmonary tissues. For the vast and microbially dynamic gastrointestinal compartment, several disorders are considered, including obesity, atherosclerosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, drug toxicity, and even autism. Our appreciation of the chemical symbiosis ongoing between human systems and the microbiota continues to grow and suggests new opportunities for modulating this symbiosis using designed interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Arts and Sciences, Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.
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1359
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Dzutsev A, Goldszmid RS, Viaud S, Zitvogel L, Trinchieri G. The role of the microbiota in inflammation, carcinogenesis, and cancer therapy. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:17-31. [PMID: 25328099 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Commensal microorganisms colonize barrier surfaces of all multicellular organisms, including those of humans. For more than 500 million years, commensal microorganisms and their hosts have coevolved and adapted to each other. As a result, the commensal microbiota affects many immune and nonimmune functions of their hosts, and de facto the two together comprise one metaorganism. The commensal microbiota communicates with the host via biologically active molecules. Recently, it has been reported that microbial imbalance may play a critical role in the development of multiple diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune conditions, and increased susceptibility to infection. In this review, we focus on the role of the commensal microbiota in the development, progression, and immune evasion of cancer, as well as some modulatory effects on the treatment of cancer. In particular, we discuss the mechanisms of microbiota-mediated regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses to tumors, and the consequences on cancer progression and whether tumors subsequently become resistant or susceptible to different anticancer therapeutic regiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA; Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
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1360
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Patterson AD, Turnbaugh PJ. Microbial determinants of biochemical individuality and their impact on toxicology and pharmacology. Cell Metab 2014; 20:761-768. [PMID: 25156450 PMCID: PMC4252706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Humans exhibit remarkable interindividual variations in the concentration of small molecules found throughout the body, due in part to concurrent variations in each person's associated microbial communities. Recent studies have begun to uncover how microbes interface with their host during exposure to drugs, dietary compounds, and environmental toxicants, with broader implications regarding the causes and consequences of biochemical individuality. Progress in this area will likely be an essential component of personalized medicine and might be accelerated through the implementation of experimental designs and theoretical principles honed through decades of work in the fields of toxicology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Patterson
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 322 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Goldszmid RS, Dzutsev A, Trinchieri G. Host immune response to infection and cancer: unexpected commonalities. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 15:295-305. [PMID: 24629336 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Both microbes and tumors activate innate resistance, tissue repair, and adaptive immunity. Unlike acute infection, tumor growth is initially unapparent; however, inflammation and immunity affect all phases of tumor growth from initiation to progression and dissemination. Here, we discuss the shared features involved in the immune response to infection and cancer including modulation by commensal microbiota, reactive hematopoiesis, chronic immune responses and regulatory mechanisms to prevent collateral tissue damage. This comparative analysis of immunity to infection and cancer furthers our understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying innate resistance and adaptive immunity and their translational application to the design of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina S Goldszmid
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) presents a considerable disease burden worldwide. The human colon is also an anatomical location with the largest number of microbes. It is natural, therefore, to anticipate a role for microbes, particularly bacteria, in colorectal carcinogenesis. The increasing accessibility of microbial meta'omics is fueling a surge in our understanding of the role that microbes and the microbiota play in CRC. In this review, we will discuss recent insights into contributions of the microbiota to CRC and explore conceptual frameworks for evaluating the role of microbes in cancer causation. We also highlight new findings on candidate CRC-potentiating species and current knowledge gaps. Finally, we explore the roles of microbial metabolism as it relates to bile acids, xenobiotics, and diet in the etiology and therapeutics of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Sears
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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1363
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Savignac HM, Kiely B, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Bifidobacteria exert strain-specific effects on stress-related behavior and physiology in BALB/c mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:1615-27. [PMID: 25251188 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that commensal bacteria consumption has the potential to have a positive impact on stress-related psychiatric disorders. However, the specific bacteria influencing behaviors related to anxiety and depression remain unclear. To this end, we compared the effects of two different Bifidobacteria on anxiety and depression-like behavior; an antidepressant was also used as a comparator. METHODS Innately anxious BALB/c mice received daily Bifidobacterium longum (B.) 1714, B. breve 1205, the antidepressant escitalopram or vehicle treatment for 6 weeks. Behavior was assessed in stress-induced hyperthermia test, marble burying, elevated plus maze, open field, tail suspension test, and forced swim test. Physiological responses to acute stress were also assessed. KEY RESULTS Both Bifidobacteria and escitalopram reduced anxiety in the marble burying test; however, only B. longum 1714 decreased stress-induced hyperthermia. B. breve 1205 induced lower anxiety in the elevated plus maze whereas B. longum 1714 induced antidepressant-like behavior in the tail suspension test. However, there was no difference in corticosterone levels between groups. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These data show that these two Bifidobacteria strains reduced anxiety in an anxious mouse strain. These results also suggest that each bacterial strain has intrinsic effects and may be beneficially specific for a given disorder. These findings strengthen the role of gut microbiota supplementation as psychobiotic-based strategies for stress-related brain-gut axis disorders, opening new avenues in the field of neurogastroenterology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Savignac
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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1364
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Diken M, Boegel S, Grunwitz C, Kranz LM, Reuter K, van de Roemer N, Vascotto F, Vormehr M, Kreiter S. CIMT 2014: Next waves in cancer immunotherapy - Report on the 12th annual meeting of the Association for Cancer Immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:3090-100. [PMID: 25483671 PMCID: PMC5443098 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Diken
- TRON—Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH; Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Boegel
- University Medical Center; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Grunwitz
- TRON—Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH; Mainz, Germany
- University Medical Center; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz, Germany
| | - Lena M. Kranz
- TRON—Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH; Mainz, Germany
- University Medical Center; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Niels van de Roemer
- TRON—Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH; Mainz, Germany
- University Medical Center; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz, Germany
| | - Fulvia Vascotto
- TRON—Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH; Mainz, Germany
| | - Mathias Vormehr
- TRON—Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH; Mainz, Germany
- University Medical Center; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kreiter
- TRON—Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH; Mainz, Germany
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1365
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Dorrestein PC, Mazmanian SK, Knight R. Finding the missing links among metabolites, microbes, and the host. Immunity 2014; 40:824-32. [PMID: 24950202 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The unexpected diversity of the human microbiome and metabolome far exceeds the complexity of the human genome. Although we now understand microbial taxonomic and genetic repertoires in some populations, we are just beginning to assemble the necessary computational and experimental tools to understand the metabolome in comparable detail. However, even with the limited current state of knowledge, individual connections between microbes and metabolites, between microbes and immune function, and between metabolites and immune function are being established. Here, we provide our perspective on these connections and outline a systematic research program that could turn these individual links into a broader network that allows us to understand how these components interact. This program will enable us to exploit connections among the microbiome, metabolome, and host immune system to maintain health and perhaps help us understand how to reverse the processes that lead to a wide range of immune and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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1366
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Carmody RN, Turnbaugh PJ. Host-microbial interactions in the metabolism of therapeutic and diet-derived xenobiotics. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4173-81. [PMID: 25105361 DOI: 10.1172/jci72335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our associated microbial communities play a critical role in human health and predisposition to disease, but the degree to which they also shape therapeutic interventions is not well understood. Here, we integrate results from classic and current studies of the direct and indirect impacts of the gut microbiome on the metabolism of therapeutic drugs and diet-derived bioactive compounds. We pay particular attention to microbial influences on host responses to xenobiotics, adding to the growing consensus that treatment outcomes reflect our intimate partnership with the microbial world, and providing an initial framework from which to consider a more comprehensive view of pharmacology and nutrition.
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1367
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Viaud S, Daillère R, Boneca IG, Lepage P, Pittet MJ, Ghiringhelli F, Trinchieri G, Goldszmid R, Zitvogel L. Harnessing the intestinal microbiome for optimal therapeutic immunomodulation. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4217-21. [PMID: 25074615 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Distinct cytotoxic agents currently used in the oncological armamentarium mediate their clinical benefit by influencing, directly or indirectly, the immune system in such a way that innate and adaptive immunity contributes to the tumoricidal activity. Now, we bring up evidence that both arms of anticancer immunity can be triggered through the intervention of the intestinal microbiota. Alkylating agents, such as cyclophosphamide, set up the stage for enhanced permeability of the small intestine, facilitating the translocation of selected arrays of Gram-positive bacteria against which the host mounts effector pTh17 cells and memory Th1 responses. In addition, gut commensals, through lipopolysaccharide and other bacterial components, switch the tumor microenvironment, in particular the redox equilibrium and the TNF production of intratumoral myeloid cells during therapies with platinum salts or intratumoral TLR9 agonists combined with systemic anti-IL10R Ab respectively. Consequently, antibiotics can compromise the efficacy of certain chemotherapeutic or immunomodulatory regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Viaud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. Université Paris-Sud, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - R Daillère
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. Université Paris-Sud, Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - I G Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Biology and Genetics of the Bacterial Cell Wall, Paris, France. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Group Avenir, Paris, France
| | - P Lepage
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Micalis UMR1319, Jouy-en-Josas, France. AgroParisTech, Micalis UMR1319, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M J Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - F Ghiringhelli
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U866, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Group Avenir, Dijon, France. Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - G Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - R Goldszmid
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - L Zitvogel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. Université Paris-Sud, Kremlin Bicêtre, France. Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 507, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
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1368
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Immune-dependent antineoplastic effects of cisplatin plus pyridoxine in non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncogene 2014; 34:3053-62. [PMID: 25065595 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP), which is mostly referred to as cisplatin, is a widely used antineoplastic. The efficacy of cisplatin can be improved by combining it with the vitamin B6 precursor pyridoxine. Here, we evaluated the putative synergistic interaction of CDDP with pyridoxine in the treatment of an orthotopic mouse model of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). CDDP and pyridoxine exhibited hyperadditive therapeutic effects. However, this synergy was only observed in the context of an intact immune system and disappeared when the otherwise successful drug combination was applied to the same NSCLC cancer implanted in the lungs of athymic mice (which lack T lymphocytes). Immunocompetent mice that had been cured from NSCLC by the combined regimen of CDDP plus pyridoxine became resistant against subcutaneous rechallenge with the same (but not with an unrelated) cancer cell line. In vitro, CDDP and pyridoxine did not only cause synergistic killing of NSCLC cells but also elicited signs of immunogenic cell death including an endoplasmic reticulum stress response and exposure of calreticulin at the surface of the NSCLC cells. NSCLC cells treated with CDDP plus pyridoxine in vitro elicited a protective anticancer immune response upon their injection into immunocompetent mice. Altogether, these results suggest that the combined regimen of cisplatin plus pyridoxine mediates immune-dependent antineoplastic effects against NSCLC.
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1369
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Comparative phylogenomics uncovers the impact of symbiotic associations on host genome evolution. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004487. [PMID: 25032823 PMCID: PMC4102449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic symbioses between eukaryotes and beneficial microorganisms of their microbiome play an essential role in nutrition, protection against disease, and development of the host. However, the impact of beneficial symbionts on the evolution of host genomes remains poorly characterized. Here we used the independent loss of the most widespread plant–microbe symbiosis, arbuscular mycorrhization (AM), as a model to address this question. Using a large phenotypic approach and phylogenetic analyses, we present evidence that loss of AM symbiosis correlates with the loss of many symbiotic genes in the Arabidopsis lineage (Brassicales). Then, by analyzing the genome and/or transcriptomes of nine other phylogenetically divergent non-host plants, we show that this correlation occurred in a convergent manner in four additional plant lineages, demonstrating the existence of an evolutionary pattern specific to symbiotic genes. Finally, we use a global comparative phylogenomic approach to track this evolutionary pattern among land plants. Based on this approach, we identify a set of 174 highly conserved genes and demonstrate enrichment in symbiosis-related genes. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that beneficial symbionts maintain purifying selection on host gene networks during the evolution of entire lineages. Symbiotic associations between eukaryotes and microbes play essential roles in the nutrition, health and behavior of both partners. It is well accepted that hosts control and shape their associated microbiome. In this study, we provide evidence that symbiotic microbes also participate in the evolution of host genomes. In particular, we show that the independent loss of a symbiosis in several plant lineages results in a convergent modification of non-host genomes. Interestingly, a significant fraction of genes lost in non-hosts play an important role in this symbiosis, supporting the use of comparative genomics as a powerful approach to identify undiscovered gene networks.
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1370
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Gagliani N, Hu B, Huber S, Elinav E, Flavell RA. The fire within: microbes inflame tumors. Cell 2014; 157:776-83. [PMID: 24813605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The immune system and the microbiota mutually interact to maintain homeostasis in the intestine. However, components of the microbiota can alter this balance and promote chronic inflammation, promoting intestinal tumor development. We review recent advances in understanding the complex interactions between the microbiota and the innate and adaptive immune systems and discuss their potential to lead us in new directions for understanding cancer biology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Gagliani
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Samuel Huber
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eran Elinav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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1371
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Michaud M, Xie X, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Zitvogel L, White E, Kroemer G. An autophagy-dependent anticancer immune response determines the efficacy of melanoma chemotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e944047. [PMID: 25610726 PMCID: PMC4292732 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.944047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample experimental and clinical evidence that chemotherapies are more efficient if they succeed in (re)activating immune surveillance, hence triggering a long-term immune response against residual tumor cells. Most of the preclinical evidence supporting this notion has been obtained with transplantable cancers, for which it has been shown that chemotherapy-induced autophagy in cancer cells is mandatory for the recruitment of myeloid cells into the tumor bed and the subsequent T lymphocyte-mediated reduction in tumor growth. Here, we characterized the chemotherapeutic response of melanomas caused by 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen-induced expression of the Cre recombinase in melanocytes that results in the activation of oncogenic Braf together with the inactivation of the tumor suppressor Pten, as well as the optional inactivation of the essential autophagy gene Atg7. Systemic chemotherapy with the anthracycline Mitoxantrone (MTX) reduced the growth of autophagy-competent melanomas (genotype: BrafCa/+; Ptenfl/fl; Atg7+/+), yet failed to affect the progression of autophagy-deficient melanomas (genotype: BrafCa/+; Ptenfl/fl; Atg7fl/fl). The growth-inhibitory effect of MTX on autophagy-competent melanomas was abolished by the combined depletion of CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes. In conclusion, it appears that the success of chemotherapy against “spontaneous,” genetically induced cancers is governed by the same rules as those applicable to transplantable tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Michaud
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer; INSERM U1138; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Molecular Cell Biology platforms; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center ; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France
| | - Xiaoqi Xie
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey ; New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer; INSERM U1138; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Molecular Cell Biology platforms; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center ; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- INSERM U1015 ; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris Sud-XI; Faculté de Médecine ; Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France ; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) ; Villejuif, France
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey ; New Brunswick, NJ USA ; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Rutgers University ; Piscataway, NJ USA ; University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey; Robert Wood Johnson Medical School ; Piscataway, NJ USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le cancer; INSERM U1138; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Molecular Cell Biology platforms; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center ; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou ; Paris, France
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1372
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Liu S, Alexander RK, Lee CH. Lipid metabolites as metabolic messengers in inter-organ communication. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:356-63. [PMID: 24895003 PMCID: PMC4077945 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis is achieved through coordinated regulation across several tissues. Studies using mouse genetic models have shown that perturbation of specific pathways of lipid metabolism in metabolically active tissues impacts systemic metabolic homeostasis. The use of metabolomic technologies combined with genetic models has helped to identify several potential lipid mediators that serve as metabolic messengers to communicate energy status and modulate substrate utilization among tissues. When provided exogenously, these lipid metabolites exhibit biological effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, indicating a therapeutic potential for treating metabolic diseases. In this review we summarize recent advances in inter-organ communication through novel mechanisms, with a focus on lipid mediators synthesized de novo or derived from dietary sources, and discuss challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Liu
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Division of Biological Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryan K Alexander
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Division of Biological Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chih-Hao Lee
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Division of Biological Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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1373
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Delaux PM, Varala K, Edger PP, Coruzzi GM, Pires JC, Ané JM. Comparative phylogenomics uncovers the impact of symbiotic associations on host genome evolution. PLoS Genet 2014. [PMID: 25032823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic symbioses between eukaryotes and beneficial microorganisms of their microbiome play an essential role in nutrition, protection against disease, and development of the host. However, the impact of beneficial symbionts on the evolution of host genomes remains poorly characterized. Here we used the independent loss of the most widespread plant-microbe symbiosis, arbuscular mycorrhization (AM), as a model to address this question. Using a large phenotypic approach and phylogenetic analyses, we present evidence that loss of AM symbiosis correlates with the loss of many symbiotic genes in the Arabidopsis lineage (Brassicales). Then, by analyzing the genome and/or transcriptomes of nine other phylogenetically divergent non-host plants, we show that this correlation occurred in a convergent manner in four additional plant lineages, demonstrating the existence of an evolutionary pattern specific to symbiotic genes. Finally, we use a global comparative phylogenomic approach to track this evolutionary pattern among land plants. Based on this approach, we identify a set of 174 highly conserved genes and demonstrate enrichment in symbiosis-related genes. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that beneficial symbionts maintain purifying selection on host gene networks during the evolution of entire lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kranthi Varala
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Patrick P Edger
- Bond Life Sciences Center, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Gloria M Coruzzi
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - J Chris Pires
- Bond Life Sciences Center, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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1374
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Singh Y, Hasnain SE. Holobionts: emerging strategy for interventions against infectious diseases, metabolic disorders & cancer. Indian J Med Res 2014; 140:11-4. [PMID: 25222772 PMCID: PMC4181143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yadvir Singh
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Seyed E. Hasnain
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas New Delhi 110 067, India,Dr Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli Professor C.R. Rao Road Hyderabad 500 046, India,For correspondence:
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1375
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Yang ZN, Liu D, Liu BR. Progress in understanding the relationship between intestinal microbial flora and colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:2547-2552. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i18.2547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a great density of and many kinds of bacteria in the human gut. They participate in a number of human physiological activities and metabolism and are closely related to human health and diseases. Together with other changes, a part of gut bacteria and their products cause inflammation and finally lead to the formation of colorectal cancer through binding to the receptors and stimulating the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Probiotics protect the intestinal mucosa through the barrier effect and by inhibiting DNA damage, are beneficial to human beings, prevent the occurrence of many diseases and play a role in adjuvant treatment of certain disease. In addition, the positive effect of prebiotics and synbiotics on human health can not be ignored. Overall, human and intestinal microbial flora interact with and influence each other, which is very important for human health and thus deserves more detailed research to guide future clinical work.
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1376
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Vande Voorde J, Balzarini J, Liekens S. An emerging understanding of the Janus face of the human microbiome: enhancement versus impairment of cancer therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:2878-80. [PMID: 24925896 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Vande Voorde
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, blok x-bus 1030, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, blok x-bus 1030, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, blok x-bus 1030, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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1377
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Abstract
That each of us is truly biologically unique, extending to even monozygotic, "identical" twins, is not fully appreciated. Now that it is possible to perform a comprehensive "omic" assessment of an individual, including one's DNA and RNA sequence and at least some characterization of one's proteome, metabolome, microbiome, autoantibodies, and epigenome, it has become abundantly clear that each of us has truly one-of-a-kind biological content. Well beyond the allure of the matchless fingerprint or snowflake concept, these singular, individual data and information set up a remarkable and unprecedented opportunity to improve medical treatment and develop preventive strategies to preserve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Topol
- The Scripps Translational Science Institute, The Scripps Research Institute and Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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1378
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Belkaid Y, Hand TW. Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell 2014; 157:121-41. [PMID: 24679531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3010] [Impact Index Per Article: 301.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota plays a fundamental role on the induction, training, and function of the host immune system. In return, the immune system has largely evolved as a means to maintain the symbiotic relationship of the host with these highly diverse and evolving microbes. When operating optimally, this immune system-microbiota alliance allows the induction of protective responses to pathogens and the maintenance of regulatory pathways involved in the maintenance of tolerance to innocuous antigens. However, in high-income countries, overuse of antibiotics, changes in diet, and elimination of constitutive partners, such as nematodes, may have selected for a microbiota that lack the resilience and diversity required to establish balanced immune responses. This phenomenon is proposed to account for some of the dramatic rise in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders in parts of the world where our symbiotic relationship with the microbiota has been the most affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Belkaid
- Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Timothy W Hand
- Immunity at Barrier Sites Initiative, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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1379
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Vacchelli E, Aranda F, Obrist F, Eggermont A, Galon J, Cremer I, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Immunostimulatory cytokines in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e29030. [PMID: 25083328 PMCID: PMC4091551 DOI: 10.4161/onci.29030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-targeting immune responses provide a significant contribution to (when they do not entirely account for) the clinical activity of diverse antineoplastic regimens, encompassing not only a large panel of immunotherapeutic strategies but also conventional cytotoxic molecules, targeted anticancer agents and irradiation. In line with this notion, several approaches have been devised to elicit novel or boost existing anticancer immune responses, including the administration of immunomodulatory cytokines. Such a relatively unspecific intervention suffices to mediate clinical effects in (at least a subset of) patients bearing particularly immunogenic tumors, like melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. More often, however, immunostimulatory cytokines are administered to boost the immunogenic potential of other agents, including (but not limited to) immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies, anticancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses and immunogenic chemotherapeutics. Here, we summarize the latest advances in the clinical development of recombinant cytokines as an immunomodulatory intervention for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Florine Obrist
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015, CICBT507; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
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1380
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Alegre ML, Mannon RB, Mannon PJ. The microbiota, the immune system and the allograft. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:1236-48. [PMID: 24840316 PMCID: PMC4423796 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota represents the complex collections of microbial communities that colonize a host. In health, the microbiota is essential for metabolism, protection against pathogens and maturation of the immune system. In return, the immune system determines the composition of the microbiota. Altered microbial composition (dysbiosis) has been correlated with a number of diseases in humans. The tight reciprocal immune/microbial interactions complicate determining whether dysbiosis is a cause and/or a consequence of immune dysregulation and disease initiation or progression. However, a number of studies in germ-free and antibiotic-treated animal models support causal roles for intestinal bacteria in disease susceptibility. The role of the microbiota in transplant recipients is only starting to be investigated and its study is further complicated by putative contributions of both recipient and donor microbiota. Moreover, both flora may be affected directly or indirectly by immunosuppressive drugs and antimicrobial prophylaxis taken by transplant patients, as well as by inflammatory processes secondary to ischemia/reperfusion and allorecognition, and the underlying cause of end-organ failure. Whether the ensuing dysbiosis affects alloresponses and whether therapies aimed at correcting dysbiosis should be considered in transplant patients constitutes an exciting new field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roslyn B. Mannon
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
| | - Peter J. Mannon
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL
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1381
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Gut microbiome and anticancer immune response: really hot Sh*t! Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:199-214. [PMID: 24832470 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of gut microbiota in eliciting innate and adaptive immune responses beneficial for the host in the context of effective therapies against cancer has been highlighted recently. Chemotherapeutic agents, by compromising, to some extent, the intestinal integrity, increase the gut permeability and selective translocation of Gram-positive bacteria in secondary lymphoid organs. There, anticommensal pathogenic Th17 T-cell responses are primed, facilitating the accumulation of Th1 helper T cells in tumor beds after chemotherapy as well as tumor regression. Importantly, the redox equilibrium of myeloid cells contained in the tumor microenvironment is also influenced by the intestinal microbiota. Hence, the anticancer efficacy of alkylating agents (such as cyclophosphamide) and platinum salts (oxaliplatin, cis-platin) is compromised in germ-free mice or animals treated with antibiotics. These findings represent a paradigm shift in our understanding of the mode of action of many compounds having an impact on the host-microbe mutualism.
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1382
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Rosenbaum JT, Lin P, Asquith M, Costello ME, Kenna TJ, Brown MA. Does the microbiome play a causal role in spondyloarthritis? Clin Rheumatol 2014; 33:763-7. [PMID: 24810703 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-014-2664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to review the potential causal role of the microbiome in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis. The method used for the study is literature review. The microbiome plays a major role in educating the immune response. The microbiome is strongly implicated in inflammatory bowel disease which has clinical and genetic overlap with spondyloarthritis. The microbiome also plays a causal role in bowel and joint disease in HLA B27/human beta 2 microglobulin transgenic rats. The mechanism(s) by which HLA B27 could influence the microbiome is unknown but theories include an immune response gene selectivity, an effect on dendritic cell function, or a mucosal immunodeficiency. Bacteria are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis. Studies to understand how HLA B27 affects bacterial ecosystems should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Rosenbaum
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases and Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd. L467Ad, Portland, OR, 97239, USA,
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1383
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Sarukhan A. [The intestinal microbiota: a boost for antitumor treatments]. Med Sci (Paris) 2014; 30:436-8. [PMID: 24801040 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20143004019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new studies in mice, published in Science, show that the commensal bacteria populations in the gut play a key role in boosting responses to different antitumor regimens. These results argue for a rational use of antibiotics when managing infections in patients undergoing cancer therapies.
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1384
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ElRakaiby M, Dutilh BE, Rizkallah MR, Boleij A, Cole JN, Aziz RK. Pharmacomicrobiomics: the impact of human microbiome variations on systems pharmacology and personalized therapeutics. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2014; 18:402-14. [PMID: 24785449 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2014.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) is a global initiative undertaken to identify and characterize the collection of human-associated microorganisms at multiple anatomic sites (skin, mouth, nose, colon, vagina), and to determine how intra-individual and inter-individual alterations in the microbiome influence human health, immunity, and different disease states. In this review article, we summarize the key findings and applications of the HMP that may impact pharmacology and personalized therapeutics. We propose a microbiome cloud model, reflecting the temporal and spatial uncertainty of defining an individual's microbiome composition, with examples of how intra-individual variations (such as age and mode of delivery) shape the microbiome structure. Additionally, we discuss how this microbiome cloud concept explains the difficulty to define a core human microbiome and to classify individuals according to their biome types. Detailed examples are presented on microbiome changes related to colorectal cancer, antibiotic administration, and pharmacomicrobiomics, or drug-microbiome interactions, highlighting how an improved understanding of the human microbiome, and alterations thereof, may lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents, the modification of antibiotic policies and implementation, and improved health outcomes. Finally, the prospects of a collaborative computational microbiome research initiative in Africa are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa ElRakaiby
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University , Cairo, Egypt
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1385
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Rausch S, Kruck S, Stenzl A, Bedke J. IMA901 for metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the context of new approaches to immunotherapy. Future Oncol 2014; 10:937-48. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The promising option of immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma has evolved from rather unspecific approaches to a specific activation of an anti-tumor T-cell response. The latest step is a synthetic peptide vaccine called IMA901, which demonstrated a clear association between a provoked T-cell response and a prolonged overall survival. The results of IMA901 for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma are discussed together with new approaches to immunotherapy, such as local and systemic immunomodulation with adjuvants, checkpoint inhibitors, classical chemotherapeutics, such as cyclophosphamide or tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The capability of theses substances to modulate leukocytes subsets, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells, Tregs or Th17 cells, are outlined together with the possibility to combine them with tumor vaccination strategies to achieve a higher cancer specificity and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Rausch
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Kruck
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Bedke
- Department of Urology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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1386
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Abstract
Increasing knowledge about the gut microbiota composition together with a resurgence in attention to the impact of the host immune system on tumor development triggered our interest in exploring how the interplay of the microbiota and the immune system represents an emerging area of interest. Determining how the immune system may alter gut microbiota composition, or the converse, and whether these interactions increase or reduce cancer risk may be relevant to generate more effective colon cancer preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia McAllister
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Franck Housseau
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Cynthia L. Sears
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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1387
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Plotnikoff GA. Three measurable and modifiable enteric microbial biotransformations relevant to cancer prevention and treatment. Glob Adv Health Med 2014; 3:33-43. [PMID: 24891992 PMCID: PMC4030612 DOI: 10.7453/gahmj.2014.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interdisciplinary scientific evaluation of the human microbiota has identified three enteric microbial biotransformations of particular relevance for human health and well-being, especially cancer. Two biotransformations are counterproductive; one is productive. First, selective bacteria can reverse beneficial hepatic hydroxylation to produce toxic secondary bile acids, especially deoxycholic acid. Second, numerous bacterial species can reverse hepatic detoxification-in a sense, retoxify hormones and xeonobiotics-by deglucuronidation. Third, numerous enteric bacteria can effect a very positive biotransformation through the production of butyrate, a small chain fatty acid with anti-cancer activity. Each biotransformation is addressed in sequence for its relevance in representative gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal cancers. This is not a complete review of their connection with every type of cancer. The intent is to introduce the reader to clinically relevant microbial biochemistry plus the emerging evidence that links these to both carcinogenesis and treatment. Included is the evidence base to guide counseling for potentially helpful dietary adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Plotnikoff
- Penny George Institute for Health and Healing, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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1388
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Ursell LK, Haiser HJ, Van Treuren W, Garg N, Reddivari L, Vanamala J, Dorrestein PC, Turnbaugh PJ, Knight R. The intestinal metabolome: an intersection between microbiota and host. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1470-6. [PMID: 24631493 PMCID: PMC4102302 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances that allow us to collect more data on DNA sequences and metabolites have increased our understanding of connections between the intestinal microbiota and metabolites at a whole-systems level. We can also now better study the effects of specific microbes on specific metabolites. Here, we review how the microbiota determines levels of specific metabolites, how the metabolite profile develops in infants, and prospects for assessing a person's physiological state based on their microbes and/or metabolites. Although data acquisition technologies have improved, the computational challenges in integrating data from multiple levels remain formidable; developments in this area will significantly improve our ability to interpret current and future data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke K. Ursell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Henry J. Haiser
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Will Van Treuren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Neha Garg
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lavanya Reddivari
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Jairam Vanamala
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter J. Turnbaugh
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boulder, Colorado.
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1389
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide. No effective screening methods exist, and available treatment modalities do not effectively treat the disease. Inflammatory conditions such as pancreatitis represent a well-known risk factor for pancreatic cancer development. Yet only in the past 2 decades has pancreatic cancer been recognized as an inflammation-driven cancer, and the precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenic role of inflammation are beginning to be explored in detail. A substantial amount of preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that bacteria are likely to influence this process by activating immune receptors and perpetuating cancer-associated inflammation. The recent explosion of investigations of the human microbiome have highlighted how perturbations of commensal bacterial populations can promote inflammation and promote disease processes, including carcinogenesis. The elucidation of the interplay between inflammation and microbiome in the context of pancreatic carcinogenesis will provide novel targets for intervention to prevent and treat pancreatic cancer more efficiently. Further studies toward this direction are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos P. Zambirinis
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Departments of Surgery New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Smruti Pushalkar
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010
| | - George Miller
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Departments of Surgery New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, Departments of Cell Biology New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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1390
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Perez-Chanona E, Jobin C. From promotion to management: the wide impact of bacteria on cancer and its treatment. Bioessays 2014; 36:658-64. [PMID: 24752750 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the intestine is the major reservoir of microbes. Although the intestinal microbial community exists in a state of homeostasis called eubiosis, environmental and genetics factors can lead to microbial perturbation or dysbiosis, a state associated with various pathologies including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Dysbiotic microbiota is thought to contribute to the initiation and progression of CRC. At the opposite end of the spectrum, two recently published studies in Science reveal that the microbiota is essential for chemotherapeutic drug efficacy, suggesting a beneficial microbial function in cancer management. The dichotomy between the beneficial and detrimental roles of the microbiota during cancer initiation, progression, and treatment emphasize the interwoven relationship between bacteria and cancer. Moreover, these findings suggest that the microbiota could be considered as a therapeutic target, not only at the level of cancer prevention, but also during management, i.e. by enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Perez-Chanona
- Department of Medicine and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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1391
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Chen X, Wakefield LM, Oppenheim JJ. Synergistic antitumor effects of a TGFβ inhibitor and cyclophosphamide. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e28247. [PMID: 25050195 PMCID: PMC4063140 DOI: 10.4161/onci.28247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a mouse model of breast carcinoma, the combination of cyclophosphamide and transforming growth factor β1,2,3 (TGFβ1,2,3)-targeting antibody achieved superior antineoplastic effects. This novel paradigm of synergistic chemoimmunotherapy promises to improve the clinical outcome of cancer patients with micrometastases, and thus deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Basic Science Program; Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc.; Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Frederick, MD USA ; Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation; Cancer Inflammation Program; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Lalage M Wakefield
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
| | - Joost J Oppenheim
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation; Cancer Inflammation Program; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute; Frederick, MD USA
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1392
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Romano E, Michielin O, Voelter V, Laurent J, Bichat H, Stravodimou A, Romero P, Speiser DE, Triebel F, Leyvraz S, Harari A. MART-1 peptide vaccination plus IMP321 (LAG-3Ig fusion protein) in patients receiving autologous PBMCs after lymphodepletion: results of a Phase I trial. J Transl Med 2014; 12:97. [PMID: 24726012 PMCID: PMC4021605 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunotherapy offers a promising novel approach for the treatment of cancer and both adoptive T-cell transfer and immune modulation lead to regression of advanced melanoma. However, the potential synergy between these two strategies remains unclear. Methods We investigated in 12 patients with advanced stage IV melanoma the effect of multiple MART-1 analog peptide vaccinations with (n = 6) or without (n = 6) IMP321 (LAG-3Ig fusion protein) as an adjuvant in combination with lymphodepleting chemotherapy and adoptive transfer of autologous PBMCs at day (D) 0 (Trial registration No: NCT00324623). All patients were selected on the basis of ex vivo detectable MART-1-specific CD8 T-cell responses and immunized at D0, 8, 15, 22, 28, 52, and 74 post-reinfusion. Results After immunization, a significant expansion of MART-1-specific CD8 T cells was measured in 83% (n = 5/6) and 17% (n = 1/6) of patients from the IMP321 and control groups, respectively (P < 0.02). Compared to the control group, the mean fold increase of MART-1-specific CD8 T cells in the IMP321 group was respectively >2-, >4- and >6-fold higher at D15, D30 and D60 (P < 0.02). Long-lasting MART-1-specific CD8 T-cell responses were significantly associated with IMP321 (P < 0.02). At the peak of the response, MART-1-specific CD8 T cells contained higher proportions of effector (CCR7− CD45RA+/−) cells in the IMP321 group (P < 0.02) and showed no sign of exhaustion (i.e. were mostly PD1−CD160−TIM3−LAG3−2B4+/−). Moreover, IMP321 was associated with a significantly reduced expansion of regulatory T cells (P < 0.04); consistently, we observed a negative correlation between the relative expansion of MART-1-specific CD8 T cells and of regulatory T cells. Finally, although there were no confirmed responses as per RECIST criteria, a transient, 30-day partial response was observed in a patient from the IMP321 group. Conclusions Vaccination with IMP321 as an adjuvant in combination with lymphodepleting chemotherapy and adoptive transfer of autologous PBMCs induced more robust and durable cellular antitumor immune responses, supporting further development of IMP321 as an adjuvant for future immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Serge Leyvraz
- Department of Oncology, Service of Medical Oncology, CHUV BH-06 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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1393
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Poutahidis T, Kleinewietfeld M, Erdman SE. Gut microbiota and the paradox of cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:157. [PMID: 24778636 PMCID: PMC3985000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is recently shown that beneficial environmental microbes stimulate integrated immune and neuroendocrine factors throughout the body, consequently modulating regulatory T-lymphocyte phenotypes, maintaining systemic immune balance, and determining the fate of preneoplastic lesions toward regression while sustaining whole body good health. Stimulated by a gut microbiota-centric systemic homeostasis hypothesis, we set out to explore the influence of the gut microbiome to explain the paradoxical roles of regulatory T-lymphocytes in cancer development and growth. This paradigm shift places cancer prevention and treatment into a new broader context of holobiont engineering to cultivate a tumor-suppressive macroenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theofilos Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA , USA ; Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University , Cambridge, MA , USA ; Faculty of Medicine, Dresden University of Technology (TUD) , Dresden , Germany
| | - Susan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA , USA
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1394
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1395
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Vande Voorde J, Balzarini J, Liekens S. Mycoplasmas and cancer: focus on nucleoside metabolism. EXCLI JOURNAL 2014; 13:300-22. [PMID: 26417262 PMCID: PMC4464442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The standard of care for patients suffering cancer often includes treatment with nucleoside analogues (NAs). NAs are internalized by cell-specific nucleobase/nucleoside transporters and, after enzymatic activation (often one or more phosphorylation steps), interfere with cellular nucleo(s)(t)ide metabolism and DNA/RNA synthesis. Therefore, their efficacy is highly dependent on the expression and activity of nucleo(s)(t)ide-metabolizing enzymes, and alterations thereof (e.g. by down/upregulated expression or mutations) may change the susceptibility to NA-based therapy and/or confer drug resistance. Apart from host cell factors, several other variables including microbial presence may determine the metabolome (i.e. metabolite concentrations) of human tissues. Studying the diversity of microorganisms that are associated with the human body has already provided new insights in several diseases (e.g. diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease) and the metabolic exchange between tissues and their specific microbiota was found to affect the bioavailability and toxicity of certain anticancer drugs, including NAs. Several studies report a preferential colonization of tumor tissues with some mycoplasma species (mostly Mycoplasma hyorhinis). These prokaryotes are also a common source of cell culture contamination and alter the cytostatic activity of some NAs in vitro due to the expression of nucleoside-catabolizing enzymes. Mycoplasma infection may therefore bias experimental work with NAs, and their presence in the tumor microenvironment could be of significance when optimizing nucleoside-based cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Vande Voorde
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, blok x - bus 1030, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, blok x - bus 1030, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, blok x - bus 1030, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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1396
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Vande Voorde J, Sabuncuoğlu S, Noppen S, Hofer A, Ranjbarian F, Fieuws S, Balzarini J, Liekens S. Nucleoside-catabolizing enzymes in mycoplasma-infected tumor cell cultures compromise the cytostatic activity of the anticancer drug gemcitabine. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13054-65. [PMID: 24668817 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.558924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular metabolism and cytostatic activity of the anticancer drug gemcitabine (2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine; dFdC) was severely compromised in Mycoplasma hyorhinis-infected tumor cell cultures. Pronounced deamination of dFdC to its less cytostatic metabolite 2',2'-difluoro-2'-deoxyuridine was observed, both in cell extracts and spent culture medium (i.e. tumor cell-free but mycoplasma-containing) of mycoplasma-infected tumor cells. This indicates that the decreased antiproliferative activity of dFdC in such cells is attributed to a mycoplasma cytidine deaminase causing rapid drug catabolism. Indeed, the cytostatic activity of gemcitabine could be restored by the co-administration of tetrahydrouridine (a potent cytidine deaminase inhibitor). Additionally, mycoplasma-derived pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase (PyNP) activity indirectly potentiated deamination of dFdC: the natural pyrimidine nucleosides uridine, 2'-deoxyuridine and thymidine inhibited mycoplasma-associated dFdC deamination but were efficiently catabolized (removed) by mycoplasma PyNP. The markedly lower anabolism and related cytostatic activity of dFdC in mycoplasma-infected tumor cells was therefore also (partially) restored by a specific TP/PyNP inhibitor (TPI), or by exogenous thymidine. Consequently, no effect on the cytostatic activity of dFdC was observed in tumor cell cultures infected with a PyNP-deficient Mycoplasma pneumoniae strain. Because it has been reported that some commensal mycoplasma species (including M. hyorhinis) preferentially colonize tumor tissue in cancer patients, our findings suggest that the presence of mycoplasmas in the tumor microenvironment could be a limiting factor for the anticancer efficiency of dFdC-based chemotherapy. Accordingly, a significantly decreased antitumor effect of dFdC was observed in mice bearing M. hyorhinis-infected murine mammary FM3A tumors compared with uninfected tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Vande Voorde
- From the Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, blok x-bus 1030, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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1397
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Vacchelli E, Aranda F, Eggermont A, Galon J, Sautès-Fridman C, Cremer I, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Chemotherapy with immunogenic cell death inducers. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e27878. [PMID: 24800173 PMCID: PMC4008470 DOI: 10.4161/onci.27878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the clinical efficacy of selected anticancer drugs, including conventional chemotherapeutics as well as targeted anticancer agents, originates (at least in part) from their ability to elicit a novel or reinstate a pre-existing tumor-specific immune response. One of the mechanisms whereby chemotherapy can stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy malignant cells is commonly known as immunogenic cell death (ICD). Cancer cells succumbing to ICD are de facto converted into an anticancer vaccine and as such elicit an adaptive immune response. Several common chemotherapeutics share the ability of triggering ICD, as demonstrated in vaccination experiments relying on immunocompetent mice and syngeneic cancer cells. A large number of ongoing clinical trials involve such ICD inducers, often (but not always) as they are part of the gold standard therapeutic approach against specific neoplasms. In this Trial Watch, we summarize the latest advances on the use of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, epirubicin, oxaliplatin, and mitoxantrone in cancer patients, discussing high-impact studies that have been published during the last 13 months as well as clinical trials that have been initiated in the same period to assess the antineoplastic profile of these immunogenic drugs as off-label therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | | | - Jérôme Galon
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 13; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 13; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015; CICBT507; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
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1398
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Haiser HJ, Seim KL, Balskus EP, Turnbaugh PJ. Mechanistic insight into digoxin inactivation by Eggerthella lenta augments our understanding of its pharmacokinetics. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:233-8. [PMID: 24637603 PMCID: PMC4063850 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.27915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota plays a key role in pharmacology, yet the mechanisms responsible remain unclear, impeding efforts toward personalized medicine. We recently identified a cytochrome-encoding operon in the common gut Actinobacterium Eggerthella lenta that is transcriptionally activated by the cardiac drug digoxin. These genes represent a predictive microbial biomarker for the inactivation of digoxin. Gnotobiotic mouse experiments revealed that increased protein intake can limit microbial drug inactivation. Here, we present a biochemical rationale for how the proteins encoded by this operon might inactivate digoxin through substrate promiscuity. We discuss digoxin signaling in eukaryotic systems, and consider the possibility that endogenous digoxin-like molecules may have selected for microbial digoxin inactivation. Finally, we highlight the diverse contributions of gut microbes to drug metabolism, present a generalized approach to studying microbe-drug interactions, and argue that mechanistic studies will pave the way for the clinical application of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Haiser
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) Center for Systems Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Kristen L Seim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Emily P Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) Center for Systems Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge, MA USA,Correspondence to: Peter J Turnbaugh,
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1399
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Chappert P. Role of SFB in autoimmune arthritis: an example of regulation of autoreactive T cell sensitivity in the gut. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:259-64. [PMID: 24637598 PMCID: PMC4063855 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.28134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A key role for segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) has recently been demonstrated in several mouse models of autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune arthritis and multiple sclerosis. The mechanism governing the activation of systemic autoreactive T cell responses by such commensals in the gut, however, remained elusive. In this addendum, we discuss recent results addressing the local regulation of autoreactive T cell sensitivity by these unique bacteria. We found that the presence of SFB in the gut microbiota was sufficient to promote a local inflammatory microenvironment altering the T cell-intrinsic desensitization process normally occurring in response to chronic self-antigen stimulation. In the absence of this key tolerance checkpoint, sustained chronic T cell proliferation, IFNγ production, and B cell activation eventually led to the development of enhanced pathologies in a Th1-driven T cell-transfer model of autoimmune arthritis.
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1400
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Chen X, Oppenheim JJ. Th17 cells and Tregs: unlikely allies. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:723-731. [PMID: 24563509 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1213633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs and Th17 modified the historical Th1-Th2 paradigm. Currently, the Th17-Tregs dichotomy provides a dominant conceptual framework for the comprehension of immunity/inflammation and tolerance/immunosuppression in an increasing number of diseases. Targeting proinflammatory Th17 cells or immunosuppressive Tregs has been widely considered as a promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of major human diseases, including autoimmunity and cancer. The efficacy and safety of such therapy rely on a thorough understanding of immunobiology and interaction of these two subsets of Th cells. In this article, we review recent progress concerning complicated interplay of Th17 cells and Tregs There is compelling evidence that Tregs potently inhibit Th1 and Th2 responses; however, the inhibitory effect of Tregs on Th17 responses is a controversial subject. There is increasing evidence showing that Tregs actually promote the differentiation of Th17 cells in vitro and in vivo and consequently, enhanced the functional consequences of Th17 cells, including the protective effect in host defense, as well as detrimental effect in inflammation and in the support of tumor growth. On the other hand, Th17 cells were also the most potent Th subset in the stimulation and support of expansion and phenotypic stability of Tregs in vivo. These results indicate that these two subsets of Th cells reciprocally stimulate each other. This bidirectional crosstalk is largely dependent on the TNF-TNFR2 pathway. These mutual stimulatory effects should be considered in devising future Th17 cell- and Treg-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA; and .,Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joost J Oppenheim
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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