101
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Ding X, Yang Y, Stein EA, Ross TJ. Multivariate classification of smokers and nonsmokers using SVM-RFE on structural MRI images. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:4869-79. [PMID: 26497657 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies have revealed gray matter alterations in smokers, but this type of analysis has poor predictive value for individual cases, which limits its applicability in clinical diagnoses and treatment. A predictive model would essentially embody a complex biomarker that could be used to evaluate treatment efficacy. In this study, we applied VBM along with a multivariate classification method consisting of a support vector machine with recursive feature elimination to discriminate smokers from nonsmokers using their structural MRI data. Mean gray matter volumes in 1,024 cerebral cortical regions of interest created using a subparcellated version of the Automated Anatomical Labeling template were calculated from 60 smokers and 60 nonsmokers, and served as input features to the classification procedure. The classifier achieved the highest accuracy of 69.6% when taking the 139 highest ranked features via 10-fold cross-validation. Critically, these features were later validated on an independent testing set that consisted of 28 smokers and 28 nonsmokers, yielding a 64.04% accuracy level (binomial P = 0.01). Following classification, exploratory post hoc regression analyses were performed, which revealed that gray matter volumes in the putamen, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, caudate, thalamus, pre-/postcentral gyrus, precuneus, and the parahippocampal gyrus, were inversely related to smoking behavioral characteristics. These results not only indicate that smoking related gray matter alterations can provide predictive power for group membership, but also suggest that machine learning techniques can reveal underlying smoking-related neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ding
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas J Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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102
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Fedota JR, Stein EA. Resting-state functional connectivity and nicotine addiction: prospects for biomarker development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1349:64-82. [PMID: 26348486 PMCID: PMC4563817 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Given conceptual frameworks of addiction as a disease of intercommunicating brain networks, examinations of network interactions may provide a holistic characterization of addiction-related dysfunction. One such methodological approach is the examination of resting-state functional connectivity, which quantifies correlations in low-frequency fluctuations of the blood oxygen level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging signal between disparate brain regions in the absence of task performance. Here, evidence of differentiated effects of chronic nicotine exposure, which reduces the efficiency of network communication across the brain, and acute nicotine exposure, which increases connectivity within specific limbic circuits, is discussed. Several large-scale resting networks, including the salience, default, and executive control networks, have also been implicated in nicotine addiction. The dynamics of connectivity changes among and between these large-scale networks during nicotine withdrawal and satiety provide a heuristic framework with which to characterize the neurobiological mechanism of addiction. The ability to simultaneously quantify effects of both chronic (trait) and acute (state) nicotine exposure provides a platform to develop a neuroimaging-based addiction biomarker. While such development remains in its early stages, evidence of coherent modulations in resting-state functional connectivity at various stages of nicotine addiction suggests potential network interactions on which to focus future addiction biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Fedota
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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103
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Abnormal prefrontal cortex resting state functional connectivity and severity of internet gaming disorder. Brain Imaging Behav 2015; 10:719-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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104
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Beltz AM, Berenbaum SA, Wilson SJ. Sex differences in resting state brain function of cigarette smokers and links to nicotine dependence. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2015; 23:247-54. [PMID: 26237322 PMCID: PMC4526105 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sex--a marker of biological and social individual differences--matters for drug use, particularly for cigarette smoking, which is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. More men than women smoke, but women are less likely than men to quit. Resting state brain function, or intrinsic brain activity that occurs in the absence of a goal-directed task, is important for understanding cigarette smoking, as it has been shown to differentiate between smokers and nonsmokers. But, it is unclear whether and how sex influences the link between resting state brain function and smoking behavior. In this study, the authors demonstrate that sex is indeed associated with resting state connectivity in cigarette smokers, and that sex moderates the link between resting state connectivity and self-reported nicotine dependence. Using functional MRI and behavioral data from 50 adult daily smokers (23 women), the authors found that women had greater connectivity than men within the default mode network, and that increased connectivity within the reward network was related to increased nicotine tolerance in women but to decreased nicotine tolerance in men. Findings highlight the importance of sex-related individual differences reflected in resting state connectivity for understanding the etiology and treatment of substance use problems.
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105
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Wetherill RR, Fang Z, Jagannathan K, Childress AR, Rao H, Franklin TR. Cannabis, cigarettes, and their co-occurring use: Disentangling differences in default mode network functional connectivity. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 153:116-23. [PMID: 26094186 PMCID: PMC4509835 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resting-state functional connectivity is a noninvasive, neuroimaging method for assessing neural network function. Altered functional connectivity among regions of the default-mode network have been associated with both nicotine and cannabis use; however, less is known about co-occurring cannabis and tobacco use. METHODS We used posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) seed-based resting-state functional connectivity analyses to examine default mode network (DMN) connectivity strength differences between four groups: (1) individuals diagnosed with cannabis dependence who do not smoke tobacco (n=19; ages 20-50), (2) cannabis-dependent individuals who smoke tobacco (n=23, ages 21-52), (3) cannabis-naïve, nicotine-dependent individuals who smoke tobacco (n=24, ages 21-57), and (4) cannabis- and tobacco-naïve healthy controls (n=21, ages 21-50), controlling for age, sex, and alcohol use. We also explored associations between connectivity strength and measures of cannabis and tobacco use. RESULTS PCC seed-based analyses identified the core nodes of the DMN (i.e., PCC, medial prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex, and temporal cortex). In general, the cannabis-dependent, nicotine-dependent, and co-occurring use groups showed lower DMN connectivity strengths than controls, with unique group differences in connectivity strength between the PCC and the cerebellum, medial prefrontal cortex, parahippocampus, and anterior insula. In cannabis-dependent individuals, PCC-right anterior insula connectivity strength correlated with duration of cannabis use. CONCLUSIONS This study extends previous research that independently examined the differences in resting-state functional connectivity among individuals who smoke cannabis and tobacco by including an examination of co-occurring cannabis and tobacco use and provides further evidence that cannabis and tobacco exposure is associated with alterations in DMN connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reagan R Wetherill
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Zhuo Fang
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kanchana Jagannathan
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anna Rose Childress
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hengyi Rao
- University of Pennsylvania, Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Teresa R Franklin
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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106
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Wang Z, Suh J, Li Z, Li Y, Franklin T, O'Brien C, Childress AR. A hyper-connected but less efficient small-world network in the substance-dependent brain. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 152:102-8. [PMID: 25957794 PMCID: PMC4458212 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional interconnections of the addicted brain may differ from the non-addicted population in important ways, but prioranalytic approaches were usually limited to the study of connections between a few number of selected brain regions. Recent approaches enable examination of the vast functional interactions within the entire brain, the functional connectome (FCM). The purpose of this study was to characterize FCM alterations in addiction using resting state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rsfMRI) and to assess their relations to addiction-related symptoms. METHODS rsfMRI data were acquired from 20 chronic polydrug users whose primary diagnosis was cocaine dependence (DRUG) and 19 age-matched non-drug using healthy controls (CTL). FCM was assessed using graph theoretical analysis. RESULTS Among the assessed 90 brain subdivisions, DRUG showed stronger functional connectivity. After controlling functional connectivity difference and the resultant network density, DRUG showed reduced communication efficiency and reduced small-worldness. CONCLUSIONS The increased connection strength in drug users' brain suggests an elevated dynamic resting state that may enable a rapid, semi-automatic, execution of behaviors directed toward drug-related goals.The reduced FCM communication efficiency and reduced small-worldness suggest a loss of normal inter-regional communications and topology features that makes it difficult to inhibit the drug seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, China; Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, China; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Jesse Suh
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA; VISN-4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhengjun Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yin Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, China
| | - Teresa Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna Rose Childress
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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107
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Wu G, Yang S, Zhu L, Lin F. Altered spontaneous brain activity in heavy smokers revealed by regional homogeneity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2481-9. [PMID: 25716308 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Task-state and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have revealed different brain responses in chronic cigarette smokers compared with healthy controls. However, little is known about the differences between chronic cigarette smokers and healthy subjects regarding the local synchronization of spontaneous brain activity in the resting state. OBJECTIVES In this study, we used regional homogeneity (ReHo) analysis based on resting-state fMRI to investigate intrinsic brain activity in heavy smokers. METHODS Thirty-one heavy smokers and 33 healthy non-smokers were included in this study. ReHo was used to measure spontaneous brain activity, and whole-brain voxel-wise comparisons of ReHo were performed to detect brain regions with altered spontaneous brain activity between groups. RESULTS Compared with non-smokers, heavy smokers showed decreased ReHo primarily in brain regions associated with the default-mode, frontoparietal attention, and inhibitory control networks; heavy smokers showed increased ReHo predominately in regions related to motor planning. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that heavy smokers may have altered spontaneous brain activity in some brain regions that are associated with higher cognitive networks. Moreover, our study improves the understanding of the effects of chronic cigarette smoking on spontaneous brain activity and the pathophysiological mechanisms of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Wu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China,
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108
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Lin F, Zhou Y, Du Y, Zhao Z, Qin L, Xu J, Lei H. Aberrant corticostriatal functional circuits in adolescents with Internet addiction disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:356. [PMID: 26136677 PMCID: PMC4468611 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal structure and function in the striatum and prefrontal cortex (PFC) have been revealed in Internet addiction disorder (IAD). However, little is known about alterations of corticostriatal functional circuits in IAD. The aim of this study was to investigate the integrity of corticostriatal functional circuits and their relations to neuropsychological measures in IAD by resting-state functional connectivity (FC). Fourteen IAD adolescents and 15 healthy controls underwent resting-state fMRI scans. Using six predefined bilateral striatal regions-of-interest, voxel-wise correlation maps were computed and compared between groups. Relationships between alterations of corticostriatal connectivity and clinical measurements were examined in the IAD group. Compared to controls, IAD subjects exhibited reduced connectivity between the inferior ventral striatum and bilateral caudate head, subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and posterior cingulate cortex, and between the superior ventral striatum and bilateral dorsal/rostral ACC, ventral anterior thalamus, and putamen/pallidum/insula/inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and between the dorsal caudate and dorsal/rostral ACC, thalamus, and IFG, and between the left ventral rostral putamen and right IFG. IAD subjects also showed increased connectivity between the left dorsal caudal putamen and bilateral caudal cigulate motor area. Moreover, altered cotricostriatal functional circuits were significantly correlated with neuropsychological measures. This study directly provides evidence that IAD is associated with alterations of corticostriatal functional circuits involved in the affective and motivation processing, and cognitive control. These findings emphasize that functional connections in the corticostriatal circuits are modulated by affective/motivational/cognitive states and further suggest that IAD may have abnormalities of such modulation in this network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchun Lin
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, RenJi Hospital, Jiao Tong University Medical School Shanghai, China
| | - Yasong Du
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimin Zhao
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
| | - Lindi Qin
- Department of Radiology, RenJi Hospital, Jiao Tong University Medical School Shanghai, China
| | - Jianrong Xu
- Department of Radiology, RenJi Hospital, Jiao Tong University Medical School Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Lei
- National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan, China
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109
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Li Y, Yuan K, Cai C, Feng D, Yin J, Bi Y, Shi S, Yu D, Jin C, von Deneen KM, Qin W, Tian J. Reduced frontal cortical thickness and increased caudate volume within fronto-striatal circuits in young adult smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 151:211-9. [PMID: 25865908 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking during early adulthood results in neurophysiological and brain structural changes that may promote nicotine dependence later in life. Previous studies have revealed the important roles of fronto-striatal circuits in the pathology of nicotine dependence; however, few studies have focused on both cortical thickness and subcortical striatal volume differences between young adult smokers and nonsmokers. METHODS Twenty-seven young male adult smokers and 22 age-, education- and gender-matched nonsmokers were recruited in the present study. The cortical thickness and striatal volume differences of young adult smokers and age-matched nonsmokers were investigated in the present study and then correlated with pack-years and Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). RESULTS The following results were obtained: (1) young adult smokers showed significant cortical thinning in the frontal cortex (left caudal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)), left insula, left middle temporal gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule, and right parahippocampus; (2) in regards to subcortical striatal volume, the volume of the right caudate was larger in young adult smokers than nonsmokers; and (3) the cortical thickness of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and OFC were associated with nicotine dependence severity (FTND) and cumulative amount of nicotine intake (pack-years) in smokers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed reduced frontal cortical thickness and increased caudate volume in the fronto-striatal circuits in young adult smokers compared to nonsmokers. These deficits suggest an imbalance between cognitive control (reduced protection factors) and reward drive behaviours (increased risk factors) associated with nicotine addiction and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangding Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Kai Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Chenxi Cai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Dan Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Junsen Yin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yanzhi Bi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Sha Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Dahua Yu
- Information Processing Laboratory, School of Information Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014010, PR China
| | - Chenwang Jin
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Karen M von Deneen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Wei Qin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jie Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, Shaanxi, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, PR China; Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
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110
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Lu H, Zou Q, Chefer S, Ross TJ, Vaupel DB, Guillem K, Rea WP, Yang Y, Peoples LL, Stein EA. Abstinence from cocaine and sucrose self-administration reveals altered mesocorticolimbic circuit connectivity by resting state MRI. Brain Connect 2015; 4:499-510. [PMID: 24999822 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2014.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous preclinical studies have emphasized that drugs of abuse, through actions within and between mesocorticolimbic (MCL) regions, usurp learning and memory processes normally involved in the pursuit of natural rewards. To distinguish MCL circuit pathobiological neuroadaptations that accompany addiction from general learning processes associated with natural reward, we trained two groups of rats to self-administer either cocaine (IV) or sucrose (orally) followed by an identically enforced 30 day abstinence period. These procedures are known to induce behavioral changes and neuroadaptations. A third group of sedentary animals served as a negative control group for general handling effects. We examined low-frequency spontaneous fluctuations in the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal, known as resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC), as a measure of intrinsic neurobiological interactions between brain regions. Decreased rsFC was seen in the cocaine-SA compared with both sucrose-SA and housing control groups between prelimbic (PrL) cortex and entopeduncular nucleus and between nucleus accumbens core (AcbC) and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC). Moreover, individual differences in cocaine SA escalation predicted connectivity strength only in the Acb-dmPFC circuit. These data provide evidence of fronto-striatal plasticity across the addiction trajectory, which are consistent with Acb-PFC hypoactivity seen in abstinent human drug addicts, indicating potential circuit level biomarkers that may inform therapeutic interventions. They further suggest that available data from cross-sectional human studies may reflect the consequence of rather a predispositional predecessor to their dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbing Lu
- 1 Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, Maryland
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111
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Weiland BJ, Sabbineni A, Calhoun VD, Welsh RC, Hutchison KE. Reduced executive and default network functional connectivity in cigarette smokers. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:872-82. [PMID: 25346448 PMCID: PMC4978515 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered functional connectivity has been associated with acute and chronic nicotine use. Connectivity alterations, specifically in the right and left executive control networks (RECN/LECN) and the default mode network (DMN), may contribute to the addiction cycle. The objective of this study was to determine if executive control network (ECN) and DMN connectivity is different between non-smokers and smokers and whether reductions in connectivity are related to chronic cigarette use. The RECN, LECN, and DMN were identified in resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data in 650 subjects. Analyses tested for group differences in network connectivity strength, controlling for age and alcohol use. There was a significant group effect on LECN and DMN connectivity strength with smokers (n = 452) having lower network strengths than non-smokers (n = 198). Smokers had lower connectivity than non-smokers associated with key network hubs: the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and parietal nodes within ECNs. Further, ECN connectivity strength was negatively associated with pack years of cigarette use. Our data suggest that chronic nicotine use negatively impacts functional connectivity within control networks that may contribute to the difficulty smokers have in quitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J. Weiland
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO
| | - Amithrupa Sabbineni
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- The Mind Research NetworkAlbuquerqueNM
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNM
| | - Robert C. Welsh
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI
| | - Kent E. Hutchison
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO
- The Mind Research NetworkAlbuquerqueNM
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112
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Konova AB, Moeller SJ, Tomasi D, Goldstein RZ. Effects of chronic and acute stimulants on brain functional connectivity hubs. Brain Res 2015; 1628:147-56. [PMID: 25721787 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The spatial distribution and strength of information processing 'hubs' are essential features of the brain׳s network topology, and may thus be particularly susceptible to neuropsychiatric disease. Despite growing evidence that drug addiction alters functioning and connectivity of discrete brain regions, little is known about whether chronic drug use is associated with abnormalities in this network-level organization, and if such abnormalities could be targeted for intervention. We used functional connectivity density (FCD) mapping to evaluate how chronic and acute stimulants affect brain hubs (i.e., regions with many short-range or long-range functional connections). Nineteen individuals with cocaine use disorders (CUD) and 15 healthy controls completed resting-state fMRI scans following a randomly assigned dose of methylphenidate (MPH; 20mg) or placebo. Short-range and long-range FCD maps were computed for each participant and medication condition. CUD participants had increased short-range and long-range FCD in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate/precuneus, and putamen/amygdala, which in areas of the default mode network correlated with years of use. Across participants, MPH decreased short-range FCD in the thalamus/putamen, and decreased long-range FCD in the supplementary motor area and postcentral gyrus. Increased density of short-range and long-range functional connections to default mode hubs in CUD suggests an overrepresentation of these resource-expensive hubs. While the effects of MPH on FCD were only partly overlapping with those of CUD, MPH-induced reduction in the density of short-range connections to the putamen/thalamus, a network of core relevance to habit formation and addiction, suggests that some FCD abnormalities could be targeted for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Konova
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Scott J Moeller
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Dardo Tomasi
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
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113
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Altered functional connectivity within the central reward network in overweight and obese women. Nutr Diabetes 2015; 5:e148. [PMID: 25599560 PMCID: PMC4314578 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2014.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Neuroimaging studies in obese subjects have identified abnormal activation of key regions of central reward circuits, including the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), in response to food-related stimuli. We aimed to examine whether women with elevated body mass index (BMI) show structural and resting state (RS) functional connectivity alterations within regions of the reward network. Subjects/Methods: Fifty healthy, premenopausal women, 19 overweight and obese (high BMI=26–38 kg m−2) and 31 lean (BMI=19–25 kg m−2) were selected from the University of California Los Angeles' Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress database. Structural and RS functional scans were collected. Group differences in grey matter volume (GMV) of the NAcc, oscillation dynamics of intrinsic brain activity and functional connectivity of the NAcc to regions within the reward network were examined. Results: GMV of the left NAcc was significantly greater in the high BMI group than in the lean group (P=0.031). Altered frequency distributions were observed in women with high BMI compared with lean group in the left NAcc (P=0.009) in a medium-frequency (MF) band, and in bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (P=0.014, <0.001) and ventro-medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) (P=0.034, <0.001) in a high-frequency band. Subjects with high BMI had greater connectivity of the left NAcc with bilateral ACC (P=0.024) and right vmPFC (P=0.032) in a MF band and with the left ACC (P=0.03) in a high frequency band. Conclusions: Overweight and obese women in the absence of food-related stimuli show significant structural and functional alterations within regions of reward-related brain networks, which may have a role in altered ingestive behaviors.
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Alterations in brain connectivity in three sub-regions of the anterior cingulate cortex in heroin-dependent individuals: Evidence from resting state fMRI. Neuroscience 2014; 284:998-1010. [PMID: 25446365 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies that utilized task-based approaches have demonstrated that the chronic use of heroin is associated with altered activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). However, few studies have focused on examining the variation in resting-state functional connectivity in heroin-dependent individuals, which might help further understanding the mechanisms underlying heroin addiction. Due to the structural and functional heterogeneity of the ACC, we systematically mapped the resting-state functional connectivity patterns of three sub-regions of the ACC in heroin-dependent individuals, wondered whether the partition of three sub-regions of the ACC is feasible in heroin-dependent individuals, and identified how heroin affected the correlated activities among three sub-regions of the ACC using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In the present study, fMRI data were acquired from 21 heroin-dependent individuals (Her group) and 15 non-addicted controls (CN group). Compared to controls, there were reduced functional connectivities in the dorsal ACC (dACC) and rostral ACC (rACC) networks with different areas of the dorsal striatum (the caudate and the putamen) in the Her group. Meanwhile, there exhibited an inverted alteration of pattern for orbital frontal cortex (OFC) and superior frontal gyrus (SFG) in the functional connectivity network with the dACC and subcallosal ACC (sACC), and a different alteration of the cerebellum and the amygdala in the functional connectivity network with the rACC and the sACC. In addition, we also found reduced connectivities between dACC and rACC, as well as reduced connectivities between sACC and dACC. Our findings of variations of functional connectivities in three sub-regions of ACC in Her group implied that these sub-regions of the ACC together with other key brain areas (such as dorsal striatum, OFC, SFG, cerebellum, amygdale, etc.) might potentially play independent and/or overlapping roles in heroin addiction, which might indicate the potential direction of future research.
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The nicotinic cholinergic system function in the human brain. Neuropharmacology 2014; 96:289-301. [PMID: 25446570 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Research on the nicotinic cholinergic system function in the brain was previously mainly derived from animal studies, yet, research in humans is growing. Up to date, findings allow significant advances on the understanding of nicotinic cholinergic effects on human cognition, emotion and behavior using a range of functional brain imaging approaches such as pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography. Studies provided insights across various mechanistic psychological domains using different tasks as well as at rest in both healthy individuals and patient populations, with so far partly mixed results reporting both enhancements and decrements of neural activity related to the nicotinic cholinergic system. Moreover, studies on the relation between brain structure and the nicotinic cholinergic system add important information in this context. The present review summarizes the current status of human brain imaging studies and presents the findings within a theoretical and clinical perspective as they may be useful not only for an advancement of the understanding of basic nicotinic cholinergic-related mechanisms, but also for the development and integration of psychological and pharmacological treatment approaches. Patterns of functional neuroanatomy and neural circuitry across various cognitive and emotional domains may be used as neuropsychological markers of mental disorders such as addiction, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease or schizophrenia, where nicotinic cholinergic system changes are characteristic. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: From Molecular Biology to Cognition'.
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116
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Liang Z, Liu X, Zhang N. Dynamic resting state functional connectivity in awake and anesthetized rodents. Neuroimage 2014; 104:89-99. [PMID: 25315787 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its introduction, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) has been a powerful tool for investigating functional neural networks in both normal and pathological conditions. When measuring resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC), most rsfMRI approaches do not consider its temporal variations and thus only provide the averaged RSFC over the scan time. Recently, there has been a surge of interest to investigate the dynamic characteristics of RSFC in humans, and promising results have been yielded. However, our knowledge regarding the dynamic RSFC in animals remains sparse. In the present study we utilized the single-volume co-activation method to systematically study the dynamic properties of RSFC within the networks of infralimbic cortex (IL) and primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in both awake and anesthetized rats. Our data showed that both IL and S1 networks could be decomposed into several spatially reproducible but temporally changing co-activation patterns (CAPs), suggesting that dynamic RSFC was indeed a characteristic feature in rodents. In addition, we demonstrated that anesthesia profoundly impacted the dynamic RSFC of neural circuits subserving cognitive and emotional functions but had less effects on sensorimotor systems. Finally, we examined the temporal characteristics of each CAP, and found that individual CAPs exhibited consistent temporal evolution patterns. Together, these results suggest that dynamic RSFC might be a general phenomenon in vertebrate animals. In addition, this study has paved the way for further understanding the alterations of dynamic RSFC in animal models of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Advanced MRI Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Kobiella A, Ripke S, Kroemer NB, Vollmert C, Vollstädt-Klein S, Ulshöfer DE, Smolka MN. Acute and chronic nicotine effects on behaviour and brain activation during intertemporal decision making. Addict Biol 2014; 19:918-30. [PMID: 23679679 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated higher discount rates for delayed rewards in smokers than non-smokers. We performed this study to determine whether those differences in intertemporal choice are due to pharmacological effects of nicotine and to track related brain regions. Thirty-three non-smokers and 27 nicotine-dependent smokers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing an intertemporal choice task consisting of 40 sets of monetary reward options that varied by delay to delivery. Smokers were investigated in a state of nicotine satiation. Non-smokers were investigated twice, receiving nicotine (2 mg) and placebo gums in a double-blinded, randomized cross-over design. Smokers displayed steeper temporal discounting than non-smokers. Those behavioural differences were reflected in the brain response during the decision between two alternative money/time pairs: smokers showed less activation in parietal and occipital areas (e.g. precuneus) than non-smokers under placebo. A single dose of nicotine in non-smokers led to a similar effect on brain activation but did not impact behaviour. Processing of the reward magnitude of money/time pairs differed between smokers and non-smokers: smokers showed decreased reactivity of the ventral striatum. Moreover, there was an acute nicotine effect in non-smokers on processing of the reward magnitude: nicotine increased the correlation of blood oxygen level-dependent response and mean amount in the left hippocampus, amygdala and anterior insula. We conclude that cross-sectional differences between smokers and non-smokers are only, in part, due to the acute pharmacological effects of nicotine. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate pre-drug group characteristics as well as consequences of smoking on discounting behaviour and its neural correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kobiella
- Neuroimaging Center; Department of Psychiatry; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine; Central Institute of Mental Health; University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Neuroimaging Center; Department of Psychiatry; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Nils B. Kroemer
- Neuroimaging Center; Department of Psychiatry; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Christian Vollmert
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine; Central Institute of Mental Health; University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Sabine Vollstädt-Klein
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine; Central Institute of Mental Health; University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Dorothea E. Ulshöfer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Central Institute of Mental Health; University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Neuroimaging Center; Department of Psychiatry; Technische Universität Dresden; Dresden Germany
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Jasinska AJ, Zorick T, Brody AL, Stein EA. Dual role of nicotine in addiction and cognition: a review of neuroimaging studies in humans. Neuropharmacology 2014; 84:111-22. [PMID: 23474015 PMCID: PMC3710300 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence demonstrates both nicotine's addiction liability and its cognition-enhancing effects. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying nicotine's impact on brain function and behavior remain incompletely understood. Elucidation of these mechanisms is of high clinical importance and may lead to improved therapeutics for smoking cessation as well as for a number of cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia. Neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which make it possible to study the actions of nicotine in the human brain in vivo, play an increasingly important role in identifying these dual mechanisms of action. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge and discuss outstanding questions and future directions in human neuroimaging research on nicotine and tobacco. This research spans from receptor-level PET and SPECT studies demonstrating nicotine occupancy at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and upregulation of nAChRs induced by chronic smoking; through nicotine's interactions with the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system believed to mediate nicotine's reinforcing effects leading to dependence; to functional activity and connectivity fMRI studies documenting nicotine's complex behavioral and cognitive effects manifest by its actions on large-scale brain networks engaged both during task performance and at rest. This article is part of the Special Issue Section entitled 'Neuroimaging in Neuropharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes J Jasinska
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
| | - Todd Zorick
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, United States
| | - Arthur L Brody
- University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, United States.
| | - Elliot A Stein
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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Zhai TY, Shao YC, Xie CM, Ye EM, Zou F, Fu LP, Li WJ, Chen G, Chen GY, Zhang ZG, Li SJ, Yang Z. Altered intrinsic hippocmapus declarative memory network and its association with impulsivity in abstinent heroin dependent subjects. Behav Brain Res 2014; 272:209-17. [PMID: 25008351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests that addiction can be considered a disease of aberrant learning and memory with impulsive decision-making. In the past decades, numerous studies have demonstrated that drug addiction is involved in multiple memory systems such as classical conditioned drug memory, instrumental learning memory and the habitual learning memory. However, most of these studies have focused on the contributions of non-declarative memory, and declarative memory has largely been neglected in the research of addiction. Based on a recent finding that hippocampus, as a core functioning region of declarative memory, was proved biased the decision-making process based on past experiences by spreading associated reward values throughout memory. Our present study focused on the hippocampus. By utilizing seed-based network analysis on the resting-state functional MRI datasets with the seed hippocampus we tested how the intrinsic hippocampal memory network altered toward drug addiction, and examined how the functional connectivity strength within the altered hippocampal network correlated with behavioral index 'impulsivity'. Our results demonstrated that HD group showed enhanced coherence between hippocampus which represents declarative memory system and non-declarative reward-guided learning memory system, and also showed attenuated intrinsic functional link between hippocampus and top-down control system, compared to the CN group. This alteration was furthered found to have behavioral significance over the behavioral index 'impulsivity' measured with Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS). These results provide insights into the mechanism of declarative memory underlying the impulsive behavior in drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ye Zhai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China; Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, PR China; Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yong-Cong Shao
- Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Chun-Ming Xie
- Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, PR China; Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - En-Mao Ye
- Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Zou
- Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li-Ping Fu
- Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Li
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Guang-Yu Chen
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Zheng-Guo Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Shi-Jiang Li
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Zheng Yang
- Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, PR China
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Clewett D, Luo S, Hsu E, Ainslie G, Mather M, Monterosso J. Increased functional coupling between the left fronto-parietal network and anterior insula predicts steeper delay discounting in smokers. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:3774-87. [PMID: 24523255 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous work, smokers showed steeper devaluation of delayed rewards than non-smokers. While the neural correlates of this link between nicotine dependence and delay of discounting are not established, altered activity in executive networks may relate to impaired delayed gratification. The goal of this study was to examine neural correlates of discounting and their relation to nicotine dependence. Thirty-nine smokers and 33 non-smokers completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) intertemporal choice task in which they made individualized Hard (similarly valued), easy (dissimilarly valued), and control monetary choices. FMRI data were analyzed using a group independent component analysis and dual regression. Smokers discounted more steeply than non-smokers, although this difference was only significant among severely dependent smokers. Intertemporal choices recruited distinct left- and right-lateralized fronto-parietal networks. A group-by-difficulty interaction indicated that smokers, relative to non-smokers, exhibited less difficulty-sensitivity in the right fronto-parietal network. In contrast, smokers showed greater functional connectivity between the left fronto-parietal network and the left fronto-insular cortex. Moreover, the degree of functional connectivity between the left fronto-parietal network and left fronto-insular cortex was significantly correlated with individual differences in discounting. Thus, greater functional coupling between the anterior insula and left fronto-parietal network is a candidate neural substrate linking smoking and impulsivity. Given the anterior insula's role in interfacing cognitive and interoceptive processing, this altered functional connectivity may relate to an addiction-related bias towards immediate rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Clewett
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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121
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Motzkin JC, Baskin-Sommers A, Newman JP, Kiehl KA, Koenigs M. Neural correlates of substance abuse: reduced functional connectivity between areas underlying reward and cognitive control. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:4282-92. [PMID: 24510765 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUD) have been associated with dysfunction in reward processing, habit formation, and cognitive-behavioral control. Accordingly, neurocircuitry models of addiction highlight roles for nucleus accumbens, dorsal striatum, and prefrontal/anterior cingulate cortex. However, the precise nature of the disrupted interactions between these brain regions in SUD, and the psychological correlates thereof, remain unclear. Here we used magnetic resonance imaging to measure rest-state functional connectivity of three key striatal nuclei (nucleus accumbens, dorsal caudate, and dorsal putamen) in a sample of 40 adult male prison inmates (n = 22 diagnosed with SUD; n = 18 without SUD). Relative to the non-SUD group, the SUD group exhibited significantly lower functional connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and a network of frontal cortical regions involved in cognitive control (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and frontal operculum). There were no group differences in functional connectivity for the dorsal caudate or dorsal putamen. Moreover, the SUD group exhibited impairments in laboratory measures of cognitive-behavioral control, and individual differences in functional connectivity between nucleus accumbens and the frontal cortical regions were related to individual differences in measures of cognitive-behavioral control across groups. The strength of the relationship between functional connectivity and cognitive control did not differ between groups. These results indicate that SUD is associated with abnormal interactions between subcortical areas that process reward (nucleus accumbens) and cortical areas that govern cognitive-behavioral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C Motzkin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin; Neuroscience Training Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin
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Abstract
Addictions are prevalent psychiatric disorders that confer remarkable personal and social burden. Despite substantial evidence for their moderate, yet robust, heritability (approx. 50%), specific genetic mechanisms underlying their development and maintenance remain unclear. The goal of this selective review is to highlight progress in unveiling the genetic underpinnings of addiction. First, we revisit the basis for heritable variation in addiction before reviewing the most replicable candidate gene findings and emerging signals from genomewide association studies for alcohol, nicotine and cannabis addictions. Second, we survey the modest but growing field of neurogenetics examining how genetic variation influences corticostriatal structure, function, and connectivity to identify neural mechanisms that may underlie associations between genetic variation and addiction. Third, we outline how extant genomic findings are being used to develop and refine pharmacotherapies. Finally, as sample sizes for genetically informed studies of addiction approach critical mass, we posit five exciting possibilities that may propel further discovery (improved phenotyping, rare variant discovery, gene-environment interplay, epigenetics, and novel neuroimaging designs).
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Qiu YW, Lv XF, Jiang GH, Su HH, Yu T, Tian JZ, Zhang XL, Zhuo FZ. Reduced ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) volume and impaired vmPFC-default mode network integration in codeine-containing cough syrups users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 134:314-321. [PMID: 24286968 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the association between clinical symptoms and anatomical and functional cerebral deficits in codeine-containing cough syrups (CCS) users using voxel-based morphometry and resting state functional connectivity analysis. METHODS Participants were 30 CCS users and 30 matched controls. Both groups were scanned using a volumetric three-dimensional fast field echo sequence and a gradient-echo echo-planar imaging sequence. Impulsivity traits of both groups were evaluated with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale 11 (BIS 11). Voxel-based morphometry was used to characterize gray matter (GM) deficits in CCS users. The clinical significance of regional volume reduction was investigated by evaluating its association with impulsivity in CCS users and with alterations in resting state functional connectivity when brain regions with GM volume reduction were used as seed areas. RESULTS Significantly decreased GM volume was observed in CCS users in bilateral ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) which was related to greater impulsivity in CCS users. Significantly decreased integration was found in CCS users between the vmPFC and the default mode network. Also, significantly enhanced functional connectivity was found between the vmPFC and the right insula, and the right dorsal lateral PFC. Negative correlation was observed between BIS total scores, scores for attentional impulsivity and vmPFC-inferior parietal lobe connectivity in CCS users. CONCLUSIONS The findings revealed volume loss and aberrant functional organization in vmPFC among CCS users. In addition, the decreased vmPFC GM volume and attenuated functional connectivity of the vmPFC-inferior parietal lobe network were associated with clinical higher impulsivity trait in CCS users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wei Qiu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Fei Lv
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, PR China; Department of Medical Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
| | - Gui-Hua Jiang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, PR China
| | - Huan-Huan Su
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, PR China
| | - Tian Yu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, PR China
| | - Jun-Zhang Tian
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, PR China
| | - Xue-Lin Zhang
- Medical Imaging Centre, NanFang Hospital, Southern Medial University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Fu-Zhen Zhuo
- Addiction Medicine Division, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, PR China
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Lee JY, Seo SH, Kim YK, Yoo HB, Kim YE, Song IC, Lee JS, Jeon BS. Extrastriatal dopaminergic changes in Parkinson's disease patients with impulse control disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85:23-30. [PMID: 24023269 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-305549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the extrastriatal dopaminergic neural changes in relation to the medication-related impulse control disorders (ICD) in Parkinson's disease (PD). METHOD A total of 31 subjects (11 and 11 drug-treated PD patients with and without medication-related ICDs and 9 healthy controls) having no other co-morbid psychiatric disorders participated in this study. Each subject underwent dynamic N-(3-[(18)F]fluoropropyl)-2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane (FP-CIT) positron emission tomography scans. Binding potentials (BP) at nucleus accumbens, amygdala, orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), putamen and caudate nucleus were estimated, and whole brain parametric maps of [(18)F]-FP-CIT binding were analysed by original and putaminal normalised manners. RESULTS Compared with the healthy controls, BPs at both VMPFCs were significantly high and the extrastriatal to putaminal BP ratios at all regions were approximately three times higher in both PD groups. The PD ICD patients showed significantly higher BPs at the right VMPFC and tendency to lower BPs at the left nucleus accumbens compared with those free of ICD. The ICD subjects also showed reduced uptakes at both ventral striatal regions in the original parametric analysis and higher uptakes at the left insular and right posterior cingulate cortex and lower uptakes at both ventral pallidums in the putaminal normalised parametric analysis compared with the non-ICD subjects. CONCLUSIONS A great gap in extrastriatal versus striatal dopaminergic fibre degenerations is an intrinsic condition predisposing to ICD in PD. Distinct pattern of extrastriatal changes between the ICD and non-ICD patients could provide a further insight into a mechanism of ICD in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University-Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, , Seoul, Korea
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Coullaut-Valera R, Arbaiza I, Bajo R, Arrúe R, López ME, Coullaut-Valera J, Correas A, López-Sanz D, Maestu F, Papo D. Drug polyconsumption is associated with increased synchronization of brain electrical-activity at rest and in a counting task. Int J Neural Syst 2013; 24:1450005. [PMID: 24344693 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065714500051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug abusers typically consume not just one but several types of drugs, starting from alcohol and marijuana consumption, and then dramatically lapsing into addiction to harder drugs, such as cocaine, heroin, or amphetamine. The brain of drug abusers presents various structural and neurophysiological abnormalities, some of which may predate drug consumption onset. However, how these changes translate into modifications in functional brain connectivity is still poorly understood. To characterize functional connectivity patterns, we recorded Electroencephalogram (EEG) activity from 21 detoxified drug abusers and 20 age-matched control subjects performing a simple counting task and at rest activity. To evaluate the cortical brain connectivity network we applied the Synchronization Likelihood algorithm. The results showed that drug abusers had higher synchronization levels at low frequencies, mainly in the θ band (4-8 Hz) between frontal and posterior cortical regions. During the counting task, patients showed increased synchronization in the β (14-35 Hz), and γ (35-45 Hz) frequency bands, in fronto-posterior and interhemispheric temporal regions. Taken together 'slow-down' at rest and task-related 'over-exertion' could indicate that the brain of drug abusers is suffering from a premature form of ageing. Future studies will clarify whether this condition can be reversed following prolonged periods of abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Coullaut-Valera
- Instituto Rafael Coullaut de Psiquiatría, C/José Abascal 3, 28003 Madrid, Spain
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Konova AB, Moeller SJ, Goldstein RZ. Common and distinct neural targets of treatment: changing brain function in substance addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2806-17. [PMID: 24140399 PMCID: PMC3859814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging offers an opportunity to examine the neurobiological effects of therapeutic interventions for human drug addiction. Using activation likelihood estimation, the aim of the current meta-analysis was to quantitatively summarize functional neuroimaging studies of pharmacological and cognitive-based interventions for drug addiction, with an emphasis on their common and distinct neural targets. More exploratory analyses also contrasted subgroups of studies based on specific study and sample characteristics. The ventral striatum, a region implicated in reward, motivation, and craving, and the inferior frontal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex, regions involved in inhibitory control and goal-directed behavior, were identified as common targets of pharmacological and cognitive-based interventions; these regions were observed when the analysis was limited to only studies that used established or efficacious interventions, and across imaging paradigms and types of addictions. Consistent with theoretical models, cognitive-based interventions were additionally more likely to activate the anterior cingulate cortex, middle frontal gyrus, and precuneus, implicated in self-referential processing, cognitive control, and attention. These results suggest that therapeutic interventions for addiction may target the brain structures that are altered across addictions and identify potential neurobiological mechanisms by which the tandem use of pharmacological and cognitive-based interventions may yield synergistic or complementary effects. These findings could inform the selection of novel functional targets in future treatment development for this difficult-to-treat disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Konova
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10029
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Scott J. Moeller
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10029
| | - Rita Z. Goldstein
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10029
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127
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Vaidya CJ, Gordon EM. Phenotypic variability in resting-state functional connectivity: current status. Brain Connect 2013; 3:99-120. [PMID: 23294010 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2012.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed the extant literature with the goal of assessing the extent to which resting-state functional connectivity is associated with phenotypic variability in healthy and disordered populations. A large corpus of work has accumulated to date (125 studies), supporting the association between intrinsic functional connectivity and individual differences in a wide range of domains-not only in cognitive, perceptual, motoric, and linguistic performance, but also in behavioral traits (e.g., impulsiveness, risky decision making, personality, and empathy) and states (e.g., anxiety and psychiatric symptoms) that are distinguished by cognitive and affective functioning, and in neurological conditions with cognitive and motor sequelae. Further, intrinsic functional connectivity is sensitive to remote (e.g., early-life stress) and enduring (e.g., duration of symptoms) life experience, and it exhibits plasticity in response to recent experience (e.g., learning and adaptation) and pharmacological treatment. The most pervasive associations were observed with the default network; associations were also widespread between the cingulo-opercular network and both cognitive and affective behaviors, while the frontoparietal network was associated primarily with cognitive functions. Associations of somatomotor, frontotemporal, auditory, and amygdala networks were relatively restricted to the behaviors linked to their respective putative functions. Surprisingly, visual network associations went beyond visual function to include a variety of behavioral traits distinguished by affective function. Together, the reviewed evidence sets the stage for testing causal hypothesis about the functional role of intrinsic connectivity and augments its potential as a biomarker for healthy and disordered brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan J Vaidya
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA.
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Moran LV, Sampath H, Kochunov P, Hong LE. Brain circuits that link schizophrenia to high risk of cigarette smoking. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39:1373-81. [PMID: 23236076 PMCID: PMC3796082 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with a high prevalence of smoking. Functional connectivity between the dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) and limbic regions including the ventral striatum, extended amygdala and parahippocampal areas has been previously implicated in the genetics and clinical severity of smoking. In this study, we test the hypothesis that dACC functional circuits are key paths for the high risk of smoking comorbidity in schizophrenia. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed using the dACC as a seed region in smoking and nonsmoking patients with schizophrenia (n = 54), matched controls (n = 65), and nonpsychotic first-degree relatives (n = 24). Multiple regions had decreased connectivity with the dACC in schizophrenia patients when compared with matched controls (n = 65). Several of these functional circuits were also associated with nicotine addiction severity; the largest cluster included limbic areas such as the parahippocampal, extended amygdala, ventral striatal, and posterior insula regions, indicating an overlap of schizophrenia and nicotine addiction on to this circuit. These same functional connectivity-defined circuits were also significantly impaired in schizophrenia nonsmokers compared with control nonsmokers and in nonpsychotic first-degree relatives. Functional connectivity between the dACC and limbic regions is inherently abnormal in schizophrenia, related to its genetic liability regardless of smoking, and overlaps with a nicotine addiction-related circuit. Our findings establish a biologically defined brain circuit mechanism that contributes to the high prevalence of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L. Elliot Hong
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, US; tel: 410-402-6828, fax: 410-402-6023, e-mail:
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Menossi HS, Goudriaan AE, de Azevedo-Marques Périco C, Nicastri S, de Andrade AG, D'Elia G, Li CSR, Castaldelli-Maia JM. Neural bases of pharmacological treatment of nicotine dependence - insights from functional brain imaging: a systematic review. CNS Drugs 2013; 27:921-41. [PMID: 23853032 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-013-0092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine dependence is difficult to treat, and the biological mechanisms that are involved are not entirely clear. There is an urgent need to develop better drugs and more effective treatments for clinical practice. A critical step towards accelerating progress in medication development is to understand the neurobehavioral effects of pharmacotherapies on clinical characteristics associated with nicotine dependence. OBJECTIVES This review sought to summarize the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) literature on smoking cessation with the aim to better understand the neural processes underlying the effects of nicotinic and non-nicotinic pharmacological smoking cessation treatments on specific symptoms of nicotine dependence and withdrawal. DATA SOURCES We conducted a search in Pubmed, Web of Science and PsycINFO databases with the keywords 'fMRI' or 'functional magnetic resonance imaging' and 'tobacco' or 'nicotine' or 'smok*'. The date of the most recent search was May 2012. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS The original studies that were included were those of smokers or nicotine-dependent individuals, published in the English language, with pharmacological treatment for nicotine dependence and use of fMRI with blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) imaging or continuous arterial spin labelling (CASL). No date limit was applied. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Two of the authors read the abstracts of all studies found in the search (n = 1,260). The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and 1,224 articles were excluded. In a second step, the same authors read the remaining 36 studies. Nineteen of the 36 articles were excluded. The results were tabulated by the number of individuals and their mean age, the main sample characteristics, smoking status, study type and methodology, and the main fMRI findings. RESULTS Seventeen original fMRI studies involving pharmacological treatment of smokers were selected. The anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex, ventral striatum, amygdala, thalamus and insula are heavily involved in the maintenance of smoking and nicotine withdrawal. The effects of varenicline and bupropion in alleviating withdrawal symptoms and decreasing smoking correlated with modulation of the activities of these areas. Nicotine replacement therapy seems to improve cognitive symptoms related to withdrawal especially by modulating activities of the default-network regions; however, nicotine replacement does not necessarily alter the activities of neural circuits, such as the cingulate cortices, that are associated with nicotine addiction. LIMITATIONS The risk of bias in individual studies, and across studies, was not assessed, and no method of handling data and combining results of studies was carried out. Most importantly, positron emission tomography (PET) studies were not included in this review. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION OF KEY FINDINGS fMRI studies delineate brain systems that contribute to cognitive deficits and reactivity to stimuli that generate the desire to smoke. Nicotinic and non-nicotinic pharmacotherapy may reduce smoking via distinct neural mechanisms of action. These findings should contribute to the development of new medications and discovery of early markers of the therapeutic response of cigarette smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Soila Menossi
- Disciplinas de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Av. Lauro Gomes, 2000 - Vila Sacadura Cabral, Santo André, SP, 09060-870, Brazil
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130
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Down-regulation of amygdala and insula functional circuits by varenicline and nicotine in abstinent cigarette smokers. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:538-46. [PMID: 23506999 PMCID: PMC3775982 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the amygdala and insula are regarded as critical neural substrates perpetuating cigarette smoking, little is known about their circuit-level interactions with interconnected regions during nicotine withdrawal or following pharmacotherapy administration. To elucidate neurocircuitry associated with early smoking abstinence, we examined the impact of varenicline and nicotine, two modestly efficacious pharmacologic cessation aids, on amygdala- and insula-centered circuits using resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). METHODS In a functional magnetic resonance imaging study employing a two-drug, placebo-controlled design, 24 overnight-abstinent smokers and 20 nonsmokers underwent ∼17 days of varenicline and placebo pill administration and were scanned, on different days under each condition, wearing a transdermal nicotine or placebo patch. We examined the impact of varenicline and nicotine (both alone and in combination) on amygdala- and insula-centered rsFC using seed-based assessments. RESULTS Beginning with a functionally defined amygdala seed, we observed that rsFC strength in an amygdala-insula circuit was down-regulated by varenicline and nicotine in abstinent smokers. Using this identified insula region as a new seed, both drugs similarly decreased rsFC between the insula and constituents of the canonical default-mode network (posterior cingulate cortex, ventromedial/dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, parahippocampus). Drug-induced rsFC modulations were critically linked with nicotine withdrawal, as similar effects were not detected in nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that nicotine withdrawal is associated with elevated amygdala-insula and insula-default-mode network interactions. As these potentiated interactions were down-regulated by two pharmacotherapies, this effect may be a characteristic shared by pharmacologic agents promoting smoking cessation. Decreased rsFC in these circuits may contribute to amelioration of subjective withdrawal symptoms.
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131
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Lu H, Stein EA. Resting state functional connectivity: its physiological basis and application in neuropharmacology. Neuropharmacology 2013; 84:79-89. [PMID: 24012656 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brain structures do not work in isolation; they work in concert to produce sensory perception, motivation and behavior. Systems-level network activity can be investigated by resting state magnetic resonance imaging (rsMRI), an emerging neuroimaging technique that assesses the synchrony of the brain's ongoing spontaneous activity. Converging evidence reveals that rsMRI is able to consistently identify distinct spatiotemporal patterns of large-scale brain networks. Dysregulation within and between these networks has been implicated in a number of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and drug addiction. Despite wide application of this approach in systems neuroscience, the physiological basis of these fluctuations remains incompletely understood. Here we review physiological studies in electrical, metabolic and hemodynamic fluctuations that are most pertinent to the rsMRI signal. We also review recent applications to neuropharmacology - specifically drug effects on resting state fluctuations. We speculate that the mechanisms governing spontaneous fluctuations in regional oxygenation availability likely give rise to the observed rsMRI signal. We conclude by identifying several open questions surrounding this technique. This article is part of the Special Issue Section entitled 'Neuroimaging in Neuropharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbing Lu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, USA.
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, USA
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132
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Peters J, Miedl SF, Büchel C. Elevated functional connectivity in a striatal-amygdala circuit in pathological gamblers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74353. [PMID: 24023940 PMCID: PMC3759470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both substance-based addiction and behavioural impulse control disorders (ICDs) have been associated with dysfunctions of the ventral striatum. Recent studies using functional connectivity techniques have revealed increased coupling of the ventral striatum with other limbic regions such as amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in patients with substance abuse disorders and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In the present study, we re-analyzed previously published functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired in pathological gamblers and controls during value-based decision-making to investigate whether PG is associated with similar functional connectivity effects. In line with previous studies in other ICDs, we observed reliable increases in functional coupling between striatum and bilateral amygdala in gamblers vs. controls. Implications of these findings for neural models of self-control and addiction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Peters
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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133
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Ramaekers JG, Evers EA, Theunissen EL, Kuypers KPC, Goulas A, Stiers P. Methylphenidate reduces functional connectivity of nucleus accumbens in brain reward circuit. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 229:219-26. [PMID: 23604336 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is essential for acute drug reward. The present study was designed to trace the reinforcing effect of dopamine release by measuring the functional connectivity (FC) between the NAcc and brain regions involved in a limbic cortical-subcortical circuit during a dopaminergic challenge. Twenty healthy volunteers received single doses of methylphenidate (40 mg) and placebo on separate test days according to a double-blind, cross-over study design. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was measured between 1.5 and 2 h postdosing. FC between regions of interest (ROI) in the NAcc, the medial dorsal nucleus (MDN) of the thalamus and remote areas within the limbic circuit was explored. Methylphenidate significantly reduced FC between the NAcc and the basal ganglia (i.e., subthalamic nucleus and ventral pallidum (VP)), relative to placebo. Methylphenidate also decreased FC between the NAcc and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as well as the temporal cortex. Methylphenidate did not affect FC between MDN and the limbic circuit. It is concluded that methylphenidate directly affects the limbic reward circuit. Drug-induced changes in FC of the NAcc may serve as a useful marker of drug activity in in the brain reward circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Ramaekers
- Department Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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134
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White MP, Shirer WR, Molfino MJ, Tenison C, Damoiseaux JS, Greicius MD. Disordered reward processing and functional connectivity in trichotillomania: a pilot study. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1264-72. [PMID: 23777938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurobiology of Trichotillomania is poorly understood, although there is increasing evidence to suggest that TTM may involve alterations of reward processing. The current study represents the first exploration of reward processing in TTM and the first resting state fMRI study in TTM. We incorporate both event-related fMRI using a monetary incentive delay (MID) task, and resting state fMRI, using two complementary resting state analysis methodologies (functional connectivity to the nucleus accumbens and dual regression within a reward network) in a pilot study to investigate differences in reward processing between TTM and healthy controls (HC). METHODS 21 unmedicated subjects with TTM and 14 HC subjects underwent resting state fMRI scans. A subset (13 TTM and 12 HC) also performed the MID task. RESULTS For the MID task, TTM subjects showed relatively decreased nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation to reward anticipation, but relative over-activity of the NAcc to both gain and loss outcomes. Resting state functional connectivity analysis showed decreased connectivity of the dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) to the NAcc in TTM. Dual regression analysis of a reward network identified through independent component analysis (ICA) also showed decreased dACC connectivity and more prominently decreased basolateral amygdala connectivity within the reward network in TTM. CONCLUSIONS Disordered reward processing at the level of NAcc, also involving decreased modulatory input from the dACC and the basolateral amygdala may play a role in the pathophysiology of TTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P White
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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135
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Abstract
More than 5 million deaths a year are attributable to tobacco smoking, but attempts to help people either quit or reduce their smoking often fail, perhaps in part because the intention to quit activates brain networks related to craving. We recruited participants interested in general stress reduction and randomly assigned them to meditation training or a relaxation training control. Among smokers, 2 wk of meditation training (5 h in total) produced a significant reduction in smoking of 60%; no reduction was found in the relaxation control. Resting-state brain scans showed increased activity for the meditation group in the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex, brain areas related to self-control. These results suggest that brief meditation training improves self-control capacity and reduces smoking.
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136
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Konova AB, Moeller SJ, Tomasi D, Volkow ND, Goldstein RZ. Effects of methylphenidate on resting-state functional connectivity of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathways in cocaine addiction. JAMA Psychiatry 2013; 70:857-68. [PMID: 23803700 PMCID: PMC4358734 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Cocaine addiction is associated with altered resting-state functional connectivity among regions of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathways. Methylphenidate hydrochloride, an indirect dopamine agonist, normalizes task-related regional brain activity and associated behavior in cocaine users; however, the neural systems-level effects of methylphenidate in this population have not yet been described. OBJECTIVE To use resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine changes in mesocorticolimbic connectivity with methylphenidate and how connectivity of affected pathways relates to severity of cocaine addiction. DESIGN Randomized, placebo-controlled, before-after, crossover study. SETTING Clinical research center. PARTICIPANTS Eighteen nonabstaining individuals with cocaine use disorders. INTERVENTIONS Single doses of oral methylphenidate (20 mg) or placebo were administered at each of 2 study sessions. At each session, resting scans were acquired twice: immediately after drug administration (before the onset of effects [baseline]) and 120 minutes later (within the window of peak effects). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Functional connectivity strength was evaluated using a seed voxel correlation approach. Changes in this measure were examined to characterize the neural systems-level effects of methylphenidate; severity of cocaine addiction was assessed by interview and questionnaire. RESULTS Short-term methylphenidate administration reduced an abnormally strong connectivity of the ventral striatum with the dorsal striatum (putamen/globus pallidus), and lower connectivity between these regions during placebo administration uniquely correlated with less severe addiction. In contrast, methylphenidate strengthened several corticolimbic and corticocortical connections. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings help elucidate the neural systems-level effects of methylphenidate and suggest that short-term methylphenidate can, at least transiently, remodel abnormal circuitry relevant to the pathophysiologic characteristics of cocaine addiction. In particular, the effects of methylphenidate within striatal and cortical pathways constitute a potentially viable mechanism by which methylphenidate could facilitate control of behavior in cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Konova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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137
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Insula's functional connectivity with ventromedial prefrontal cortex mediates the impact of trait alexithymia on state tobacco craving. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 228:143-55. [PMID: 23455594 PMCID: PMC3873099 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alexithymia is a personality trait characterized by difficulty indentifying and describing subjective emotional experiences. Decreased aptitude in the perception, evaluation, and communication of affectively laden mental states has been associated with reduced emotion regulation, more severe drug craving in addicts, and structural/functional alterations in insula and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The insula and ACC represent sites of convergence between the putative neural substrates of alexithymia and those perpetuating cigarette smoking. OBJECTIVES We examined the interrelations between alexithymia, tobacco craving, and insula/ACC neurocircuitry using resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). METHODS Overnight-deprived smokers (n = 24) and nonsmokers (n = 20) completed six neuroimaging assessments on different days both in the absence of, and following, varenicline and/or nicotine administration. In this secondary analysis of data from a larger study, we assessed trait alexithymia and state tobacco craving using self-reports and examined the rsFC of bilateral insular subregions (anterior, middle, posterior) and dorsal ACC. RESULTS Higher alexithymia in smokers predicted reduced rsFC strength between the right anterior insula (aI) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Higher alexithymia also predicted more severe tobacco craving during nicotine withdrawal. Critically, the identified aI-vmPFC circuit fully mediated this alexithymia-craving relation. That is, elevated alexithymia predicted decreased aI-vmPFC rsFC and, in turn, decreased aI-vmPFC rsFC predicted increased craving during withdrawal. A moderated mediation analysis indicated that this aI-vmPFC mediational effect was not observed following drug administration. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a weakened right aI-vmPFC functional circuit confers increased liability for tobacco craving during smoking abstinence. Individual differences in alexithymia and/or aI-vmPFC functional coupling may be relevant factors for smoking cessation success.
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138
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Yu R, Zhao L, Tian J, Qin W, Wang W, Yuan K, Li Q, Lu L. Regional homogeneity changes in heavy male smokers: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Addict Biol 2013; 18:729-31. [PMID: 21812873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have documented declined global cognitive function and abnormal task-related brain activation in chronic cigarette smokers. However, the effects of long-term heavy smoking on task-independent baseline brain activity are still unknown. Here, we used a regional homogeneity (ReHo) method combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate spontaneous neural activity in the resting state in heavy smokers. Compared with controls, heavy smokers exhibited decreased ReHo in prefrontal regions, as well as increased ReHo in insula and posterior cingulate cortex. Our study may better our understanding of the neurobiological consequences of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Yu
- Department of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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139
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Nicotinic modulation of intrinsic brain networks in schizophrenia. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1163-72. [PMID: 23796751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nicotinic receptor is a promising drug target currently being investigated for the treatment of cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. A key step in this process is the development of noninvasive functional neuroimaging biomarkers that can be used to determine if nicotinic agents are eliciting their targeted biological effect, ideally through modulation of a fundamental aspect of neuronal function. To that end, neuroimaging researchers are beginning to understand how nicotinic modulation affects "intrinsic" brain networks to elicit potentially therapeutic effects. An intrinsic network is a functionally and (often) structurally connected network of brain areas whose activity reflects a fundamental neurobiological organizational principle of the brain. This review summarizes findings of the effects of nicotinic drugs on three topics related to intrinsic brain network activity: (1) the default mode network, a group of brain areas for which activity is maximal at rest and reduced during cognitive tasks, (2) the salience network, which integrates incoming sensory data with prior internal representations to guide future actions and change predictive values, and (3) multi-scale complex network dynamics, which describe these brain's ability to efficiency integrate information while preserving local functional specialization. These early findings can be used to inform future neuroimaging studies that examine the network effects of nicotinic agents.
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140
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Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor variation and response to smoking cessation therapies. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2013; 23:94-103. [PMID: 23249876 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32835cdabd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with 7-day point prevalence abstinence (abstinence) in randomized clinical trials of smoking cessation therapies in individuals grouped by pharmacotherapy randomization to inform the development of personalized smoking cessation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We quantified association of four SNPs at three nAChRs with abstinence in eight randomized clinical trials. Participants were 2633 outpatient treatment-seeking, self-identified European ancestry individuals smoking at least 10 cigarettes/day, recruited through advertisement, prescribed pharmacotherapy, and provided with behavioral therapy. Interventions included nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, varenicline, placebo (PLA), or combined NRT and bupropion, and five modes of group and individual behavioral therapy. Outcome measures tested in multivariate logistic regression were end of treatment and 6 month (6MO) abstinence, with demographic, behavioral, and genetic covariates. RESULTS 'Risk' alleles previously associated with smoking heaviness were significantly (P<0.05) associated with reduced abstinence in the PLA pharmacotherapy group (PG) at 6MO [for rs588765, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 0.41 (0.17-0.99)], and at end of treatment and at 6MO [for rs1051730, 0.42 (0.19-0.93) and 0.31 (0.12-0.80)], and with increased abstinence in the NRT PG at 6MO [for rs588765, 2.07 (1.11-3.87) and for rs1051730, 2.54 (1.29-4.99)]. We observed significant heterogeneity in rs1051730 effects (F=2.48, P=0.021) between PGs. CONCLUSION chr15q25.1 nAChR SNP risk alleles for smoking heaviness significantly increase relapse with PLA treatment and significantly increase abstinence with NRT. These SNP-PG associations require replication in independent samples for validation, and testing in larger sample sizes to evaluate whether similar effects occur in other PGs.
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Resting state brain function analysis using concurrent BOLD in ASL perfusion fMRI. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65884. [PMID: 23750275 PMCID: PMC3672100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen astounding discoveries about resting-state brain activity patterns in normal brain as well as their alterations in brain diseases. While the vast majority of resting-state studies are based on the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI), arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion fMRI can simultaneously capture BOLD and cerebral blood flow (CBF) signals, providing a unique opportunity for assessing resting brain functions with concurrent BOLD (ccBOLD) and CBF signals. Before taking that benefit, it is necessary to validate the utility of ccBOLD signal for resting-state analysis using conventional BOLD (cvBOLD) signal acquired without ASL modulations. To address this technical issue, resting cvBOLD and ASL perfusion MRI were acquired from a large cohort (n = 89) of healthy subjects. Four widely used resting-state brain function analyses were conducted and compared between the two types of BOLD signal, including the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analysis, independent component analysis (ICA), analysis of amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF), and analysis of regional homogeneity (ReHo). Consistent default mode network (DMN) as well as other resting-state networks (RSNs) were observed from cvBOLD and ccBOLD using PCC-FC analysis and ICA. ALFF from both modalities were the same for most of brain regions but were different in peripheral regions suffering from the susceptibility gradients induced signal drop. ReHo showed difference in many brain regions, likely reflecting the SNR and resolution differences between the two BOLD modalities. The DMN and auditory networks showed highest CBF values among all RSNs. These results demonstrated the feasibility of ASL perfusion MRI for assessing resting brain functions using its concurrent BOLD in addition to CBF signal, which provides a potentially useful way to maximize the utility of ASL perfusion MRI.
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142
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Schacht JP, Anton RF, Randall PK, Li X, Henderson S, Myrick H. Effects of a GABA-ergic medication combination and initial alcohol withdrawal severity on cue-elicited brain activation among treatment-seeking alcoholics. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 227:627-37. [PMID: 23389755 PMCID: PMC3664140 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-2996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Many studies have reported medication effects on alcohol cue-elicited brain activation or associations between such activation and subsequent drinking. However, few have combined the methodological rigor of a randomized clinical trial (RCT) with follow-up assessments to determine whether cue-elicited activation predicts relapse during treatment, the crux of alcoholism. OBJECTIVES This study analyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 48 alcohol-dependent subjects enrolled in a 6-week RCT of an investigational pharmacotherapy. METHODS Subjects were randomized, based on their level of alcohol withdrawal (AW) at study entry, to receive either a combination of gabapentin (GBP; up to 1,200 mg for 39 days) and flumazenil (FMZ) infusions (2 days) or two placebos. Midway through the RCT, subjects were administered an fMRI alcohol cue reactivity task. RESULTS There were no main effects of medication or initial AW status on cue-elicited activation, but these factors interacted, such that the GBP/FMZ/higher AW and placebo/lower AW groups, which had previously been shown to have relatively reduced drinking, demonstrated greater dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation to alcohol cues. Further analysis suggested that this finding represented differences in task-related deactivation and was associated with greater control over alcohol-related thoughts. Among study completers, regardless of medication or AW status, greater left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activation predicted more post-scan heavy drinking. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that alterations in task-related deactivation of dACC, a component of the default mode network, may predict better alcohol treatment response, while activation of DLPFC, an area associated with selective attention, may predict relapse drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Schacht
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Raymond F. Anton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Patrick K. Randall
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Xingbao Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Scott Henderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Hugh Myrick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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143
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Zhang Y, Li L, Yu R, Liu J, Tang J, Tan L, Liao M, Yang F, Shan B. White matter integrity alterations in first episode, treatment-naive generalized anxiety disorder. J Affect Disord 2013; 148:196-201. [PMID: 23305653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several neurobiological models of anxiety disorder posit a primary role for dysfunction of the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). This study tests the hypothesis that patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have abnormal white matter microstructure in the amygdala and ACC, as inferred from diffusion tensor imaging, compared with healthy controls. METHODS Subjects were 16 right-handed, first-episode, treatment-naive GAD patients without comorbid disorders and 26 matched, healthy comparison controls. All subjects underwent diffusion tensor imaging and structural magnetic resonance imaging brain scanning. Fractional anisotropy (FA), a robust intravoxel measure of water self-diffusion, was compared between groups on a voxel-by-voxel basis. Associations between clinical ratings of symptom severity (i.e., the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire) and FA were assessed. RESULTS Compared with healthy volunteers, patients demonstrated significantly higher FA in the right amygdala white matter and lower FA in the caudal ACC/mid-cingulate cortex white matter. Higher right amygdala FA correlated significantly with higher Hamilton Anxiety Scale scores and higher Penn State Worry Questionnaire scores. LIMITATIONS The sample size was modest and may contribute to false positive effects. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first evidence of an abnormality in white matter microstructure that involves the amygdala and the cingulate cortex in the pathogenesis of GAD, and are consistent with neurobiological models that posit a defect in emotion-related brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Mental Health Institute, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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144
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GABA levels in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex associated with difficulty ignoring smoking-related cues in tobacco-dependent volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1113-20. [PMID: 23306182 PMCID: PMC3629395 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Substance abusers have difficulty ignoring drug-related cues, which is associated with relapse vulnerability. This 'attentional bias' towards drug cues translates into an inability to ignore drug-related stimuli and may reflect deficits in the brain regions, such as the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)-a key region in cognitive control and adaptive decision making. Quantifying relationships between attentional biases to drug cues and dACC neurochemistry could aid in identifying neurobiological mechanisms associated with increased relapse vulnerability precipitated by drug cues. As gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) deficits have been linked to impaired cognition and addictive disorders, we hypothesized that reduced GABA in the dACC would be associated with increased attentional biases towards smoking-related cues. We confirmed this hypothesis among nicotine-dependent tobacco smokers by combining an offline behavioral measure of attentional bias with magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Smokers with the greatest attentional bias also experienced more negative affect during early nicotine withdrawal. Findings revealed a relationship between heightened reactivity to drug cues, and both decreasing dACC GABA and early withdrawal symptoms. Because reduced GABA function in frontal brain regions disrupt cognitive function, our findings suggest that smokers with diminished dACC GABA may lack the cognitive resources to successfully ignore highly salient distractors such as tobacco-related stimuli and therefore might be more prone to cue-induced relapse. This newly discovered relationship between dACC GABA and attentional bias provides evidence for a neurochemical target, which may aid smoking cessation in highly cue-reactive individuals.
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145
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Tung KC, Uh J, Mao D, Xu F, Xiao G, Lu H. Alterations in resting functional connectivity due to recent motor task. Neuroimage 2013; 78:316-24. [PMID: 23583747 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of recent experiences of task performance on resting functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) has important implications for the design of many neuroimaging studies, because, if an effect is present, the fcMRI scan then must be performed before any evoked fMRI or after a time gap to allow it to dissipate. The present study aims to determine the effect of simple button presses, which are used in many cognitive fMRI tasks as a response recording method, on later acquired fcMRI data. Human volunteers were subject to a 23-minute button press motor task. Their resting-state brain activity before and after the task was assessed with fcMRI. It was found that, compared to the pre-task resting period, the post-task resting fcMRI revealed a significantly higher (p=0.002, N=24) cross correlation coefficient (CC) between left and right motor cortices. These changes were not present in sham control studies that matched the paradigm timing but had no actual task. The amplitude of fcMRI signal fluctuation (AF) also demonstrated an increase in the post-task period compared to pre-task. These changes were observed using both the right-hand-only task and the two-hand task. Study of the recovery time course of these effects revealed that the CC changes lasted for about 5 min while the AF change lasted for at least 15 min. Finally, voxelwise analysis revealed that the pre/post-task differences were also observed in several other brain regions, including the auditory cortex, visual areas, and the thalamus. Our data suggest that the recent performance of the simple button press task can result in elevated fcMRI CC and AF in relevant brain networks and that fcMRI scan should be performed either before evoked fMRI or after a sufficient time gap following fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Chi Tung
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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146
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Giessing C, Thiel CM, Alexander-Bloch AF, Patel AX, Bullmore ET. Human brain functional network changes associated with enhanced and impaired attentional task performance. J Neurosci 2013; 33:5903-14. [PMID: 23554472 PMCID: PMC6618923 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4854-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
How is the cognitive performance of the human brain related to its topological and spatial organization as a complex network embedded in anatomical space? To address this question, we used nicotine replacement and duration of attentionally demanding task performance (time-on-task), as experimental factors expected, respectively, to enhance and impair cognitive function. We measured resting-state fMRI data, performance and brain activation on a go/no-go task demanding sustained attention, and subjective fatigue in n = 18 healthy, briefly abstinent, cigarette smokers scanned repeatedly in a placebo-controlled, crossover design. We tested the main effects of drug (placebo vs Nicorette gum) and time-on-task on behavioral performance and brain functional network metrics measured in binary graphs of 477 regional nodes (efficiency, measure of integrative topology; clustering, a measure of segregated topology; and the Euclidean physical distance between connected nodes, a proxy marker of wiring cost). Nicotine enhanced attentional task performance behaviorally and increased efficiency, decreased clustering, and increased connection distance of brain networks. Greater behavioral benefits of nicotine were correlated with stronger drug effects on integrative and distributed network configuration and with greater frequency of cigarette smoking. Greater time-on-task had opposite effects: it impaired attentional accuracy, decreased efficiency, increased clustering, and decreased connection distance of networks. These results are consistent with hypothetical predictions that superior cognitive performance should be supported by more efficient, integrated (high capacity) brain network topology at greater connection distance (high cost). They also demonstrate that brain network analysis can provide novel and theoretically principled pharmacodynamic biomarkers of pro-cognitive drug effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Giessing
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom.
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147
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Yamamoto RT, Rohan ML, Goletiani N, Olson D, Peltier M, Renshaw PF, Mello NK. Nicotine related brain activity: the influence of smoking history and blood nicotine levels, an exploratory study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 129:137-44. [PMID: 23117126 PMCID: PMC3582808 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we sought to explore brain activity in nicotine-dependent men in response to acute intravenous nicotine using pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI). METHODS phMRI was used to evaluate brain activity in response to 1.5 mg/70 kg intravenous nicotine or saline. The nicotine and saline were administered on different visits. The time courses of individual subjects' nicotine levels were used as regressors to assess neural activity relating to the infusions. The influence of smoking history and physiological measures on the response to nicotine were also investigated. RESULTS Greater lifetime exposure to cigarette smoking was significantly correlated with higher peak serum nicotine levels. PhMRI analysis of the differential response of nicotine compared to the saline condition showed distinctive activation patterns when analyzed with the (a) nicotine time course, (b) nicotine time course controlling for smoking history (pack years), and (c) pack years controlling for nicotine. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that smoking exposure history influences serum nicotine levels and the brain's response to nicotine. Alterations in brain activity may be a result of vascular and neuro-adaptations involved in drug exposure and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinah T Yamamoto
- Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, United States.
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148
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Ding WN, Sun JH, Sun YW, Zhou Y, Li L, Xu JR, Du YS. Altered default network resting-state functional connectivity in adolescents with Internet gaming addiction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59902. [PMID: 23555827 PMCID: PMC3608539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Excessive use of the Internet has been linked to a variety of negative psychosocial consequences. This study used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate whether functional connectivity is altered in adolescents with Internet gaming addiction (IGA). METHODS Seventeen adolescents with IGA and 24 normal control adolescents underwent a 7.3 minute resting-state fMRI scan. Posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) connectivity was determined in all subjects by investigating synchronized low-frequency fMRI signal fluctuations using a temporal correlation method. To assess the relationship between IGA symptom severity and PCC connectivity, contrast images representing areas correlated with PCC connectivity were correlated with the scores of the 17 subjects with IGA on the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) and their hours of Internet use per week. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the distributions of the age, gender, and years of education between the two groups. The subjects with IGA showed longer Internet use per week (hours) (p<0.0001) and higher CIAS (p<0.0001) and BIS-11 (p = 0.01) scores than the controls. Compared with the control group, subjects with IGA exhibited increased functional connectivity in the bilateral cerebellum posterior lobe and middle temporal gyrus. The bilateral inferior parietal lobule and right inferior temporal gyrus exhibited decreased connectivity. Connectivity with the PCC was positively correlated with CIAS scores in the right precuneus, posterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, caudate, nucleus accumbens, supplementary motor area, and lingual gyrus. It was negatively correlated with the right cerebellum anterior lobe and left superior parietal lobule. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that adolescents with IGA exhibit different resting-state patterns of brain activity. As these alterations are partially consistent with those in patients with substance addiction, they support the hypothesis that IGA as a behavioral addiction that may share similar neurobiological abnormalities with other addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-na Ding
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jin-hua Sun
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ya-wen Sun
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (Y-sD)
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jian-rong Xu
- Department of Radiology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ya-song Du
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (Y-sD)
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149
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Ding X, Lee SW. Changes of functional and effective connectivity in smoking replenishment on deprived heavy smokers: a resting-state FMRI study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59331. [PMID: 23527165 PMCID: PMC3602016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous researches have explored the changes of functional connectivity caused by smoking with the aid of fMRI. This study considers not only functional connectivity but also effective connectivity regarding both brain networks and brain regions by using a novel analysis framework that combines independent component analysis (ICA) and Granger causality analysis (GCA). We conducted a resting-state fMRI experiment in which twenty-one heavy smokers were scanned in two sessions of different conditions: smoking abstinence followed by smoking satiety. In our framework, group ICA was firstly adopted to obtain the spatial patterns of the default-mode network (DMN), executive-control network (ECN), and salience network (SN). Their associated time courses were analyzed using GCA, showing that the effective connectivity from SN to DMN was reduced and that from ECN/DMN to SN was enhanced after smoking replenishment. A paired t-test on ICA spatial patterns revealed functional connectivity variation in regions such as the insula, parahippocampus, precuneus, anterior cingulate cortex, supplementary motor area, and ventromedial/dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These regions were later selected as the regions of interest (ROIs), and their effective connectivity was investigated subsequently using GCA. In smoking abstinence, the insula showed the increased effective connectivity with the other ROIs; while in smoking satiety, the parahippocampus had the enhanced inter-area effective connectivity. These results demonstrate our hypothesis that for deprived heavy smokers, smoking replenishment takes effect on both functional and effective connectivity. Moreover, our analysis framework could be applied in a range of neuroscience studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ding
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-ku, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Whan Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-ku, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SWL)
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150
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The roles of reward, default, and executive control networks in set-shifting impairments in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2013. [PMID: 23468948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057257.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia (SZ) show deficits on tasks of rapid reinforcement learning, like probabilistic reversal learning (PRL), but the neural bases for those impairments are not known. Recent evidence of relatively intact sensitivity to negative outcomes in the ventral striatum (VS) in many SZ patients suggests that PRL deficits may be largely attributable to processes downstream from feedback processing, involving both the activation of executive control task regions and deactivation of default mode network (DMN) components. We analyzed data from 29 chronic SZ patients and 21 matched normal controls (NCs) performing a PRL task in an MRI scanner. Subjects were presented with eight pairs of fractal stimuli, for 50 trials each. For each pair, subjects learned to choose the more frequently-rewarded (better) stimulus. Each time a criterion was reached, the better stimulus became the worse one, and the worse became the better. Responses to feedback events were assessed through whole-brain and regions-of-interest (ROI) analyses in DMN. We also assessed correlations between BOLD signal contrasts and clinical measures in SZs. Relative to NCs, SZ patients showed comparable deactivation of VS in response to negative feedback, but reduced deactivation of DMN components including medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The magnitudes of patients' punishment-evoked deactivations in VS and ventromedial PFC correlated significantly with clinical ratings for avolition/anhedonia. These findings suggest that schizophrenia is associated with a reduced ability to deactivate components of default mode networks, following the presentation of informative feedback and that motivational deficits in SZ relate closely to feedback-evoked activity in reward circuit components. These results also confirm a role for ventrolateral and dorsomedial PFC in the execution of response-set shifts.
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